Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107061

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Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rinp

Spatial self-bending soliton phenomenon of (2+1) dimensional bidirectional

Sawada-Kotera equation
Jing Wang a , Biao Li b ,∗
a Department of Public Basic Education, Fuyang Institute of Technology, Fuyang 236000, PR China
b
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: In this study, we delve into the phenomenon of spatial self-bending solitons within the context of the (2+1)-
Spatial self-bending soliton dimensional bidirectional Sawada-Kotera equation. By employing the Hirota bilinear method, the bilinear form
N -soliton of the (2+1)-dimensional bidirectional Sawada-Kotera equation can be obtained. Through specific parameter
Breather wave
constraints (𝑒𝐴𝑗𝑠 = 0), we establish the 𝑁-soliton solution and subsequently derive the spatial self-bending
Higher-order lump
soliton. The curvature of this spatial self-bending soliton is also elucidated. Additionally, we explore the
interaction between the spatial self-bending soliton and respiratory waves, along with the interaction between
the spatial self-bending soliton and higher-order lump waves through the method of the long wave limit.

Introduction
Nonlinear local excitation modes including isolated waves,
breathers, and strange waves play a very important role in various
branches of physics such as nonlinear optics, Bose–Einstein conden-
sation, fluid physics, plasma physics, complex systems and complex
networks, atmospheric and oceanic physics, and especially in photo
physics [1–9]. Since the discovery of the soliton, experimental and
theoretical approaches have been developed to search for novelty in
specific physical systems [10]. In specific physical systems, localized
wave structure is supposed to investigate the mechanisms of generation
of various localized waves, and to investigate the interactions between
different localized waves characteristics [11–14]. Since its exact solu-
tion [15,16] is a special kind of solution and exists stably in space, it is
of great practical importance for many complex physical phenomena
and some nonlinear engineering problems. Aspects of the study of
soliton solutions, many scholars have already studied it thoroughly.
However, so far for spatial self-bending solitons and the interaction
solutions of (2+1) dimensional bidirectional Sawada-Kotera (bSK) are
less studied.
This paper mainly studies the spatial self-bending soliton and some
interacting waves (e.g., order-higher breath waves and lump waves)
of the (2+1)-dimensional bSK equation [17,18], which is generally
written as
5(𝜕𝑥 )−1 𝑢𝑡𝑡 − 45𝑢2 𝑢𝑥 − 15𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 15𝑢𝑥 (𝜕𝑥 )−1 𝑢𝑡
(1)
− 5𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 15𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑥 − 15𝑢𝑡 𝑢 + 9(𝜕𝑥 )−1 𝑢𝑦𝑡 = 0,
𝜕 −1
where, (𝜕𝑥 )−1 = ( 𝜕𝑥 ) , 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡), Eq. (1) is an very important
two-way nonlinear evolution equation, which can be obtained by the
Sawada-Kotera equation [19],
𝑢𝑡 + 45𝑢2 𝑢𝑥 − 15𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 15𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0, (2)
this equation is an importance one-way nonlinear evolution equation
and has very good mathematical properties. Functioning as a compo-
nent of the Liouville field hierarchy, the SK equation finds application
in elucidating numerous nonlinear phenomena within conformal field
theory [19], such as gravity, turbulence in fluids, shallow water phe-
nomena, and quantum gravity in standard field theory. Certain scholars
have conducted the bidirectional of Eq. (1) and the relationship with
Eq. (2). In addition, in numerous practical scenarios, Eq. (1) also has
opposite analog wave propagation directions [20–23]. Consequently,
investigating the bSK equation holds significant appeal. In recent times,
Eq. (1) has garnered substantial scholarly attention, such as Darboux
transform, Bäklund transformation, Lax pair, soliton molecules, two-
periodic wave solutions, and hybrid solutions [17,24,25]. However,
the spatially self-bending soliton phenomenon of Eq. (1) has not been
studied so far.
In recent years, the Sharma–Tasso–Olver equation and Burgers
equation as two specific examples, from the Levi spectral problem, two
basic Darboux transformations have been obtained [26]. Then, from
the trivial seed solution, some authors set up multi-kink solutions and

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: libiao@nbu.edu.cn (B. Li).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2023.107061
Received 18 August 2023; Received in revised form 26 September 2023; Accepted 5 October 2023
Available online 14 October 2023
2211-3797/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
J. Wang and B. Li Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107061

soliton fission and fusion solutions of the following form [27]: Here is an explanation for why 𝑒𝐴𝑖𝑗 = 0. Taking 2 solitons as an
example, when 𝑁 = 2, the 2 solitons solution as following:
∑
𝑁
𝑢 = 𝛼 ln(1 + 𝜌𝑖 exp𝜅𝑖 𝑥+𝑝𝑖 𝑦+𝜔𝑖 𝑡 )𝑥𝑥 . (3)
𝑖=1
𝑓 = 1 + 𝑒𝜉1 + 𝑒𝜉2 + 𝑒𝜉1 +𝜉2 +𝐴12 , (15)
Nevertheless, this approach appears to be highly specific, focuses 1 3
When take 𝜅1 = 1, 𝜅2 = 1, 𝜔1 = = into Eq. (15), the2
, 𝜔2= 0. 2
𝑒𝐴12
primarily on the relationship between fissionable or fusionable waves We can take the 𝜔2 gradually approaches 𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑐32, the 𝑒𝐴12 gradually
and other wave types. To achieve a more comprehensive understanding approaches 0, then observe the changes in Fig. 1.
and generate the aforementioned hybrid solutions, Chen et al. devised From Fig. 1, it can be seen that as 𝑒𝐴12 gradually approaches 0, a
an innovative formulation for 𝑁-soliton solutions: broken gap is created when two solitons collide. When the length of
( (𝑁 ))
∑ ∑ ∑
𝑁 ∑
𝑁
this gap is infinite, spatially curved waves are produced.
𝑓 = 𝛼 ln exp 𝜇𝑗 𝜉𝑗 + 𝐴1𝑗 𝜇1 𝜇𝑗 + 𝐴2𝑗 𝜇2 𝜇𝑗 , (4)
𝜇=0,1 𝑗=1 𝑗>1 𝑗>2 𝑥𝑥
1-Spatial self-bending soliton
and, 𝜉𝑗 , 𝐴𝑖𝑗 refer to Ref. [27]. Employing these symbols, a novel ap-
proach is developed which yields hybrid solutions, specifically show-
casing an intriguing interplay between a first-order lump wave and From with 𝑀 = 1, the 1-spatial self-bending soliton can be obtained
a series of 𝑁-fissionable waves. This is primarily due to the inherent
structure of Eq. (1), even when subject to constraints, the hybridiza- 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = 2(ln 𝑓 )𝑥𝑥 , (16)
tion of fissionable and fusionable waves remains unattainable, which
possesses fewer terms in comparison to the classical 𝑁-soliton solution. with
Recent scholarly works have explored a more streamlined methodology
rooted in the concept of 𝑁 solitons [28–30], on the basis of this we have 𝑓 = 1 + 𝑒𝜉1 + 𝑒𝜉2 . (17)
made adjustments to get spatially self-bending soliton of Eq. (1). select the following parameters
𝑴-spatial self-bending solitons 1 1 3
𝜅1 = , 𝜅2 = , 𝑝1 = 1, 𝑝2 = − , 𝜙1 = 0, 𝜙2 = 0, (18)
2 2 8
𝑁-soliton solutions of Eq. (1) can be easily found by using Hriota 1-spatial self-bending soliton can be obtained by Eq. (18) into Eq. (16).
bilinear methods: Form Fig. 2: (a),(b) and (c) show 3D figures of 1-spatial self-bending
soliton, as can be seen from the (a) to (c), as time 𝑡 changes, the bending
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = 2(ln 𝑓 )𝑥𝑥 , (5)
solitons gradually constantly moves without changing its shape.
Eq. (1) becomes the following form: In order to obtain the curvature of the spatial self-bending soliton,
take 𝜅1 = 21 , 𝜅2 = 21 , 𝜔1 = 1, the solution is:
𝑆(𝑓 ⋅ 𝑓 ) = (9𝐷𝑦 𝐷𝑡 − 𝐷𝑥6 − 5𝐷𝑥3 𝐷𝑡 + 5𝐷𝑡2 )(𝑓 ⋅ 𝑓 )
1 2 2 5 1 1 31
exp𝑡𝜔2 + 2 𝑥+ 9 𝑦(−5𝜔2 + 8 𝜔2 + 64 ) + exp𝑡+ 2 𝑥− 32 𝑦
2
= 18(𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑡 ) − 2(𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑓 − 6𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑥 + 15𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑥𝑥 − 10𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 )(6)
𝑢= 1 31
− 10(𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑡 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑡 − 3𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑡 𝑓𝑥 + 3𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑥𝑡 ) + 10(𝑓𝑡𝑡 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡2 ) = 0. (7) 2(1 + 𝑡𝜔2 + 12 𝑥 + 29 𝑦(−5𝜔22 + 58 𝜔2 + 1
) + exp𝑡+ 2 𝑥− 32 𝑦 )
64
1 2 2 5 1 1 31
(19)
where (exp𝑡𝜔2 + 2 𝑥+ 9 𝑦(−5𝜔2 + 8 𝜔2 + 64 ) + exp𝑡+ 2 𝑥− 32 𝑦 )2
(𝑁 ) −
∑ ∑ ∑
𝑁 1 31
𝑓= exp 𝜇𝑙 𝜇𝑠 𝐴𝑙𝑠 + 𝜇𝑙 𝜂𝑙 , (8) 2(1 + 𝑡𝜔2 + 12 𝑥 + 92 𝑦(−5𝜔22 + 58 𝜔2 + 1
64
) + exp𝑡+ 2 𝑥− 32 𝑦 )2
𝜇=0,1 𝑙<𝑠 𝑙=1
1
from solve 𝑢 + = 0,
which needs to satisfy 2
√
𝜂𝑙 = 𝜅𝑙 𝑥 + 𝑝𝑙 𝑦 + 𝜔𝑙 𝑡 + 𝜙𝑙 , (9) 31 5 exp𝑋 −3 5 exp𝑋 2 +10 exp𝑋 +5 + 5
(𝜅𝑙 − 𝜅𝑠 )6 + 5(𝜅𝑙 − 𝜅𝑠 )3 (𝜔𝑙 − 𝜔𝑠 ) − 9(𝜔𝑙 − 𝜔𝑠 )(𝑝𝑙 − 𝑝𝑠 ) − 5(𝜔𝑙 − 𝜔𝑠 )2 𝑥 = −2𝑡 + 𝑦 + 2 ln √ , (20)
𝑒𝐴𝑙𝑠 = − ,(10) 16
(𝜅𝑙 + 𝜅𝑠 )6 + 5(𝜅𝑙 + 𝜅𝑠 )3 (𝜔𝑙 + 𝜔𝑠 ) − 9(𝜔𝑙 + 𝜔𝑠 )(𝑝𝑙 + 𝑝𝑠 ) − 5(𝜔𝑙 + 𝜔𝑠 )2 2(exp𝑋 +1) 5 exp𝑋 2 +10 exp𝑋 +5 + 5
𝜅𝑙6 + 5𝜅𝑙3 𝜔𝑙 − 5𝜔2𝑙 where
𝑝𝑙 = . (11)
9𝜅𝑙 35 10 2 5
𝑋 = −𝑡 + 𝑦 + 𝑡𝜔2 − 𝑦𝜔2 + 𝑦𝜔 , (21)
With purpose of obtaining the spatial self-bending soliton, set the 36 9 36 2
exp(𝑥) = 0 range to remove some items in Eq. (8), and only if 𝑥 = ln(0). bending equation
Due to exp(𝑥 + ln(0)) = 0 exp(𝑥) = 0, if all 𝐴𝑗𝑠 = ln(0), then Eq. (8) can 𝑦𝑥𝑥
be converted into Eq. (3). If 𝐴𝑗𝑠 = ln(0), 3 ≤ 𝑗 < 𝑠 ≤ 𝑁, then Eq. (4) 𝐾=| 3
|, (22)
by Eq. (8) is derived. Which, of course, leads to this very interesting (1 + 𝑦2𝑥 ) 2
conclusion. and
According to the 𝑁-soliton solutions, the 𝑀-spatial self-bending
144(exp𝑋 +1)
solitons can be derived through the following restrictions: 𝑦𝑥 = ,
320𝑒𝑋 𝜔22 − 40𝑒𝑋 𝜔2 − 𝑒𝑋 + 279
𝐴𝑗𝑠
𝑒 = 0, (1 ≤ 𝑗 < 𝑠 ≤ 2𝑀, 𝑀 < 𝑗 < 𝑠 ≤ 𝑁, 𝑁 = 2𝑀), (12)
115200(64𝜔42 − 16𝜔32 − 111𝜔22 + 14𝜔2 + 49) (23)
𝑦𝑥𝑥 = ,
and (320𝑒𝑌 𝜔22 − 40𝑒𝑌 𝜔2 − 𝑒𝑌 + 279)3
√ √ √ √
𝑞 𝑞 𝑝 𝑞 𝑞 𝑝 𝑏 1
𝜔𝑠 =
3
− + ( )2 + ( )3 +
3
− − ( )2 + ( )3 − , (13) 𝑌 =
(1 − 𝜔2 )(20𝑦2 𝜔2 + 35𝑦 − 36𝑡).
2 2 3 2 2 3 3𝑎 36
when 𝑡 = 0, can get the curvature 𝐾 of 1-spatial self-bending soliton
where
from choose different 𝜔2 follow Table 1.
3𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏2 27𝑎2 𝑏 − 9𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑏3
𝑝= , 𝑞= , 𝑎 = 5𝜅𝑙 , The curvature trend of the 1-spatial self-bending soliton can be
3𝑎 2 27𝑎3
3
obtained based on different 𝑡 and 𝜔2 as Fig. 3,
𝑏 = −5𝜅𝑙 𝜅𝑠 − 5𝜅𝑙 𝜅𝑠 − 5𝜅𝑙 𝜔𝑙 , (14) From the figures, it can be observed that when time 𝑡 is taken as
𝑐 = 𝜅𝑙6 𝜅𝑠 − 𝜅𝑙 𝜅𝑠6 − 5𝜅𝑙4 𝜅𝑠 + 15𝜅𝑙3 𝜅𝑠2 + 5𝜅𝑙3 𝜅𝑠 𝜔𝑙 a certain value, the degree of soliton bending also changes with the
− 15𝜅𝑙2 𝜅𝑠3 + 5𝜅𝑙 𝜅𝑠4 + 5𝜅𝑙 𝜅𝑠3 𝜔𝑙 + 10𝜅𝑙 𝜅𝑠3 𝜔𝑙 + 10𝜅𝑙 𝜅𝑠 𝜔𝑙 − 5𝜅𝑠 𝜔2𝑙 . variation of 𝜔2 . It is easy to observe that when 𝜔2 is negative, the degree

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J. Wang and B. Li Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107061

29 299 3
Fig. 1. (Color online) (𝑎) ∶ 𝑤2 = 20
, (𝑏) ∶ 𝑤2 = 200
, (𝑐) ∶ 𝑘2 = 2
.

Fig. 2. (Color online) (𝑎), (𝑏), (𝑐) 1-spatial self-bending soliton in three dimensions; (𝑑) 1-spatial self-bending soliton in cross-section.

of bending gradually decreases as 𝜔2 increases. When 𝜔2 is positive, the

degree of bending gradually increases as 𝜔2 increases. 1 1 3
𝜅1 = , 𝜅2 = , 𝜔1 = 1,
𝜔2 = − , 𝜙1 = 0, 𝜙2 = 0,
When 𝑀 = 2, a expression described an interaction between 2 2 8 (26)
1 3
2-spatial self-bending soliton have the following form: 𝜅3 = 1, 𝜅4 = 1, 𝜔3 = , 𝜔4 = , 𝜙3 = 25, 𝜙4 = 25.
2 2
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = 2(ln 𝑓 )𝑥𝑥 , (24) 2-spatial self-bending solitons can be obtained by Eq. (26) into Eq. (24),
see Fig. 4.
with If 𝑁 = 3, 𝑁-soliton solutions reduces only to a 𝑁-spatial self-
bending solitons. Most studies have obtained only pure self-bending
𝑓 = 1 + 𝑒𝜉1 + 𝑒𝜉2 + 𝑒𝜉3 + 𝑒𝜉4 + 𝑒𝜉1 +𝜉3 +𝐴13 + 𝑒𝜉1 +𝜉4 +𝐴14 solitons. Two hybrid self-bending solitons can be obtained by selecting
(25)
+ 𝑒𝜉2 +𝜉3 +𝐴23 + 𝑒𝜉2 +𝜉4 +𝐴24 . the following parameters, which first undergo fission and then fusion:
√
The relevant parameters 𝐴𝑗𝑠 , 𝑃𝑠 are given in Eqs. (12) and (13) 1 1 9 5 33 1
𝜅1 = − , 𝜅2 = , 𝑝1 = 1, 𝑝2 = − , 𝜅3 = ,
respectively. With appropriate constraints, Eq. (24) can describe 2- 2 3 4 12 3 (27)
7
spatial self-bending solitons. The specific parameters are as follows: 𝑝3 = , 𝜙1 = 0, 𝜙2 = 0, 𝜙3 = 0,
6

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J. Wang and B. Li Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107061

Fig. 3. (Color online) (𝑎), (𝑏) the bend of 1-spatial self-bending soliton.

Fig. 4. (Color online) (𝑎), (𝑏) 2-spatial self-bending soliton.

Fig. 5. (Color online) (𝑎) An interaction spatial self-bending solitons between fission first and then fusion;.

an interaction self-bending solitons with fission first followed by fusion the appropriate parameter constraints lead to the emergence of inter-
can be obtained by Eq. (27) into Eq. (24). action solutions between 𝑀-spatial self-bending solitons and 𝐿-order
The three diagrams in Fig. 5 graphically and vividly illustrate breather waves.
the interaction of self-bending solitons for fusionable or fissionable When 𝑀 = 1, 𝐿 = 1, taking parameters as follows
phenomenon. The interactions between line waves are elastic, the am-
plitude and shape of the soliton remain unchanged after the collision, 1 3
so it is reasonable to believe that the interaction waves obtained from 𝜅1 = 2, 𝜅2 = , 𝜔1 = 1, 𝜔2 = − , 𝜙1 = 0, 𝜙2 = −3,
2 8
the 𝑁- soliton solutions shown in Fig. 4 are also elastic. 1 1
𝜅3 = 1 − 𝑖, 𝜅4 = 1 + 𝑖, 𝑝3 = + 𝑖, 𝑝4 = − 𝑖, 𝜙3 = 10, 𝜙4 = 10,
3 3
The interaction waves of spatial self-bending solitons and higher- (29)
order breath waves of (2+1)-d bSK equation
the interactions between 1-spatial self-bending soliton and 1-breath
To investigate the interactions between 𝑀-spatial self-bending soli- wave we can obtained by Eq. (29) into Eq. (5).
ton and 𝐿-breath waves, Eq. (5) is fulfilled
When 𝑀 = 1, 𝐿 = 2, taking parameters as follows into Eq. (5)
∗
𝑒𝐴𝑗𝑠 = 0, 𝜉𝑀+2𝑗−1 = 𝜉𝑀+2𝑗 ,
(28) 1 1 3
(1 ≤ 𝑗 < 𝑠 ≤ 2𝑀, 1 ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 2𝐿, 𝑁 = 2𝑀 + 2𝐿), 𝜅1 = , 𝜅2 = , 𝜔1 = 1, 𝜔2 = − , 𝜙1 = 0, 𝜙2 = −3,
2 2 8

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J. Wang and B. Li Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107061

Table 1 Section ‘‘M -spatial self-bending solitons’’ and Section ‘‘1-Spatial self-
Curvature.
bending soliton’’, by using a special parameter constraint (𝑒𝐴𝑗𝑠 = 0)
𝜔2 K and the curvature of the spatially self-bending soliton and curvature
√
− 55 𝑦 55 𝑦

−5 | 31 𝑦 − 2 ln 2| + 2 ln 5𝑒√
2 −3 5𝑒−55𝑦 +10𝑒− 2 +5+5
| are given, And provided a geometric explanation for the bending soliton
16 55 𝑦 − 55 𝑦
√
5𝑒−55𝑦 +10𝑒−
2 +5(𝑒 2 +1) phenomenon. In Sections ‘‘The interaction waves of spatial self-bending
− 85 𝑦 − 170 𝑦 − 85 𝑦
| 31 −5𝑒 9 +3 5𝑒 +10𝑒 9 +5−5
− 2 ln 2 + 2 ln − √
9
−3 16
𝑦 | solitons and higher-order breath waves of (2+1)-d bSK equation’’ and
− 170 𝑦 − 85 𝑦 − 85 𝑦
5𝑒 9
√
+10𝑒 9 +5(𝑒 9 +1)
‘‘Interactions between spatial self-bending solitons and higher-order
− 5 𝑦 − 170 𝑦 − 5 𝑦
−1 | 31
16
−5𝑒 18 +3
𝑦 − 2 ln 2 + 2 ln − √ 5𝑒 9 +10𝑒 18 +5−5
| lump waves’’, the interaction solution between spatial self-bending
− 170 𝑦 − 5 𝑦 − 5 𝑦
5𝑒 9
√
+10𝑒 18 +5(𝑒 18 +1)
55 𝑦 55 𝑦 55 𝑦
solitons and other waves are obtained. Compared to the previous
− 38 | 31
16
𝑦 −5𝑒 72 +3
− 2 ln 2 + 2 ln − √ 5𝑒 36 +10𝑒 72 +5−5
|
35 𝑦
5𝑒 36 √
55 𝑦
+10𝑒 72 +5(𝑒 72 +1)
55 𝑦
scholars who have compiled solutions that are too complex and special
35 𝑦 35 𝑦 35 𝑦

0 31
| 16 𝑦 − 2 ln 2 + 2 ln − −5𝑒
36 +3
√ 35 5𝑒 35
18 +10𝑒 36 +5−5
| (Eq. (3)). On this basis, we simplify the form of the solution and also
𝑦 𝑦 35 𝑦

31
√ 5𝑒 18 +10𝑒 36 +5(𝑒 36 +1) obtain some interaction solutions. Currently, there are many reports
1 | 16 𝑦 − 4 ln 2 + 2 ln( 5 − 3)|
115
√ 115 115
on the exact solution of partial differential equations. Most of these
− 𝑦 − 𝑦 − 𝑦
| 31 𝑦 − 2 ln 2 + 2 ln − −5𝑒
√ +3 5𝑒 +10𝑒 +5−5
18 9 18
3 16
| partial differential equations are artificially fabricated, their physical
− 115 𝑦 − 115 𝑦 − 115 𝑦
5𝑒 9
√
+10𝑒 18 +5(𝑒 18 +1)
− 235 𝑦 − 470 𝑦 − 235 𝑦 significance often ignored, and some mathematical tricks (including
5 | 31 𝑦 −5𝑒 9 +3
− 2 ln 2 + 2 ln − √ 5𝑒 9 +10𝑒 9 +5−5
16
5𝑒
− 470 𝑦
9
− 235 𝑦 − 235 𝑦
+10𝑒 18 +5(𝑒 9 +1) bilinear methods, Darboux transforms, RH methods, etc.) are simply
displayed to construct soliton solutions.
Looking ahead, we intend to extend this approach to discuss the
trajectories of blocks in hybrid solutions, derive physical models and
obtain some exact or numerical solutions. In addition, this method
1 1 can be extended not only to (2 + 1)-dimensional integrable systems to
𝜅3 = 1 − 𝑖, 𝜅4 = 1 + 𝑖, 𝜔3 = + 𝑖, 𝜔4 = − 𝑖, 𝜙3 = 10, 𝜙4 = 10,
3 3 derive bound states of lump waves but also to other (3 + 1)-dimensional
𝑖 𝑖
𝜅5 = − , 𝜅6 = − , 𝜔5 = 3 − 𝑖, 𝜔6 = 3 + 𝑖, 𝜙5 = 10, 𝜙6 = 20, integrable systems or some equations with (2+1) dimensional variable
2 2
coefficients.
(30)

the interactions between 1-spatial self-bending solitons and 2-order CRediT authorship contribution statement
breather waves can be obtained.
Jing Wang: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisi-
Interactions between spatial self-bending solitons and higher- tion, Methodology. Biao Li: Supervision.
order lump waves
Declaration of competing interest
A nonlinear superposition of 𝑀-spatial self-bending solitons and
𝐿-order lump waves can be obtained by imposing the subsequent The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
constraint on the 𝑁-soliton solution: cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
∗
𝜅2𝑚−1 = 𝜅2𝑚 = 𝐾2𝑚−1 𝜖, 𝑝2𝑚−1 = 𝑝2𝑚 = 𝑃2𝑚−1 𝜖, influence the work reported in this paper.
𝜙2𝑚−1 = 𝜙∗2𝑚 = 𝜋𝑖, (1 ≤ 𝑚 ≤ 𝑀), 𝜖 → 0,
Data availability
𝑁 = 2𝑀 + 2𝐿, 𝑒𝐴𝑗𝑠 = 0, (2𝑀 < 𝑗 < 𝑠 ≤ 𝑁),
among these, the lump wave, governed by the parameters No data was used for the research described in the article.
𝐾2𝑚 , 𝑃2𝑚 , 𝐾2𝑚−1 , 𝑃2𝑚−1 , can be achieved through reasonable parame-
ter constraints and the application of the long wave limit method. Acknowledgments
This approach allows us to explore the interaction between 𝑀-spatial
self-bending solitons and 𝐿-lumps.
This work is supported by National Natural Sciences Foundation of
Specifically, when 𝑀 = 1, 𝐿 = 1, we can derive the expression for a
Anhui Province, China under Grant Nos. 2022AH052570, School-level
combination of 1-spatial self-bending solitons and 1-order lump wave:
scientific research projects, PR China, Grant Nos. 2021KYXM08, Na-
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = 2(ln 𝑓 )𝑥𝑥 , (31) tional Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 12175111
and 12235007, K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University, PR China.
and
𝑓 = 1 + 𝑒𝜉1 + 𝑒𝜉2 + 𝑒𝜉3 + 𝑒𝜉4 + 𝑒𝜉1 +𝜉3 +𝐴13 + 𝑒𝜉1 +𝜉4 +𝐴14 References
(32)
+𝑒𝜉2 +𝜉3 +𝐴23 + 𝑒𝜉2 +𝜉4 +𝐴24 + 𝑒𝜉3 +𝜉4 +𝐴34 .
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