Alexandria Engineering Journal (2020) 59, 3105–3110

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Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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New exact solutions for time-fractional

Kaup-Kupershmidt equation using improved (G0/G)-
expansion and extended (G0/G)-expansion methods
S. Sahoo a, S. Saha Ray b,*, M.A. Abdou c

a
Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Department of Mathematics, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
b
National Institute of Technology, Department of Mathematics, Rourkela 769008, India
c
Department of Physics, College of Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, P.O Box 344, Saudi Arabia

Received 17 November 2019; revised 18 December 2019; accepted 22 June 2020

Available online 4 July 2020

KEYWORDS Abstract The mathematical modeling of physical systems is generally governed by evolution equa-
0
Improved (G /G)-expansion tions in nonlinear form. Therefore, it is critical to obtain exact analytical solutions to these equa-
method; tions. This paper contains the application of improved (G0 /G)-expansion and extended (G0 /G)-
Extended (G0 /G)-expansion expansion methods for establishing new analytical solutions of a nonlinear evolution equation.
method; Mainly, improved (G0 /G)-expansion and extended (G0 /G)-expansion methods have been applied
Time-fractional Kaup- to time-fractional Kaup-Kupershmidt equation for getting some new general forms of exact solu-
Kupershmidt equation tions. Here, algorithms provide a more convenient and systematically handling the solution process
of the non-linear evolution equations.
Ó 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction equation [13,14] for getting new exact solutions in the follow-
ing form
From past few decades, many studies have been performed on 75
modelling of real-world problems in fractional partial differen- Dat u þ 45u2 ux  ux uxx  15uuxxx þ u5x ¼ 0; ð1:1Þ
2
tial equations (FPDEs), which have viewed much attraction of
where 0 < a 6 1.
researchers due to its wide applications in many branches
The Kaup-Kupershmidt (KK) equation has been broadly
applied sciences and engineering [1–7] viz. control theory,
considered over the last few decades. The Kaup-
nuclear dynamics, viscoelasticity fluid flow and system identifi-
Kupershmidt equation was initially introduced by Kaup [15]
cation [8–12]. Inspired and motivated by above, we have con-
in 1980. In the study, inverse scattering techniques have been
sidered here time-fractional Kaup-Kupershmidt (KK) type
used by Kaup for getting solitary wave solutions, but the N-
soliton analytical solutions previously have not been investi-
gated. By considering the transformation groups and Sato the-
* Corresponding author.
ory, Date et al. [16] have presented N-soliton analytic solutions
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
of KK equation in the classification of integrable systems.
University.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2020.06.043
1110-0168 Ó 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3106 S. Sahoo et al.

By Sato theory and transformation groups it has been justified 2.1.1. Improved (G0 /G)-expansion method
that the KK equation performs as a specific reduction of CKP In this section, authors emphasize for presenting one of the
hierarchy. The Lie symmetry analysis and group classification most relevant methods such as improved (G0 /G)-expansion
for time-fractional KK equation has been done by Jafari et al. method, which is defined here by means of the stepwise proce-
[17]. dure as follows:
In 1997, by using the Hirota bilinear method, the two-
soliton and three-soliton analytic solutions of the KK equation Step 1: Let us consider an FPDE in the following form
have been presented by Hereman and Nuseir [18]. Musette
et al. [19] and Zait [20] derived the Bäcklund transformation
of the KK equation by using singularity analysis based on Qðu; ux ; uxx ; uxxx ; :::Dat u; :::Þ ¼ 0; 0 < a 6 1; ð2:2:1:1Þ
the Painlevé-Gambier classification. Parker [21,22] introduced Q denotes a polynomial in unknown function.
the direct approach for converting the KK equation bilinear
form and presented the general N-soliton solutions. Musette Step 2: The fractional complex transform [30–33] is pre-
and Verhoeven [23] derived the permutability theorem for sented as
the KK equation from the Bäcklund transformation. Nonlocal
symmetry has been introduced by Reyes [24,25] for the KK
vta
equation. uðx; tÞ ¼ UðnÞ; n ¼ kx þ ð2:2:1:2Þ
This paper emphasizes constructing new exact analytical Cða þ 1Þ
solutions for time-fractional Kaup-Kupershmidt equation where v and k are constants.
using relatively novel techniques, namely improved (G0 /G)- By means of Eq. (2.1.1) [30,32], we have
expansion [26,27] and extended (G0 /G)-expansion [28]
Dat u ¼ rt Un Dat n;
methods.
The remaining of the paper is systemized in the following where rt is the fractal index [30,31], which is a constant.
manner. Section 2 presents the definition with the properties The FPDE (2.2.1.1) can be reduced in terms of UðnÞ as
of local fractional calculus. Also, the algorithms of improved
(G0 /G)-expansion method [26,27] and extended (G0 /G)- QðU; kU0 ; k2 U00 ; k3 U000 ; :::vU0 ; :::Þ ¼ 0; ð2:2:1:3Þ
expansion method [28] have been established in Section 2. In Step 3: Let the polynomial form of solution for Eq. (2.2.1.3)
Section 3, the application of the proposed analytical method can be presented as follows:
to find out the new analytical exact analytical solutions for
time-fractional KK equation have been discussed. Section 4 X
n
presents a brief conclusion of the proposed work. UðnÞ ¼ ai Fi ðnÞ; ð2:2:1:4Þ
i¼1

2. Introductions of the proposed method with local fractional The value of n for n 2 N, can be calculated by considering
differentiation the derivative term of highest order with comparison of non-
linear terms of the governing equation.

Definition 2.2.1. Let fðxÞ 2 Ca ða; bÞ. Local fractional derivative Step 4: Let us consider
of fðxÞ of order a at x ¼ x0 is defined as

G0 ðnÞ
da fðxÞ

Da ðfðxÞ  fðx0 ÞÞ FðnÞ ¼ ; ð2:2:1:5Þ
ðaÞ GðnÞ
f ðx0 Þ ¼
¼ lim ;
a
dx x¼x0 x!x0 ðx  x0 Þa
where G ¼ GðnÞ follows the ODE in the following form:
a
where D ðfðxÞ  fðx0 ÞÞ ffi Cð1 þ aÞðfðxÞ  fðx0 ÞÞ and 0 < a 6 1. GG00 ¼ AG2 þ BGG0 þ CðG0 Þ ¼ 0:
2
ð2:2:1:6Þ
Then, local fractional differentiation [29] have the following
property where A, B and C are constants.
Furthermore, Eq. (2.2.1.6) can be written in the form of fol-
I) If gðtÞ ¼ ðf  hÞðtÞ, then we have lowing Riccati equation, which is given as
   0  0 2
d G0 G G
¼AþB þ ðC  1Þ : ð2:2:1:7Þ
dn G G G
da gðtÞ
¼ fð1Þ ðhðtÞÞhðaÞ ðtÞ; ð2:1:1Þ Step 5: The following four types of solutions can be consid-
dta
ered as the generalized solutions of Eq. (2.2.1.7)
when hðaÞ ðtÞ and fð1Þ ðhðtÞÞ exist.
Case 1: if D ¼ B2 þ 4A  4AC P 0 and B–0, then
2.1. Algorithm of the proposed methods B
FðnÞ ¼
2ð1  CÞ
pffiffiffi   pffiffiffi 1
In this section the algorithms of proposed methods for pffiffiffiffi 0 D  D
instance, improved (G0 /G)-expansion method and extended B D @C1 exp 2 n þ C2 exp 2 n A
þ pffiffiffi   pffiffiffi  :
(G0 /G)-expansion method have been presented, which have 2ð1  CÞ C1 exp D n  C2 exp  D n
2 2
been used in later for getting the exact solutions for governing
equations. ð2:2:1:8Þ
New exact solutions for time-fractional Kaup-Kupershmidt equation 3107

Case 2: if D ¼ B2 þ 4A  4AC < 0 and B–0, then RðU; kU0 ; k2 U00 ; k3 U000 ; :::vU0 ; :::Þ ¼ 0; ð2:2:2:3Þ
B Step 3: Let the polynomial form of solution for Eq. (2.2.2.3)
FðnÞ ¼
2ð1  CÞ can be presented as follows:
pffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffi 1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0 D D
B D @iC1 cos 2 n  C2 sin 2 n A
þ pffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffi  : X
n X
n
2ð1  CÞ iC1 sin D n þ C2 cos D n UðnÞ ¼ ai HðnÞi þ bj HðnÞj ; ð2:2:2:4Þ
2 2
i¼0 j¼1
ð2:2:1:9Þ
The value of n for n 2 N, can be calculated by considering
Case 3: if D ¼ Að1  CÞ P 0 and B ¼ 0, then the derivative term of highest order with comparison of non-
pffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffi 1
pffiffiffiffi 0 linear terms of the governing equation.
D @ C 1 cos D n þ C2 sin Dn
FðnÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffi A: ð2:2:1:10Þ
ð1  CÞ C1 sin Dn  C2 cos Dn Step 4: Suppose that

Case 4: if D ¼ Að1  CÞ < 0 and B ¼ 0, then G0 ðnÞ

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 HðnÞ ¼ ; ð2:2:2:5Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0 GðnÞ
D @iC1 cosh Dn  C2 sinh Dn A
FðnÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 
ð1  CÞ iC1 sinh Dn  C2 cosh Dn where G ¼ GðnÞ satisfies following ODE
EGG00  AG2  BGG0  CðG0 Þ ¼ 0:
2
ð2:2:2:6Þ
ð2:2:1:11Þ
a where A, B, C and E are constants.
where n ¼ kx þ Cðaþ1Þ
vt
and A, B,C,C1 ,C2 are real parameters.
Step 5: The following four types of solutions can be consid-
Step 6: In this step, Eq. (2.2.1.4) has been used in Eq. ered as the generalized solutions of Eq. (2.2.2.6)
(2.2.1.3) and with the help of Eq. (2.2.1.7), all terms with
the equal degree of (G0 /G) have been collected and the set Case 1: If B–0, r ¼ B2 þ 4Ae > 0 and e ¼ E  C, then
of polynomials in (G0 /G) can be obtained. Then, after   pffiffiffi 1
equating each coefficient of the obtained as systems to zero, pffiffiffiffi 0C sinh pffiffiffi
r
n þ C2 cosh 2Er n
B r@ 1
pffiffiffi A:
2E
the set of algebraic equations for ai ði ¼ 0; 1; 2; :::; nÞ, A, B,C, HðnÞ ¼ þ pffiffiffi 
2e 2e C1 cosh r n þ C2 sinh r n
v and k have been obtained. 2E 2E
Step 7: Then, the obtained system algebraic equations in ð2:2:2:7Þ
step 6 have been solved with regard to these constants
ai ði ¼ 0; 1; 2; :::; nÞ,A, B,C, v and k. Then, putting the Case 2: If B–0, r ¼ B2 þ 4Ae < 0 and e ¼ E  C, then
  pffiffiffiffiffi 1
obtained solutions of Eq. (2.2.1.7) into Eq. (2.2.1.4) along pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0C sin pffiffiffiffiffi
r
n þ C2 cos 2Er
n
with Eqs. (2.2.1.8)–(2.2.1.11), the exact analytical solutions B r @ 1
pffiffiffiffiffi  A:
2E
HðnÞ ¼ þ pffiffiffiffiffi 
of Eq. (2.2.1.1) have been obtained instantaneously. 2e 2e r
C1 cos 2E n þ C2 sin 2E nr

ð2:2:2:8Þ
2.1.2. Extended (G0 /G)-expansion method
Case 3: If B–0, r ¼ B2 þ 4Ae ¼ 0 and e ¼ E  C, then
This section emphasizes for presenting the algorithm of
B EC2
extended (G0 /G)-expansion method, whose main steps are HðnÞ ¼ þ : ð2:2:2:9Þ
defined as follows: 2e ðC1  C2 nÞe
Case 4: If B ¼ 0, r ¼ Ae > 0 and e ¼ E  C, then
  pffiffiffi 1
pffiffiffiffi 0C sinh pffiffiffi
Step 1: Let us consider an FPDE in the following form
r
r@ 1 n þ C2 cosh Er n
pffiffiffi A:
E
HðnÞ ¼ pffiffiffi  ð2:2:2:10Þ
Rðu; ux ; uxx ; uxxx ; :::Dat u; :::Þ ¼ 0; 0 < a 6 1; ð2:2:2:1Þ e C1 cosh r n þ C2 sinh r n
E E

R denotes a polynomial in unknown function.

Case 5: If B ¼ 0, r ¼ Ae < 0 and e ¼ E  C, then
  pffiffiffiffiffi 1
Step 2: The fractional complex transform [30–33] is pre- pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0C sin pffiffiffiffiffi
r
n þ C2 cos r n
r @ 1
pffiffiffiffiffi  A:
E E
sented as HðnÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi 
e r
C1 cos E n þ C2 sin E n r

vta ð2:2:2:11Þ
uðx; tÞ ¼ UðnÞ; n ¼ kx þ ; ð2:2:2:2Þ
Cða þ 1Þ vta
where n ¼ kx þ Cðaþ1Þ
and A, B,C,E,C1 ,C2 are real parameters.
where k and v are constants.
By using the chain rule Eq. (2.1.1) [30,32], we have Step 6: In this step, Eq. (2.2.2.4) has been used into Eq.
Dat u ¼ rt Un Dat n; (2.2.2.3) and with the help of Eq. (2.2.2.6), all terms with
the equal degree of (G0 /G) have been collected and the set
where rt is the fractal index [30,31], which is a constant. of polynomials in (G0 /G) can be obtained. Then, after
The FPDE (2.2.2.2) can be reduced in terms of UðnÞ as equating each coefficient of the obtained as systems to zero,
3108 S. Sahoo et al.

the set of algebraic equations for ai ði ¼ 0; 1; 2; :::; nÞ, A, B,C, and so on.
E, v and k have been obtained. Solving the algebraic equations presented in (3.1.3), the
Step 7: Then, the obtained system algebraic equations in coefficients for the analytical solutions of Eq. (3.1.2) can be
step 6 have been solved with regard to these constants acquired, and those are given as
ai ði ¼ 0; 1; 2; :::; nÞ,A,B,C,E,v and k. Then, putting the Case 1: A ¼ A; B ¼ B; C ¼ C; k ¼ k; v ¼  161 ð4A  B2
obtained solutions of Eq. (2.2.2.6) into Eq. (2.2.2.4) along þ4ACÞ2 k5 ; a0 ¼ 121 ð8A þ B2 þ 8ACÞk2 ; a1 ¼ Bð1 þ CÞk2 ;
with eqs. (2.2.2.7) to (2.2.2.11), the exact analytical solu-
a2 ¼ ð1 þ CÞ2 k2 Substituting the results obtained in Case 1
tions of Eq. (2.2.2.1) have been obtained instantaneously.
into Eq. (3.1.2) along with Eqs. (2.2.1.8) to (2.2.1.11), the fol-
lowing series of new exact solutions can be obtained for Eq.
(1.1), those are presented by following
3. Implementation of the proposed analytical methods for the
time-fractional KK equation
I) When D ¼ B2 þ 4A  4AC P 0 and B–0, then the solu-
tion can be represented by following exponential func-
In this part of the paper, the proposed analytical methods have tion form as
been used for getting new exact solutions for fractional KK
equation. 1
U11 ¼ ð8A þ B2 þ 8ACÞk2 þ Bð1 þ CÞk2 M1
12
3.1. Implementation of improved (G0 /G)-expansion method
þ ð1 þ CÞ2 k2 M21 ;
 pffiffi  pffiffi 
This sub-section emphasizes on for getting new exact analyti- pffiffiffi C1 exp 2Dn þC2 exp  2 Dn
B B D
where M1 ¼ 2ð1CÞ þ 2ð1CÞ  p ffiffi  pffiffi .
cal solutions of time-fractional Kaup-Kupershmidt equation D
C1 exp 2
 D
n C2 exp 2 n
by using improved (G0 /G)-expansion method.
By means of the fractional complex transform (2.2.1.2), the II) When D ¼ B2 þ 4A  4AC < 0 and B–0, then the solu-
Eq. (1.1) can also be reduced into the following nonlinear tion can be represented by following trigonometric func-
ODE, which can be written as tion form as
75 3 0
vU0 ðnÞ þ 45kU2 ðnÞU0 ðnÞ  k U ðnÞU00ðnÞ 1
2 U12 ¼ ð8A þ B2 þ 8ACÞk2 þ Bð1 þ CÞk2 M2
12
 15k3 UðnÞU  ðnÞ þ k5 Uv ðnÞ ¼ 0 ð3:1:1Þ
þ ð1 þ CÞ2 k2 M22 ;
Considering the homogenous balancing principle, we have  pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi 
pffiffiffiffiffi iC1 cos D D
n ¼ 2 Eq. (3.1.1). B D
where M2 ¼ 2ð1CÞ þ 2ð1CÞ
B  2 n C2 sin
pffiffiffiffi 2 n
pffiffiffiffi .
D D
Consequently from Eq. (2.2.1.4), we have the following iC1 sin 2 n þC2 cos 2 n

ansatz:
III) When D ¼ Að1  CÞ P 0 and B ¼ 0, then the solution
UðnÞ ¼ a0 þ a1 FðnÞ þ a2 FðnÞ2 ; ð3:1:2Þ can be represented by following trigonometric function
0
ðnÞ
where FðnÞ ¼ GGðnÞ and GðnÞ satisfies Eq. (2.2.1.6). form as
Substituting Eq. (3.1.2) with Eq. (2.2.1.7) into Eq. (3.1.1)
 0 U13 ¼
1
ð8A þ B2 þ 8ACÞk2 þ Bð1 þ CÞk2 M3
and after equating each coefficient of GG ði ¼ 0; 1; 2; :::Þ to 12
zero, the system of algebraic equations have been obtained þ ð1 þ CÞ2 k2 M23 ;
for ai ði ¼ 0; 1; 2; :::; nÞ, A, B,C, k and v, those are given as(3.1.3) 
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi 
 0 0 C1 cosð DnÞþC2 sinð DnÞ
G 1 D
where M3 ¼ ð1CÞ pffiffiffi pffiffiffi .
: 90Aa20 a1 k  150A3 a1 a2 k3  75A2 a21 Bk3 C1 sinð DnÞC2 cosð DnÞ
G 2
180A2 a0 a2 Bk3  30Aa0 a1 B2 k3  60A2 a0 a1 ð1 þ CÞk3 IV) When D ¼ Að1  CÞ < 0 and B ¼ 0, then the solution
þ 2Aa1 B4 k5 þ 4A2 B2 ð15a2 B þ 11a1 ð1 þ CÞÞk5 can be represented by following hyperbolic function

þ240A3 a2 Bð1 þ CÞk5 þ 32A3 a1 ð1 þ CÞk5 þ 2Aa1 v form as
 0 1
G 1
: 180Aa0 a21 k þ 180Aa20 a2 k þ 90a20 a1 Bk  300A3 a22 k3 1
G 2 U14 ¼ ð8A þ B2 þ 8ACÞk2 þ Bð1 þ CÞk2 M4
930A a1 a2 Bk 
2 3
180Aa21 B2 k3  180A a0 a2 B k
2 2 3 12
 30a0 a1 B k  60Aa0 Bð4a2 B þ 3a1 ð1 þ CÞÞk3
3 3 þ ð1 þ CÞ2 k2 M24 ;
pffiffiffiffiffi
 pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi 
 210A2 a21 ð1 þ CÞk3  480A2 a0 a2 ð1 þ CÞk3 iC1 coshð DnÞC2 sinhð DnÞ
where M4 ¼ ð1CÞ iC sinh Dn C cosh pffiffiffiffiffi
D pffiffiffiffiffi and
 60Aa0 a1 Bð1 þ CÞk3 þ 2a1 B5 k5 1 ð Þ 2 ð DnÞ
2
ð4AB2 þ4ACÞ k5 ta
þ 4AB3 ð15a2 B þ 11a1 ð1 þ CÞÞk5 n ¼ kx  16Cðaþ1Þ
.
þ 4AB3 ð16a2 B þ 15a1 ð1 þ CÞÞk5 Case 2: A ¼ A; B ¼ B; C ¼ C; k ¼ k; v ¼11ð4A  B2
þ 240A2 a2 B2 ð1 þ CÞk5 þ 16A2 Bð58a2 B þ 15a1 ð1 þ CÞÞ þ4ACÞ2 k5 ; a0 ¼ 23 ð8A þ B2 þ 8ACÞk2 ; a1 ¼ 8Bð1 þ CÞk2 ;
 ð1 þ CÞk5 þ 544A3 a2 ð1 þ CÞk5 a2 ¼ 8ð1 þ CÞ2 k2 .
 Substituting the obtained results in Case 2 into Eq. (3.1.2)
2
þ32A2 a1 Bð1 þ CÞ k5 þ 4Aa2 v þ 2a1 Bv ; ð3:1:3Þ
along with Eqs. (2.2.1.8)–(2.2.1.11), the following series of
New exact solutions for time-fractional Kaup-Kupershmidt equation 3109

new exact solutions can be obtained for Eq. (1.1), those are Consequently from Eq. (2.2.1.4), we have the following
presented by following ansatz:
UðnÞ ¼ a0 þ a1 HðnÞ þ a2 HðnÞ2 þ b1 HðnÞ1 þ b2 HðnÞ2 ;
I) When D ¼ B2 þ 4A  4AC P 0 and B–0, then the solu-
tion can be represented by following exponential func- ð3:2:2Þ
tion form as G0 ðnÞ
where HðnÞ ¼ GðnÞ
and GðnÞ satisfies Eq. (2.2.2.6).
Substituting Eq. (3.2.2) with Eq. (2.2.2.6) into Eq. (3.2.1)
2  0
U21 ¼ ð8A þ B2 þ 8ACÞk2 þ 8Bð1 þ CÞk2 M1 and then equating each coefficients of GG ði ¼ 0; 1; 2; :::Þ to
3
zero, the system of algebraic equations have been obtained
þ 8ð1 þ CÞ2 k2 M21 ; for ai ði ¼ 0; 1; 2Þ, bj ðj ¼ 0; 1; 2ÞA, B,C,E, k and v. After solving
 pffiffi  pffiffi 
pffiffiffi C1 exp 2Dn þC2 exp  2 Dn
the obtained algebraic equations, the set of coefficients for the
B B D
where M1 ¼ 2ð1CÞ þ 2ð1CÞ  pffiffi  pffiffi . analytical solutions of Eq. (3.2.2) can be acquired, and those
D  D
C1 exp 2 n C2 exp 2 n
are given as
II) When D ¼ B2 þ 4A  4AC < 0 and B–0, then the solu- Set 1:
tion can be represented by following trigonometric func-
tion form as 1 2
v¼ ð4AE þ B2  4ACÞ k5 ;
16E4
2
U22 ¼ ð8A þ B2 þ 8ACÞk2 þ 8Bð1 þ CÞk2 M2 1
3 a0 ¼ ð8AE þ B2 þ 8ACÞk2 ; a1 ¼ 0;
12E4
þ 8ð1 þ CÞ2 k2 M22 ; ABk2 A2 k2
 pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi  a2 ¼ 0; b1 ¼ ; b2 ¼ 2 :
pffiffiffiffiffi iC1 cos D D E 2
E
where M2 ¼ 2ð1CÞ
B B D
þ 2ð1CÞ pffiffiffi2 ffi n C2 sinpffiffiffi
2 n
ffi .
D D
iC1 sin 2 n þC2 cos 2 n
Set 2:
III) When D ¼ Að1  CÞ P 0 and B ¼ 0, then the solution 11 2
can be represented by following trigonometric function v¼ ð4AE  B2 þ 4ACÞ k5 ;
16E4
form as 2
a0 ¼ 2 ð8AE þ B2 þ 8ACÞk2 ;
2 3E
U23 ¼ ð8A þ B2 þ 8ACÞk2 þ 8Bð1 þ CÞk2 M3 8ABk2 8A2 k2
3 a1 ¼ 0; a2 ¼ 0; b1 ¼ ; b2 ¼
þ 8ð1 þ CÞ2 k2 M23 ; E2 E2

pffiffiffi
 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi  Set 3:
C1 cosð DnÞþC2 sinð DnÞ
D
where M3 ¼ ð1CÞ pffiffiffi pffiffiffi .
C1 sinð DnÞC2 cosð DnÞ
11 2
v¼ ð4AE  B2 þ 4ACÞ k5 ;
IV) When D ¼ Að1  CÞ < 0 and B ¼ 0, then the solution 16E4
2
can be represented by following hyperbolic function a0 ¼ 2 ð8AE þ B2 þ 8ACÞk2 ;
form as 3E
8BðE þ CÞk2 8ðE þ CÞ2 k2
a1 ¼ ; a2 ¼ ; b1 ¼ 0; b2 ¼ 0:
2 E2
E2
U24 ¼ ð8A þ B2 þ 8ACÞk2 þ 8Bð1 þ CÞk2 M4
3
þ 8ð1 þ CÞ2 k2 M24 4 ABC; Set 4:

pffiffiffiffiffi
 pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi 
iC1 coshð DnÞC2 sinhð DnÞ 1 2
where D
M4 ¼ ð1CÞ pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi and v¼ ð4AE  B2 þ 4ACÞ k5 ;
iC1 sinhð DnÞC2 coshð DnÞ 16E4
þ4ACÞ
2 2 5 a 1
n ¼ kx  11ð4AB
Cðaþ1Þ
k t
. a0 ¼ ð8AE þ B2 þ 8ACÞk2 ;
12E4
BðE þ CÞk2 ðE þ CÞ2 k2
3.2. Implementation of extended (G0 /G)-expansion method a1 ¼ 2
; a2 ¼ ; b1 ¼ 0; b2 ¼ 0:
E E2
This section emphasizes on for generating new exact analytical Set 5:
solutions of time-fractional Kaup-Kupershmidt equation by
using extended (G0 /G)-expansion method. 1
v¼ ð256A2 E2  112AB2 E þ B4  512A2 CE
By means of the Eq. (2.2.2.2), the Eq. (1.1) can be reduced 16E4
into the following nonlinear ODE, which can be written as þ112AB2 C þ 256A2 CÞ2 k5 ;
75 3 0 1 BðE þ CÞk2
vU0 ðnÞ þ 45kU2 ðnÞU0 ðnÞ  k U ðnÞU00 ðnÞ a0 ¼ ð8AE þ B2 þ 8ACÞk2 ; a1 ¼ ;
2 12E 4
E2
 15k3 UðnÞU000 ðnÞ þ k5 Uv ðnÞ ¼ 0: ð3:2:1Þ ðE þ CÞ2 k2 ABk2 A2 k2
a2 ¼  2
; b1 ¼ 2
; b2 ¼ 2
Considering the derivative term of highest order with the E E E
nonlinear term from Eq. (3.2.1), we have n ¼ 2.
3110 S. Sahoo et al.

Substituting the obtained results in Set 1 into Eq. (3.2.2)
along with Eqs. (2.2.2.7)–(2.2.2.11), the following series of
new exact solutions can be obtained for Eq. (1.1), those are
presented by following
I) When B–0, e ¼ E  C and r ¼ B2 þ 4Ae > 0, we have
the following hyperabolic function solution
been acquired for the time-fractional KK equation. The
obtained solutions include the term containing exponential
function, trigonometric function and the hyperbolic function,
which can be further studied for a more physical explanation
of the time-fractional KK equation. The significance of the uti-
lized methods is effective and provides more general exact
solutions to nonlinear evolution equations.

1 ABk2 1 A2 k2 2 Declaration of Competing Interest

U11 ¼ 4
ð8AE þ B2 þ 8ACÞk2 þ Z1 þ 2 Z1 ;
12E E2 E
 pffiffi pffiffi  ‘‘The author(s) declare(s) that there is no conflict of inter-
pffiffiffi C sinh rn þC cosh rn
p2Effiffi 2 p2Effiffi . ests regarding the publication of this article.”
where Z1 ¼ 2e þ 2er
B 1
r r
C1 cosh 2E n þC2 sinh 2E n
References
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1 ABk2 1 A2 k2 2
U12 ¼ 4
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 pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi 
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2E
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12E E2 E
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1
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C1 cosh 2E n þC2 sinh 2E n
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 pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi  [19] M. Musette, R. Conte, J. Math. Phys. 39 (1998) 5617.
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ð4AEB2 þ4ACÞ k5 ta [22] A. Parker, Physica D 137 (2000) 34.
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.
[23] M. Musette, C. Verhoeven, Physica D 144 (2000) 211.
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New York, 2015.