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A nonlinear Schrödinger equation including the

parabolic law and its dark solitons

K. Hosseini, E. Hincal, M. Mirzazadeh, S.

Salahshour, O.A. Obi, F. Rabiei

PII: S0030-4026(22)01621-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.170363
Reference: IJLEO170363

To appear in: Optik

Received date: 20 November 2022
Revised date: 4 December 2022
Accepted date: 4 December 2022
Please cite this article as: K. Hosseini, E. Hincal, M. Mirzazadeh, S. Salahshour,
O.A. Obi and F. Rabiei, A nonlinear Schrödinger equation including the
parabolic law and its dark solitons, O p t i k , (2022)
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.170363
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 A nonlinear Schrödinger equation including the parabolic law
and its dark solitons

K. Hosseini1*, E. Hincal1, M. Mirzazadeh2*, S. Salahshour3,4,5, O.A. Obi1, F. Rabiei6

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1
Department of Mathematics, Near East University TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey
2
Department of Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, East of Guilan, University
of Guilan, PC 44891-63157 Rudsar-Vajargah, Iran

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3
Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
4
Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
5
Department of Mathematics, Near East University TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey
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6
School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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*Corresponding authors: kamyar_hosseini@yahoo.com, mirzazadehs2@gmail.com
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Abstract: The main goal of the current paper is to analyze nonlinear effects on dynamical feathers of
soliton waves in a nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) including the parabolic law. To this end, after
applying the complex envelope and distinguishing real and imaginary structures, a group of dark solitons
to the governing model are retrieved using the Kudryashov method. Based on the results, by adjusting the
values of nonlinear effects, the amplitude of the dark solitons can be easily controlled.

Keywords: Nonlinear Schrödinger equation; Parabolic law; Nonlinear effects; Kudryashov method; Dark
solitons

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1. Introduction

Soliton waves have achieved increasing attention owing to their extensive applications in a wide range of
applied sciences. Researchers have faced a lot of nonlinear partial differential (NLPD) equations to derive
their soliton waves. For example, Zayed et al. [1] obtained soliton waves of the Sasa–Satsuma equation
with a multiplicative noise using the Kudryashov method. Biswas et al. [2] employed a variational
method to acquire soliton waves of the Lakshmanan–Porsezian–Daniel model. Triki et al. [3] conducted a
study on soliton waves of the Kundu–Eckhaus equation by applying ansatz methods. Yildirim et al. [4]
found soliton waves of the Chen–Lee–Liu equation through the sine-Gordon method. Arnous et al. [5]

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adopted the Kudryashov method to retrieve soliton waves of the Ginzburg–Landau equation.

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The nonlinear Schrödinger equations are extensively utilized to represent the soliton wave propagation in
optical fibers. Such a class of NLPD equations has been the main theme of many articles. To refer to

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some recent research on nonlinear Schrödinger equations, Triki et al. [6] explored the propagation of
soliton pulses of a NLSE involving dispersive and nonlinear effects using the ansatz method. The authors
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of [7] investigated the soliton pulse propagation of a cubic-quintic-septic-nonic NLSE by applying the
Kudryashov method. Tariq et al. [8] employed the tanh method to analyze the soliton wave propagation of
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a NLSE of perturbed type. The key goal of the present investigation is to consider the following nonlinear
Schrödinger equation including the parabolic law

( ) | | | | (1)
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and analyze nonlinear effects on dynamical feathers of its soliton waves using the Kudryashov method.
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Very recently, Wazwaz et al. [9] derived solitons of the above NLSE when using ansatz methods.
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In another article, Kumar et al. [10] utilized the Lie symmetry method to construct solitons of the above
NLSE when .
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Recently, Kudryashev as an outstanding researcher in the field of mathematical physics proposed a well-
established method [11-13] to handle NLPD equations. This approach, as a leading method, has been
employed by numerous scholars. Salahshour et al. [14] obtained solitons of a NLSE with the parabolic
law using the Kudryashov method. Solitons of a generalized NLSE including the parabolic law were
acquired by Hosseini et al. [15] through the Kudryashov method. González-Gaxiola [16] retrieved
solitons of the Triki–Biswas equation by adopting the Kudryashov method. More research articles are
found in [17-23].

This paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, the key steps of the Kudryashov method are addressed.
In Section 3, after applying the complex envelope, dark solitons of the governing model are retrieved

2
using the Kudryashov method. The main purpose of Section 4 is to examine nonlinear effects on
dynamical feathers of soliton waves. Outcomes are considered in the last section.

2. Kudryashov method

In the present section, the key steps of the Kudryashov method are addressed. The Kudryashov method
applies the following series

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (2)

as the solution of

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( ( ) ( ) ( ) ) (3)

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In series (2), are retrieved later, is constructed by the balance technique, and ( ) is

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( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

which satisfies e-
( ( )) ( )( ( )) (4)
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From (2)-(4), a nonlinear system of algebraic type is derived whose solution leads to solitons of Eq. (2).
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3. Soliton waves of the model

To start, let’s adopt a complex envelope as follows

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( ) ( ) ( )
(5)
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where is the soliton velocity and the soliton frequency. From (1) and (5), we arrived at
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( ) ( )
( ( ) )

( ) ( )
(( ) ( ) (

) ( )) ( )

| | ( ) ( )

| | ( ) ( )

Setting the above relations in Eq. (1) and distinguishing real and imaginary structures yield

3
 ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (6)

( )
( )

From the second equation, we have

By supposing ( ) √ ( ), Eq. (6) is changed into

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )

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( ) ( )

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(7)

( )
Balancing ( ) and ( ) results in

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and so Such a consequence leads to
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( ) ( ) (8)
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where and are retrieved later. From (4), (7), and (8), a nonlinear system of algebraic type is derived
as
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( ) ( )

( )

whose solution gives

Case 1:

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 √

Therefore, solitons of the model can be constructed as

( )

√ ( )
√
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

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where

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√

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Case 2:
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√
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√
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Thus, solitons of the model can be established as

( )

√ ( )
√ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

where

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4. Soliton waves and nonlinear effects
The key goal of the present section is to analyze nonlinear effects on dynamical feathers of soliton waves
of the governing model. To fulfill such a goal, we consider
Set 1: { },
Set 2: { },
Set 3: { },

for the first soliton, and analyze the effect of and on the evolution of dark solitons.
(a) (b)

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(c) (d)
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Figure 1: (a) | | for Set 1 ( ), (b) | | for Set 1 ( ), (c) | | for Set 3
( ), and (d) | | for Sets 1-3 when .

From the above figures, it is figured out that nonlinear effects have a key role in the dynamical feathers of
the dark soliton. Indeed, by changing from to , an increase in amplitude occurs. Additionally,
the amplitude decreases with increasing from 0.1 to 0.15.

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5. Conclusion

The authors considered a nonlinear Schrödinger equation including the parabolic law and explored the
impact of nonlinear regimes on the dynamical behavior of its soliton waves. More precisely, a complex
envelope was utilized to distinguish real and imaginary structures of the governing model. Dark soliton
waves of the NLSE having the parabolic law were then acquired using the Kudryashov method. It was
figured out that

 By changing from to , an increase in amplitude occurs.

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 The amplitude decreases with increasing from 0.1 to 0.15.

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Generally, the amplitude of the dark soliton can be easily controlled by adjusting the values of nonlinear
effects.

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Conflict of interest e-
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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