Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 251 (2022) 168302

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Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron

Optics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijleo

Original research article

Optical modeling of Hasimoto map for antiferromagnetic timelike

optical fiber
Talat Körpinar a , Ahmet Sazak a ,∗, Zeliha Körpinar b
a Mus Alparslan University, Mathematics Department, Mus, Turkey
b Mus Alparslan University, Administration Department, Mus, Turkey

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

MSC: In this study, we study optical hasimoto map corresponds to under the quasi-frame for timelike
53A04 curves in 3D Minkowski space. We investigate the relationship of this transformation with some
76B47 flow equations, which are known examples for nonlinear optical systems. Here, we first obtain
34A34
the 𝑞-Hasimoto map as equivalent of the Hasimoto map in the 𝑞-frame for timelike space curve
Keywords: in 3D Minkowski Space. Then, we examine the effect on the 𝑞-Hasimoto map of the some
Hasimoto map flow equations such as vortex filament equation, Heisenberg antiferromagnetic flow. Finally, we
Timelike curve
present comments on some of the physical consequences of these effects that we have examined.
q-frame
Optical systems
Geometric express
3D Minkowski space

1. Introduction

Geometry of motion in 3-dimensional space has always been important in terms of clarifying physical issues. In particular, the
mathematical expression of the motion of a particle as a result of the geometrical examination is a subject that is needed in many
application areas such as relativity, fluid dynamics, water wave theory, non-linear optics, sigma models etc. in physics. Based on this
need, many studies have been carried out on various physical subjects in different spaces. Some of these are the following studies,
which have an important role on applied by some researches [1–5].
It is one of the most common ways to examine the geometry of a curve’s motion in order to be able to express basically the
motion of a particle equationally. Flow equations, which produce solutions to many physical issues, examples of which we have
given above, are obtained as a result of geometrical examination of curve movements [1–5]. Also Therefore, the importance of flow
equations in physics is undeniable. Equations such as Landau–Lifshitz equation(Heisenberg ferromagnetic spin chain), Heisenberg
antiferromagnetic flow, non-linear Schrodinger equations, Da-Rios equation and vortex filament flow equation can be given as
examples. See these articles that study some of these equations in [1,6–8].
The vortex filament flow can be imagined as the flow of a thin vortex tube in three-dimensional hydrodynamics. The vortex
filament equation(VFE) is computed as
𝜕𝜆
= 𝜅𝑏 (1)
𝜕𝑡

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: a.sazak@alparslan.edu.tr (A. Sazak).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.168302
Received 13 October 2021; Accepted 3 November 2021
Available online 2 December 2021
0030-4026/© 2021 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
T. Körpinar et al. Optik 251 (2022) 168302

by in the Serret–Frenet (S–F) frame (𝜅 is curvature and 𝑏 is the binormal vector of 𝜆) [2,5]. The soliton solutions of this equation
is firstly obtained by H. Hasimoto at [1]. In this paper, he defined the transformation
𝜆 → 𝜙 = 𝜅𝑒𝑖 ∫ 𝜏𝑑𝑢
,
where 𝜏 is torsion of 𝜆. This transformation, latter called the Hasimoto map, establish relationship between the vortex filament
Eq. (1) and the cubic Schrodinger equation connected to 𝜙. Consequently, since 𝜙 is completely integrable, the soliton solutions
of the VFE can be easily computed. From this point of view, the study [1] serves the soliton equation theory to a great extent.
Therefore, this transformation is a guide in geometrically interpreting the filament flow movement in different spaces. In this study
we obtain the hasimoto transformation corresponds to under the 𝑞-frame for timelike curves in 3D Minkowski space.
The content of our work is as follows: we first we give the quasi-frame(𝑞 -frame) equations for timelike curves in 3D Minkowski
Space (𝐌31 ) as a basic introduction. In the next section, we define the 𝑞 -Hasimoto map as equivalent of the Hasimoto map in the
𝑞-frame for timelike space curve in 𝐌31 . In the same section, we get some equations by examining relationship between a flow
equation and the differential formula of 𝑞-Hasimoto map. Then, we investigate the effect on the 𝑞-Hasimoto map of the some flow
equations such as vortex filament equation, Heisenberg antiferromagnetic flow. These equations are important for our study because
of their connection with nonlinear optical systems. Finally, we present some physical interpretations of our results as visual and
explanation.

2. Preliminaries

In this part, we give 𝑞-frame equations for timelike space curve in 𝐌31 and some basic information about it.
For any 𝑢 = (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ), 𝑧 = (𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 ) ∈ 𝐌31 vectors, the inner product is defined as
𝑢 ⋅ 𝑧 = 𝑢1 𝑧1 + 𝑢2 𝑧2 − 𝑢3 𝑧3 ,
and the norm of 𝑢 vector is
√
‖𝑢‖ = |𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢|.
Also we know that any 𝑢 vector is lightlike, timelike, spacelike if respectively 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢 = 0, 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢 < 0, 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢 > 0 [8].
Let 𝜆 = 𝜆(𝜈) be a timelike curve in 𝐌31 . For 𝜆, Serret–Frenet (S–F) formulas is written as

⎡ 𝐭𝑣 ⎤ ⎡ 0 𝜅 0 ⎤⎡ 𝐭 ⎤
⎢ 𝐧𝑣 ⎥=⎢ 𝜅 0 𝜏 ⎥⎢ 𝐧 ⎥.
⎢ 𝑣 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 𝐛 ⎦ ⎣ 0 −𝜏 0 ⎦⎣ 𝐛 ⎦
Here, 𝜅 ≥ 0 and 𝜏 are respectively the curvature and the torsion functions, and 𝐭 = 𝜆𝑣 , 𝐧, 𝐛 are respectively tangent, normal, and
binormal vector fields for the curve 𝜆 [9].
Also, we say that the 𝑞-frame elements for curve 𝜆 is written as
𝐭𝑞 = 𝐭,
𝐭×𝜛
𝐧𝑞 = ,
‖𝐭 × 𝜛‖
𝐛𝑞 = 𝐭𝑞 × 𝐧𝑞 ,
where 𝜛 is a projection vector that can be selected as one of the following

𝜛 = (1, 0, 0), 𝜛 = (0, 1, 0) , 𝜛 = (0, 0, 1) .

Since the 𝑞-frame is the same in all cases (𝜛 and 𝐭𝑞 is parallel), we choose 𝜛 = (0, 0, 1) for simplicity in this study. Then, for timelike
curve 𝜆 = 𝜆(𝜈), the 𝑞-frame equations are expressed as
⎡ 𝐭𝐯 ⎤ ⎡ 0 𝑘1 𝑘2 ⎤ ⎡ 𝐭𝐪 ⎤
⎢ 𝑞𝐯 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ 𝐧 ⎥,
⎢ 𝐧𝑞 ⎥ = ⎢ 𝑘1 0 𝑘3
⎥⎢ 𝑞 ⎥
(2)
⎢ 𝐛𝐯 ⎥ ⎣ 𝑘2 −𝑘3 0 ⎦ ⎣ 𝐛𝑞 ⎦
⎣ 𝑞 ⎦
where 𝑘1 = 𝜅 cos (𝜓), 𝑘2 = −𝜅 sin (𝜓), 𝑘3 = 𝜓 ′ + 𝜏 (𝜓 is angle between the quasi-normal vector 𝐧𝑞 and the normal vector 𝐧 ) [10].
Let 𝜆(𝑣, 𝑡) be the path followed by a particle in space. Here, 𝑡 is the time parameter and 𝑣 is the arclength parameter. The time
flow for curve 𝜆 is written as
𝜕𝜆
(𝜆)𝑡 = = 𝛼1 𝐭𝐪 + 𝛼2 𝐧𝑞 + 𝛼3 𝐛𝑞 .
𝜕𝑡
Here 𝛼1 is the tangent velocities, 𝛼2 is normal velocities, and 𝛼3 is binormal velocities. The flow equations for 𝑞-frame are given as
( )𝑡 ( ) ( )
𝐭𝐪 = 𝛼2𝑣 + 𝑘1 𝛼1 − 𝑘3 𝛼3 𝐧𝑞 + 𝛼3𝑣 + 𝑘2 𝛼1 + 𝑘3 𝛼2 𝐛𝑞 ,
( )𝑡 ( )
𝐧𝑞 = 𝛼2𝑣 + 𝑘1 𝛼1 − 𝑘3 𝛼3 𝐭𝑞 + 𝑋𝐛𝑞 , (3)
( )𝑡 ( 𝑣 )
𝐛𝑞 = 𝛼3 + 𝑘2 𝛼1 + 𝑘3 𝛼2 𝐭𝑞 − 𝑋𝐧𝑞 ,
( )𝑡
where 𝑋 = ⟨ 𝐧𝑞 , 𝐛𝑞 ⟩ [11].

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T. Körpinar et al. Optik 251 (2022) 168302

3. q-Hasimoto map and soliton solutions

In this section, we obtain the 𝑞-frame compatible Hasimoto map(𝑞 -Hasimoto map) 𝐇𝑞 (𝜆) = 𝜙𝑞 for timelike curve in 𝐌31 , and
then we get some flow equations by the differential of 𝑞-Hasimoto map.
Let the complex vector field 𝐀 = (𝐧𝑞 + 𝑖𝐛𝑞 )𝜌 be given for the curve 𝜆. Then, we can give

𝐀𝑣 = −𝜙𝑞 𝐭𝑞 (4)

with help of the equation (2.11) at the article [1].

Let 𝜆 be a timelike curve in 𝐌31 . In that case, the Fermi–Walker (FW) derivative of vector field 𝐗 in the 𝐭𝑞 direction is written
as [12]
̃ 𝐭 𝐗 = 𝐗𝑣 + ⟨𝐭𝑞 , 𝐗⟩𝐭 𝐯 − ⟨𝐭 𝐯 , 𝐗⟩𝐭𝑞 .
∇ (5)
𝑞 𝑞 𝑞

Using the FW parallelism in (5), derivative of 𝐀 in the 𝐭𝑞 direction is given as

𝐀𝑣 = ⟨𝐭𝑞𝐯 , 𝐀⟩𝐭𝑞 − ⟨𝐭𝑞 , 𝐀⟩𝐭𝑞𝐯 .

Therefore, we give

𝐀𝑣 = (𝑘1 + 𝑖𝑘2 )𝜌𝐭𝑞 . (6)

On the other hand, 𝐀𝑣 is also computed as

𝐀𝑣 = (𝑘1 𝐭𝑞 + 𝑖𝑘2 𝐭𝑞 )𝜌 + 𝑘3 (𝐛𝑞 − 𝑖𝐧𝑞 )𝜌 + (𝐧𝑞 + 𝑖𝐛𝑞 )𝜌𝑣 . (7)

From (6) and (7), derivative of 𝜌𝑣 in the 𝐭𝑞 direction is obtained as

𝑘3 (𝐛𝑞 − 𝑖𝐧𝑞 )
𝜌𝑣 = 𝜌,
𝐧𝑞 + 𝑖𝐛𝑞

i.e. 𝜌𝑣 = −𝑖𝑘3 𝜌. Then it is computed 𝜌 = 𝑒−𝑖 ∫ 𝑘3 𝑑𝑢 . From (4) and (6), we obtain 𝑞-frame compatible Hasimoto map

𝐇𝑞 (𝜆) = 𝜙𝑞 = −(𝑘1 + 𝑖𝑘2 )𝑒−𝑖 ∫ 𝑘3 𝑑𝑢 . (8)

For any real functions 𝑓 , 𝑔, ℎ and any vector field 𝐖𝑞 = 𝑓 𝐭𝑞 + 𝑔𝐧𝑞 + ℎ𝐛𝑞 , normalization operator is

 𝐖𝑞 = ( −(𝑔𝑘1 + ℎ𝑘2 )𝑑𝑢)𝐭𝑞 + 𝑔𝐧𝑞 + ℎ𝐛𝑞 . (9)

∫
Here, with the help of equation 𝑓 𝑣 = −𝑔𝑘1 − ℎ𝑘2 , it is ensured that this operator maintains the arc length parameter. Also, the
recursion operator of 𝐖𝑞 is
( )
𝐖𝑞 = −𝐍 𝐭𝑞 × 𝐖𝑣𝑞 .

Then the differential formula of 𝐇𝑞 is written as

⟨ ⟩
𝑑𝐇𝑞 (𝐖𝑞 ) = − 𝐧𝑞 + 𝑖𝐛𝑞 , 2 𝐖𝑞 𝜌 + 𝑖𝑐𝜙𝑞 , (10)

where 𝑐 is a constant. This equation can also be given as

( )
𝑑𝐇𝑞 (𝐖𝑞 ) ≡ 𝑀(𝐖𝑞 )mod 𝑖𝜙𝑞 . (11)

Here 𝑀(𝐖𝑞 ) = ⟨𝐧𝑞 + 𝑖𝐛𝑞 , −2 𝐖𝑞 ⟩𝜌 [8].

3.1. Soliton solutions

In this subsection, we obtain some soliton solutions using the relationship between the 𝑞-Hasimoto map and a flow equation.
The filament flow equation is given as 𝜕𝜆∕𝜕𝑡 = 𝜅𝑏 in the S–F frame [2]. Then the expression of the filament flow equation in the
𝑞-frame is obtained as
𝜕𝜆
= 𝜆𝑣 × 𝜆𝑣𝑣 = 𝐭𝑞 × 𝐭𝑞𝑣 = −𝑘2 𝐧𝑞 − 𝑘1 𝐛𝑞 .
𝜕𝑡
As an analog of this flow movement, we consider the flow equation

𝐖𝑞 = 2(𝑘2 𝐧𝑞 + 𝑘1 𝐛𝑞 ).

So we can think of equation 𝐖𝑞 as the mathematical equation of the flow of a thin vortex tube. Let us investigate the effects on the
𝑞 -Hasimoto map of this equation. To get the recursion operator of 𝐖𝑞 , we compute

𝐭𝑞 × 𝐖𝑣𝑞 = −2(𝑘𝑣1 + 𝑘2 𝑘3 )𝐧𝑞 − 2(𝑘𝑣2 − 𝑘1 𝑘3 )𝐛𝑞 ,

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T. Körpinar et al. Optik 251 (2022) 168302

and from (9), we obtain

𝐖𝑞 = −𝐍(𝐭𝑞 × 𝐖𝑣𝑞 )

𝐖𝑞 = −(𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )𝐭𝑞 + 2(𝑘𝑣1 + 𝑘2 𝑘3 )𝐧𝑞 + 2(𝑘𝑣2 − 𝑘1 𝑘3 )𝐛𝑞 . (12)

as the recursion operator for 𝐖𝑞 . Continuing, we compute

𝐭𝑞 × (𝐖𝑞 )𝑣 = −(𝑘2 (𝑘22 + 𝑘21 ) + 2(−𝑘1 𝑘𝑣3 + 𝑘2 𝑘23

+𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
))𝐧𝑞 − (𝑘1 (𝑘22 + 𝑘21 ) + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
+ 𝑘1 𝑘23 + 𝑘2 𝑘𝑣3 ))𝐛𝑞 ,

and by using (9), we get the recursion operator of 𝐑𝐖𝑞

2 𝐖𝑞 = −𝐍(𝐭𝑞 × (𝐑𝐖𝑞 )𝑣 )

2 𝐖𝑞 = ( ((−𝑘2 (𝑘22 + 𝑘21 ) − 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣

2
+ 𝑘2 𝑘23 − 𝑘1 𝑘𝑣3 ))𝑘1 − (𝑘22 𝑘1
∫
+𝑘31 + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
+ 𝑘1 𝑘23 + 𝑘2 𝑘𝑣3 ))𝑘2 )𝑑𝑢)𝐭𝑞 + (𝑘2 (𝑘22 + 𝑘21 ) + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
+𝑘2 𝑘23 − 𝑘1 𝑘𝑣3 ))𝐧𝑞 + (𝑘1 (𝑘22 + 𝑘21 ) + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
+ 𝑘1 𝑘23 + 𝑘2 𝑘𝑣3 ))𝐛𝑞 .

Finally, by using formula (11) we get

𝑀(𝐖𝑞 ) = ⟨𝐧𝑞 + 𝑖𝐛𝑞 , (− ((−𝑘2 (𝑘22 + 𝑘21 ) − 2(𝑘2 𝑘23 + 𝑘𝑣𝑣

2
− 𝑘1 𝑘𝑣3 ))𝑘1
∫
−(𝑘31 + 𝑘22 𝑘1 + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
+ 𝑘1 𝑘23 + 𝑘2 𝑘𝑣3 ))𝑘2 )𝑑𝑢)𝐭𝑞 + (−𝑘2 (𝑘22 + 𝑘21 ) − 2𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
−2𝑘2 𝑘23 + 2𝑘1 𝑘𝑣3 )𝐧𝑞 + (−𝑘1 (𝑘22 + 𝑘21 ) − 2𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
− 2𝑘1 𝑘23 − 2𝑘2 𝑘𝑣3 )𝐛𝑞 ⟩𝜌,

𝑀(𝐖𝑞 ) = 𝜌[(−𝑘2 (𝑘22 + 𝑘21 )) − 2(𝑘2 𝑘23 − 𝑘1 𝑘𝑣3 (13)

+𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
) − 𝑖(𝑘1 (𝑘22 + 𝑘21 ) + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
+ 𝑘1 𝑘23 + 𝑘2 𝑘𝑣3 ))].

Also, the differential formula of the 𝑞-Hasimoto map is computed as

𝑑𝐇𝑞 (𝐖𝑞 ) = (−(𝑘1 + 𝑖𝑘2 )𝜌)𝑡

( )𝑡 ( )𝑡 ( )𝑡 ( )𝑡
𝑑𝐇𝑞 (𝐖𝑞 ) = [−( 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝑘3 𝑑𝑢) − 𝑖( 𝑘2 − 𝑘1 𝑘3 𝑑𝑢)]𝜌. (14)
∫ ∫
Using Eq. (13) and Eq. (14), it is obtained
( )𝑡
𝑘1 + 𝑘2 (𝑘3 )𝑡 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑘2 (𝑘22 + 𝑘21 ) + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
+ 𝑘2 𝑘23 − 𝑘1 𝑘𝑣3 ), (15)
∫

( )𝑡
(𝑘2 )𝑡 − 𝑘1 𝑘3 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑘1 (𝑘22 + 𝑘21 ) + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
+ 𝑘1 𝑘23 + 𝑘2 𝑘𝑣3 ). (16)
∫
Finally, we get following equations:
( )𝑡
𝑘1 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 (𝑘2 )𝑡 = 2(𝑘1 𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
+ 𝑘2 𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
+ 𝑘1 𝑘2 (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 + 2𝑘23 )),

( )𝑡 [ 1 ( )𝑡 ]𝑣
𝑘3 = 𝑘 (𝑘2 (𝑘22 + 𝑘21 ) + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
+ 𝑘2 𝑘23 − 𝑘1 𝑘𝑣3 ) − 𝑘1 ) ,
2

( )𝑡 [ ]𝑣
1 ( )𝑡
𝑘3 = 𝑘1
( 𝑘2 − 𝑘1 (𝑘22 + 𝑘21 )) − 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
+ 𝑘1 𝑘23 + 𝑘2 𝑘𝑣3 )

for 𝑘1 , 𝑘2 , 𝑘3 with help Eq. (15) and Eq. (16).

4. Effects of some flow equations on q-Hasimoto map

In this title, we investigate a specific effect of the Heisenberg antiferromagnetic flow equation and the vortex filament equation
on the 𝑞 -Hasimoto map. These two equations, which we have detailed below, have brought very important geometric expressions
to the solitary wave theory, which has an important place in physics and applied mathematics. The studies in [1,3,5–8,13–15] are
just a few examples of this. Here, we examine the case where one of the vector fields we obtained in the previous topic satisfies
these equations. In this way, we obtain new motion equations. In the next title, we interpret some optical geometric applications
with the help of these motion equations.

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T. Körpinar et al. Optik 251 (2022) 168302

4.1. Heisenberg antiferromagnetic flow equation

A soliton is a class of wave that retains its shape and self-reinforcing while moving at a constant velocity. Soliton solutions
have an important role in describing physical systems with the help of solutions of certain partial differential equation systems.
In this subsection, we obtain some soliton solutions as a result of investigating the effect of Heisenberg antiferromagnetic flow
equation, which is an fine example of magnetic flux equations, on 𝑞-Hasimoto . This equation describing the motion of the Heisenberg
antiferromagnetic spin chain is given as

𝝃𝑡 = 𝝃 × 𝝃𝑣 (17)

where 𝝃 is any vector field along a curve [15].

Now, let the recursion operator 𝐖𝑞 obtained in (12) satisfy Eq. (17). Then, we have

(𝐖𝐪 )𝑡 = (𝐖𝐪 ) × (𝐖𝐪 )𝑣 . (18)

With the help of time flow equations for 𝑞-frame (3), the left hand of the equality is obtained as

(𝐖𝐪 )𝑡 = [−(𝑘21 )𝑡 − (𝑘22 )𝑡 + 2(𝑘𝑣1 + 𝑘2 𝑘3 )(𝑘1 𝛼1 − 𝑘3 𝛼3

+𝛼2𝑣 ) + 2(𝑘𝑣2 − 𝑘1 𝑘3 )(𝛼3𝑣 + 𝑘2 𝛼1 + 𝑘3 𝛼2 )]𝐭𝑞 + [−(𝑘1 𝛼1
−𝑘3 𝛼3 + 𝛼2𝑣 )(𝑘21 + 𝑘22 ) − 2(𝑘𝑣2 − 𝑘1 𝑘3 )𝑋 + 2((𝑘3 )𝑡 𝑘2 (19)
+ (𝑘2 ) 𝑘3 + (𝑘𝑣1 )𝑡 )]𝐧𝑞 + [−(𝑘21
𝑡
+ 𝑘22 )(𝛼3𝑣 + 𝑘2 𝛼1 + 𝑘3 𝛼2 )
+2(𝑘𝑣2 )𝑡 − 2(𝑘1 )𝑡 𝑘3 − 2(𝑘3 )𝑡 𝑘1 + 2(𝑘𝑣1 − 𝑘2 𝑘3 )𝑋]𝐛𝑞 .

For obtain the other hand of the equality, firstly we get

(𝐖𝑞 )𝑣 = −[4𝑘𝑣1 𝑘1 + 4𝑘𝑣2 𝑘2 ]𝐭𝑞 + [−𝑘1 (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 ) + 2(𝑘1 𝑘23 (20)
+𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2 + 𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
)]𝐧𝑞 + [−𝑘2 (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 ) + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
− 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝑘23 )]𝐛𝑞 ,

Then, the right hand of Eq. (18) is computed as

(𝐖𝐪 ) × (𝐖𝐪 )𝑣 = [2(𝑘𝑣1 + 𝑘2 𝑘3 )(−𝑘2 (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 ) + 2(𝑘2 𝑘23 − 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘1

+𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
)) − 2(𝑘𝑣2 − 𝑘1 𝑘3 )(−𝑘1 (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 ) + 2(𝑘1 𝑘23 + 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2 + 𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
))]𝐭𝑞
+[8(𝑘𝑣2 − 𝑘1 𝑘3 )(𝑘𝑣𝑣
1 1
𝑘 + 𝑘𝑣𝑣
2 2
𝑘 ) − 𝑘2 (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )2 + 2(𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )(𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
(21)
− 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘1 + (𝑘2 𝑘23 ))]𝐧𝑞 + [(𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )(−𝑘1 (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 ) + 2(𝑘1 𝑘23 + 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2
+𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
)) + 8𝑘𝑣𝑣 𝑘𝑣 𝑘 + 8𝑘𝑣𝑣
1 1 1
𝑘𝑣 𝑘 + 8𝑘𝑣𝑣
2 1 2
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 + 8(𝑘𝑣𝑣
1 1 2 3
𝑘2 𝑘 )]𝐛𝑞 .
2 2 3

Therefore, by equalizing the coefficients of 𝐭𝑞 , 𝐧𝑞 and 𝐛𝑞 in Eq. (19) and Eq. (21), we get the following results:
♣ Result 1. Optical Heisenberg antiferromagnetic model for the recursion operator 𝐖𝑞 with quasi tangent potential is given by

−(𝑘21 )𝑡 − (𝑘22 )𝑡 + 2(𝑘𝑣1 + 𝑘2 𝑘3 )(𝑘1 𝛼1 − 𝑘3 𝛼3 + 𝛼2𝑣 )

+2(𝑘𝑣2 − 𝑘1 𝑘3 )(𝛼3𝑣 + 𝑘2 𝛼1 + 𝑘3 𝛼2 ) = 4(𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
− 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘1 (22)
+𝑘2 𝑘23 )(𝑘𝑣1 + 𝑘2 𝑘3 ) − 2𝑘2 (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )(𝑘𝑣1 + 𝑘2 𝑘3 ))
−2(𝑘𝑣2 − 𝑘1 𝑘3 )(−𝑘1 (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 ) + 2(𝑘1 𝑘23 + 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2 + 𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
)),

♣ Result 2. Optical Heisenberg antiferromagnetic model for the recursion operator 𝐖𝑞 with quasi normal potential is given by

−(𝑘1 𝛼1 − 𝑘3 𝛼3 + 𝛼2𝑣 )(𝑘21 + 𝑘22 ) + 2((𝑘3 )𝑡 𝑘2 + (𝑘2 )𝑡 𝑘3

+(𝑘𝑣1 )𝑡 ) − 2(𝑘𝑣2 𝑋 − 𝑘1 𝑘3 𝑋) = 8(𝑘𝑣𝑣
1 1
𝑘 + 𝑘𝑣𝑣
2 2
𝑘 )(−𝑘1 𝑘3 (23)
+𝑘𝑣2 ) − 𝑘2 (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )2 + 2(𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )(𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
− 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝑘23 )),

♣ Result 3. Optical Heisenberg antiferromagnetic model for the recursion operator 𝐖𝑞 with quasi binormal potential is given by

−(𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )(𝛼3𝑣 + 𝑘2 𝛼1 + 𝑘3 𝛼2 ) − 2(𝑘1 )𝑡 𝑘3 − 2(𝑘3 )𝑡 𝑘1

+2(𝑘𝑣2 )𝑡 + 2(𝑘𝑣1 𝑋 − 𝑘2 𝑘3 𝑋) = 8(𝑘𝑣𝑣
1 1
𝑘 + 𝑘𝑣𝑣
2 2
𝑘 )(𝑘2 𝑘3 (24)
+𝑘𝑣1 ) + (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )(−𝑘1 (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 ) + 2(𝑘1 𝑘23 + 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2 + 𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
)).

4.2. Vortex filament equation

Soliton solutions of vortex filament flow, which is one of the important examples of flow equations, became an wide field of
study after Hasimoto [1] brought it to the literature. Some of these that are relevant to our work are: [3,6,8,16]. In this subtitle,
we examine the case where a vector field obtained using 𝑞-Hasimoto map satisfies the vortex filament equation.

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T. Körpinar et al. Optik 251 (2022) 168302

Let 𝜆(𝑣, 𝑡) be the path followed by a particle in 3D space. Then, the vortex filament equation is denoted by [1]

𝜆𝑡 = 𝜆𝑣 × 𝜆𝑣𝑣 . (25)

Let the operator 𝐖𝑞 , expressed in Eq. (12), satisfy Eq. (25). Then, we have

(𝐖𝑞 )𝑡 = (𝐖𝑞 )𝑣 × (𝐖𝑞 )𝑣𝑣 . (26)

We have obtained two of the components in this equation as (19) and (20) above. Using (20), the third component is obtained as

(𝐖𝑞 )𝑣𝑣 = [−4(𝑘𝑣𝑣

1 1
𝑘 + 𝑘𝑣𝑣
2 2
𝑘 + (𝑘𝑣1 )2 + (𝑘𝑣2 )2 ) − (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )2
+2𝑘2 (𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
− 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝑘23 ) + 2𝑘1 (𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
+ 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2 + 𝑘1 𝑘23 )]𝐭𝑞
+[−(𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )(𝑘𝑣1 − 𝑘2 𝑘3 ) − 6(𝑘𝑣1 𝑘21 + 𝑘𝑣2 𝑘2 𝑘1 ) + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣𝑣
1
−𝑘𝑣𝑣
2 3
𝑘 + 𝑘𝑣𝑣
3 2
𝑘 − 𝑘2 𝑘33 + 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘𝑣2 + 𝑘𝑣1 𝑘23 + 3𝑘𝑣3 𝑘1 𝑘3 )]𝐧𝑞
+[−6(𝑘𝑣2 𝑘22 + 𝑘𝑣1 𝑘2 𝑘1 ) − (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )(𝑘𝑣2 + 𝑘1 𝑘3 ) + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣𝑣
2
+𝑘𝑣𝑣
1 3
𝑘 − 𝑘𝑣𝑣
3 1
𝑘 + 𝑘1 𝑘33 − 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘𝑣1 + 𝑘𝑣2 𝑘23 + 3𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2 𝑘3 )]𝐛𝑞

Then, the right hand of Eq. (18) is computed as

(𝐖𝑞 )𝑣 × (𝐖𝑞 )𝑣𝑣 = {[−6(𝑘𝑣2 𝑘22 + 𝑘𝑣1 𝑘2 𝑘1 ) − (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )(𝑘𝑣2

+𝑘1 𝑘3 ) + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣𝑣
2
+ 𝑘𝑣𝑣
1 3
𝑘 − 𝑘𝑣𝑣
3 1
𝑘 + 𝑘1 𝑘33 − 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘𝑣1 + 3𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2 𝑘3
+𝑘𝑣2 𝑘23 )][−𝑘1 (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 ) + 2(𝑘1 𝑘23 + 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2 + 𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
)] − [−(𝑘21 𝑘2 + 𝑘32 )
+2(𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
− 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝑘23 )][−(𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )(𝑘𝑣1 − 𝑘2 𝑘3 ) + 2(3𝑘𝑣3 𝑘1 𝑘3
+𝑘𝑣𝑣
3 2
𝑘 + 𝑘𝑣𝑣𝑣
1
− 𝑘𝑣𝑣
2 3
𝑘 + 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘𝑣2 − 𝑘2 𝑘33 + 𝑘𝑣1 𝑘23 ) − 6(𝑘𝑣2 𝑘2 𝑘1
+𝑘𝑣1 𝑘21 )]}𝐭𝑞 + {[−𝑘2 (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 ) + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
− 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝑘23 )][−4(𝑘𝑣𝑣
1 1
𝑘
+𝑘𝑣𝑣
2 2
𝑘 + (𝑘𝑣1 )2 + (𝑘𝑣2 )2 ) − (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )2 + 2𝑘2 (𝑘2 𝑘23 − 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘1
+𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
) + 2𝑘1 (𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
+ 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2 + 𝑘1 𝑘23 )] + 4(𝑘𝑣1 𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑣2 𝑘2 )[−6(𝑘𝑣2 𝑘22 (27)
+𝑘𝑣1 𝑘2 𝑘1 ) − (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )(𝑘1 𝑘3 + 𝑘𝑣2 ) + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣𝑣
2
+ 𝑘𝑣𝑣
1 3
𝑘 − 𝑘𝑣𝑣
3 1
𝑘
+𝑘1 𝑘33 − 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘𝑣1 + 𝑘𝑣2 𝑘23 + 3𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2 𝑘3 )]}𝐧𝑞 + {[−𝑘31 − 𝑘1 𝑘22 + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
+𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2 + 𝑘1 𝑘23 )][−4(𝑘𝑣𝑣
1 1
𝑘 + 𝑘𝑣𝑣
2 2
𝑘 + (𝑘𝑣1 )2 + (𝑘𝑣2 )2 ) − (𝑘21
2
+𝑘22 ) + 2𝑘2 (𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
− 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝑘23 ) + 2𝑘1 (𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
+ 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2 + 𝑘1 𝑘23 )]
+4(𝑘𝑣1 𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑣2 𝑘2 )[−(𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )(𝑘𝑣1 − 𝑘2 𝑘3 ) + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣𝑣
1
+ 𝑘𝑣1 𝑘23 − 𝑘2 𝑘33
+3𝑘𝑣3 𝑘1 𝑘3 − 𝑘𝑣𝑣
2 3
𝑘 + 𝑘𝑣𝑣
3 2
𝑘 + 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘𝑣2 ) − 6(𝑘𝑣1 𝑘21 + 𝑘𝑣2 𝑘2 𝑘1 )]}𝐛𝑞

Therefore, by equalizing the coefficients of 𝐭𝑞 , 𝐧𝑞 and 𝐛𝑞 in Eqs. (19) and (27), we get the following results:
♣ Result 4. Optical vortex filament model for the recursion operator 𝐖𝑞 with quasi tangent potential is given by

−(𝑘21 )𝑡 − (𝑘22 )𝑡 + 2(𝑘𝑣1 + 𝑘2 𝑘3 )(𝑘1 𝛼1 − 𝑘3 𝛼3 + 𝛼2𝑣 ) + 2(𝛼3𝑣 + 𝑘2 𝛼1

+𝑘3 𝛼2 )(𝑘𝑣2 − 𝑘1 𝑘3 ) = [−6(𝑘𝑣2 𝑘22 + 𝑘𝑣1 𝑘2 𝑘1 ) − (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )(𝑘𝑣2 + 𝑘1 𝑘3 )
+2(𝑘𝑣𝑣𝑣
2
+ 𝑘𝑣𝑣
1 3
𝑘 − 𝑘𝑣𝑣
3 1
𝑘 + 3𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2 𝑘3 + 𝑘1 𝑘33 − 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘𝑣1 + 𝑘𝑣2 𝑘23 )][−𝑘31
−𝑘1 𝑘22 + 2(𝑘1 𝑘23 + 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2 + 𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
)] − [−(𝑘21 𝑘2 + 𝑘32 ) + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
− 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘1 (28)
+𝑘2 𝑘23 )][−𝑘21 𝑘𝑣1 − 𝑘𝑣1 𝑘22 − 𝑘32 𝑘3 + 2𝑘𝑣3 𝑘𝑣2 + 2𝑘𝑣𝑣
3 2
𝑘 − 2𝑘𝑣𝑣
2 3
𝑘 + 2𝑘𝑣𝑣𝑣
1
−𝑘21 𝑘2 𝑘3 − 6𝑘𝑣1 𝑘21 − 6𝑘𝑣2 𝑘2 𝑘1 + 6𝑘𝑣3 𝑘1 𝑘3 − 2𝑘2 𝑘33 + 2𝑘𝑣1 𝑘23 ],

♣ Result 5. Optical vortex filament model for the recursion operator 𝐖𝑞 with quasi normal potential is given by

−(𝑘1 𝛼1 − 𝑘3 𝛼3 + 𝛼2𝑣 )(𝑘21 + 𝑘22 ) + 2((𝑘3 )𝑡 𝑘2 + (𝑘2 )𝑡 𝑘3

+(𝑘𝑣1 )𝑡 ) − 2(𝑘𝑣2 𝑋 − 𝑘1 𝑘3 𝑋) = [−𝑘2 (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 ) + 2(𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
−𝑘𝑣3 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝑘23 )][−4(𝑘𝑣𝑣
1 1
𝑘 + 𝑘𝑣𝑣
2 2
𝑘 + (𝑘𝑣1 )2 + (𝑘𝑣2 )2 )
−(𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )2 + 2𝑘2 (𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
− 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝑘23 ) + 2𝑘1 (𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
(29)
+𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2 + 𝑘1 𝑘23 )] + 4(𝑘𝑣1 𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑣2 𝑘2 )[−6(𝑘𝑣2 𝑘22
+𝑘𝑣1 𝑘2 𝑘1 ) − (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )(𝑘1 𝑘3 + 𝑘𝑣2 ) + 2(3𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2 𝑘3
+𝑘𝑣𝑣
1 3
𝑘 − 𝑘𝑣𝑣
3 1
𝑘 + 𝑘1 𝑘33 − 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘𝑣1 + 𝑘𝑣2 𝑘23 + 𝑘𝑣𝑣𝑣
2
)],

♣ Result 6. Optical vortex filament model for the recursion operator 𝐖𝑞 with quasi binormal potential is given by

−(𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )(𝛼3𝑣 + 𝑘2 𝛼1 + 𝑘3 𝛼2 ) − 2(𝑘1 )𝑡 𝑘3 − 2(𝑘3 )𝑡 𝑘1

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T. Körpinar et al. Optik 251 (2022) 168302

+2(𝑘𝑣2 )𝑡 + 2(𝑘𝑣1 𝑋 − 𝑘2 𝑘3 𝑋) = [−𝑘1 (𝑘21 + 𝑘22 ) + 2𝑘1 𝑘23

+2(𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2 + 2𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
)][−4(𝑘𝑣𝑣
1 1
𝑘 + 𝑘𝑣𝑣
2 2
𝑘 + (𝑘𝑣1 )2 + (𝑘𝑣2 )2 )
−(𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )2 + 2𝑘2 (𝑘𝑣𝑣
2
− 𝑘𝑣3 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝑘23 ) + 2𝑘1 (𝑘𝑣𝑣
1
(30)
+𝑘𝑣3 𝑘2 + 𝑘1 𝑘23 )] + 4(𝑘𝑣1 𝑘1 + 𝑘𝑣2 𝑘2 )[−(𝑘21 + 𝑘22 )(𝑘𝑣1
−𝑘2 𝑘3 ) − 6(𝑘𝑣1 𝑘21 + 𝑘𝑣2 𝑘2 𝑘1 ) + 2𝑘𝑣𝑣 𝑘 − 2𝑘𝑣𝑣
3 2 2 3
𝑘
𝑣𝑣𝑣 3 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 2 𝑣
+2𝑘1 − 2𝑘2 𝑘3 + 2(𝑘3 𝑘2 + 2𝑘1 𝑘3 + 6𝑘3 𝑘1 𝑘3 )].

Applications of optical flux have important research subjects in nonlinear optics and spherical electromagnetic fibers [17–19].
Optical radial magnetization of timelike fiber is demonstrated by antiferromagnetic model, which designs a fixed quasi vortex
filament in an electromagnetic flux density in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Antiferromagnetic model for the recursion operator.

5. Conclusion

Flow equations with soliton solutions have brought geometric expressions to many application areas in physics. In particular,
Heisenberg ferromagnetic flow and vortex filament equations, which are examples of nonlinear optical systems, have an important
role in the geometrical analysis of optical motion. From this point of view, Hasimoto map, which produces soliton solutions to the
vortex filament equation with the help of the Schrödinger equation, has been a pioneering transformation that paved the way for
many geometric studies [20–30].
In this article, we investigated what kind of comments q-hasimoto map can add to optical geometry when considered together
with some flow equations. By defining the q-hasimoto map for timelike curves in 3D Minkowski space, we obtained some equations
of motion with the help of this map. This definition we gave in this space and the equations we obtained will serve as a pioneering
example for the soliton solutions of quasi vortex filament motion in our future studies. In addition, we obtained some equations
of motion by examining the effects of vortex filament and Heisenberg antiferromagnetic flow equations, which produce important
soliton solutions to nonlinear optical systems, on the q-Hasimoto map. Therefore, these equations helped us to explain the optical
movement of a particle represented by a time-like curve in the space we studied, with the help of graphics.
As a result of this study, with the help of example equations for Hasimoto map and nonlinear optical systems, which serve the
theory of soliton equations, we have obtained space-specific definitions and results in optical motion. Therefore, we think that this
study will help the studies to be done for the geometric expression of optical flow motion in different spacetimes. In our next work,
we aim to examine the manifestation of different optical flow equations in spherical space.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.

References

[1] H. Hasimoto, A soliton on a vortex filament, J. Fluid Mech. 51 (1972) 477.

[2] G.L. Lamb, Elements of Soliton Theory, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1980.
[3] M. Barros, J.L. Cabrerizo, M. Fernández, A. Romero, Magnetic Vortex Filament Flows, J. Math. Phys. 48 (8) (2007).
[4] J.A. Santiago, G. Chacon-Acosta, O. Gonzalez-Gaxiola, G. Torres-Vargas, Geometry of classical particles on curved surfaces, Rev. Mexicana de Fis. 63
(2017) 26–31.

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T. Körpinar et al. Optik 251 (2022) 168302

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