Physics Letters A 454 (2022) 128503

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Physics Letters A
www.elsevier.com/locate/pla

Analysis of interaction of lump solutions with kink-soliton solutions of

the generalized perturbed KdV equation using Hirota-bilinear approach
Sayed Saifullah a , Shabir Ahmad a , Maryam Ahmed Alyami b , Mustafa Inc c,d,∗
a
Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand, Chakdar, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
b
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
c
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
d
Department of Medical Research, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Using the Hirota bilinear method (HBM) and Cole-Hopf transformation, we extract the interaction
Received 24 June 2022 between the lump and kink-soliton solutions for the generalized perturbed Korteweg–de Vries (KdV)
Received in revised form 18 September equation in this manuscript. In the literature [15], the authors have applied the Cole-Hopf transformation
2022
with a value of R to study the particular case of the generalized perturbed KdV equation, which is found
Accepted 15 October 2022
Available online 20 October 2022
to be an inappropriate value. Alqarni et al., computed an appropriate value of R in the literature [29]. We
Communicated by B. Malomed use the correct value of R and get more clearly the outcomes for a lump-single kink soliton, a lump-two
kink soliton, and a lump-periodic soliton solution. We display these solutions in 2D and 3D space using
Keywords: Mathematica by selecting the proper values for the parameters.
Hirota bilinear method © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Lump solution
Kink solution
Periodic soliton

1. Introduction attracted researchers’ much interest. In this paper, we consider the

In recent years, there has been a lot of work on the dispersion
of solitary waves in nonlinear systems [1,2]. It is not surprising
given the soliton approach’s applicability in several domains of
current physics. The nonlinear Schrödinger equation [3], Harry-
Dym equation [4] and KdV equation [5] are some of the popu-
lar PDEs with soliton solutions. Notably, the presence of solitons
is dependent on the nonlinear and dispersive components in the
mathematical model having particular features. Many researchers
are interested in the study of the KdV equation. The KdV equation
is a general model for investigating the nonlinear waves which are
weak. It occurs in physical models with a leading-order balance of
nonlinearity and dispersion. When analyzing the wave behaviour
of nonlinear pulse dispersion, higher-order effects become crucial
and are not irrelevant when considering the evolution of sharper
waves of lower wavelengths. Because of the numerous vital appli-
cations of various forms of this wave equation, its extension has
*
Corresponding author at: Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Firat
University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey.
E-mail addresses: sayedsaif799@gmail.com (S. Saifullah),
shabirahmad2232@gmail.com (S. Ahmad), maalyami8@uj.edu.sa (M.A. Alyami),
minc@firat.edu.tr (M. Inc).
generalized perturbed KdV
Vt + φVx + δV Vx + ξ Vxxx = 0, (1.1)
where φ is perturbation parameter, δ is nonlinearity factor and ξ
is the dispersion factor.
During the last two decades, several forms of soliton solutions
have been introduced by researchers [6–8]. In applied mathemat-
ics, lump solutions have gotten a considerable amount of interest.
Nonlinear systems processes such as solitons are described us-
ing lump solutions. Lump solutions may be found in a variety of
scientific domains [9,10]. Several articles have investigated lump
solutions for various PDEs [11,12]. The mixed lump–soliton solu-
tion of different nonlinear PDEs has been studied in the literature
[13,14]. When considering solitary wave theory, the KdV equation
and its various modified forms play a crucial role [15,16].
In recent years, several methods have been utilized to extract
different types of solutions for nonlinear PDEs. For instance, a re-
duction method has been used to study the N-soliton solution
of shifted nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation [17]. By us-
ing Riemann-Hilbert approach, the authors in [18] have extracted
N-soliton solution to the Gerdjikov-Ivanov equation. Some soliton
solutions of modified KdV were derived by using Darboux transfor-
mation in [19]. In 1971, Hirota proposed a novel direct approach

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2022.128503
0375-9601/© 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
S. Saifullah, S. Ahmad, M.A. Alyami et al. Physics Letters A 454 (2022) 128503

 
for solving integrable nonlinear evolution equations with multi- Dx Dt + φD2x + ξ D4x F F = 0, (2.10)
soliton solutions. The objective was to construct a transformation
to other variables such that multisoliton solutions would emerge where D stands for Hirota’s bilinear operator, and is given by
in a pretty easy fashion in such new variables. The approach has  p  q
proved to be quite powerful and has been applied to several non- p q ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
Dx Dt = − − F (x, t )G(x, t )|x =x,t  =t ,
linear PDEs to studied different soliton solution [20–22]. The Hi- ∂ x ∂ x ∂t ∂t
rota method has used for analysis of lump, soliton, and interaction
solutions to a generalized two-mode higher-order nonlinear evo- F , G ∈ C ∞ (R2 ). (2.11)
lution equation in plasma physics [23]. For some evolution equa-
tions, the Hirota bilinear form has been computed using Hirota 3. Lump and single kink-soliton interaction
method [24]. The simplified Hirota method has been used to in-
vestigate multisoliton solutions of generalized fifth-order nonlinear Here we derive the interaction between lump and a kink soliton
evolution equation for the Sawada-Kotera, Lax, and Caudrey-Dodd- by considering the F as the combination of quadratic and expo-
Gibbon equations in plasma physics [25]. Kumar et al. analyzed nential function as:
multi-soliton solutions, breather, lumps, and their interactions for
Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation with variable time coefficient us-
F = w 2 + h2 + a7 + α1 ek1 ,
ing Hirota method [26]. We list some more applications of Hirota
method in [27–29]. In this manuscript, the Hirota bilinear method w = a1 x + a2 t + a3 ,
and Cole-Hopf transformation is used to investigate the interaction
between lump and kink-soliton solution of a generalized perturbed h = a4 x + a5 t + a6 ,
KdV equation (1.1). These behaviours are never been studied for
k 1 = m1 x + n1 t , (3.12)
Eq. (1.1) in the literature.
where a j , ( j = 1, 2, . . . 7), α1 , m1 , and n1 being ten real parame-
2. Hirota’s bilinear form ters to be find out. Now putting (3.12) into (2.9), and making the
comparison of the coefficients of x, t and exponentials by using
In this section, we find the Hirota’s bilinear form of the sug- maple software, we achieve the values of the unknown parameters
gested perturbed-KdV equation with the choice of R in the Cole-
as
Hopf transformation [29]. For this, we consider the following func-
tion a4 a5
a1 = − ,
a2
V = e μx−γ t . (2.2)
a 3 = a 6 = 0,
Substituting (2.2) into (1.1), we obtain the following dispersion re- −6(a24 + a21 )ξ
lation a7 = ,
φ
γ = φ μ + ξ μ3 . (2.3) m1 = 1, n1 = −(xi + φ). (3.13)

Next, we consider the Cole-Hopf transformation as follows In all directions the solutions will be localized where the param-
  eters satisfy the conditions φ = 0 and α1 > 0. After substituting
∂2
(log(F )) , where F = 1 + ρ eμx−(φ μ+ξ μ )t . (2.4)
3
V=R (3.12) into (2.8), and using (3.13) we obtain the exact solution as
∂ x2
Here F is a single-soliton auxiliary function and ρ is a constant. 12ξ(2a21 + 2a24 + α1 ek1 )
(x, t ) =
Now plugging (2.4) into (1.1), we obtain the value of R as follows δA
12ξ 12ξ [(2a1 w + 2a4 h + α1 ek1 )]2
R= . (2.5) − , (3.14)
δ δ A2
Further, we consider the following form where

∂2 A = w 2 + h2 + a7 + α1 ek1 ,
V (x, t ) = (x, t ). (2.6)
∂ x2
w = a1 x − a2 t , h = a4 x + a5 t and k1 = x − (ξ + φ)t .
Putting (2.6) in (1.1), and integrating once w.r.t. x we get
The parameter values for the numerical simulations of the exact
xt + φ xx + δ x xx + ξ xxxx = 0. (2.7) solution (3.14) are considered as φ = 10, δ = 1, ξ = 2, a2 =
Now using the transformation in the form 1, a4 = 0.6 and a5 = 0.1. The three dimensional behaviour of
the obtained solution is presented in Fig. 1. Where the interaction
12ξ of the kink soliton and the lump solution can be observed. Fur-
= ln(F )xx . (2.8)
δ ther, the two dimensional behaviour with t = 0, is demonstrated
Putting (2.8) in (2.7) and simplifying we get the relation presented in Fig. 2. The contour shape of the obtained result (3.14) is dis-
played in the Fig. 3.
below

F Fxt − Fx Ft + φF Fxx − φFx2 + ξ F Fxxxx − 4ξ Fx Fxxx + 3ξ Fxx

2 4. Lump and two kink-solitons interaction

= 0. (2.9)
Here we derive the interactions between lump and two kink
One can represent the Eq. (2.9) in Hirota’s bilinear operator form solitons by considering the F as the combination of quadratic and
as two exponential functions as:

2
S. Saifullah, S. Ahmad, M.A. Alyami et al. Physics Letters A 454 (2022) 128503

Fig. 1. The 3D behaviour of the interaction between lump and one kink soliton Fig. 4. The 3D behaviour of the interaction between lump and two kink solitons
(3.14). (4.17).

Fig. 2. The 2D behaviour of the interaction between lump and one kink soliton
Fig. 5. The 2D behaviour of the interaction between lump and two kink soliton
(3.14).
(4.17).

φ = 0 and α1 , α2 > 0. After substituting (4.15) into (2.8), and using

(4.16) we obtain the exact solution as

12ξ(2a21 + 2a24 + α1 ek1 m21 + α2 ek2 m22 )

(x, t ) =
δA
12ξ [(2a1 w + 2a4 h + α1 ek1 m1 + α2 ek2 m2 )]2
− , (4.17)
δ A2
where

A = w 2 + h2 + a7 + α1 ek1 + α2 ek2 ,
w = a1 x − a2 t , h = a4 x + a5 t and ki = x − (m2i ξ + φ)mi t ,
Fig. 3. Contour of the interaction between lump and one kink soliton (3.14).
i = 1, 2.
2 2 ki
F = w + h + a 7 + αi e , For the numerical simulations of the interaction between lump and
two kinks (4.17) the parameters are used as φ = δ = ξ = 1, a2 =
w = a1 x + a2 t + a3 ,
1, a4 = 0.5, a5 = 1, α1 = 0.1 and α2 = 1.14. The three dimen-
h = a4 x + a5 t + a6 , sional dynamics of the solution (4.17) is presented in Fig. 4. Where
the interaction of the two kink solitons and the lump solution can
k i = m i x + n i t , i = 1, 2, (4.15)
be observed. Further the two dimensional behaviour is demon-
where a j , ( j = 1, 2, . . . 7), αi , mi , and n1 (i = 1, 2) being thirteen strated in Fig. 5 with x = −0.6. The contour shape of the obtained
real parameters to be figure out. Now plugging (3.13) into (2.9), result (4.17) is displayed in the Fig. 6.
and making comparison of the coefficients of different powers of
x, t and exponentials using maple software, we get the values of 5. Lump and periodic-solitons interaction
the unknown parameters as
√ Here we derive the interactions between lump and periodic
a2 + a 2 + 4φ a 4 a 5 − 4φ a 4 solitons by considering F as the combination of quadratic and
a1 = − ,
2φ trigonometric functions as:
(φa1 + a2 )a3
a6 = − , F = w 2 + h2 + a7 + α1 cos(k1 ),
a5 + φ a4
w = a1 x + a2 t + a3 ,
ni = −(ξ m2i + φ)mi , i = 1, 2. (4.16)
h = a4 x + a5 t + a6 ,
Also we have m1 = m2 = 1 and a7 > 0. In all directions the solu-
tions will be localized where the parameters satisfy the conditions k 1 = m1 x + n1 t , (5.18)

3
S. Saifullah, S. Ahmad, M.A. Alyami et al. Physics Letters A 454 (2022) 128503

Fig. 6. Contour graph of the interaction between lump and two kink soliton (4.17). Fig. 7. The 3D behaviour of the interaction between lump and periodic-solitons
(5.20).

where a j , ( j = 1, 2, . . . 7), α1 , m1 , and n1 being ten real parame-

ters to be determined. Now putting (5.18) into (2.9), and making
comparison of the coefficients of various combinations x, t and
trigonometric functions using maple, one may get the following
values of the unknown parameters

−a2 + a22 − 4a24 φ 2 − 4φ a4 a5
a1 = ,
2φ
φ a3 a1 + a2 a3 + φ a4 a6
a5 = − ,
a6
1
a7 = − 2φ(a21 + a24 ) − 2(a1 a2 + a4 a5 )
m1 (ξ m31 − n1 − φm1 )
Fig. 8. The 2D behaviour of the interaction between lump and periodic-solitons
+12ξ a24m21 + φm21 (a23 + a26 ) + 12ξ a21m21 + m1n1 (a23 + a26 ) (5.20).
+8ξ m41 (a1a3 + a4 a6 ) − ξ m41 (a23 + a26 ). (5.19)
In all directions the solution will be localized, where the param-
eters satisfy the conditions φ > 0 and a6 > 0. After substituting
(5.18) into (2.8), and using (5.19) we have the exact solution as

12ξ(2a21 + 2a24 + α1 cos(m1 x + n1 t )m21 )

(x, t ) =
δA
12ξ(2a1 w + 2a4 h − α1 sin(m1 x + n1 t )m1 )2
− , (5.20)
δ A2
where

A = w 2 + h2 + a7 + α1 cos(k1 ),
w = a1 x − a2 t + a3 , h = a4 x + a5 t + a6 and k1 = x − (m1 x + n1 t ). Fig. 9. Contour graph of the interaction between lump and periodic-solitons (5.20).

For the numerical simulations of the interaction between lump and

two kinks (5.20) the parameters are used as φ = 1.8, δ = ξ = where a j , ( j = 1, 2, . . . 7), αi , mi , and ni being thirteen real pa-
1, a2 = 12 , a4 = 1, a6 = 0.2 and m1 = 1. The three dimensional rameters to be find out. Now putting (6.21) into (2.9), and mak-
dynamics of the solution (5.20) is presented in Fig. 7. Where the ing comparison of the coefficients of various combinations x, t,
interaction of the periodic solitons and a lump can be observed. trigonometric functions and exponential function, we get the fol-
Further the two dimensional behaviour is demonstrated in Fig. 8 lowing values of the unknown parameters
by considering x = −0.8. The contour shape of the obtained result
a4 a5
(5.20) is displayed in the Fig. 9. a1 = − ,
a2
6. Lump periodic and one kink soliton interaction a3 (m1 a2 + 2φ a1m1 + a1 n1 )
a6 = − ,
a 4 n 1 2φ a 4 m 1 + m 1 a 5
Here we derive the interactions between lump, periodic and
−1
one kink soliton by considering F as the combination of quadratic, a7 = (−4a1 a3 a6 (a5 + 2φa4 )
trigonometric and exponential function as: 2(a4 (a5 + φ a4 ) + a1 (a2 + φ a1 ))
−2φa21 (a23 − a26 ) − 2a4 a5 (a26 − a23 )
F = w 2 + h2 + a7 + α1 cos(k1 ) + α2 ek2 ,
−2a1 a2 (a23 − a26 ) − 2φa26 (a21 + a24 ) + 12ξ(a41 + a44 + 2a21 a42 )
w = a1 x + a2 t + a3 ,
−α12m1 (n1 + φm1 ) − 4a4 a6 a2 a3 ),
h = a4 x + a5 t + a6 ,
γ + 3ξ
k i = m i x + n i t , i = 1, 2, (6.21) m2 = ,
4ξ

4
S. Saifullah, S. Ahmad, M.A. Alyami et al. Physics Letters A 454 (2022) 128503

Fig. 10. The 3D behaviour of the interaction between lump periodic and one kink Fig. 12. Contour graph of the interaction between lump periodic and one kink soli-
solitons (6.23). tons (6.23).

in this study. To acquire the bilinear form of the suggested equa-

tion, we used the Hirota bilinear technique with the Cole-Hopf
transformation with the correct choice of R. The extracted solu-
tions are the interactions of lump solutions with kink-soliton and
periodic soliton solutions. The obtained results were displayed in
2D and 3D graphics to better understand the physical process. The
interaction of the lump solution with kink-soliton and periodic-
soliton solutions has been visually studied to highlight the physical
meaning of the generated solutions.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Sayed Saifullah: Writing – original draft, Methodology, Inves-

Fig. 11. The 2D behaviour of the interaction between lump periodic and one kink
tigation. Shabir Ahmad: Writing – review & editing, Validation,
solitons (6.23).
Methodology. Maryam Ahmed Alyami: Writing – review & editing.
Mustafa Inc: Writing – review & editing, Resources.
m1 (4ξ m22 + n2 + 2φm2 )
n1 = − . (6.22)
m2 Declaration of competing interest
In all directions the solution will be localized, where the parame-
ters satisfy the conditions a2 > 0, ξ > 0 and m2 > 0. After substi- The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
tuting (6.21) into (2.8), and using (6.22), we get the exact solution cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
as influence the work reported in this paper.

(x, t ) Data availability

12ξ(2a21 + 2a24 + α1 cos(m1 x + n1 t )m21 + α2 em2 x+n2 t m22 )
= The authors do not have permission to share data.
δA
12ξ(2a1 w + 2a4 h − α1 sin(m1 x + n1 t )m1 + α2 em2 x+n2 t m2 )2
− ,
δ A2
(6.23)
where
A = w 2 + h2 + a7 + α1 cos(k1 ) + α2 ek2 ,
w = a1 x − a2 t + a3 , h = a4 x + a5 t + a6
and ki = x − (mi x + ni t ), i = 1, 2.
In simulation of the exact solution (6.23), the parameters values
are considered to be φ = δ = ξ = 1, a2 = 5, a3 = 2.3, a4 = a5 =
1, m1 = 3, andn2 = 1. The three dimensional behaviour of the ob-
tained exact solution is presented in Fig. 10, while the two dimen-
sional dynamics may be seen in Fig. 11 with t = 1. The interaction
among lump, periodic and kink soliton can be observed in these
figures. The contour shape of the obtained result (6.23) is displayed
in the Fig. 12.
7. Conclusion
The dynamic properties of the perturbed KdV equation (1.1),
which represents the evolution of sharper waves, were investigated
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