Indeterminate Forms and LHopitals Rule Presentation Slides

Utility of Rolles theorem
EXAMPLE:
Show that the equation x 3 + 3x + 1 = 0 has exactly one real solution.
Chandra Vaidyanathan (DSU) Continuity and Derivatives September 14, 2015 1/8
EXAMPLE:
Proof.
Let f (x) = x 3 + 3x + 1. Since it is a polynomial, it is continuous on all
reals and differentiable on all reals as well. Now, f (1) = 3 and
f (0) = 1. Hence, by the IVT, there is a root of this polynomial between
1 and 0, say at x = a.
EXAMPLE:
Proof.
0
1 and 0, say at x = a.f (x) = 3x 2 + 3 > 0. If there was another real
root of f , say at x = b, then f (a) = 0 = f (b).
EXAMPLE:
Proof.
0
1 and 0, say at x = a.f (x) = 3x 2 + 3 > 0. If there was another real
root of f , say at x = b, then f (a) = 0 = f (b). By Rolles theorem, there
0
must be a point c between a and b, where f (c) = 0. This cannot be!
Hence, there cannot be any more than one real root for f .
Cauchys Mean Value Theorem
Suppose functions f and g are continuous on [a, b] and differentiable
0
through out (a, b) and also suppose g (x) 6= 0 throughout (a, b).
0
through out (a, b) and also suppose g (x) 6= 0 throughout (a, b). Then,
there exists a number c in (a, b) at which
0
0
f (c) f (b) f (a)
=
g 0 (c) g (b) g (a)
0
0
f (c) f (b) f (a)
=
g 0 (c) g (b) g (a)
Proof.
0
0
f (c) f (b) f (a)
=
g 0 (c) g (b) g (a)
Proof.
Strategy: We shall appeal to Mean Value Theorem twice.
0
0
f (c) f (b) f (a)
=
g 0 (c) g (b) g (a)
Proof.
First we use it to show that g (b) g (a) 6= 0.
0
0
f (c) f (b) f (a)
=
g 0 (c) g (b) g (a)
Proof.
First we use it to show that g (b) g (a) 6= 0. For if g (b) g (a) = 0, since
g satisfies the hypothesis of mean value theorem, there exists a value c
0
between a and b such that g (c) = 0, creating a contradiction to the fact
0
that g (x) 6= 0 in the interval (a, b).
0
0
f (c) f (b) f (a)
=
g 0 (c) g (b) g (a)
Proof.
First we use it to show that g (b) g (a) 6= 0. For if g (b) g (a) = 0, since
g satisfies the hypothesis of mean value theorem, there exists a value c
0
between a and b such that g (c) = 0, creating a contradiction to the fact
0
that g (x) 6= 0 in the interval (a, b). Next we will apply it to the function,
f (b) f (a)
F (x) = f (x) f (a) [g (x) g (a)].
g (b) g (a)
Clearly, this function is both continuous and differentiable where f and g
are, and F (b) = 0 = F (a).
are, and F (b) = 0 = F (a). By MVT applied to F , we get, there is a c
0
between a and b, for which F (c) = 0. This means,
0 0 f (b) f (a) 0
F (c) = f (c) [g (c)] = 0.
g (b) g (a)
0
0 0 f (b) f (a) 0
F (c) = f (c) [g (c)] = 0.
g (b) g (a)
Note that Lagranges form of Mean Value Theorem occurs, when
g (x) = x. Cauchys Mean Value Theorem has a very interesting corollary:
0
0 0 f (b) f (a) 0
F (c) = f (c) [g (c)] = 0.
g (b) g (a)
LH
opitals Rule
Suppose that f (a) = 0 = g (a), that f and g are differentiable on an open
0
interval I containing a, and that g (x) 6= 0 on I if x 6= a.
0
0 0 f (b) f (a) 0
F (c) = f (c) [g (c)] = 0.
g (b) g (a)
LH
opitals Rule
0
interval I containing a, and that g (x) 6= 0 on I if x 6= a. Then,
0
f (x) f (x)
lim = lim 0
xa g (x) xa g (x)
0
0 0 f (b) f (a) 0
F (c) = f (c) [g (c)] = 0.
g (b) g (a)
LH
opitals Rule
0
interval I containing a, and that g (x) 6= 0 on I if x 6= a. Then,
0
f (x) f (x)
lim = lim 0
xa g (x) xa g (x)
assuming that the right side of this equation exists.
Proof of LHopitals Rule
Proof.
Proof.
As with other limits, we establish the statement for the Right Hand Limit
and the Left Hand Limit and show them to be equal. We begin the proof
for the RHL, but the arguement is identical for LHL, as well, and hence,
we will not bother to sketch it.
Proof.
0
Suppose that x lies to the right of a. Then, since g (x) 6= 0, we can apply
Cauchys Mean Value Theorem, to the closed interval [a, x].
Proof.
0
Suppose that x lies to the right of a. Then, since g (x) 6= 0, we can apply
Cauchys Mean Value Theorem, to the closed interval [a, x].This gives a
number c between a and x such that
0
f (c) f (x) f (a)
=
g 0 (c) g (x) g (a)
Proof.
But, f (a) = g (a) = 0, so
0
f (c) f (x)
0 =
g (c) g (x)
Proof.
But, f (a) = g (a) = 0, so
0
f (c) f (x)
0 =
g (c) g (x)
As x approaches a, c approaches a as well, since it is in between a and x.
Proof.
But, f (a) = g (a) = 0, so
0
f (c) f (x)
0 =
g (c) g (x)
As x approaches a, c approaches a as well, since it is in between a and x.

Therefore,
0 0
f (x) f (c) f (x)
lim+ = lim+ 0 = lim+ 0
xa g (x) ca g (c) xa g (x)
EXAMPLE:
Find the following limits:
EXAMPLE:
3x sin x
1 lim
x0 x
EXAMPLE:
3x sin x
1 lim
x0 x

1+x 1
2 lim
x0 x
EXAMPLE:
3x sin x
1 lim
x0 x

1+x 1
2 lim
x0 x

1 + x 1 x/2
3 lim
x0 x2
EXAMPLE:
3x sin x
1 lim
x0 x

1+x 1
2 lim
x0 x

1 + x 1 x/2
3 lim
x0 x2
x sin x
4 lim
x0 x3
EXAMPLE:
3x sin x
1 lim
x0 x

1+x 1
2 lim
x0 x

1 + x 1 x/2
3 lim
x0 x2
x sin x
4 lim
x0 x3
Remark
opitals rule is equally applicable for the cases /, .0,
LH
.
EXAMPLE:
3x sin x
1 lim
x0 x

1+x 1
2 lim
x0 x

1 + x 1 x/2
3 lim
x0 x2
x sin x
4 lim
x0 x3
Remark
LHopitals rule is equally applicable for the cases /, .0,
.The indeterminate cases of 1 , 00 and 0 can be handled by first
taking logarithm of the function and then find the limit of logarithm
expression using LHopitals rule and then exponentiate back to find the
result of the limit of the original expression.
QUESTION:
Why is the procedure outlined above justified?
EXAMPLE:
Evaluate the following limits:
QUESTION:
EXAMPLE:
sec x
1 lim
x/2 1 + tan x
QUESTION:
EXAMPLE:
sec x
1 lim
x/2 1 + tan x
ln x
2 lim
x 2 x
QUESTION:
EXAMPLE:
sec x
1 lim
x/2 1 + tan x
ln x
2 lim
x 2 x
ex
3 lim 2
x x
QUESTION:
EXAMPLE:
sec x
1 lim
x/2 1 + tan x
ln x
2 lim
x 2 x
ex
3 lim 2
x x

1
4 lim x sin
x x
QUESTION:
EXAMPLE:
sec x
1 lim
x/2 1 + tan x
ln x
2 lim
x 2 x
ex
3 lim 2
x x

1
4 lim x sin
x x
5 lim (1 + x)1/x
x0+
QUESTION:
EXAMPLE:
sec x
1 lim
x/2 1 + tan x
ln x
2 lim
x 2 x
ex
3 lim 2
x x

1
4 lim x sin
x x
5 lim (1 + x)1/x
x0+
6 lim x 1/x
x
Estimating Areas using Finite Sums
Suppose we have to find the area of the region that lies above the x-axis
and below the graph y = 1 x 2 , and between the vertical lines x = 0 and
x = 1.
x = 1. Unfortunately, we donot have a readymade formula to find this
area and will have to come up with a way to estimate the area.
An approximation to the area can be found by using rectangles, say four of

them, of heights, 1, 15/16,3/4 and 7/16 and of uniform width 1/4. Thus,
we can get our first approximation to be 0.78125. But clearly, this is an
overestimate since, the region of interest is contained inside the region
spanned by the rectangles. This is the upper sum approximation to the
area.

area.
One way to correct for the over estimation is to take the same four
rectangles of width 1/4, but of heights 15/16,3/4, 7/16 and 0, leading to
an area of 0.53125, which is an underestimation. This called the lower
sum approximation to the area.

area.
One way to correct for the over estimation is to take the same four
rectangles of width 1/4, but of heights 15/16,3/4, 7/16 and 0, leading to
an area of 0.53125, which is an underestimation. This called the lower
sum approximation to the area.

Indeterminate Forms and LHopitals Rule Presentation Slides

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Indeterminate Forms and LHopitals Rule Presentation Slides

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Utility of Rolles theorem

assuming that the right side of this equation exists.

As x approaches a, c approaches a as well, since it is in between a and x.

As x approaches a, c approaches a as well, since it is in between a and x.

An approximation to the area can be found by using rectangles, say four of

An approximation to the area can be found by using rectangles, say four of

An approximation to the area can be found by using rectangles, say four of

You might also like