International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 917–922

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International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / i c h m t

Dual solutions in boundary layer stagnation-point flow and mass transfer with
chemical reaction past a stretching/shrinking sheet☆
Krishnendu Bhattacharyya
Department of Mathematics, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Available online 1 May 2011 In this paper, an analysis is presented to study dual nature of solution of mass transfer with first order chemical
reaction in boundary layer stagnation-point flow over a stretching/shrinking sheet. The governing equations
Keywords: are transformed into a set of self-similar ordinary differential equations by similarity transformations. The
Dual solutions transformed equations are solved numerically using very efficient shooting method. The study reveals that the
Boundary layer dual solutions of velocity and concentration exist for certain values of velocity ratio parameter (the ratio of
Stagnation-point flow
stretching/shrinking rate and straining rate). The concentration boundary layer thickness decreases with
Mass transfer
Chemical reaction
increasing values of Schmidt number and reaction-rate parameter for both solutions.
Stretching/shrinking sheet © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The viscous flow in the boundary layer region due to a stretching
sheet has immense theoretical and technical applications in
manufacturing processes in industries such as the aerodynamic
extrusion of plastic sheets, glass fiber production, the cooling and
drying of paper and textiles. Crane [1] was first who considered steady
boundary layer flow of a viscous incompressible fluid over a linearly
stretching plate and found closed form analytical solution for the self-
similar equations. The pioneering work of Crane [1] was extended by
many researchers such as Pavlov [2], Gupta and Gupta [3], Rajagopal
et al. [4], Sankara and Watson [5], Chen and Char [6], Vajravelu and
Rollins [7] and Chamkha [8] by considering different types of fluid and
various physical conditions. On the other hand, Hiemenz [9] first
investigated the two-dimensional stagnation flow over a plate and
developed an exact solution to the Navier Stokes equations. Chiam
[10] studied the combine problem of Hiemenz [9] and Crane [1] i.e. the
stagnation-point flow over a stretching sheet where he considered
identical stretching velocity and straining velocity and found no
boundary layer structure near the sheet. After few years, Mahapatra
and Gupta [11] re-investigated the stagnation-point flow towards a
stretching sheet taking different stretching and straining velocities
and ultimately they found two different kinds of boundary layer
structure near the sheet depending on the ratio of the stretching and
straining velocity rates. However, some other important investiga-
tions concerning the stagnation-point flow over stretching sheet were
made by Mahapatra and Gupta [12], Nazar et al. [13], Ishak et al. [14],
Layek et al. [15], Ishak et al. [16] and Nadeem et al. [17]. Recently,
☆ Communicated by A.R. Balakrishnan and T. Basak.
E-mail addresses: krish.math@yahoo.com, krishnendu.math@gmail.com.
Ishak et al. [18–20] reported dual solutions for mixed convection
stagnation-point flow on a vertical surface.
Literature survey indicates that the flow induced by a shrinking
sheet recently gains attention of modern researchers for its interest-
ing characteristics. In the best of author's knowledge, Wang [21] first
brought in the concept of the flow developed due to shrinking sheet
while studying the behavior of liquid film on an unsteady stretching
sheet. The existence and uniqueness of the similarity solution of the
equation for the flow due to a shrinking sheet with suction were
established by Miklavčič and Wang [22]. Hayat et al. [23] gave an
analytic solution of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a second
grade fluid over a shrinking sheet. Later, Hayat et al. [24] also obtained
an analytical solution of the MHD rotating flow of a second grade fluid
past a porous shrinking sheet by homotopy analysis method (HAM).
Fang and Zhang [25] found a closed-form exact solution for two-
dimensional MHD flow over a porous shrinking sheet subjected to
wall mass transfer. Noor et al. [26] reported a series solution of MHD
viscous flow due to a shrinking sheet using Adomian decomposition
method (ADM). Recently, Fang et al. [27] solved analytically the
viscous flow over a porous shrinking sheet with a second order slip
flow model. Further, Fang and his co-authors [28–33] discussed some
other important aspects of shrinking flow. On the other hand, Wang
[34] first investigated the stagnation-point flow towards a shrinking
sheet for both two-dimensional and axisymmetric cases. He obtained
dual solutions and unique solution for specific values of the ratio of
shrinking and straining rates. Wang's [34] problem extended by Ishak
et al. [35], Bhattacharyya and Layek [36], Bhattacharyya et al. [37] and
Lok et al. [38] with different physical conditions.
The diffusion of spices with chemical reaction in the boundary layer
flow has huge applications in water and air pollutions, fibrous
insulation, atmospheric flows and many other chemical engineering
problems. Chambre and Young [39] considered the diffusion of a

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918 K. Bhattacharyya / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 917–922

ing first order chemical reaction is considered. The equations of

Nomenclature
motion and the equation representing solute distribution may be
written in usual notation as:
a straining rate parameter
b shrinking/stretching rate parameter
∂u ∂v
b/a velocity ratio parameter + = 0; ð1Þ
∂x ∂y
C concentration
Cw concentration at the sheet
∂u ∂u dU ∂2 u
C∞ concentration in the free stream u +v =U +υ 2 ð2Þ
∂x ∂y dx ∂y
D diffusion coefficient
f dimensionless stream function
and
R reaction rate of the solute
Sc Schmidt number
∂C ∂C ∂2 C
u,v velocity components u +v = D 2 −RðC−C∞ Þ; ð3Þ
∂x ∂y ∂y
U straining velocity
β reaction-rate parameter
where u and v are velocity components in x- and y-directions
η similarity variable
respectively, υ(=μ/ρ) is the kinematic viscosity of fluid, ρ is the
μ coefficient of fluid viscosity
density of fluid, μ is the coefficient of fluid viscosity, U(x) = ax is the
υ kinematic viscosity of fluid
straining velocity of the stagnation-point flow, C is the concentration,
ρ density of fluid
C∞ is the constant concentration in the free stream, D is the diffusion
ψ stream function
coefficient and R denotes the reaction rate of the solute.
ϕ dimensionless concentration
The appropriate boundary conditions for the velocity components
and concentration are given by:

u = bx; v = 0 at y = 0; u→U ðxÞ = ax as y→∞ ð4Þ

chemically reactive species in a laminar boundary layer flow which
and
develops over the surface of a body. Later, Andersson et al. [40]
investigated the effect of transfer of chemically reactive species in the C = Cw at y = 0; C→C∞ as y→∞; ð5Þ
laminar flow over a stretching sheet. Afify [41] explicated the MHD free
convective flow of viscous incompressible fluid and mass transfer over a where b and a(N0) are the shrinking/stretching rate parameter and
stretching sheet with chemical reaction. Akyildiz et al. [42] reported a straining rate parameter, respectively, with b b 0 for shrinking, b N 0 for
solution for diffusion of chemically reactive species in a flow of a non- stretching and Cw is concentration at the sheet assumed to be constant
Newtonian fluid over a stretching sheet immersed in porous medium. with Cw N C∞.
Cortell [43] investigated the motion and mass transfer for two classes of We now introduce the stream function ψ(x,y) as:
viscoelastic fluid over a porous stretching sheet with chemically reactive
species. Mansour et al. [44] studied the effects of chemical reaction and ∂ψ ∂ψ
u= and v = − : ð6Þ
thermal stratification on MHD free convective flow through a porous ∂y ∂x
medium over a vertical stretching surface. Hayat et al. [45] discussed the
mass transfer in the steady two-dimensional MHD boundary layer flow For the relations in Eq. (6), the mass conservation in Eq. (1) is
of an upper-convected Maxwell fluid past a porous shrinking sheet in automatically satisfied and the momentum equation, Eq. (2) and the
the presence of chemical reaction and expressions for the velocity and concentration equation, Eq. (3) take the following forms:
the concentration profiles were obtained using HAM. Recently,
2 2 3
Bhattacharyya and Layek [46] discussed the behavior of chemically ∂ψ ∂ ψ ∂ψ ∂ ψ dU ∂ ψ
− =U +υ 3 ð7Þ
reactive solute distribution in MHD boundary layer flow over a ∂y ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y2 dx ∂y
permeable stretching sheet.
The effect mass transfer and chemical reaction on boundary layer and
flow past a stretching sheet are thoroughly studied, but the mass
transfer effect on the flow due to a shrinking sheet is not studied ∂ψ ∂C ∂ψ ∂C ∂2 C
− = D 2 −RðC−C∞ Þ: ð8Þ
well taking various physical conditions. So, with this investigation we ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
carry forward the progress one step ahead by analyzing the effect of
diffusion of chemically reactive species on the steady two-dimensional The boundary conditions in Eq. (4) for the velocity components
boundary layer flow over a shrinking (stretching) sheet near a reduce to:
stagnation-point. In this analysis, first order chemical reaction is
considered. Using similarity transformations, a set of self-similar ∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ψ
= bx; = 0 at y = 0; →ax as y→∞: ð9Þ
equations is obtained and is then solved by efficient shooting method. ∂y ∂x ∂y
The obtained results are then compared with published results of
Wang [34], Ishak et al. [35] and Lok et al. [38]. Also, computational Next, we introduce the dimensionless variables for the stream
results are plotted and thoroughly analyzed the characteristics of the function and the concentration as given below:
flow and mass transfer. pffiffiffiffiffiffi
ψ= aυ xf ðηÞ and C = C∞ + ðCw −C∞ ÞϕðηÞ; ð10Þ

2. Description of the problem
A steady two-dimensional laminar boundary layer stagnation-
point flow of viscous incompressible fluid towards a linearly
stretching/shrinking sheet with chemically reactive species undergo-
where η is the similarity variable and is defined as η = y(α/υ)1/2.
Using relations in Eq. (10) and the similarity variable we finally
obtain the following self-similar ordinary differential equations:
f ‴ + ff ″ −f ′ + 1 = 0
2
ð11Þ
 K. Bhattacharyya / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 917–922 919

1.6 To solve Eqs. (15) and (16) with Eq. (17) as an IVP we must need the
Present study values of q(0) i.e. f″(0) and z(0) i.e. ϕ′(0), but those values are not given
1.4
Wang [34] in the problem. The initial guess values for f″(0) and ϕ′(0) are chosen
1.2
and the fourth order Runge–Kutta method is applied to obtain the
1 solution. We compare the computed values of f′(η) and ϕ(η) at η∞(=12)
with the given boundary conditions f′(η∞) = 1 and ϕ(η∞) = 0 and adjust
0.8
values of f″(0) and ϕ′(0) using Secant method to get better
0.6 approximation for the solution. The step-size is taken as Δη = 0.01.
f //(0)

The process is repeated until we get the results correct up to the desired
0.4
accuracy of 10− 5 level.
0.2 To validate the accuracy of the numerical scheme a comparison
of the obtained results corresponding to the skin-friction coefficient
0
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 f ″(0) is made with the available published results of Wang [34] in
b/a Fig. 1 and also is made with the results of Wang [34], Ishak et al. [35]
and Lok et al. [38] in Table 1 and those are found in excellent
Fig. 1. Skin friction coefficient f″(0) for several values of b/a. agreement. Now, the numerical computations are performed for
several values of dimensionless parameters involved in the equations
viz. the velocity ratio parameter (b/a), the Schmidt number (Sc) and
and the reaction-rate parameter (β). To illustrate the computed results,
some figures are plotted and physical explanations are given.
ϕ″ + Sc f ϕ′ −Sc βϕ = 0; ð12Þ Similar with Wang's [34] study, this investigation confirms that the
existence and uniqueness of solution depend on the velocity ratio
where Sc(=υ/D) is the Schmidt number and β (=R/a) is the reaction- parameter b/a. Also, it is observed that the solution is unique for b/a N −1,
rate parameter. there exists dual solutions for −1.24657 ≤b/a ≤−1 and no similarity
The boundary conditions in Eqs. (9) and (5) also reduce to: solution is found for b/a b −1.24657. The values of concentration
gradient at the sheet −ϕ′(0) which are proportional to the rate of
f ðηÞ = 0; f ′ðηÞ = b = a at η = 0; f ′ðηÞ→1 as η→∞ ð13Þ
mass transfer from the sheet are represented in Fig. 2, against b/a for
different values of Schmidt number Sc and reaction-rate parameter
and
β. From the figure the dual nature of concentration profile in the range
ϕðηÞ = 1 at η = 0; ϕðηÞ→0 as η→∞; ð14Þ of c/a as stated above is noticed. The mass transfer increases with
increasing values of c/a in case of first solution and that decreases with
where b/a is the velocity ratio parameter. increasing b/a for second solution, except for large β(=1). Also, with
increasing values of Sc the mass transfer increases for first solution and
3. Numerical solution and discussions decreases for second solution. On other hand, the mass transfer enhances
with increase of β for both solutions.
The nonlinear self-similar Eqs. (11) and (12) along with the The velocity and concentration profiles for several values of b/a are
boundary conditions in Eqs. (13) and (14) form a two point boundary plotted in Fig. 3. The dual velocity profiles f′(η) show that the velocity
value problem (BVP) and are solved using shooting method, by decreases with increasing magnitude of b/a in first solution and
converting it into an initial value problem (IVP). In this method, we conversely for second solution it increases. It is to be noted that the
have chosen a suitable finite value of η → ∞, say η∞. Now we set the momentum boundary layer thickness for second solution is thicker
following first-order system: than the thickness for first solution. It is found that the unique velocity
profiles (b/a N −1) exhibit the identical characters as that of the
f ′ = p; p′ = q; q′ = p −fq−1
2
ð15Þ velocity profiles for the first solution in Fig. 3. So, the first solution
is physically stable because the first solution is the only solution when
and c/a N − 1. From the figure it is noticed that the value of the
concentration profile ϕ(η) at a fixed point increases for increase in
ϕ′ = z; z′ = −Sc fz + Sc βϕ ð16Þ magnitude of b/a in first solution and it decreases for second solution.
The behavior of unique concentration profiles (when b/aN − 1) is
with the boundary conditions: similar with the profiles of first solution in Fig. 3. In case of dual
solution, the concentration boundary layer thickness for the first
f ð0Þ = 0; pð0Þ = b = a; ϕð0Þ = 1: ð17Þ solution is thinner than that of second solution.

Table 1
Comparison of the values of skin friction coefficient f″(0) for several values of b/a.

b/a Present study Wang [34] Ishak et al. [35] Lok et al. [38]

First solution Second solution First solution Second solution First solution Second solution First solution Second solution

− 0.25 1.4022405 1.40224 1.402241 1.402241

− 0.50 1.4956697 1.49567 1.495670 1.495670
− 0.75 1.4892981 1.48930 1.489298 1.489298
− 1.00 1.3288169 0 1.32882 0 1.328817 0 1.328817
− 1.15 1.0822316 0.1167023 1.08223 0.116702 1.082231 0.116702 1.082233 0.116702
− 1.20 0.9324728 0.2336491 0.932474 0.233650
− 1.2465 0.5842915 0.5542856 0.55430 0.584295 0.554283 0.584303 0.554295
− 1.24657 0.5745268 0.5639987
920 K. Bhattacharyya / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 917–922

0.8 0.9
0.7 β=0 0.8
β=1
Sc = 1
0.6 0.7
0.6 β = 0.5
0.5
Sc = 0.5
−φ/(0)

0.5
0.4
0.4
β=0
0.3
0.3
0.2 Sc = 0.1 0.2
Sc = 0.5
0.1 0.1
0 0
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
b/a b/a

Fig. 2. Concentration gradient at the sheet − ϕ′(0) against b/a for several values of Sc and β.

1
1
First solution b/a = −1.16
b/a = −1.16 0.8 b/a = −1.2
0.5
b/a = −1.2 b/a = −1.24
b/a = −1.24 0.6
f /(η)

φ(η)
0 Second solution
Second solution 0.4
−0.5
Sc = 0.5, β = 0.5
0.2
First solution
−1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
η η

Fig. 3. Dual velocity profiles f′(η) and dual concentration profiles ϕ(η) for several values of b/a.

In Fig. 4, the effects of Schmidt number Sc on the concentration
profiles and concentration gradient profiles are exhibited. The dual
concentration profiles of Fig. 4 demonstrate that concentration
initially increases with Sc and after that for large η, changing the
nature it decreases with Sc. As a result, the concentration boundary
layer thickness reduces with enhancement of Sc. From the figure, an
interesting behavior is noticed for concentration gradient profiles.
Every concentration gradient profile first decreases up to certain
negative value, after that it increases and goes to zero. First solution
approaches to zero faster than the second solution, which is
compatible with the fact that the solute boundary layer thickness
for first solution is smaller than the thickness for second solution. Also,
the magnitude of the negative value up to which the concentration
gradient profile drops off, increases with increasing Sc.
The reaction-rate parameter β also affects the concentration
distribution significantly, which can be seen from Fig. 5. The solute
profiles and solute boundary layer thickness for both solutions decrease
with increasing β. But, for increasing values of β the character of

1 0
Second solution Sc = 0.1 −0.05
0.8 Sc = 0.5
−0.1 Sc = 0.1
Sc = 1 Sc = 0.5
0.6 −0.15 Sc = 1
φ/(η)
φ(η)

−0.2 First solution

0.4
−0.25 Second solution
First Solution
0.2 b/a = −1.22, β = 0 −0.3
b/a = −1.22, β = 0
−0.35
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
η η

Fig. 4. Dual concentration profiles ϕ(η) and dual concentration gradient profiles ϕ′(η) for several values of Sc.
 K. Bhattacharyya / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 917–922
1 0
β=0
0.8 β = 0.5
β=1
0.6
φ/(η)
φ(η)
Second solution
0.4
b/a = −1.22, Sc = 0.5
0.2
First solution
0 −0.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
η η
Fig. 5. Dual concentration profiles ϕ(η) and dual concentration gradient profiles ϕ′(η) for several values of β.
concentration gradient profile changes. With increasing values of β, the
initially decreasing and then increasing (β = 0) nature of concentration
gradient profile changes to only increasing nature.
4. Conclusions
The objective of this investigation is to analyze the diffusion of
chemically reactive species in boundary layer stagnation-point flow
towards a stretching/shrinking sheet. Here, first order chemical
reaction is taken into consideration. Using similarity transformation,
self-similar nonlinear ordinary differential equations are obtained and
solved numerically by shooting method.
Findings of this analysis can be summarized as follows:
(a) The dual solutions for velocity field and also for concentration
distribution are obtained for some values of velocity ratio
parameter.
(b) Boundary layer thickness (both momentum and concentration)
for first solution is always thinner than that of second solution.
(c) The solute boundary layer thickness decreases with increase of
Schmidt number and reaction-rate parameter for both solutions.
I hope that this work will serve as a motivation for future
experimental work.
Acknowledgements
The author expresses his sincere thanks to the referees for their
valuable comments and suggestions. The author also gratefully
acknowledges the financial support of National Board for Higher
Mathematics (NBHM), DAE, Mumbai, India for pursuing this work.
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