Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102302

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Ain Shams Engineering Journal

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Analysis of new soliton type solutions to generalized extended

(2 + 1)-dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation via two techniques
Jamshad Ahmad a, Sonia Akram a, Shafqat-Ur-Rehman a, Asghar Ali b
a
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
b
Department of Mathematics, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur-10250, AJK, Pakistan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, we examine the solitary wave solutions of the generalised (2 + 1) extended Kadomtsev–
Received 10 January 2023 Petviashvili (eKP) equation, which is used as model for the surface waves and internal waves in straits
Revised 22 April 2023 or channels and describes the dynamics of nonlinear waves in plasma physics and fluid dynamics. We
Accepted 8 May 2023
secure distinct soliton solutions by employing two amelioration methodologies, namely the improved
Available online 25 May 2023
F-expansion method and the new Kudryashov method. These methods explore several unique forms of
solitary wave solutions, including dark, rational, singular, periodic, and exponential ones. In order to illus-
Keywords:
trate propagation of some reported wave solutions, the graphs associated with these solutions are pre-
Two-dimensional Extended Kadomtsev–
Petviashvili
sented by choosing appropriate parametric values in 2D, 3D, contour, and density plots with the use of
Travelling wave solitons the symbolic software Mathematica 13.0. The presented solutions realize very significant fact for inves-
Improved F-expansion method tigation the qualitative interpretations for various phenomena in our nature. The computed solutions
New Kudryashov method revealed that the applied methods are influential, efficious and skilful and can be a best way to handle
other higher order nonlinear evolution equations.
Ó 2023 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams Uni-
versity. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction These expanded models served as the inspiration for numerous

The study of nonlinear physical sciences is significantly
impacted by nonlinear partial differential equations (NLPDEs).
NLPDEs are typically used to explain a variety of complex natural
phenomena. The behaviour of waves in the form of solitary waves
and solitons is primarily thought to be described by NLPDEs.
Therefore, the studies of nonlinear waves have a significant role
in our life and in various research area such as optical fiber, fluid
dynamics, plasma physics, solid-state physics, cosmology, geo-
chemistry, hydrodynamics, earth science, solid state physics, water
waves, plasma physics, chaos theory, electromagnetism, mathe-
matical fluid dynamics, quantum mechanics [1–12].
q and (4 + 1) dimensions. Due to the characteristics of the obtained
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University.
Production and hosting by Elsevier
prospective research projects and provided an understanding of
huge of the physical characteristics of physics and engineering
applications. Rogue waves, a specific kind of nonlinear wave also
known as freak waves, monster waves, killer waves, severe waves,
and anomalous waves, have attracted a lot of attention in recent
years from a variety of physical departments. An unusual wave
type known as a rogue wave is first noticed in the deep ocean.
Because they establish a strong connection between mathematics
and physics, travelling wave solutions of NLPDEs in the sort of soli-
ton solutions are of utmost relevance. Furthermore, in order to fur-
ther the theory of solitary waves, many academics have focused on
lump wave and interaction solutions between them. The lump
solution must meet the following three crucial requirements: ana-
lyticalness, positivity, and localization in all dimensions. The final
condition, or localization, is not offered in the cases of (3 + 1)
solutions’ (3 + 1)- and (4 + 1)-dimensions, they do not tends to zero
in all directions, making them lump-type solutions rather than
lump solutions. Lump wave can be often found in oceanography,
nonlinear fiber optics, shallow water waves, and biophysics [13].

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102302
2090-4479/Ó 2023 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
J. Ahmad, S. Akram, Shafqat-Ur-Rehman et al.
Soviet researchers Kadomtsev and Petviashvili developed the KP
equation (NPDE) for the first time in 1970. The KdV equation had
been logically generalised (derived by Korteweg and De Vries in
1895). The typical KP equation with K ¼ Kðx; y; tÞ [14] comes as
ðK t  6KK x þ K xxx Þx þ 3r2 K yy ¼ 0;
with quadratic nonlinearity KK x and weak dispersion K xxx , weakly
dispersive waves are included in this equation. The KP-I equation,
which is used to replicate waves in nanostructures with high ten-
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
sion, is the instance when r ¼ i; i ¼ 1. The KP-II equation, which
describes water waves with low surface tension, is known to apply
when r ¼ 1. In [15] extended Kadomtsev–Petviashvili type I (EKP-I)
equation is found as:
ðK t  6KK x þ K xxx Þx  K yy þ c2 K tt þ c3 K ty ¼ 0;
which, in contrast to Eq. (1), has been explored with additional
terms c2 K tt and c3 K ty , and the nonzero coefficients c2 and c3 are real
numbers. Additionally, the EKP-II equation was extended in the fol-
lowing ways:
ðK t  6KK x þ K xxx Þx þ 3K yy þ c2 K tt þ c3 K ty ¼ 0;
which was investigated using N-silitons. The EKP-I equation was
given a fresh expansion as:
ðK t þ 6KK x þ K xxx Þx  K yy þ c2 K tt þ c3 K ty þ rK tx ¼ 0:
This, in contrast to Eq. (2), contains an additional term rK tx (r is a
nonzero constant). However, Li et al. [16] have offered an alterna-
tive formulation as follows:
ðK t þ 6KK x þ K xxx Þx  K yy þ rK xy þ c2 K tt þ c3 K ty ¼ 0;
with additional factor rK ty . They also arrived at the logical and semi
logical conclusions for the ”long wave” limit. We can discover the
true structure of nonlinear behaviours thanks to the soliton solu-
tions to these nonlinear events [17–19]. A travelling wave is a wave
that advances in a particular direction, with the addition of retain-
ing a fixed shape. Moreover, a travelling wave is associated to hav-
ing a constant velocity throughout its course of propagation. Such
waves are observed in many areas of science. To find the explicit
solutions to nonlinear problems are of fundamental importance.
The travelling wave solutions may be useful in the theoretical and
numerical studies of the model systems. Therefore, finding travel-
ling wave solutions of nonlinear equations is of fundamental inter-
est to understand the equations fully. The study of traveling wave
solutions of NLPDEs plays an important role to look into the internal
mechanism of complicated physical phenomena.In general, it is dif-
ficult to find precise solutions to NLPDEs, and even if we do, the
approach might not work for other nonlinear equations. Although
numerical approaches are generally simple to develop, they
demand rigorous computational effort and suitable initial values.
In addition, these methodologies’ results lack any analytical expres-
sions. Conversely, analytical approximation techniques are pre-
ferred by scientists because they have deeper physical roots and
are more deserving of parametric investigation. As a result, many
academics promoted various tactics up until recently namely, Bilin-
ear transformation [20], Backland transformation [21], Painleve
analysis [22], Hirota bilinear method [23–25], Trilinear analysis
[26], Lie point symmetries analysis [27], Improved generlized riccati
mapping scheme [28], F-expansion method [29,30], new Kudrya-
shov technique [31], generlized Kudryashov method [32,33], Ansatz
method [34], G0G
-expansion method [35], Three integral schemes the
generalized Kudryashov, the new extended FAN sub-equation
Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102302
approach [36], the sine-Gorden expansion technique [37], Extended
ratioal sine–cosine method and extended rational sinh-cosh
method[38], tanh method [40–41], extended direct algebric method
[43–45], Sin-Gorden method [47,47], first integral method [48],
variational iterative method [50–52], imroved extended tanh
ð1Þ
method [53], Adomian decomposition method [54], q-homotopy
analysis method [55], residual power series method [57,57],
improved Bernoulli sub-equation function method [58], the frac-
tional dual-function scheme [59] and many others [61–65]. In each
of these aforementioned works, a variety of approaches mentioned
in [67–68] have been proposed for securing soliton solutions of
NLPDEs. The choice of an appropriate method is of great importance
when using these analytical methods. Among those approaches, the
proposed improved F-expansion method and new Kudryashov’s
ð2Þ technique are reliable and credible mechanisms to construct more
general soliton solutions of NLPDEs in engineering and applied
sciences. The foremost purpose of these methods are to express
the soliton solutions of NLPDEs in terms of functions that satisfy
the Riccati equation F0ðqÞ ¼ q þ F 2 ðqÞ and for improved F-
expansion function method and R02 ¼ k2 R2 ð1  vR2 Þ for new
ð3Þ
Kudryashov’s technique, respectively. The main benefit of the
improved F-expansion method and new Kudryashov’s technique
over the existing other methods mentioned is that these schemes
provide more abundant exact soliton solutions including some
ð4Þ
novel solutions with additional parameters in a simple and straight
way. The exact soliton solutions have its great importance to know
entirely the effect of the parameters in any circumstances. To exhi-
bit the productivity and dependability of these proposed methods,
some higher order nonlinear dynamical models have been solved
ð5Þ in which new results are found. It is vital to note that analysis of
convergence and stability for the numerical methods is required,
a distinct disadvantage when compared with analytical methods
that do not require such an analysis. Apart from the physical rele-
vance, soliton solutions of NLPDEs can assist the numerical solvers
to measure up to the accuracy of their results and thus aid in the
convergence analysis. To fill the gap of the previous findings, we
are motivated to find soliton solutions of the considered model
via a recent method known as the improved F-expansion function
method and new Kudryashov method. The soliton solutions for
eKP equation play a significant role in soliton theory, physical
sciences and engineering. So the finding of exact soliton solutions
for eKP equation is very important for mathematicians and physi-
cists [70–73]. To the best of our knowledge, such kinds of abun-
dance of solutions have never been established in earlier
literature. The goal of the current research is to determine how to
use the improved F-expansion function method [74] and new
Kudryashov method [75] to acquire the soliton solutions to the
studied model. It is also noted that the proposed method is easy
to handle and offers a wide range of analytical solutions, which
could provide new forms of soliton solutions with a direct applica-
tion in the optical fiber. Over the past few decades, nonlinear
dynamical model research has been increasingly popular. PDEs have
thus been utilized to mimic a variety of physical procedures. Non-
linear models enable scientists to better define and characterize
phenomena in everyday life. As a result, under some circumstances,
these dynamical models can be used to accurately model genuine
physical processes.
Inspired by all these extensions, here we proposed a more gen-
eral form of EKP Eq. (2) and Eq. (3) as:
ðK t  6KK x þ K xxx Þx þ c1 K yy þ c2 K tt þ c3 K ty ¼ 0; ð6Þ
2
J. Ahmad, S. Akram, Shafqat-Ur-Rehman et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102302

where c1 ; c2 ; c3 are nonzero values. According to Eq. (2) and Eq. (3), Case-III: If q ¼ 0, then the general solution is:
the model is either EKP-I or EKP-II depending on the value of c1 . It
1
makes it possible to examine EKP-I and EKP-II as one model. This F5 ¼  : ð15Þ
q
investigation has shown that the new adjustment has a bigger
impact on dispersion, rendering it more useful and significant in Step 2: The balancing principal is used to gain the value of N
reality. Using the New Kudryashov method and enhanced F- come out the solution of Eq. (9).
Expansion techniques, we examine the intractability of this nonlin- Step 3: With the help of equation Eq. (9) together with Eq. (10)
ear model. Following the opening, the remainder of the artical is in Eq. (8), it is possible to calculate the polynomial in FðqÞ. Then the
summarized. In part 2 of this manuscript, the approaches for the same index of FðqÞ are equating to zero gives an algebraic system
New Kudryasho technique and the Improved F-expansion method of equation. Solving these equations by Mathematica it can gain
are discussed. In Section 3, we extract the periodic, singular, hyper- the values of unknowns ai ; bi ; m and c which will be used to get
bolic, rational, trigonometric and exponential soliton solution of the solution of equation Eq. (7).
generalized extended KP problem. In Section 4 results and discus-
sions provide graphical depictions of a handful of the results that 2.1. New Kudryashov Scheme
were created. Section 5 of our paper offers conclusions.
We suppose that the sought-after solutions can be expanded in
2. Methodology series as follows in order to achieve various results.
X
N
Consider the NLEEs v ðqÞ ¼ bi Q i ðqÞ; ð16Þ
i¼0
Rðg; g x ; g y ; g t ; g xx ; g yy ; g tt ; g xt ;   Þ ¼ 0; ð7Þ
where bi – 0 is constant that will be assessed later and N is a pos-
where R is a polynomial in gðx; y; tÞ with partial derivatives com- itive integer that can be calculated by using the balancing principle
prising highest derivatives and nonlinear term. And gðx; y; tÞ is an to Eq. (7). Q ðqÞ satisfes the ODE:
undefined function. The following phases tell the story of the
improved F-expansion and new Kudryashov contexts. 4a
The wave variables with the formula gðx; y; tÞ ¼ v ðqÞ, where Q0ðqÞ ¼ ; ð17Þ
4a2 expðmqÞ þ x expðmqÞ
q ¼ x þ my þ ct (where c denotes the speed of the travelling wave),
are presumably acceptable for transformation into nonlinear form
where a is constant. We equal to zero all the accumulated factors of
Eq. (7).
powers of Q ðqÞ with parameter m; x after switching Eq. (16) and Eq.
Gðv ; v 0; v 00;   Þ ¼ 0: ð8Þ (17) into Eq. (8) and carrying out various calculations. We obtain an
algebraic system of equations whose the unknowns m; c; b0 ; b1 ; b2 it
satisfies that, the final solutions of Eq. (7) are determine.
2.0.1. The improved F-expansion scheme

Step 1: Following the improved F-expansion approach, the solu- 3. Extraction of solutions
tion of the nonlinear Eq. (8) is assumed in the succeeding form.
This section demonstrates how well the improved F-expansion
X
N X
N
approach and the new Kudryashov approach work to get the soli-
v ðqÞ ¼ ai ðp þ FðqÞÞ þ bi ðp þ FðqÞÞi ;
i
ð9Þ
tary wave solutions of model, namely the generalised Extended KP
i¼0 i¼0
equation Eq. (6). using Kðx; y; tÞ ¼ v ðqÞ; q ¼ x þ my þ ct, we gain
where either ai or bi may be zero, but neither may be zero simulta-
 
neously. bi ði ¼ 1; 2; 3; . . . ; NÞ and p are fictitious factors that will c2 c2 þ c3 cm  6v þ c þ c1 m2 v 00 þ v ð4Þ  6v 02 ¼ 0: ð18Þ
eventually be chosen, along with ai ði ¼ 0; 1; 2; . . . ; NÞ. We consider
about popular Riccati equation.

F0ðqÞ ¼ q þ F 2 ðqÞ; ð10Þ 3.1. Application of the improved F-Expansion Method

where q represents the real part of the equation and the prime rep- For the requirement of this approach, balancing principal of
resents derivatives with respect to q. Here are the three general terms v 02 and v 4 in Eq. (18), we gain N ¼ 2, so Eq. (9) becomes
examples of the Riccati equation Eq. (10).
Case-I: If q < 0, then the general solutions are: b2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi v ðqÞ ¼ a0 þ b0 þ a2 ðFðqÞ þ pÞ2 þ a1 ðFðqÞ þ pÞ þ
F 1 ¼  q tanhð qqÞ; ð11Þ ðFðqÞ þ pÞ2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
F 2 ¼  q cothð qqÞ: ð12Þ b1
þ : ð19Þ
FðqÞ þ p
Case-II: If q > 0, then the general solutions are:
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
F 3 ¼ q tanð qqÞ; ð13Þ Switching the Eq. (19) and Eq. (10) in Eq. (18), we get the following
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
F 4 ¼  q cotð qqÞ: ð14Þ set of equations.

3
J. Ahmad, S. Akram, Shafqat-Ur-Rehman et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102302

a2 cp6 q  18a22 p8 q  18a1 a2 p7 q þ 8a2 p6 q2  3a21 p6 q  6a0 a2 p6 q ¼ 0;

60a2  30a22 ¼ 0;
a2 c c2 p q þ b1 c c2 p q þ 3b2 c c2 p q þ a2 cc3 mp q þ b1 cc3 mp q þ 3b2 cc3 mp q þ b1 cp q þ 3b2 cp2 q þ a2 c1 m2 p6 q
2 6 2 3 2 2 6 3 2 3

þb1 c1 m2 p3 q þ 3b2 c1 m2 p2 q þ 8b1 p3 q2  6a0 b1 p3 q  6a1 b2 p3 q þ 24b2 p2 q2  18a0 b2 p2 q  9b21 p2 q

 
þ 36a1 a2 þ 12a1  252a22 p þ 384a2 p þ 12b1 pq3  36b1 b2 pq þ 60b2 q3  30b22 q ¼ 0;
9a21  18a0 a2 þ 3a2 c2 c2 þ 3a2 c þ 3a2 c3 cm þ 3a2 c1 m2  936a22 p2 þ 1044a2 p2 þ 72a1 p  270a1 a2 p  18a22 q þ 60a2 q ¼ 0;
6a2 b1  6a0 a1 þ a1 c2 c2 þ 20a2 c2 c2 p þ a1 c þ a1 cc3 m þ 20a2 cc3 mp þ 20a2 cp þ a1 c1 m2 þ 20a2 c1 m2 p  2016a22 p3
þ1560a2 p3 þ 180a1 p2  882a1 a2 p2  60a21 p  120a0 a2 p  144a22 pq þ 376a2 pq þ 8a1 q  18a1 a2 q ¼ 0;
57a2 c c2 p þ 6a1 c2 c2 p þ a2 c2 c2 q þ 57a2 cc3 mp2 þ 6a1 cc3 mp þ a2 cc3 mq þ 57a2 cp2 þ 6a1 cp þ a2 cq þ 57a2 c1 m2 p2
2 2

þ6a1 c1 m2 p þ a2 c1 m2 q  2772a22 p4 þ 1380a2 p4 þ 240a1 p3  1638a1 a2 p3  171a21 p2  342a0 a2 p2  504a22 p2 q þ 996a2 p2 q

36a2 b1 p  36a0 a1 p þ 48a1 pq  126a1 a2 pq þ 8a2 q2  3a21 q  6a0 a2 q ¼ 0;
90a2 c c2 p þ 15a1 c c2 p þ 6a2 c2 c2 pq þ 90a2 cc3 mp3 þ 15a1 cc3 mp2 þ 6a2 cc3 mpq þ 90a2 cp3 þ 15a1 cp2
2 3 2 2

þ6a2 cpq þ 90a2 c1 m2 p3 þ 15a1 c1 m2 p2 þ 6a2 c1 m2 pq  2520a22 p5 þ 720a2 p5 þ 180a1 p4

1890a1 a2 p4  270a21 p3  540a0 a2 p3  1008a22 p3 q þ 1440a2 p3 q  90a2 b1 p2  90a0 a1 p2
þ120a1 p2 q  378a1 a2 p2 q þ 48a2 pq2  18a21 pq  36a0 a2 pq ¼ 0;
18b1 b2 þ 48a2 c c2 p þ 15a1 c2 c2 p4 þ 20a2 c2 c2 p3 q  3b1 c2 c2 p2 þ b1 c2 c2 q þ 48a2 cc3 mp5
2 5

þ15a1 cc3 mp þ 20a2 cc3 mp q  3b1 cc3 mp2 þ b1 cc3 mq þ 48a2 cp5 þ 15a1 cp4 þ 20a2 cp3 q  3b1 cp2 þ b1 cq þ 48a2 c1 m2 p5
4 3

þ15a1 c1 m2 p4 þ 20a2 c1 m2 p3 q  3b1 c1 m2 p2 þ b1 c1 m2 q  576a22 p7 þ 24a2 p7 þ 12a1 p6  630a1 a2 p6  144a21 p5  288a0 a2 p5

1008a22 p5 q þ 600a2 p5 q  90a2 b1 p4  90a0 a1 p4  12b1 p4 þ 120a1 p4 q  630a1 a2 p4 q  24b2 p3
þ160a2 p3 q2  60a21 p3 q  120a0 a2 p3 q þ 18a0 b1 p2 þ 18a1 b2 p2 þ 12b1 p2 q  72b2 pq þ 8b1 q2  6a0 b1 q  6a1 b2 q ¼ 0;
6a0 b2  3b21 þ b2 c2 c2 þ 85a2 c2 c2 p4 þ 20a1 c2 c2 p3 þ 15a2 c2 c2 p2 q  b1 c2 c2 p þ b2 c þ b2 cc3 m þ 85a2 cc3 mp4 þ 20a1 cc3 mp3
þ15a2 cc3 mp2 q  b1 cc3 mp þ 85a2 cp4 þ 20a1 cp3 þ 15a2 cp2 q  b1 cp þ b2 c1 m2 þ 85a2 c1 m2 p4 þ 20a1 c1 m2 p3 þ 15a2 c1 m2 p2 q
b1 c1 m2 p  1512a22 p6 þ 204a2 p6 þ 72a1 p5  1386a1 a2 p5  255a21 p4  510a0 a2 p4  1260a22 p4 q þ 1220a2 p4 q  12b1 p3
þ160a1 p3 q  630a1 a2 p3 q þ 36b2 p2 þ 120a2 p2 q2  45a21 p2 q  90a0 a2 p2 q þ 6a0 b1 p þ 6a1 b2 p  8b1 pq þ 8b2 q ¼ 0:

By solving the above algebraic equations, we get the following sets Family.3
of solution.
Case-I: 2ðp2 þqÞ
2

v 5;6 ¼ a0 þ 0 0 0  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  11 12 
   2 c 2 c2 4c1 ð6a0 þc2 c 2 þcþ12p2 þ8qÞcc3
a1 ¼ 0; a2 ¼ 0; b1 ¼ 4 p3 þ pq ; b2 ¼ 2 p2 þ q ; m ffiffi ffiffi
@ q tan @ q@
p p
y 
3
þctþxAAþpA
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2c 1

 c2 c23  4c1 ð6a0 þ c2 c2 þ c þ 12p2 þ 8qÞ  cc3 4pðp2 þqÞ

ð23Þ
¼ : ð20Þ 0 0  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi  11 :
2c1 c c 4c1 ð6a0 þc2 c2 þcþ12p2 þ8qÞc c3
2
pffiffi pffiffi
y  2
q tan @ q@ AAþp
3
2c
þctþx
1
When q < 0, the solutions are

Family.1 Family.4
2ðp2 þqÞ
2

v 1;2 ¼ a0 þ 0 0 0  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  1112 

2ðp2 þqÞ
2

@ppffiffiffiffi
ffi pffiffiffiffiffi
q tanh @ q@
y  c2 c2 4c1 ð6a0 þc2 c2 þcþ12p2 þ8qÞcc3
3
þctþxAAA
v 7;8 ¼ a0 þ 0 0 0  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  1112 
2 c1
c2 c2 4c1 ð6a0 þc2 c 2 þcþ12p2 þ8qÞcc3
@ppffiffiq cot @pffiffiq@
y 
þctþxAAA
3
ð21Þ 2c 1
4pðp2 þqÞ
0 0  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi  11 : ð24Þ
c c 4c1 ð6a0 þc2 c 2 þcþ12p2 þ8qÞcc3
2 2 4pðp2 þqÞ
pffiffiffiffiffi ffiffiffiffi
ffi 0 0  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  11 :
y 
p q tanh @ q@ þctþxAA
p 3
2 c1
c2 c2 4c1 ð6a0 þc2 c2 þcþ12p2 þ8qÞc c3
pffiffi ffiffi y 
p q cot @ q@ þctþxAA
p 3
2c 1

Family.2
2ðp2 þqÞ
2

v 3;4 ¼ a0 þ 0 0 0  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  1112  When q ¼ 0, we have solution

c2 c2 4c1 ð6a0 þc2 c 2 þcþ12p2 þ8qÞcc3
ffiffiffiffi
ffi ffiffiffiffi
@p p coth @ p@
p p ffi y 
3
þctþxAAA
2 c1
Family.5
ð22Þ
4pð Þ
p2 þq       
0 0  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi  11 : 2 p2 þ q ð2c1 ðct þ xÞ  yXÞ 2c1 p2 ðct þ xÞ  qðct þ xÞ  2p  yX p2  q
pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi
y  c2 c2 4c1 ð6a0 þc2 c2 þcþ12p2 þ8qÞc c3 v 9;10 ¼ a0  ;
p p coth @ p@ þctþxAA ðpyX  2c1 ðcpt þ px  1ÞÞ
3 2
2c1

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
When q > 0, the solutions are where X ¼ c2 c23  4c1 ð6a0 þ c2 c2 þ c þ 12p2 þ 8qÞ þ cc3 .

4
J. Ahmad, S. Akram, Shafqat-Ur-Rehman et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102302

Case-II: Family.12
   2
a1 ¼ 0; a2 ¼ 0; b1 ¼ 4 p3 þ pq ; b2 ¼ 2 p2 þ q ; v 23;24 ¼ a0
0 0 0 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  11 1
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi B
t ðc3 m þ 1Þ  4c2 ð6a0 þ c1 m2 þ 12p2 þ 8qÞ  c3 m  1
2

2B B
BpffiffiffiffiffiffiffiB
CC C
ðc3 m þ 1Þ2  4c2 ð6a0 þ c1 m2 þ 12p2 þ 8qÞ  c3 m  1  2B þ my þ xC C 2C
@qcoth @ q@ 2c2 AA þ p A:
¼ :
2c2 ð34Þ

ð26Þ When q > 0, the solutions are

When q < 0, we gain solution,
Family.13
Family.6
0 0 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  11
ðc3 m þ 1Þ  4c2 ð6a0 þ c1 m2 þ 12p2 þ 8qÞ  c3 m  1
2
t
2ðp2 þqÞ
2 BpffiffiffiB CC
v 11;12 ¼ a0 þ 0 0 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  1112  v 25;26 ¼ a0 þ 2q tan2 B
@qB @ 2c2
þ my þ xCC
AA  2p :
2
ð35Þ

ðc3 mþ1Þ2 4c2 ð6a0 þc1 m2 þ12p2 þ8qÞc3 m1

@ppffiffiffiffi
ffi pffiffiffiffiffi
t
q tanh @ q@ 2c 2
þmyþxAAA
Family.14
ð27Þ
4pðp2 þqÞ
0 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  11 : 0 0 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  11
ðc3 mþ1Þ2 4c2 ð6a0 þc1 m2 þ12p2 þ8qÞc3 m1 ðc3 m þ 1Þ  4c2 ð6a0 þ c1 m2 þ 12p2 þ 8qÞ  c3 m  1
pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi@
t 2
t
p q tanh @ q þmyþxAA BpffiffiffiB CC
2c v 27;28 ¼ a0 þ 2qcot2 B
@qB @ þ my þ xCC  2p2 :
AA ð36Þ
2
2c
2

Family.7
2ðp2 þqÞ
2 When q ¼ 0, we have solution
v 13;14 ¼ a0 þ 0 0 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  1112 
ðc3 mþ1Þ 4c2 ð6a0 þc1 m2 þ12p2 þ8qÞc3 m1
2
@ppffiffiffiffi
ffi @pffiffiffiffiffi@ Family.15
t
q coth q 2c2
þmyþxAAA

ð28Þ 2
0 4pðp2 þqÞ
0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  11 : v 29;30 ¼ a0 þ 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  12  2p :
2

ðc3 mþ1Þ2 4c2 ð6a0 þc1 m2 þ12p2 þ8qÞc3 m1 t ðc3 mþ1Þ 4c2 ð6a0 þc1 m2 þ12p2 þ8qÞc3 m1
2
pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi@ @ þ my þ xA
t
p q coth @ q þmyþxAA
2c 2 2 c2

When q > 0, we determine following results, ð37Þ

Case-III:
Family.8
2ðp2 þqÞ
1 2 
2

v 15;16 ¼ a0 þ 0 0 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  11 12 
a0 ¼ c c þ c3 cm þ c þ c1 m2 þ 12p2 þ 8q ; a1 ¼ 0; a2
@pffiffiq tan @pffiffiq@
t ð3
c mþ1 Þ 2
4 c2 ð a0 þc1 m þ12p þ8qÞc3 m1
6 2 2

þmyþxAAþpA
6 2
2c 2    2
ð29Þ ¼ 0; b1 ¼ 4 p3 þ pq ; b2 ¼ 2 p2 þ q : ð38Þ
4pðp2 þqÞ
0 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  11 :
ðc3 mþ1Þ2 4c2 ð6a0 þc1 m2 þ12p2 þ8qÞc3 m1
pffiffi pffiffi@ when q < 0, the solutions are
t
q tan @ q þmyþxAAþp
2c2

Family.9
Family.16
2ðp2 þqÞ
2

v 17;18 ¼ a0 þ 0 0 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  1112  1 2 

@ppffiffiq cot @pffiffiq@
t ðc3 mþ1Þ2 4c2 ð6a0 þc1 m2 þ12p2 þ8qÞc3 m1 v 31;32 ðx; y; tÞ ¼ c2 c þ c3 cm þ c þ c1 m2 þ 12p2 þ 8q
þmyþxAAA 6
2c 2  
ð30Þ 4p p2 þ q
4pðp2 þqÞ  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi : ð39Þ
0 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  11 : p  q tanh qðt x þ mx þ lyÞ
ðc3 mþ1Þ2 4c2 ð6a0 þc1 m2 þ12p2 þ8qÞc3 m1
pffiffi ffiffi t
p q cot @ @
p
q þmyþxAA
2c 2

Family.17
When q ¼ 0, we have following solutions,

1 2 
Family.10 v 33;34 ðx; y; tÞ ¼ c c þ c3 cm þ c þ c1 m2 þ 12p2 þ 8q
       6 2
2 p2 þ q ð2c2 ðmy þ xÞ þ Dt Þ 2c2 p2 ðmy þ xÞ  qðmy þ xÞ  2p þ Dt p2  q  
v 19;20 ¼ a0  ; 4p p2 þ q
ð2c2 ðpðmy þ xÞ  1Þ þ Dpt Þ2  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi : ð40Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
p  q coth qðt x þ mx þ lyÞ
where
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
D ¼ ðc3 m þ 1Þ2  4c2 ð6a0 þ c1 m2 þ 12p2 þ 8qÞ  c3 m  1. When q > 0, the solutions are

Case-111: Family.18

a1 ¼ 4p; a2 ¼ 2; b1 ¼ 0; b2 ¼ 0; c 1 2 
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
v 35;36 ðx; y; tÞ ¼ c2 c þ c3 cm þ c þ c1 m2 þ 12p2 þ 8q
6
ðc3 m þ 1Þ  4c2 ð6a0 þ c1 m2 þ 12p2 þ 8qÞ  c3 m  1
2  
¼ : ð32Þ 4p p2 þ q
2c2  pffiffiffi pffiffiffi : ð41Þ
p þ q tan qðt x þ mx þ lyÞ
When q < 0, the solutions are Family.19

Family.11 1 2 
v 37;38 ðx; y; tÞ ¼ c2 c þ c3 cm þ c þ c1 m2 þ 12p2 þ 8q
v 21;22 ¼ a0 6
0 0 0 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  11 1
 
ðc3 m þ 1Þ  4c2 ð6a0 þ c1 m2 þ 12p2 þ 8qÞ  c3 m  1
2 4p p2 þ q
B 2B ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiB
Bpq
t
CC C  pffiffiffi pffiffiffi : ð42Þ
p  q cot qðtx þ mx þ lyÞ
 2B
@qtanh @
B
@ þ my þ xC C þ p2 C :
AA A
2c2

ð33Þ
When q ¼ 0, the solutions are
5
J. Ahmad, S. Akram, Shafqat-Ur-Rehman et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102302

Family.20 Case-1:
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1  ðc3 m þ 1Þ  4c2 ð6b0 þ c1 m2 þ 4m2 Þ  c3 m  1
v 39;40 ðx; y; tÞ ¼ c2 c2 þ c3 cm þ c þ c1 m2 þ 12p2 þ 8q
2

6 b1 ¼ 0; b2 ¼ 2m 2
x; c ¼ :
  2c2
4p p2 þ q ðt x þ mx þ lyÞ
 : ð43Þ Family.21
pðtx þ mx þ lyÞ  1
v 41;42 ¼ b0
0  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  1
mt  ðc3 mþ1Þ2 4c2 ð6b0 þc1 m2 þ4m2 Þþc3 mþ1
3.2. Application of New Kudryashov Scheme 32a m
2 2
x exp @ þ 2mðmy þ xÞA
c2

 0 0  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 12 :
After switching Eq. (16) along with Eq. (17)into Eq. (18), we gain mt  ðc3 mþ1Þ2 4c2 ð6b0 þc1 m2 þ4m2 Þþc3 mþ1
the system of equations: @x exp @ A þ 4a2 e2mðmyþxÞ A
c2

b1 c þ b1 m  6b0 b1 ¼ 0
2
ð46Þ
24b1 m2 x2 þ 72b1 b2 x ¼ 0
Case-2:
120b2 m2 x2 þ 60b2 x ¼ 0
2

b1 c2 c2 þ b1 c3 cm þ b1 c1 m2 ¼ 0 b1 ¼ 0; c
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2b1 c2 c2 x  2b1 c3 cmx  2b1 cx  2b1 c1 m2 x  20b1 m2 x  ðc3 m þ 1Þ2  4c2 ð6b0 þ c1 m2 þ 4m2 Þ  c3 m  1
ð44Þ ¼ ;x
þ12b0 b1 x  54b1 b2 ¼ 0 2c2
4b2 c2 c2 þ 4b2 c3 cm þ 4b2 c þ 4b2 c1 m2 þ 16b2 m2  12b1
2
b2
¼ :
24b0 b2 ¼ 0 2m2
6b2 c2 c2 x  6b2 c3 cmx  6b2 cx  6b2 c1 m2 x  120b2 m2 x ð47Þ
2
þ18b1 x þ 36b0 b2 x  2
48b2 ¼ 0:

Fig. 1. 3D, 2D, contour and density graphs represent singular soliton solutions of Eq. (21).

6
J. Ahmad, S. Akram, Shafqat-Ur-Rehman et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102302

Fig. 2. 3D, 2D, contour and density graphs represent periodic soliton solutions of Eq. (24).

Fig. 3. 3D, 2D, contour and density graphs represent planer soliton solutions of Eq. (25).

7
J. Ahmad, S. Akram, Shafqat-Ur-Rehman et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102302

Fig. 4. 3D, 2D, contour and density graphs represent hyperbolic solutions of Eq. (27).

Fig. 5. 3D, 2D, contour and density graphs represent singular soliton solution of Eq. (28).

8
J. Ahmad, S. Akram, Shafqat-Ur-Rehman et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102302

Fig. 6. 3D, 2D, contour and density graphs represent trigonometric soliton solutions of Eq. (29).

Fig. 7. 3D, 2D, contour and density graphs represent planer/rational soliton solution of Eq. (31).

9
J. Ahmad, S. Akram, Shafqat-Ur-Rehman et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102302

Fig. 8. 3D, 2D, contour and density graphs represent trigonometric solutions of Eq. (35).

Fig. 9. 3D, 2D, contour and density graphs represent periodic solution of Eq. (39).

10
J. Ahmad, S. Akram, Shafqat-Ur-Rehman et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102302

Fig. 10. 3D, 2D, contour and density graphs represent trigonometric of Eq. (41).

Fig. 11. 3D, 2D, contour and density graphs represent planer solution of Eq. (43).

11
J. Ahmad, S. Akram, Shafqat-Ur-Rehman et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102302

Family.22 with the previous ones. Akinyemi et al. constructed multi-

0  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  1 solitons in the form of singular, dark, periodic and rational by
mt  ðc3 mþ1Þ2 4c2 ð6b0 þc1 m2 þ4m2 Þc3 m1
64a b2 m exp
2 4 @
c2 þ 2mðmy þ xÞA applying sub-equation approach [76]. But in this study we have
v 43;44 ¼ 0 computed various solutions in the forms of dark, rational, singular,
0  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  112 þ b0 :
mt  ðc3 mþ1Þ2 4c2 ð6b0 þc1 m2 þ4m2 Þc3 m1 exponential and periodic wave solutions by manipulating two
@b2  8a2 m2 exp @ þ 2mðmy þ xÞAA
c2 mathematical methods improved F-expansion method and new
ð48Þ Kudryashov method. Several of our outcomes diverge from those
mentioned in [76] if we compare our achievements with their
Case-3 results. Even so, if we give various values to the components
b1 ¼ 0; b2 ¼ 2m2 x; m involved, we can obtain some similar outcomes. This present study
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi differs from others in that it assessed the impact that parameters of
 c2 c23  4c1 ð6b0 þ c2 c2 þ c þ 4m2 Þ  cc3 the model have on the actions of solitons, despite the fact that the
¼ : ð49Þ proposed techniques were applied for the first time on the model
2c1
under investigation and several soliton were created. This study
Family.23 focuses on the influence of model parameters on solitons behavior.
The propagation of different wave structures has been outlined in
v 45;46 ¼ b0
0  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  1 Figs. 1–12. In many different applications of applied physics, the
my  c2 c23 4c1 ð6b0 þc2 c2 þcþ4m2 Þcc3 soliton solutions of the eKP equation are highly helpful for investi-
32a m
2 2
x exp @ þ 2mðct þ xÞA
c1
gating different types of solitary waves. Beside these applications,
0 0  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  1 12 : the obtained results demonstrate other type of nonlinear incidents
my  c2 c23 4c1 ð6b0 þc2 c2 þcþ4m2 Þcc3
@4a2 exp @ þ 2mðct þ xÞA þ xA
like as non-rotating neutron stars, ultra-intense laser-plasma and
c 1
so forth. The effectiveness of the employed schemes demonstrates
ð50Þ their strength and superiority over other applied analytical proce-
dures. In order to illustrate the relationship between two or more
variables in a data set using a graph, a plot is a graphical process.
4. Results and discussion Graphical description is a crucial technique for accurately repre-
senting nonlinear events. Here, we provide some graphs in 2D,
In this section, the originality and novelty of present work is 3D, contour and density plots of the obtained solutions in Figs. 1–
demonstrated by a detailed comparison of the obtained solutions 12. Since graphs are the most effective form of communication and

Fig. 12. 3D, 2D, contour and density graphs represent exponential solution of Eq. (46).

12
J. Ahmad, S. Akram, Shafqat-Ur-Rehman et al.
clearly explain how to solve problems. Figs. (1) represent the sin-
gular solitary phenomena for q ¼ 2:1; a0 ¼ 2; c ¼ 0:2; c1 ¼ 0:2;
c2 ¼ 0:4; c3 ¼ 0:6; p ¼ 1:8. of Eq. (21). Figs. (2) represent the peri-
odic solitary phenomena for q ¼ 0:05; c ¼ 1:9; p ¼ 0:7;
c1 ¼ 3:1; c2 ¼ 3:2; c3 ¼ 3:3; a0 ¼ 1:5. of Eq. (24). Figs. (3) demon-
strate the planer solitary phenomena for q ¼ 0; c1 ¼ 2:1; c2 ¼ 2:4;
c3 ¼ 2:6; m ¼ 0:3; a0 ¼ 1; y ¼ 2; c ¼ 0:5; p ¼ 0:6. of Eq. (25).
Figs. (4) show the hyperbolic solitary phenomena for
p ¼ 1:02; m ¼ 1:2; c1 ¼ 3:11; c2 ¼ 3:6; c3 ¼ 0:9; a0 ¼ 0:5; y ¼ 1;
q ¼ 0:02. of Eq. (27). Figs. (5) represent the singular solitary phe-
nomena for p ¼ 0:6; m ¼ 0:2; c1 ¼ 0:11; c2 ¼ 0:6; c3 ¼ 0:7;
a0 ¼ 0:05; y ¼ 1; q ¼ 0:6. Eq. (28). Figs. (6) represent the
trigonometric solitary phenomena for p ¼ 0:2; m ¼ 0:6; y ¼ 2;
c1 ¼ 0:9; c2 ¼ 0:18; c3 ¼ 0:27; a0 ¼ 0:3; q ¼ 0:01. Eq. (29). Figs. (7)
represent the singular periodic solitary phenomena for
p ¼ 0:1; c1 ¼ 2:1; c2 ¼ 2:4; c3 ¼ 2:6; m ¼ 0:3; a0 ¼ 1; y ¼ 2; q ¼ 0
of Eq. (31). Figs. (9) demonstrate the periodic solitary phenomena
for q ¼ 0:7; m ¼ 0:9; q ¼ 0:5; y ¼ 1; l ¼ 0:32; m ¼ 0:87; c1 ¼ 2:2;
c2 ¼ 2:4; c3 ¼ 2:6; p ¼ 2:4; c ¼ 1:1 of Eq. (39). Figs. (10) represent
the trigonometric solution for m ¼ 0:9; q ¼ 0:5; y ¼ 1; l ¼ 1:2;
m ¼ 1:9; c1 ¼ 2:2; c2 ¼ 0:4; c3 ¼ 0:6; p ¼ 0:4; c ¼ 0:81; x ¼ 0:9
of Eq. (41). Figs. (12) show the exponential solitary behavior for
c1 ¼ 4:2; c2 ¼ 4:5; c3 ¼ 4:7; m ¼ 1:6; x ¼ 2:02; b0 ¼ 1:1; m ¼ 1:2;
a ¼ 2:1; y ¼ 1 of Eq. (46). The 2D graphs are draw for various
evaluation of parameters with t ¼ 1, or t ¼ 2. Moreover, the 3D,
contour and density plots are also plotted for the different values
of parameters. The soliton has the ability to keep its amplitude,
velocity, and form constant throughout its propagation. These
reported solutions have some physical meaning forinstance dark
soliton is a soliton whose intensity is lower than the background
and which isn’t produced by a typical pulse but rather is basically
devoid of energy in a continuous time beam. There are further
types of solitary waves called singular solitons that have singular-
ities, typically infinite discontinuities. Singular solitons might be
linked to solitary waves when the location of the center of the soli-
tary wave is imaginary. Therefore, discussing the topic of singular
solitons is relevant. This type of solution contains spikes and there-
fore may recommend a description for the development of rogue
waves. Periodic wave solution describes a wave with repeating
continuous pattern, which determines its wavelength and fre-
quency, while period defines as time required to complete cycle
of waveform and frequency is a number of cycles per second of
time. Therefore, it may be claimed that the methodologies may
be used to investigate different NLPDE in computational physics,
engineering, and applied mathematics. Each applied approach
offers a variety of solution shapes, some of which are similar and
some of which are different.
5. Conclusion
The (2 + 1) Extended Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (eKP) eqution,
which has a strong emphasis in applied sciences and engineering,
is investigated in this paper using the improved F-expansion
method and new Kudryashov method. Using these methods, we
are able to identify numerous solitary wave solutions, including
singular, exponential, trigonometric, rational and hyperbolic types.
These findings contribute to a better understanding of the nonlin-
ear model governed by this novel equation. The solitonic features
of the nonlinear wave dynamics of plasma physics are also guaran-
teed by the graphical representations of the figures, which is very
encouraging. To observe the internal structure of the solutions of
nonlinear phenomenons researchers may use and develop many
new approaches. We believe that soliton solutions obtained in this
paper should have significant applications in the field of sciences as
plasma physics and compact astronomical phenomena such as
13
Ain Shams Engineering Journal 15 (2024) 102302
non-rotating neutron stars, ultra-intense laser-plasma, also the
resulting soliton solutions secured in this study, are encouraging
and performs the community of researcher. In our future studies,
these results will be extended further. The perturbation terms
are going to be introduced and the soliton perturbation theory will
be applied. Furthermore, the stochastic perturbation terms will be
taken into consideration and the corresponding Langevin equation
will give the mean free velocity of the soliton.
Availability of data
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were
generated or analysed during the current study.
Funding
The authors declare that they have no any funding source.
Authorship contribution statement
Jamshad Ahmad: Resources, Supervision, Validation, acquisi-
tion. Sonia Akram: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - ori-
ginal draft, Formal analysis, Software. Shafqat-Ur-Rehman:
Formal analysis, Investigation, Software, Validation. Asghar Ali:
Visualization, Investigation, Writing-review, Validation, & editing.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not Applicable.
Consent for publication
Not Applicable.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
Not Applicable
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