Chapter 2 – Life Tables

Life Tables:
Let x0 be some initial, integer–valued, age (which may be 0).
Let lx0 be a large positive integer.
Consider a group of lx0 individuals aged x0 all subject to the same survival
distribution, S0 (x). We assume these individuals are independent with respect
to mortality.

For x x0 , define:
Gx = number of survivors at age x.
Hx = number of deaths between ages x and x + 1.
Questions: In terms of the survival model
1. What is the expected number of survivors at age x?
(Notation: lx = E[Gx ])
2. What is the expected number of deaths between x and x + 1?
(Notation: dx = E[Hx ])
Answers:
1. For one individual Sx0 (x x0 ) = P(Tx0 > x x0 ) = x x0 px0 .
) Gx has a binomial distribution with parameters lx0 and x x 0 p x0 .
(Notation Gx ⇠ Bin(lx0 , x x0 px0 ))

lx = E[Gx ] = lx0 ⇥x x0 p x0
2. Hx ⇠ Bin(lx0 , x x0 |qx0 )

dx = E[Hx ] = lx0 ⇥ x x0 |qx0

= lx0 ⇥ ( x x0 px0 x+1 x0 px0 )
= lx lx+1

Other properties:
lx+t
t px =
lx
dx = lx qx 1x - lx+
=

lx lx+t
t qx = =1 - = "1
lx
lx+n lx+n+m =nx - ntm"
n |m qx = x
lx
lx lx+t for t 0
lim lx = 0 1
x!1
 me= sx ก
Important: ระ
• The function lx is called a life table.
• lx may be defined for all x x0 .
• In practice, it is very common for a life table to be defined and/or tabu-
lated at integer ages only.
• The value of lx0 does not matter. Only the ratios lx+t /lx = t px matter.
• The value of lx0 is called the radix for the life table.
• The set of numbers {lx }1
x=x0 defines the survival distribution at integer
ages from age x0 .
• Conversely, any set of numbers {lx }1 x=x0 such that lx lx+1 0 and
limx!1 lx = 0 defines a survival distribution at integer ages from age x0 .

Examples of life tables:

ELT 15 Based on the population of England and Wales

Uses data from 1990–2

Separate tables for males and females.

AM92 Based on people in the UK who are whole life or endowment policyholders

Uses data from 1991–4

Uses data for males only. (There is an AM92 table.)

Table 1: Extract from AM 92

x l[x] l[x 1]+1 lx x

65 8 772.7356 8 813.6881 8 821.2612 65

66 8 640.0481 8 686.2016 8 695.6199 66
67 8 493.5187 8 545.3532 8 557.0118 67
... ... ... ... ...

Example 1 Calculate p65 , q66 and 1| q65 using:

Postedi n t
the
(a) TMO2017 Males,
(b) TMO2017 Females

enc
Pos 466 1185 112) = 2
Male 0.98121 0.820298 0.01992T

Female 0.98999 0.511387 0.011273

ดู
 +MO2019 - Thai Mortality Ordinary
ตารางมรณะไทยพืนฐานปี 2560 /
ประเภทสาม ัญ ภ ัยมาตรฐาน สา ญ
ตสาหกรรม ( รายไ อยา

เพศชาย เพศหญิง
o
อายุ l(x) d(x) e (x) 1000q(x) อายุ l(x) d(x) eo(x) 1000q(x)
0 1,000,000 1,321 74.27 1.3208 0 1,000,000 1,059 79.76 1.0585
1 998,679 270 73.37 0.2705 1 998,942 233 78.84 0.2333
2 998,409 261 72.39 0.2613 2 998,708 228 77.86 0.2280
3 998,148 252 71.41 0.2521 3 998,481 222 76.88 0.2227
4 997,897 242 70.43 0.2430 4 998,258 217 75.90 0.2175
5 997,654 233 69.44 0.2338 5 998,041 212 74.91 0.2122
6 997,421 224 68.46 0.2246 6 997,829 206 73.93 0.2069
7 997,197 215 67.47 0.2154 7 997,623 201 72.94 0.2016
8 996,982 214 66.49 0.2149 8 997,422 204 71.96 0.2046
9 996,768 181 65.50 0.1820 9 997,218 212 70.97 0.2128
10 996,586 207 64.51 0.2077 10 997,006 223 69.99 0.2232
11 996,379 277 63.53 0.2777 11 996,783 235 69.00 0.2356
12 996,103 378 62.55 0.3791 12 996,548 249 68.02 0.2496
13 995,725 498 61.57 0.5005 13 996,300 264 67.04 0.2651
14 995,227 629 60.60 0.6322 14 996,035 280 66.05 0.2815
15 994,597 762 59.64 0.7657 15 995,755 297 65.07 0.2983
16 993,836 889 58.68 0.8942 16 995,458 314 64.09 0.3152
17 992,947 1,005 57.74 1.0124 17 995,144 330 63.11 0.3317
18 991,942 1,108 56.79 1.1165 18 994,814 346 62.13 0.3477
19 990,834 1,193 55.86 1.2040 19 994,468 361 61.15 0.3629
20 989,641 1,261 54.92 1.2743 20 994,107 375 60.18 0.3774
21 988,380 1,313 53.99 1.3280 21 993,732 389 59.20 0.3911
22 987,068 1,350 53.06 1.3673 22 993,344 401 58.22 0.4041
23 985,718 1,376 52.14 1.3960 23 992,942 413 57.25 0.4163
24 984,342 1,397 51.21 1.4196 24 992,529 425 56.27 0.4280
25 982,945 1,412 50.28 1.4368 25 992,104 436 55.29 0.4392
26 981,532 1,425 49.35 1.4514 26 991,668 446 54.32 0.4502
27 980,108 1,438 48.42 1.4674 27 991,222 457 53.34 0.4612
28 978,670 1,457 47.49 1.4886 28 990,765 468 52.37 0.4728
29 977,213 1,484 46.56 1.5183 29 990,296 481 51.39 0.4854
30 975,729 1,521 45.63 1.5586 30 989,815 495 50.41 0.4998
31 974,208 1,569 44.70 1.6107 31 989,321 511 49.44 0.5166
32 972,639 1,629 43.77 1.6747 32 988,810 531 48.46 0.5368
33 971,010 1,699 42.85 1.7501 33 988,279 555 47.49 0.5611
34 969,311 1,779 41.92 1.8358 34 987,724 583 46.52 0.5904
35 967,531 1,868 41.00 1.9307 35 987,141 617 45.54 0.6255
36 965,663 1,964 40.08 2.0338 36 986,524 658 44.57 0.6668
37 963,700 2,067 39.16 2.1451 37 985,866 705 43.60 0.7150
38 961,632 2,178 38.24 2.2649 38 985,161 759 42.63 0.7701
39 959,454 2,297 37.33 2.3942 39 984,402 820 41.67 0.8326
40 957,157 2,426 36.41 2.5348 40 983,583 888 40.70 0.9024
41 954,731 2,567 35.50 2.6888 41 982,695 963 39.74 0.9798
42 952,164 2,722 34.60 2.8585 42 981,732 1,045 38.77 1.0648
43 949,442 2,892 33.70 3.0462 43 980,687 1,135 37.81 1.1574
44 946,550 3,080 32.80 3.2543 44 979,552 1,232 36.86 1.2576
45 943,470 3,288 31.90 3.4846 45 978,320 1,336 35.90 1.3655
46 940,182 3,515 31.01 3.7386 46 976,984 1,447 34.95 1.4816
47 936,667 3,763 30.13 4.0174 47 975,537 1,568 34.00 1.6069
48 932,904 4,032 29.25 4.3215 48 973,969 1,698 33.06 1.7430
49 928,872 4,321 28.37 4.6514 49 972,271 1,840 32.11 1.8927
50 924,552 4,630 27.50 5.0075 50 970,431 1,999 31.17 2.0594

3
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 ตารางมรณะไทยพืนฐานปี 2560
ประเภทสาม ัญ ภ ัยมาตรฐาน

เพศชาย เพศหญิง
o
อายุ l(x) d(x) e (x) 1000q(x) อายุ l(x) d(x) eo(x) 1000q(x)
51 919,922 4,959 26.64 5.3909 51 968,433 2,176 30.24 2.2473
52 914,963 5,310 25.78 5.8038 52 966,256 2,378 29.30 2.4608
53 909,653 5,686 24.93 6.2505 53 963,879 2,607 28.38 2.7044
54 903,967 6,090 24.08 6.7375 54 961,272 2,867 27.45 2.9825
55 897,876 6,531 23.24 7.2739 55 958,405 3,162 26.53 3.2988
56 891,345 7,016 22.41 7.8713 56 955,243 3,493 25.62 3.6568
57 884,329 7,554 21.58 8.5426 57 951,750 3,864 24.71 4.0603
58 876,775 8,155 20.76 9.3015 58 947,886 4,278 23.81 4.5136
59 868,620 8,827 19.95 10.1621 59 943,607 4,740 22.91 5.0228
60 859,793 9,576 19.15 11.1381 60 938,868 5,254 22.03 5.5964
61 850,216 10,410 18.36 12.2434 61 933,614 5,832 21.15 6.2463
62 839,807 11,331 17.59 13.4927 62 927,782 6,484 20.28 6.9888
63 828,475 12,346 16.82 14.9020 63 921,298 7,228 19.42 7.8450
64 816,129 13,458 16.07 16.4902 64 914,070 8,082 18.57 8.8415
65 802,671 14,673 15.33 18.2798 65 905,989 9,069 17.73 10.0098
66 787,999 15,995 14.60 20.2984 66 896,920 10,213 16.90 11.3864
67 772,003 17,432 13.89 22.5797 67 886,707 11,537 16.09 13.0107
68 754,572 18,987 13.20 25.1631 68 875,170 13,061 15.30 14.9239
69 735,584 20,664 12.53 28.0915 69 862,109 14,799 14.52 17.1660
70 714,921 22,455 11.88 31.4089 70 847,310 16,754 13.77 19.7730
71 692,466 24,344 11.25 35.1557 71 830,557 18,915 13.03 22.7740
72 668,122 26,301 10.64 39.3650 72 811,641 21,256 12.33 26.1888
73 641,821 28,278 10.06 44.0585 73 790,386 23,733 11.64 30.0267
74 613,544 30,214 9.50 49.2451 74 766,653 26,287 10.99 34.2878
75 583,330 32,037 8.96 54.9201 75 740,366 28,848 10.36 38.9651
76 551,293 33,666 8.45 61.0680 76 711,518 31,342 9.76 44.0499
77 517,627 35,025 7.97 67.6655 77 680,175 33,693 9.19 49.5364
78 482,601 36,043 7.51 74.6857 78 646,482 35,833 8.64 55.4271
79 446,558 36,663 7.08 82.1014 79 610,649 37,699 8.12 61.7360
80 409,895 36,845 6.67 89.8893 80 572,950 39,241 7.62 68.4894
81 373,050 36,572 6.28 98.0345 81 533,709 40,416 7.14 75.7265
82 336,478 35,847 5.91 106.5369 82 493,293 41,189 6.69 83.4974
83 300,631 34,698 5.55 115.4175 83 452,105 41,531 6.25 91.8619
84 265,933 33,167 5.21 124.7211 84 410,573 41,422 5.83 100.8872
85 232,765 31,310 4.88 134.5142 85 369,152 40,845 5.43 110.6464
86 201,455 29,187 4.56 144.8791 86 328,306 39,796 5.04 121.2165
87 172,268 26,858 4.25 155.9076 87 288,510 38,278 4.67 132.6760
88 145,410 24,773 3.94 170.3675 88 250,232 36,746 4.31 146.8471
89 120,637 22,459 3.65 186.1685 89 213,486 34,698 3.97 162.5318
90 98,178 19,973 3.37 203.4350 90 178,788 32,162 3.64 179.8918
91 78,205 17,385 3.10 222.3030 91 146,625 29,194 3.33 199.1061
92 60,820 14,774 2.85 242.9208 92 117,431 25,879 3.03 220.3726
93 46,046 12,223 2.60 265.4509 93 91,553 22,331 2.74 243.9106
94 33,823 9,733 2.36 287.7722 94 69,222 18,544 2.47 267.8928
95 24,090 7,505 2.11 311.5438 95 50,678 14,886 2.19 293.7395
96 16,585 5,585 1.84 336.7781 96 35,792 11,507 1.89 321.4867
97 10,999 3,998 1.52 363.4698 97 24,285 8,528 1.55 351.1441
98 7,001 2,742 1.11 391.5927 98 15,758 6,030 1.12 382.6892
99 4,260 4,260 0.50 1,000.0000 99 9,727 9,727 0.50 1,000.0000

&low = G

4
 Example 2 Using the TMO2017 Males table, calculate the following:

1. The probability that (60) survives to age 65.

=Part 1= 0,93356 35

2. The probability that (25) dies before age 35.

18925:
3 5= 0.01568 1

3. The probability that (45) dies between ages 65 and 75.

call" 45" = 0.292483
145

Example 3 Consider the following life table:

98- 90- 1 = 7
x lx dx
90 21 6 &หม , 1490
91 15 3 =- PartyPartsPart ... ePar
92 12 3

:Matte ...
93 9 2
94 7 2
95 5 2
96 3 2
97 1 1
98 0 - ไลพ
Part = 2.98

Sum =

Calculate e90 (= E[K90 ]).

5
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Example 4 You are given the following mortality table:

0.04

14
d22
0.05 2850 ว 50

&23 - dez -
=

1888

Determine the probability that a life aged 21 will die within two years.

:11
%" eten = > led : ↓
23: 42

=28800- 2569
-
9 des:
thes
2880 2
=25644

=0.10767

Example 5 You are given the following information:

Determine the expected number of survivors to age 5.

&, = 0.02 9700 =
x 194 Re : , P, = 4, CP, PC- P3:al

12 = 1,-&, =
9506
9700 - 194:
&3 : ep Pa = ( la- de). Pa = I, cP, -
d3) P4
&2 = 9506 190
x 0.62:

= (4, , P, P2- d3) P4

13 : 2- d 2 = 9506 - 190 = 93/ 6

14 = 9316- 232 = 9084 =- 9700 ( 1 - ม. 02) ( 1 - 0.023 - 232 ( 1 - 0.0261

14 = 9084x 0.026 = 236 =8548

8848
&== 9084- 236 =
6
 Example 6 You are given the following life table information about the normal population:

Assume that you insure a group of insureds who are subject to mortality 50% greater than the normal
population. Determine the probability that an insured from this group will live 3 years from time t  0 .

ใ Normalpopulationอา เ ย ต ใน
9x++เ นความ าจะเ น 5- 7
จะ

+t insured

ไ า
++ :1.59 x++

=::: P
*

หา

=(1-๋) 31- 331 - 9

= (1 - 1.59 x) ( 1 -
1.54x+1) ( 1 - 1.59 xtel

=(1- 0.45) ( 1 - 0.471429) ( 1- 0,5625)

=0.12779

1.59x:
1.5Tel :Acou I
1.

P :"

0.7 28. S
=0.4 5

1.542+1 =
1.510
-= 0.491429

1.59 xt2 =
1.530 = 0.5625

7
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ห้
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 Fractional Age Assumptions:

Problem: Suppose we are given a life table with values for lx , qx , and/or px at
integer values of x. How can we estimate t qx and t px for 0  t  1 and for
non-integer values of x?

1. Uniform Distribution of Deaths (UDD):

The following two assumptions are equivalent:

(UDD1) For x 2 Z, and for 0  s < 1, assume that:

0.3"20 : 0.3- 428

s qx = sqx

(UDD2) Recall that Kx is the integer part of Tx and define a new random variable
Rx such that

Tx = Kx + Rx

For x 2 Z we assume that Rx ⇠ U(0, 1), that is, the fractional part
of the future lifetime random variable is uniformly distributed, and
that Rx is independent of Kx .
Proofs: UDD1 ! UDD2 => PIKA and Px) = P ( KA). PCRx

Assume UDD1 is true. Let 0  s < 1. Then:

k and Rx = S = 3 PIKETe akts
P[Rx  s] =
&PKe= K = -

al Halsix six sx + k
Rx- 20,
1 ·

fix ) = 1 =theis a stackIPM iPRS Path = s { ix'stxtk =

<= 0 ~

Fixc=
j, dt PKx = k

=
=S

Fis7 = S

Independence:

P[Rx  s and Kx = k] = PIKITackeS = PX , 1 *** ,Pris. 9

x +K

=S. PK = k

จาก าง นเรา าPIRYE5) :S

=PORIES . PK=K
8
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ต้
 UDD2 ! UDD1

Assume UDD2 is true. Let 0  s < 1. Then:

PKI = 0 and Res
s qx = PTT = 3 =

k
PIK = =
DPIKA = 0 . PRES
เ นจ ง
=121 " ·เ ก- #UDD1
=
x
S

9
x

Ke เ น สระ อน
4 = 5.9 <=> Rx และ
↓

x E 2 , 015

Some consequences of UDD: Assume x 2 Z and 0  s < 1

d
(a) q = qx
=5.9
ds s x

=9x

(b) qx = s px .µx+s Mx+S

=- six
sx
:1. =" tec-
=9x ·(4)
(c) lx+s = (1 s)lx + slx+1

Presently as lots = ex- star

slot

=(1- 558x+S8x+
1

(d) lx+s = lx sdx

Mats = ( 1- 55Rx+SMx+ &20.3 = 0.7 Mer + 0.3les

·= Mx- sex + 3Ax+

= Mx- 3DMX- Mxtil

~
dx 9
ต่
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ป็
ค้
กั
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 Example 7 Use TMO2017 females and UDD between integer ages to
calculate:
(a) 15p70

Los : 2 = 0.43569

(b) 15.5 p70

0.58540.5 06 0.5 ( 369152 +

:5 -
7 2898 289

=0.411572
847310 847310

(c) 15 p70.5
348724

#a55Marten,
-
= = 0.41568 1

Example 8 For x 2 Z and 0  y  y + t  1 use the UDD assumption

to derive a formula in terms of l0 , lx , lx+1 and t for the expected number
of deaths between ages x + y and x + y + t out of lx lives aged x.

yiletylati - cly- tsletcyttslet

txty tetyet el-
=slx- x+1)
t

~
I 1 / 1 Aye
% xty x ty+ + <+ |
↓ ↓

&x &x+1

10
 Max = ly6- da6 dx = Rx 9 x

Example 9 You are given the following information from a life table:

10 ม 0.6
P28" #
sc = < lab : : =
368

0.5
Pas:
har = fastes = 1 =
360
600

=2 ·

 l90  1000 and l93  825

 Deaths are uniformly distributed over each year of age.
Calculate the probability that (90) dies between ages 93 and 95.5.

center
easy
is
ble. t" so

to
= 0.345

11
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2. Constant Force of Mortality
Assume that:
µx+t = µ⇤x 0  t < 1, x 2 Z
where µ⇤x does not depend on t (so that the force of mortality is constant
between integer ages).

Note that with the constant force assumption:

✓ Z 1 ◆
px = exp µx+s ds
0
✓ Z 1 ◆
⇤
= exp µx ds
0
⇤
= exp( µx )

so that:
µ⇤x = log(px)

For x 2 Z and 0  y  y + t  1, use the Constant Force assumption

to show that:
(a) t px = (px )t ; o fetch
+" =
-I needs set offeredfilethe past

in Eds
(b) t px+y = (px )t ; 0:4 *++

P
. edtetytes cast
t

+-> Y
-M.
e
=

=- 12

30 % (
+

9)
0.2 "เม = ( P.)" ( b)
ม.
5" 10.3 = x)

Summary: for any integer age x and fractional duration s (0  s  1).

• UDD =) s qx = s qx
• Constant force =) s px = (px )s

0.9" 30.5 0.9" 30.5

0.2431 = ( Peo.3 ". ( 1,302 12
 Example 10 There are 100 persons now aged 40 of whom 19 are expected to
die before age 41. A po = 100, dan = 1, Mac = 8 /
How many are expected to die between 40 38 and 40 78 using the following
assumptions between integer ages:

1. UDD
Start fles) - start dail
lao- Maof=
=Mao R41
4.5
= 0.5 ( 900- Pal) =
2. Constant Force:

40- 946 = P40 - P40 )-

Par
1

ง "

1 = = = = =3 leet" ( up
t

&ห : enoten
v

Mar = fast
=2
Mao - 48 : 1)")"
=9.2 4

Example 11 Given that l20 = 100, l21 = 80 and l22 = 50, determine q20.5
using each of the two assumptions for fractional ages.

1 -
ConstantForce :
Pao. 5 =
1 -
1- 1 -
9 =0.292843
20.5 -

=1 -
ม. 5Pevegis 2

UID:
-... peters... cotton = 0.23 - 2

P P
p =
0.8 36.2 3 3)
9. 6 30.2

2" 23 23 3
D
3.5 30.2 " ม. 30.2
1

13
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 Select survival models:

Definition: A select survival model is a model applicable to a specified group

of individuals where survival probabilities depend not only on the individual’s
current age but also on when (s)he joined the group.

Terminology: The individual is selected or becomes select when they join the
group.

Example: The ‘group’ is people who have purchased life insurance policies.
The individuals are selected when they purchase their policies (and so have
just been through the underwriting process).

Notation: For x, t, s 0:

t p[x]+s is the probability that someone currently aged x+s, and who was selected
at age [x], will survive for t years.
t q[x]+s is the probability that someone currently aged x+s, and who was selected
at age [x], will die within t years, so that:

tq[x]+s = 1- tp[x]+s

t|u q[x]+s is the probability that someone currently aged x+s, and who was selected
at age [x], will survive for t years and then die within the following u years,
so that:
t|u q[x]+s = t p[x]+s u q[x]+s+t = t p[x]+s t+u p[x]+s

Definition: The select period for a select survival model is the number of years
after which survival probabilities depend only on the individual’s current age
and not on the age at which they were selected. If the select period is r, then:
5: ระยะเวลา านการ ดเ อก ย

5 > V => t q[x r]+r = t q[x r 1]+r+1 = t q[x r 2]+r+2 = ... =+ "
Note: all of the above mortality rates are for a person currently aged x. The
di↵erences are that the person was selected at di↵erent ages, x r, x r
1, x r 2, . . ., but, since the time since selection is r years or more, only the
individual’s current age, x + r, matters.
There the

<5 => > "x + S

Notation: Let r be the select period for a select survival model. Then for
x, t 0 and r  s  x:

t p[x s]+s is denoted t px .

t q[x s]+s is denoted t qx .
t|u q[x s]+s is denoted t|u qx . 14
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 select part
pourles
ultimate
/ as he
านมา 1
ป

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 Terminology: For a select survival model with a finite select period, the
survival model determined by the the survival probabilities { t px } is called the
ultimate part of the select survival model.

The select life table: Let {lx } be a life table defined by the ultimate part
of the survival model, { t px }. Then for x 0 and for 0  s < r, define:

lx+r
l[x]+s = .
r s p[x]+s

Note that:

1. lx+r can be interpreted as the expected number of survivors to age x + r

out of l[x]+s individuals aged x + s who were selected at age x.
2. For any x, t, s 0: => Metts % V => 1 x +

t p[x]+s = l[x]+t+s
0/l[x]+s
O.

Example 12 Using AM92, calculate: 14205 =

1 :
1 -
1- 0.35 940
43 144 65) =
(a) 3 p[50] , 3 p[49]+1 , 3 p[48]+2
ick) +
(b) 14 q[65] , 14 q[64]+1 , 14 q65 1465SHI "Pi643+1- 15
== 0.362383
(c) 4|7 q[60] , 4|7 q[59]+1 , 4|7 q[58]+2 ↑14 + /

a) strcs"
tets: - Cooper = 0.99 210
14"
b" = 0,362930

2) 4K " 60) = 6 + 4 - 160+1 = 0.116632

:Price:titletico
&Pos
ak " 59+1 = 15945 - Piggy tie = 0.116366

&59 + 1
4175583 +2 " ( 258) +6 - less + 13
=0.116335

158 +
P
34548+
2

3450
>
2
3451

Example 1 Write an expression for 2|6q[30]+2 in terms of lx assuming a

select period of 5 years ก
40

2165303 +2 =( 530) + 4 - Res + เม

&30 + 2

Example 1 Express by a single symbol the probability that a life now aged
50, select 3 years ago, will die in his 59th year (ie between ages 58 and 59)

=application +
assuming a 5 year select period.
12
81947+3 16
R + 3
Example 15 A Select life table has a select period of 3 years. Its
ultimate mortality is equivalent to TMO2017 females. You are given that for
all ages x 65:

p[x] = 0.999
p[x 1]+1 = 0.998
p[x 2]+2 = 0.997

Calculate the probability that a life currently aged 70 will survive to age 75
given that:

(a) the life was select at age 67,

5,267 +3 star v = 0.57378 4

(b) the life was select at age 68,

51087 +2 = P2683+24P Th

=0.997 กาง = 0.888725

(c) the life was select at age 69,

555693+1 " Post: Praste's"> C

=- 8.998 10.999) = 0,907629

472

(d) the life is select at age 70,

1 "CO+ 213
520 = Peso '" 20+
23

=- 8,399 ( 0.998) ( 0.397) 5= 0,921104

&73

17
 Example 16 For two-year select-and-ultimate life table, you are given:

Which of the following are true?

รa. 2 p[31]  2 p[30]1 ง านการ ดเ อก โอกาส รอต งก า

* b. 1| q[31]  1| q[31]1

% c. 2 q[33]  2 q[31]2 } ง านการ ดเ อก โอกาส ตาย ก า

4. ยา:3 อ

↳. . .
15 =
>" :
อ
2 1- 1 - 1 1 -
ม
987
&i313

18
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