Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107126

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rinp

The computation of Lie point symmetry generators, modulational instability,

classification of conserved quantities, and explicit power series solutions of
the coupled system
Waqas Ali Faridi a ,∗, Abdullahi Yusuf b,c,d , Ali Akgül d,e,f , Ferdous M.O. Tawfiq g , Fairouz Tchier g ,
Rawya Al-deiakeh h , Tukur A. Sulaiman b,c,d , Ahmed M. Hassan i , Wen-Xiu Ma j,k,l
a
Department of Mathematics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
b
Near East University, Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Nicosia 99138, TRNC Mersin 10, Turkey
c
Department of Mathematics, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa, Nigeria
d
Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Beirut 11022801, Lebanon
e
Department of Mathematics, Art and Science Faculty, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, Turkey
f Department of Mathematics, Mathematics Research Center, Near East University, Near East Boulevard, Mersin 10, Nicosia 99138, Turkey
g Mathematics Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
h Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC), Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
i
Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, Egypt
j
Department of Mathematics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang China
k
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5700, USA
l
School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: The well-known Chaffee–Infante reaction hierarchy is examined in this article along with its reaction–diffusion
Lie symmetry analysis coupling. It has numerous variety of applications in modern sciences, such as electromagnetic wave fields,
Power series solution approach fluid dynamics, high-energy physics, ion-acoustic waves in plasma physics, coastal engineering, and optical
Modulation instability
fibres. The physical processes of mass transfer and particle diffusion might be expressed in this way. The Lie
Conserved quantities
invariance criteria is taken into consideration while we determine the symmetry generators. The suggested
Coupled Chaffee–Infante reaction system
approach produces the six dimensional Lie algebra, where translation symmetries in space and time are
associated to mass conservation and conservation of energy respectively, the other symmetries are scaling or
dilation. Additionally, similarity reductions are performed, and the optimal system of the sub-algebra should
be quantified. There are an enormous number of exact solutions can construct for the traveling waves when
the governing system is transformed into ordinary differential equations using the similarity transformation
technique. The power series approach is also utilized for ordinary differential equations to obtain closed-
form analytical solutions for the proposed diffusive coupled system. The stability of the model under the
limitations is ensured by the modulation instability analysis. The reaction diffusion hierarchy’s conserved
vectors are calculated using multiplier methods using Lie Backlund symmetries. The acquired results are
presented graphically in 2-D and 3-D to demonstrate the wave propagation behavior.

Introduction The outstanding methods as further, exactly interpreting the intri-

The partial differential equations are organically reconnoitered
within numerous areas of science like that engineering, chemistry,
physics issues. The use of Mathematical simulation with non-linear
PDEs have been imitated captivate when studying differential equa-
tions. One of the important tools for thoroughly interrogating the
features of physical occurrences is the partial differential equation.
cate physical non-linear structure is the Schrödinger kind governing
equation, that can be crucial in the domains of optics, fiber op-
tics, telecommunication technology, and plasma technology [1–4].
Derivation of analytical solutions to Schrödinger equation is very
significant examination domain whereas the analytical solutions poses
a significant function in characterizing the tangible features for non-
linear structure along-with applied mathematics [5,6]. The analysis of

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: wa966142@gmail.com (W.A. Faridi).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2023.107126
Received 5 August 2023; Received in revised form 15 September 2023; Accepted 27 October 2023
Available online 30 October 2023
2211-3797/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
W.A. Faridi et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107126

non-linear PDEs has grown in relevance within both excess in both Table 1
Commutator table.
applied as well as pure mathematics the past ten years. The manip-
ulation of computer automation has given mathematicians access to [𝛤𝑖 , 𝛤𝑗 ] 𝛤1 𝛤2 𝛤3 𝛤4 𝛤5
new areas in the applied sciences. The non-linear systems which can be 𝛤1 0 0 0 1
− 24 𝛤3 𝛤1
broadly utilize in engineering, physics and mathematical sciences have 𝛤2 0 0 0 𝛤1 2𝛤2 + 48𝛤3
gaining popularity. This field is attracting the researchers and scientists 𝛤3 0 0 0 0 0
because a lot work is dolloping in this field. Kaur and Wazwaz [7] 𝛤4 1
𝛤 −𝛤1 0 0 −𝛤4
24 3
developed the invariant solitons and performed the painleve test for the 𝛤5 −𝛤1 −2𝛤2 − 48𝛤3 0 𝛤4 0
integrable system. Kaur and Gupta [8] investigated Kawahara equation
and modified Kawahara equation by Lie symmetry approach and de-
veloped variety of soliton solutions. Kaur and Wazwaz [9] generated
the Lie symmetry infinitesimals generators for Einstein’s vacuum field where 𝜛 ≪ 1 is very tiny Lie point group component and E𝑥 , E𝑡 , 𝛶 𝑢 ,
equation. Wazwaz and Kaur [10] applied Hirota method on Boussinesq and 𝛶 𝑣 are the Lie infinitesimals of the transformations that must be
equations to construct the real and complex soliton solutions and also found for independent and dependent variables, respectively.
examined the integrability of the model. The symmetry generator associated to the Lie algebra of Eq. (1) has
Analytical solutions are the premier choice for establishing quantifi- the formation,
able forecasts [11]. Reliability and reliability of the analytical outcomes
𝛤 = E𝑥 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕𝑥 + E𝑡 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕𝑡 + 𝛶 𝑢 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕𝑢 + 𝛶 𝑣 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕𝑣.
these are main source. That appears fore improve validity of the
quantifiable evaluations that have been developed. In mathematical (3)
sciences, making quantitative predictions is a crucial activity that is
The symmetries within Eq. (1) are generated by the vector field (3).
typically carried out via resolving differential equations. The action of
Eq. (1)’s invariance condition changes through 𝛤 from being,
operating structure in the physics, biology and chemistry is explained
using differential equations. These equations need to be solved to P𝑟2 𝛤 (𝛥) = 0, (4)
get numerical predictions that are quantitative. These are one or the
when 𝛥 is zero. Where P𝑟2 is second prolongation of 𝛤 it would be
other resolved numerically as well as analytically, [12]. Analytical
represented as,
approaches can be used to explain outcomes as functions of variables
when it is possible to provide it. Then, quantitative forecasts are 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
P𝑟2 𝛤 = 𝛤 + 𝛶 𝑢,𝑡 + 𝛶 𝑢,𝑥𝑥 + 𝛶 𝑣,𝑡 + 𝛶 𝑣,𝑥𝑥 , (5)
generated employing these analytical findings. 𝜕𝑢𝑡 𝜕𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑡 𝜕𝑣𝑥𝑥
with the coefficients
𝑢𝑡 = 12𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 24(𝑢 − 𝑢2 𝑣), ( )
2
(1) ∑2 ∑
2
𝑣𝑡 = −12𝑣𝑥𝑥 − 24(𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑢). 𝛶 𝑖 = 𝐷𝑖 𝛶 − E 𝑢𝛼 + E 𝑢𝛼𝑖, ,
We are not aware of a single, standard methodology which can be  =1  =1
( )
maneuvered to find the analytical results to all stiff non-linear partial ∑
2 ∑
2
𝛶 𝑖 = 𝐷𝑖 𝛶− E 𝑣𝛼 + E 𝑣𝛼𝑖, ,
differential equations in the current decade. Therefore, more efficient
 =1  =1
methods are always needed to identify the exact outcome of similar
questions. Such methodologies have so deserving of desire. where (𝑗1 ...𝑗𝑠 ), 1 ≤ 𝑗𝑠 ≤ 2, 1 ≤ 𝑠 ≤ 2. By concerning the 2nd prolongation
(5) onto Eq. (1), then recapture the collection of determined equations.
There are so many techniques has been substantiated to perceive
That obtained model of determined partial differential equation can be
the analytical solutions for non-linear partial differential equations
elucidated by implementing the computer algebra program Maple as
similar that, Kudryashov methodology [13,14], sine-Gordon expansion
well as secured necessary infinitesimal generators whenever,
methodology [15,16], bilinear neural network methodology [17,18],
extended simple equation methodology [19], F-expansion methodol- E𝑥 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑥𝐶1 + 𝑡𝐶2 + 𝐶3 ,
′
ogy [20,21], unified auxiliary equation methodology [22,23], 𝐺𝐺 − E𝑡 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣) = 2𝐶1 𝑡 + 𝐶4 ,
expansion approach [24], Hirota bilinear methodology [25], the gen-
1 (6)
eralized exponential function methodology [26], and numerous fur- 𝛶𝑢 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑢(1152𝑡𝐶1 − 𝐶2 𝑥 + 24𝐶5 ),
24
thers [27–31]. 1
𝛶𝑣 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣) = − 𝑣(1152𝑡𝐶1 − 𝐶2 𝑥 + 48𝐶1 + 24𝐶5 ),
In this study, the lie symmetry analysis performed and infinitesimals 24
generators developed. The power series solution constructed. But, there where the arbitrary constants are 𝐶𝑗 , (𝑗 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). The following
are numerous kinds of analytical exact solutions are still mystery vector fields produce the algebra of Lie point symmetries,
for this system. There are many physical aspects and solutions are
𝛤 1 = 𝜕𝑥 ,
not developed, such as rogue waves, breathers, solitons interactions,
bifurcation analysis, sensitivity and chaos analysis. 𝛤 2 = 𝜕𝑡 ,
𝛤3 = 𝑢𝜕𝑢 − 𝑣𝜕𝑣 , (7)
Lie infinitesimals algebra 1 1
𝛤4 = − 𝑢𝑥𝜕𝑢 + 𝑣𝑥𝜕𝑣 + 𝑡𝜕𝑥 ,
24 24
Now, we examine Lie symmetry generators of CSGE for the reason 𝛤5 = 48𝑡𝑢𝜕𝑢 + 2𝑡𝜕𝑡 + 𝑥𝜕𝑥 − (48𝑡𝑣 + 2𝑣)𝜕𝑣 .
of constructing the Cls. While, for our suitability, we have to expand an commutator Table
Let us assume Lie point group of the infinitesimal transformations 1 via accepting inputs on now [𝛤𝑖 , 𝛤𝑗 ] = 𝛤𝑖 .𝛤𝑗 − 𝛤 𝑗. 𝛤 𝑖 for Eqs. (1).
with one parameter acting on the 𝑥, 𝑡 independent as well as 𝑢, 𝑣
dependent factors related to Eq. (1) are as follows, Lie symmetry group
∗ 2 𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑂(𝜛 ) + 𝜛E (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣) + 𝑥,
Clearly, the infinite-dimensional Lie point algebra can be comprised
𝑡∗ = 𝑂(𝜛 2 ) + 𝜛E𝑡 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣) + 𝑡,
(2) for infinitesimal vector generators 𝛤𝑖 , 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 5 (7) evolves some
𝑢∗ = 𝑂(𝜛 2 ) + 𝜛𝛶 𝑢 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣) + 𝑢, infinite continuous group with conversions of Eqs. (1). There is linear
𝑣∗ = 𝑂(𝜛 2 ) + 𝜛𝛶 𝑣 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣) + 𝑣, independence among the infinitesimal generators. However, one would

2
W.A. Faridi et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107126

be represent some infinitesimal symmetry generators of (7) as a linear is frequently used in the field of differential equations and symmetry
combination of 𝛤𝑖 properly, such that, analysis, particularly when looking for exact solutions to differential
equations. It could be observed through Table 1 while, the generated
 = B1 𝛤1 + B2 𝛤2 + B3 𝛤3 + B4 𝛤4 + B5 𝛤5 (8)
vector fields 𝛤1 , 𝛤2 , along with 𝛤3 , applies for an abelian algebra’s
The theory of Lie analysis can be stand on the examination of there configuration. So, it could be represented these vector fields like that,
invariance about one parameter sub-group of point transformations
with infinitesimal generators interpreted as vector fields. In order to 1 = ⟨𝛤1 ⟩,
acquire analytical outcomes of (1), to find Lie symmetry groups, we
should employ related symmetry algebras. In order to secure the Lie 2 = ⟨𝛤2 ⟩,
symmetry groups, the first several issues listed below must be resolved,
𝑑 𝑥̃
= E𝑥 (𝑡̃, 𝑥,
̃ 𝑢,̃ 𝑣),
̃ 3 = ⟨𝛤1 + 𝑏2 𝛤2 ⟩,
𝑑𝜛
𝑥̃ ∣𝜛=0 = 𝑥.
𝑑 𝑡̃ 4 = ⟨𝛤1 + 𝑏2 𝛤2 + 𝑏3 𝛤3 ⟩.
= E𝑡 (𝑡̃, 𝑥,
̃ 𝑢,̃ 𝑣),
̃
𝑑𝜛
𝑡̃ ∣𝜛=0 = 𝑡. 𝜕
1 = ⟨𝛤1 ⟩ = 𝜕𝑥
𝑑 𝑢̃
= 𝛶 𝑢 (𝑡̃, 𝑥,
̃ 𝑢,̃ 𝑣),
̃ Here, the corresponding Lagrange equation is,
𝑑𝜛
𝑢̃ ∣𝜛=0 = 𝑢. 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= = = ,
𝑑 𝑣̃ 1 0 0 0
= 𝛶 𝑣 (𝑡̃, 𝑥,
̃ 𝑢,̃ 𝑣),
̃ 𝜑 = 𝑡, 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) =  (𝜑), (9)
𝑑𝜛
𝑣̃ ∣𝜛=0 = 𝑣. 𝜑 = 𝑡, 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝜑).
Now, 𝜛 is a discretionary real parameter. So, Lie symmetry group Using an Eq. (9) with the partial differential equation (1). So, we
transformations could be obtained as, obtained a ordinary differential model while,
𝑖 ∶ (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣) ⟶ (𝑡̃, 𝑥,
̃ 𝑢,
̃ 𝑣).
̃  ′ (𝜑) = 24( −  2 ),
(10)
The group transformations acquire comparability with upper symmetry  ′ (𝜑) = −24( −  2  ).
algebra, However, in this scenario, the only similarity variable is the temporal
Category 1: Here, if we choose symmetry point algebra 𝛤1 = 𝜕𝑥 , as component t. As a result, we can determine the solutions to Eq. (10) in
well it is a symmetry group transform, terms of variable t, which may not actually correspond to occurrences
1 ∶ (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣) ⟶ (𝑡, 𝑥 + 𝜛, 𝑢, 𝑣). that are interesting from a physical perspective. So, we will not go into
depth here.
Category 2: Here, if we choose the symmetry algebra 𝛤2 = 𝜕𝑡 , as well
it is a symmetry group transform,
𝜕
2 = ⟨𝛤1 ⟩ = 𝜕𝑡
2 ∶ (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣) ⟶ (𝑡 + 𝜛, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣). Here, the corresponding Lagrange equation is,
Category 3: Here, if we choose the symmetry algebra 𝛤3 = 𝑢𝜕𝑢 − 𝑣𝜕𝑣 , 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= = = ,
as well it is a symmetry group transform, 0 1 0 0
𝜑 = 𝑥, 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) =  (𝜑), (11)
3 ∶ (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣) ⟶ (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢𝑒𝜛 , 𝑣 𝑒−𝜛 ).
𝜑 = 𝑥, 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝜑).
1
Category 4: Here, if we choose the symmetry algebra 𝛤4 = − 24 𝑢𝑥𝜕𝑢 +
1 Using an Eq. (11) with the partial differential equation (1). So, we
24
𝑣𝑥𝜕𝑣 + 𝑡𝜕𝑥 , then it is a symmetry group transform,
obtained a ordinary differential model while,
1 1
4 ∶ (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣) ⟶ (𝑥 + 𝑡𝜛, 𝑡, 𝑢𝑒− 24 𝑥𝜛 , 𝑣𝑒 24 𝑥𝜛 ).  ′′ (𝜑) + 24( −  2 ) = 0,
(12)
Category 5: Here, if we choose the symmetry algebra 𝛤5 = 48𝑡𝑢𝜕𝑢 +  ′′ (𝜑) + 24( −  2  ) = 0.
2𝑡𝜕𝑡 + 𝑥𝜕𝑥 − (48𝑡𝑣 + 2𝑣)𝜕𝑣 , as well it is a symmetry group transform,
However, in this scenario, the only similarity variable is the spatio
5 ∶ (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣) ⟶ (𝑥𝑒𝜛 , 𝑡𝑒2𝜛 , 𝑢𝑒48𝑡𝜛 , 𝑣𝑒−(48𝑡+2)𝜛 ). component x. As a result, we can determine the solutions to Eq. (12) in
terms of variable x, which may not actually correspond to occurrences
A linear combination of generators can create there are many
that are interesting from a physical perspective. So, we will not go into
subalgebras in this Lie algebra. 𝛤1 , 𝛤2 , 𝛤3 , 𝛤4 , and 𝛤5 . Moreover similar
depth here.
transformation can be associated with two subalgebras’ invariant solu-
tions if there are analogous, that is, there have been similar conjugate
𝜕 𝜕
within the symmetry group. As a result, placing all similar subalgebras 3 = ⟨𝛤1 + 𝑎2 𝛤2 ⟩ = 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝜕𝑡
in one class and electing a illustrative for several class is adequate. The Here, the corresponding Lagrange equation is,
combination of all their illustrative constitutes an optimal structure. 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= = = ,
1 𝑎2 0 0
Optimal system and similarity reduction to system (1) (13)
𝜑 = 𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡, 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) =  (𝜑),
Optimal system 𝜑 = 𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡, 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝜑).
Using an Eq. (13) with the partial differential equation (1). So, we
An optimal system of Lie point symmetries, also known as a ‘‘op- acquire a ordinary differential model while,
timal symmetry group’’, is a collection of symmetries that provides
the most concise and complete description of the invariance properties  ′ (𝜑) = −12𝑎2  ′′ (𝜑) − 24( (𝜑) −  2 (𝜑)(𝜑)),
(14)
of a particular system of differential equations. It is a concept that  ′ (𝜑) = 12𝑎2  ′′ (𝜑) + 24((𝜑) −  2 (𝜑) (𝜑)).

3
W.A. Faridi et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107126

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
4 = ⟨𝛤1 + 𝑎2 𝛤2 + 𝑎3 𝛤3 ⟩ = 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝜕𝑡 + 𝑎3 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 − 𝑎3 𝑣 𝜕𝑣
Here, the corresponding Lagrange equation is,
( )2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 ∑
∞
∑
∞
= = = , + 864 𝑏K+1 𝜑K K 𝑏K+2 𝜑K (K + 1) (K + 2) 𝑎2 2
1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑢 −𝑎3 𝑣 K=0 K=0
𝜑 = 𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡, 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) =  (𝜑) + 𝑒𝑎3 𝑥 , (15) ( )2
∑
∞
∑
∞
−𝑎3 𝑥 + 576 𝑏K 𝜑K 𝑏K+1 𝜑K K
𝜑 = 𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡, 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝜑) + 𝑒 . 𝑎2
K=0 K=0
Using an Eq. (15) to the partial differential equation (1). So, we acquire
a ordinary differential model while, ∑
∞
∑
∞
∑
∞
− 72 𝑏K 𝜑K 𝑏K+1 𝜑K 𝑛 𝑏K+2 𝜑K (K + 1) (K + 2) 𝑎2
 ′ (𝜑) = −12𝑎22  ′′ (𝜑) − 12𝑎23 𝑒𝑎3 𝑥 − 24( (𝜑) + 𝑒𝑎3 𝑥 K=0 K=0 K=0
(K )
− ( (𝜑) + 𝑒𝑎3 𝑥 )2 (𝜑)), ∑
∞
∑
(16) + 144 𝑏K 𝑏K−𝑘 𝜑K
 ′ (𝜑) = 12𝑎22  ′′ (𝜑) + 12𝑎23 𝑒−𝑎3 𝑥 + 24((𝜑) + 𝑒−𝑎3 𝑥 K=0 𝑘=0

−𝑎3 𝑥 2 ( )3
− ((𝜑) + 𝑒 )  (𝜑)). ∑∞
∑
∞
× 𝑏K+4 𝜑K (K + 3) (K + 2) (K + 1) (K + 4) 𝑎2 2 + 72 𝑏K+1 𝜑K K 𝑎2
Analytical solution of the system K=0 K=0
( )2
∑
∞
∑
∞
The developed infinitesimals Lie symmetry points are executed to + 𝑏K 𝜑K 𝑏K+1 𝜑K K
construct the next traveling wave variables and applied on the consid- K=0 K=0

ered system of equations (1) to obtain ordinary differential equations. (K )

∑ ∑
∞
∑
∞
To find nonlinear propagating wave profiles of a system (1), we are − 576 𝑏K 𝑏K−𝑘 𝜑K 𝑏K+2 𝜑K (K + 1) (K + 2) 𝑎2
considering the ordinary system (14) and applying the power series K=0 𝑘=0 K=0
(K )
solution approach. ∑
∞
∑ ∑
∞
− 𝑏K 𝑏K−𝑘 𝜑K 𝑏K+2 𝜑K (K + 1) (K + 2) = 0.
K=0 𝑘=0 K=0
Series solutions of the system (14)
(22)
We get the following equation from the first equation of system (14),
We acquire that value for 𝑏4 through (22) while differentiate the
 ′ (𝜑) + 12 𝑎2  ′′ (𝜑) + 24  (𝜑) coefficients of 𝑛 = 0.
(𝜑) = (17) ( )
24 ( (𝜑))2 𝑏2 864 𝑎2 2 𝑏2 + 576 𝑎2 𝑏0 + 𝑏0
Eq. (17) can be inserted into the second equation of model (14) and 𝑏4 = , (23)
1728 𝑎2 2 𝑏0
acquire the following unique ordinary differential equation,
similarly, we have for K ≥ 1,
144𝑎22  2  ′′′′ − 576𝑎22   ′  ′′′ − 432𝑎22  ( ′′ )2
+ 864𝑎22 ( ′ )2  ′′ − 576𝑎2  2  ′′ (18) 1
𝑏K+4 = − ∑∞ (∑ ) ×
+ 576𝑎2  ( ′ )2 − 72𝑎2   ′  ′′ + 72𝑎2 ( ′ )3 2 ′′
−   +  ( ) = 0′ 2
144 K=0
K
𝑘=0 𝑏K 𝑏K−𝑘 𝜑K (K + 3) (K + 2) (K + 1) (K + 4) 𝑎22
(
Suppose that series outcome of Eq. (18) is following in the sense of ∑
∞
∑
∞

power series, −576 𝑎2 2 𝑏K 𝜑K 𝑏K+1 𝜑K K 𝑏K+3 (K + 2) (K + 1) (K + 3) − 432 𝑎2 2 𝑏K

K=0 K=0
∑
∞ ( )2
 (𝜑) = 𝑏K 𝜑K , (19) ∑
∞
K
𝑏K+2 𝜑 (K + 1) (K + 2)
K=0 K=0
thus we have, ( )2
∑
∞
K
∑
∞ + 864 𝑏K+1 𝜑 K 𝑏K+2 (K + 1) (K + 2) 𝑎2 2
 ′ (𝜑) = K𝑏K+1 𝜑K , K=0
( )2
K=0 ∑
∞
K
∑
∞ + 576 𝑏K 𝑏K+1 𝜑 K 𝑎2
 ′′ (𝜑) = (K + 1) (K + 2) 𝑏K+2 𝜑K , K=0

K=0 ∑
∞
∑∞
(20) − 72 𝑏K 𝜑K 𝑏K+1 𝜑K K𝑏K+2 (K + 1) (K + 2) 𝑎2 +
∑
∞
′′′ K K=0 K=0
 (𝜑) = (K + 2) (K + 1) (K + 3) 𝑏K+3 𝜑 , ( )2 ( )2
K=0 ∑
∞
∑
∞
K K
∑
∞ 72 𝑏K+1 K 𝑏K+1 𝜑 K 𝑎2 + 𝑏 K 𝜑 𝑏K+1 𝜑 K
 ′′′′ (𝜑) = (K + 3) (K + 2) (K + 1) (K + 4) 𝑏K+4 𝜑K , (K
K=0
)
K=0

K=0 ∑
∞
∑
− 576 𝑏𝑘 𝑏K−𝑘 𝜑K
and K=0 𝑘=0
( ) (K ) )
∑
∞ ∑
K
∑
∞
∑
 2 (𝜑) = 𝑏K 𝑏K−𝑘 𝜑K (21) 𝑏K+2 (K + 1) (K + 2) 𝑎2 − 𝑏K 𝑏K−𝑘 𝜑K 𝑏K+2 (K + 1) (K + 2) .
K=0 𝑘=0 K=0 𝑘=0

The values (19), (20) and (21) are plugging into Eq. (18), and get, (24)
∑
∞ ∑
∞
− 576 𝑎2 2 𝑏K 𝜑 K 𝑏K+1 𝜑K K Now, the constants 𝑏0 , 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , and 𝑏3 could be random. The one of kind
K=0 K=0 strategy is that the unlike kinds for sequence {𝑏𝑛 }∞ K=0 could be solved
∑
∞ ∑
∞
consecutively from Eq. (24). So, power series solution of the Eq. (18)
× 𝑏K+3 𝜑K (K + 2) (K + 1) (K + 3) − 432 𝑎2 2 𝑏K 𝜑K
would demonstrated while,
K=0 K=0
( )2
∑
∞
∑
∞
𝑏K+2 𝜑K (K + 1) (K + 2)  (𝜑) = 𝑏0 + 𝑏1 𝜑 + 𝑏2 𝜑2 + 𝑏3 𝜑3 + 𝑏4 𝜑4 + 𝑏K+4 𝜑K+4 . (25)
K=0 𝑛=1

4
W.A. Faridi et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107126

1
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) = ( ∑ ) ×
K+4 2
24 𝑏0 + 𝑏1 (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡) + 𝑏2 (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡) + 𝑏3 (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡)3 + 𝑏4 (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡)4 + ∞
2
K=1 𝑏K+4 (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡)
( ( )
2 3 4
∑∞
K+4
24 𝑏0 + 𝑏1 (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡) + 𝑏2 (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡) + 𝑏3 (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡) + 𝑏4 (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡) + 𝑏K+4 (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡) +
K=1
(27)
∑
∞
𝑏1 + 2 𝑏2 (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡) + 3 𝑏3 (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡)2 + 4 𝑏4 (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡)3 + 𝑏K+4 (K + 4) (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡)K+3 +
K=1
( ))
2
∑
∞
( )
12 𝑎2 2 𝑏2 + 6 𝑏3 (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡) + 12 𝑏4 (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡) + 𝑏K+4 (K + 4)2 − (K + 4) (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡)K+2 .
K=1

Box I.

The values of 𝑎4 and 𝑎K+4 are inserting into Eq. (25),

( )2 (K )
( ( )) ∑
∞
∑
∞
∑
2 3
𝑏2 864 𝑎2 2 𝑏2 + 576 𝑎2 𝑏0 + 𝑏0 4 + |𝑏K | |𝑏K+1 | − |𝑏𝑘 ||𝑏K−𝑘 |
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑏0 + 𝑏1 𝜑 + 𝑏2 𝜑 + 𝑏3 𝜑 + 𝜑 +
1728 𝑎2 2 𝑏0 K=0
(K
K=0
)
𝑘=0
(28)
( )
∑∞ ∑
∞
∑
1 |𝑏K+2 | − |𝑏K ||𝑏K−𝑘 | |𝑏K+2 | .
− ∑∞ (∑ ) ×
K K=0 𝑘=0
K=1 144 K=0 𝑘=0 𝑏K 𝑏K−𝑘 𝜑K (K + 3) (K + 2) (K + 1) (K + 4) 𝑎2 2
( where
∑
∞
∑
∞
[ ]
−576 𝑎2 2 𝑏K 𝜑K 𝑏K+1 𝜑K K𝑏K+3 (K + 2) (K + 1) (K + 3) 144 108 116 144 18
K=0 K=0 𝑀 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , , , ,
( )2 11 11 11 11𝑎2 11𝑎2
∑
∞
∑
2 K
− 432 𝑎2 𝑏K 𝑏K+2 𝜑 (K + 1) (K + 2) for K ≥ 4, 𝑏K = K−4 𝑖=0 𝑏𝑖+1 𝑏K−𝑖−2 .
K=0 ∑
( )2 Now define a new power series A(𝛽) = ∞ K=0 𝑎K 𝛽
K and suppose
∑
∞
𝑎𝑗 = |𝑏𝑗 | for 𝑗 = 0, 1, 2, …, then we have,
+ 864 𝑏K+1 𝜑K K 𝑏K+2 (K + 1) (K + 2) 𝑎2 2
K=0 𝑀
( )2 𝑎K+4 = − ∑ (∑ )
∑
∞ ∞ K
+ 576 𝑏K 𝑏K+1 𝜑K K 𝑎2 − K=0 𝑘=0 𝑎K 𝑎K−𝑘 |
K=0 ( ( )2 ( )2
∑
∞ ∑
∞ ∑
∞ ∑
∞
∑
∞
∑
∞
× − 𝑎K 𝑎K+1 𝑎K+3 | − 𝑎K 𝑎K+2 + 𝑎K+1 𝑎K+2
K
72 𝑏K 𝜑 𝑏K+1 𝜑𝑛 K𝑏K+2 (K + 1) (K + 2) 𝑎2
K=0 K=0 K=0 K=0
K=0
(
K=0
)2 ( )2
∑
∞ ∑
∞ ∑
∞ ∑
∞

+ 72 𝑏K+1 K 𝑏K+1 𝜑K K 𝑎2 + + 𝑎K 𝑎K+1 − 𝑎K 𝑎K+1 𝑎K+2 (29)

K=0 K=0 K=0 K=0
( )2 (K ) ( )2 ( )2 ( )
∑
∞
∑
∞
∑ ∑
∞ ∑
∞ ∑
∞ ∑
K
𝑏K 𝜑 𝑏K+1 𝜑K 𝑛 − 576 𝑏𝑘 𝑏K−𝑘 𝜑K 𝑏K+2 (K + 1) (K + 2) 𝑎2 − + 𝑎K|+1 𝑎K+1 + 𝑎K 𝑎K+1 − 𝑎𝑘 𝑎K−𝑘
K=0 K=0 𝑘=0 K=0 K=0 K=0 𝑘=0
(K ) )) ( ) )
∑
∞
∑ ∑
∞ ∑
K
K K+4
𝑏K 𝑏K−𝑘 𝜑 𝑏K+2 (K + 1) (K + 2) 𝜑 , 𝑎K+2 − 𝑎K 𝑎K−𝑘 𝑎K+2 .
K=0 𝑘=0 K=0 𝑘=0
(26) ∑∞
It can be noticed that |𝑏𝑗 | ≤ 𝑎𝑗 thus, 𝜑 = A(𝛽) = K=0 𝑎K 𝛽
K is a

where 𝜑 = 𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑡 (see Figs. 1 and 2). majorant series. Thus, we need to prove that it has positive radius of
convergence and rewrite the series as,
Since, by reference of Eq. (17), one could be shown the solution for
𝑣 while, (see Box I) ∑
∞
𝑎K 𝛽 K = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝛽 + 𝑎2 𝛽 2 + 𝑎3 𝛽 3 + (𝜑 − 𝑎0 )(𝜑 − 𝑎0 − 𝑎1 𝛽)𝛽. (30)
K=0

Then we consider the implicit function with respect to the independent

Convergence analysis of the power series solution
variable 𝛽,

𝜆(𝛽, 𝜑) = 𝜑𝑎0 − 𝑎1 𝛽 − 𝑎2 𝛽 2 − 𝑎3 𝛽 3 − (𝜑 − 𝑎0 )(𝜑 − 𝑎0 − 𝑎1 𝛽)𝛽. (31)

In this section, we will prove the convergence of the power series
solution (19) for Eq. (18). It is easy to verify that 𝜆(𝛽, 𝜑) is analytic in the neighborhood of (0, 𝑎0 ),
𝑀 where 𝜆(0, 𝑎0 ) = 0 and 𝜆′𝜑 (0, 𝑎0 ) = 1 ≠ 0. Based on implicit function
𝑏K+4 = − ∑ (∑ ) theorem, we find that 𝜑 is analytic and convergent in the neighborhood
∞ K
K=0 𝑘=0 |𝑏K ||𝑏K−𝑘 |
of the point (0, 𝑎0 ). Therefore, the power series solution is convergent
( ( )2
∑
∞
∑
∞
∑
∞
by the method of majorants.
× − |𝑏K | |𝑏K+1 ||𝑏K+3 | − |𝑏K | |𝑏K+2 |
K=0 K=0 K=0
( )2 Modulation instability assessment
∑
∞
+ |𝑏K+1 | |𝑏K+2 |
K=0
( )2 ( )2 In this portion, the aim is to generate the modulation instability
∑
∞
∑
∞
∑
∞
∑
∞
(MI) gain of steady-state solution of the governing structure (1) through
+ |𝑏K | |𝑏K+1 | − |𝑏K | |𝑏K+1 ||𝑏K+2 | + |𝑏K|+1 |𝑏K+1 |
K=0 K=0 K=0 K=0
the virtue of the linear stability analysis. The MI can consist of the

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W.A. Faridi et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107126

Fig. 1. This figure is presenting the behavior of solution (26).

exponential growth of the small-scale perturbations in the stage of where, 0 and 0 are the initial incidence power (real constant-
optical waves or the amplitude. That is essential to examine into amplitudes). Moreover, that outcomes (32) are changing into stationary
non-linear wave physics. perturbed outcomes while,
Let us suppose that steady-state solution in order to achieve stability 𝑢 = 0 + 𝜎 𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑡) , and 𝑣 = 0 + 𝜎 E (𝑥, 𝑡) , (33)
analysis,
here 𝜑 along-with E are real functions of 𝑥, 𝑡 as well as the perturbation
𝑢 = 0 , and 𝑣 = 0 , (32) coefficient parameter is 𝜎 ≪ 1. These disturbance equations have been

6
W.A. Faridi et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107126

Fig. 2. This figure is presenting the behavior of solution (27). .

generated, the perturbed stationary solutions into the PDE system (1), These disturbance equations (34) could have been expressed likewise
( )2 ( ) after linearization,
24 𝐴0 + 𝜎𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝐵0 + 𝜎E (𝑥, 𝑡) − 24𝐴0
24𝐴20 𝐵0 + 24𝐴20 𝜎E (𝑥, 𝑡) + 48𝐴0 𝐵0 𝜎𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑡) − 24𝐴0
𝜕 𝜕2
− 24𝜎𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝜎 𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑡) − 12𝜎 𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 0. 𝜕 𝜕2
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥2 (34) − 24𝜎𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝜎 𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑡) − 12𝜎 𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 0.
( )( )2 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥2
− 24 𝐴0 + 𝜎𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝐵0 + 𝜎E (𝑥, 𝑡) + 24 𝐵0 (35)
− 24𝐴0 𝐵02 − 24𝐵02 𝜎𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑡) − 48𝐴0 𝐵0 𝜎E (𝑥, 𝑡)
𝜕 𝜕2
+ 24 𝜎E (𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝜎 E (𝑥, 𝑡) + 12 𝜎 E (𝑥, 𝑡) = 0. 𝜕 𝜕2
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥2 + 24 𝐵0 + 24 𝜎E (𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝜎 E (𝑥, 𝑡) + 12 𝜎 E (𝑥, 𝑡) = 0.
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥2
7
W.A. Faridi et al.
⎛48𝐴0 𝐵0 𝜎 − 24𝜎 − 𝑖𝜎 + 12𝜅 2 𝜎 0 24𝐴20 𝜎
⎜ −24𝐴20 𝜎 0 −48𝐴0 𝐵0 𝜎 − 24𝜎 + 𝑖𝜎 + 12𝜅 2 𝜎
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 48𝐴0 𝐵0 𝜎 + 24𝜎 − 𝑖𝜎 − 12𝜅 2 𝜎
⎜ 0 24𝐵02 𝜎
⎝
Box II.
At this time, we would be present a 𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑡) along-with E (𝑥, 𝑡), which
includes,
𝜑 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 1 exp𝑖 (𝜅 𝑥−𝑡) +1 exp−𝑖 (𝑥−𝑡) ,
(36)
E (𝑥, 𝑡) = 2 exp𝑖 (𝜅 𝑥−𝑡) +2 exp−𝑖 (𝜅 𝑥−𝑡) .
In order to create a structure of homogeneous equations, the functions
(36) must be substituted within (35),
24𝐴20 𝜎2 + 48𝐴0 𝐵0 𝜎1 − 24 𝜎 1 − 𝑖𝜎 1  + 12 𝜅 2 𝜎 1 = 0,
− 24𝐵02 𝜎1 − 48𝐴0 𝐵0 𝜎2 − 24 𝜎 2 + 𝑖𝜎 2  + 12 𝜅 2 𝜎 2 = 0,
(37)
24𝐴20 𝜎2 + 48𝐴0 𝐵0 𝜎1 + 24 𝜎 1 − 𝑖𝜎 1  − 12 𝜅 2 𝜎 1 = 0,
− 24𝐵02 𝜎1 − 48𝐴0 𝐵0 𝜎2 + 24 𝜎 2 + 𝑖𝜎 2  − 12 𝜅 2 𝜎 2 = 0.
The following, 1 , 1 , 2 , and 2 , is a possible way to write the
coefficient matrix of the system (37), (see Box II) This coefficient matrix
(38) has the non-trivial answers, whenever determinant disappears. The
dispersion relation developed through enlarging the coefficient matrix’s
determinant,
4 4 4 3 3 4 2 2 4 4
−  𝜄 𝜎 + 96  𝜄 𝜎 𝐴0 𝐵0 + 288  𝜄 𝜅 𝜎
− 1152  2 𝜄2 𝜅 2 𝜎 4 𝐴0 𝐵0 + 576  2 𝜄2 𝜎 4 𝐴0 4 −
576  2 𝜄2 𝜎 4 𝐴0 2 𝐵0 2 − 13824 𝑊 𝜄 𝜅 4 𝜎 4 𝐴0 𝐵0
+ 110592 𝑊 𝜄 𝜅 2 𝜎 4 𝐴0 2 𝐵0 2 − 165888 𝑊 𝜄 𝜎 4 𝐴0 3 𝐵0 3 −
8 4 6 4 4 4 4 + 𝐶1 𝑢 + 𝐶2 𝑢𝑥 − 𝐶3 𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 𝐶5 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 ,
20736 𝜅 𝜎 + 165888 𝜅 𝜎 𝐴0 𝐵0 − 82944 𝜅 𝜎 𝐴0
+ 82944 𝜅 4 𝜎 4 𝐴0 2 𝐵0 2 + 663552 𝜅 2 𝜎 4 𝐴0 5 𝐵0 −
2654208 𝜅 2 𝜎 4 𝐴0 3 𝐵0 3 − 995328 𝜎 4 𝐴0 6 𝐵0 2 + 3981312 𝜎 4 𝐴0 4 𝐵0 4
(39)
− 1152  2 𝜄2 𝜅 2 𝜎 4 + 2304  2 𝜄2 𝜎 4 𝐴0 𝐵0
+ 55296 𝑊 𝜄 𝜅 2 𝜎 4 𝐴0 𝐵0 − 221184 𝑊 𝜄 𝜎 4 𝐴0 2 𝐵0 2 + 165888 𝜅 6 𝜎 4
4 4 2 4 4
− 995328 𝜅 𝜎 𝐴0 𝐵0 + 331776 𝜅 𝜎 𝐴0
− 331776 𝜅 2 𝜎 4 𝐴0 2 𝐵0 2 − 1327104 𝜎 4 𝐴0 5 𝐵0 + 5308416 𝜎 4 𝐴0 3 𝐵0 3
+ 1152  2 𝜄2 𝜎 4 − 55296 𝑊 𝜄 𝜎 4 𝐴0 𝐵0
− 497664 𝜅 4 𝜎 4 + 1990656 𝜅 2 𝜎 4 𝐴0 𝐵0 − 331776 𝜎 4 𝐴0 4 +
331776 𝜎 4 𝐴0 2 𝐵0 2 + 663552 𝜅 2 𝜎 4 − 1327104 𝜎 4 𝐴0 𝐵0 − 331776 𝜎 4 = 0
It can be seen that the linked nonlinear system is modulational suitable
in each wavenumber 𝜅 if and only if the four roots  of (39) are all
positive real values. However, obtaining the roots of (39) is It is not
that easy, we must use the existing efficient analytical formulations and
related requirements for fourth-order polynomial roots. The solution of
the dispersion relation (39) is acquired,
( √ ) fundamental concept in modern physics. Emmy Noether established
 = ±𝑖 48 𝐴0 𝐵0 + 12 𝜅 4 + 4 𝐴0 4 − 4 𝜅 2 + 4 . (40)
So, it could be think about this, linked network modulation instability
(1) materializes when either,
√
𝜅 4 + 4 𝐴0 4 − 4 𝜅 2 + 4 < 0.
Modulation instability is a phenomenon that occurs in certain wave
systems, such as optical or water waves, where a continuous wave (CW)
or monochromatic wave evolves into a more complex waveform due
to small perturbations. In this study, modulational instability analysis
is particularly important because it allows for the generation of new
frequency components by amplifying perturbations in laser beams.
This property has a wide range of applications, including telecommu-
nications, spectroscopy, and the creation of supercontinuum sources.
8
Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107126
0 ⎞
0 ⎟
(38)
0 2
24𝐴0 𝜎 ⎟
0 48𝐴0 𝐵0 𝜎 + 24𝜎 + 𝑖𝜎 − 12 𝜅 2 𝜎 ⎟⎠
The considered model also have application in fluid dynamics. Thus,
Modulational instability analysis is critical in fluid dynamics for under-
standing the formation of rogue waves in the ocean. These are large,
dangerous waves that can appear seemingly out of nowhere. Predicting
when and where rogue waves will occur can have serious consequences
for maritime safety.
Lie backlund
It is possible to consider the Lie-Backlund transformation group to
be a tangent transformation group. It is intended to be an analog of
the one-parameter group of continuous symmetry transformations. The
vector field form may be utilized to develop the governing equation’s
Lie-Backlund symmetry generator,
𝑄 = 𝛶 𝜒 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥 , 𝑣𝑥𝑥 ), (41)
where 𝑄 holds for 𝑄(2) 𝛥𝑖 ∕𝛥𝑖
= 0. The Over-determined systems are
uncovered by manipulating the fourth extension to the governing equa-
tion. The typical outcomes of the over-determined structure are:
𝛶𝑢 = 48𝐶6 𝑡𝑢2 𝑣 + 2𝐶3 𝑢2 𝑣 + 6𝐶5 𝑢𝑢𝑥 𝑣 + 24𝐶4 𝑡𝑢𝑥
+ 𝐶4𝑢𝑥 − 24𝐶6 𝑡𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 𝐶6 𝑢𝑥𝑥
(42)
𝛶𝑣 = −48𝐶6 𝑡𝑣2 𝑢 − 2𝐶3 𝑣2 𝑣 + 6𝐶5 𝑣𝑣𝑥 𝑢 + 24𝐶4 𝑡𝑣𝑥
− 𝐶4𝑣𝑥 + 24𝐶6 𝑡𝑣𝑥𝑥 − 𝐶6 𝑣𝑥𝑥
− 𝐶1 𝑣 + 𝐶2 𝑣𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑣𝑥𝑥 − 𝐶5 𝑣𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 2𝐶6 𝑣.
where arbitrary constants are 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 , 𝐶4 , and 𝐶5 . After that, vector
fields are used to generate the algebra of Lie point symmetries.
𝛤1 = 𝑢𝜕𝑢 − 𝑣𝜕𝑣 ,
𝛤2 = 𝑢𝑥 𝜕𝑢 + 𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣 ,
𝛤3 = (2𝑢2 𝑣 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 )𝜕𝑢 + (−2𝑣2 𝑢 + 𝑣𝑥𝑥 )𝜕𝑣 ,
(43)
𝛤4 = (24𝑡𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥 )𝜕𝑢 + (24𝑡𝑣𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 )𝜕𝑣 ,
𝛤5 = (6𝑢𝑢𝑥 𝑣 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 )𝜕𝑢 + (6𝑣𝑣𝑥 𝑢 − 𝑣𝑥𝑥𝑥 )𝜕𝑣 ,
𝛤6 = (48𝑡𝑢2 𝑣 − 24𝑡𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 )𝜕𝑢 + (−48𝑡𝑣2 𝑢 + 24𝑡𝑣𝑥𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑣)𝜕𝑣 .
Conservation laws
The relationship between symmetry and conserved quantities is a
Noether’s theorem, which states that for every continuous symme-
try in a physical system, there is a conserved quantity. Conservation
laws, which are fundamental physics precepts, describe the behavior
of physical systems. These laws state that specific quantities, such as
mass, energy, momentum, and charge, are conserved over time, which
means they cannot be created or destroyed but can only be transferred
from one system to another. The principle of mass conservation, for
example, states that even if mass is redistributed within a closed system,
the total mass of the system will always remain constant over time.
According to the conservation of energy principle, the total energy of
a closed system is constant, implying that energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but only converted from one form to another. The conserva-
tion of momentum principle states that the total momentum of a closed
system remains constant over time, implying that momentum cannot be
W.A. Faridi et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107126

created or destroyed but can only be transferred between objects within Conserved vectors using Lie backlund symmetries
the system.
• Lie Backlund symmetry generator 𝛤1 = 𝑢𝜕𝑢 − 𝑣𝜕𝑣 yields
Theorem 1. Let Eq. (73) be a symmetry (point, contact or B𝑎cklund)
̈ of ( ( ) ( ) )
𝐓𝐱𝟏 = 12 −𝑧 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑧𝑥 𝑢 − 𝑤 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑤𝑥 𝑣 ,
Eq. (74) with Lagrangian equation (76). The conservation equation then (52)
becomes satisfied by Eq. (74) 𝐓𝐭𝟏 = 𝑧𝑢 − 𝑤𝑣.

𝐷𝑖 (𝑇 𝑖 ) = 0, (44) • Lie Backlund symmetry generator 𝛤2 = 𝑢𝑥 𝜕𝑢 + 𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣 yields

( )
𝐓𝐱𝟐 = 12 𝑢𝑥 𝑧𝑥 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑣𝑥 𝑤𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑤 ,
where (53)
[ ( ) ( ) ] 𝐓𝐭𝟐 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑧 + 𝑣𝑥 𝑤.
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑇 𝑖 = E𝑖  + 𝑊 𝛼 − 𝐷𝑗 + 𝐷𝑗 𝐷𝑘 −⋯
𝜕𝜓𝑖𝛼 𝜕𝜓𝑖𝑗𝛼 𝛼
𝜕𝜓𝑖𝑗𝑘 • Lie Backlund symmetry generator 𝛤3 = (2𝑢2 𝑣 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 )𝜕𝑢 + (−2𝑣2 𝑢 +
[ ( ) ] [ ] (45) 𝑣𝑥𝑥 )𝜕𝑣 yields
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 (
+𝐷𝑗 (𝑊 𝛼 ) − 𝐷𝑘 + ⋯ + 𝐷𝑗 𝐷𝑘 (𝑊 𝛼 ) −⋯ , ( ( ( ) ( )))
𝜕𝜓𝑖𝑗𝛼 𝛼
𝜕𝜓𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝛼
𝜕𝜓𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝐓𝐱𝟑 = 12 2𝑢𝑣 𝑤𝑥 𝑣 − 2 𝑧 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑤 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥
( ( ) )
and + 𝑤 −2 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥 𝑣2 + 𝑣𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥𝑥𝑥
) (54)
( ( ))
𝑊 𝛼 = 𝛶 𝛼 − E𝑗 𝜓𝑗𝛼 . (46) + 𝑧𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑢2 𝑧𝑥 𝑣 − 𝑧 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 − 𝑧𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑧𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑤𝑥 𝑣𝑥𝑥 ,
( ) ( )
These conserved vectors become 𝑇 𝑖 . Now these conserved vec- 𝐓𝐭𝟑 = 𝑤 𝑣𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑢𝑣2 + 𝑧 2𝑢2 𝑣 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥
tors may be gained through this fact and Theorem 6.1. (𝑇𝑖𝑥 ; 𝑇𝑖𝑡 ) (𝑖 =
1, 2, … , 6). The conservation equation is going to be satisfied through • Lie Backlund symmetry generator 𝛤4 = (24𝑡𝑢𝑥 +𝑢𝑥 )𝜕𝑢 +(24𝑡𝑣𝑥 −𝑣𝑥 )𝜕𝑣
the vectors. yields
Below is utilizing theorem 6.1, Eq. (92) we derive the set of non- ( )
𝐓𝐱𝟒 = 12 (24𝑡 + 1)𝑢1 𝑧𝑥 − (24𝑡 + 1)𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑧 − (24𝑡 − 1)𝑣𝑥 𝑤𝑥 + (24𝑡 − 1)𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑤 ,
trivial conserved vectors associated with each of the vector fields.
𝐓𝐭𝟒 = (24𝑡 + 1)𝑢𝑥 𝑧 + (24𝑡 − 1)𝑣𝑥 𝑤.

Conserved vectors using point symmetries (55)

• Lie Backlund symmetry generator 𝛤5 = (6𝑢𝑢𝑥 𝑣 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 )𝜕𝑢 + (6𝑣𝑣𝑥 −

• Lie point symmetry generator 𝛤1 = 𝜕𝑥 bring in the conserved 𝑣𝑥𝑥𝑥 )𝜕𝑣 yields
vector along-with components (
( ( ) ( )( ))
( ) 𝐓𝐱𝟓 = 12 −6𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢𝑥 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑧 + 𝑣𝑥 𝑤𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑤 + 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 𝑢𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑣𝑥 𝑤
𝐓𝐱𝟏 = −12𝑢𝑥 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑢𝑡 𝑧 + 24𝑣 𝑢2 𝑧 + 𝑤 − 24𝑢𝑣2 𝑤 − 24𝑢𝑧 + 12𝑣𝑥 𝑤𝑥 + 𝑣𝑡 𝑤,
𝐓𝐭𝟏 = 𝑧𝑢𝑥 − 𝑤𝑣𝑥 . + 6𝑣𝑥 𝑤𝑢𝑥 𝑣
( ( ) )
(47) + 𝑧 −6𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
)
• Lie point symmetry generator 𝛤2 = 𝜕𝑡 bring in the conserved + 6𝑣𝑥 𝑤𝑢𝑥 𝑣 − 𝑧𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑤𝑣𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝑤𝑥 𝑣𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑤𝑣𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ,
vector along-with components ( ) ( )
𝐓𝐭𝟓 = 𝑧 6𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑤 6𝑣𝑥 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣𝑥𝑥𝑥 .
( )
𝐓𝐱𝟐 = 12 −𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡)𝑧𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑡 𝑧 + 𝑣𝑡 𝑤𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥𝑡 𝑤 ,
( ( ) ) (48) (56)
𝐓𝐭𝟐 = 12 −𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑧 + 2𝑣 𝑢2 𝑧 + 𝑤 − 2𝑢𝑣2 𝑤 − 2𝑢𝑧 + 𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑤 .
• Lie Backlund symmetry generator 𝛤6 = (48𝑡𝑢2 𝑣 − 24𝑡𝑢𝑥𝑥
− 𝑢𝑥𝑥 )𝜕𝑢 +
• Lie point symmetry generator 𝛤3 = 𝑢𝜕𝑢 +𝑣𝜕𝑣 bring in the conserved (−48𝑡𝑣2 𝑢 + 24𝑡𝑣𝑥𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑣)𝜕𝑣 yields
vector along-with components (
( ( ) ( )
( ) 𝐓𝐱𝟔 = 12 𝑤 −48𝑡 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥 𝑣2 − 96𝑡𝑢 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝐓𝐱𝟑 = 12 𝑢𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑢𝑧𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 𝑤 − 𝑣𝑤𝑥 ,
(49) ( ) ( ) )
𝐓𝐭𝟑 = 𝑣𝑤 − 𝑢𝑧. − 24𝑡 𝑣𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 2 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥𝑥𝑥
( ( ) ( ) ( ))
− 𝑧 96𝑡 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑣 − (24𝑡 + 1) 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 48𝑡𝑢2 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥
• Lie point symmetry generator 𝛤4 = −𝑢𝑥𝜕𝑢 + 𝑣𝑥𝜕𝑣 + 24𝑡𝜕𝑥 bring in )
( ) ( )
the conserved vector along-with components + 𝑤𝑥 48𝑡𝑢𝑣2 + 2𝑣 + (24𝑡 + 1)𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑧𝑥 48𝑡𝑢2 𝑣 − (24𝑡 + 1)𝑢𝑥𝑥 ,
( ( ) ( )
( ) 𝐭 2 2
𝐓𝟔 = 𝑧 48𝑡𝑢 𝑣 − (24𝑡 + 1)𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 𝑤 48𝑡𝑢𝑣 + 2𝑣 + (24𝑡 + 1)𝑣𝑥𝑥 .
𝐓𝐱𝟒 = 12 −24𝑡𝑢𝑥 𝑧𝑥 + 2𝑡𝑢𝑡 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑢𝑥 𝑧 + 𝑣 48𝑡𝑢2 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑤𝑥 + (48𝑡 + 1)𝑤
) (57)
( )
− 48𝑡𝑢𝑣2 𝑤 + 𝑢 −𝑥𝑧𝑥 − 48𝑡𝑧 + 𝑧 + 24𝑡𝑣𝑥 𝑤𝑥 + 2𝑡𝑣𝑡 𝑤 + 𝑥𝑣𝑥 𝑤 ,
( ) ( ) Conserved vectors using multipliers
𝐓𝐭𝟒 = 𝑥𝑣 − 24𝑡𝑣𝑥 𝑤 − 24𝑡𝑢𝑥 + 𝑥𝑢 𝑧.
(50) Using the multiplier approach as described in [32], To assemble
the conservation laws for the governing system. From the determining
• Lie point symmetry generator 𝛤5 = −48𝑡𝑣𝜕𝑣 + 2𝑡𝜕𝑡 + 𝑥𝜕𝑥 + (48𝑡𝑢 − equation, the following 1st-order multipliers are derived:
2𝑢)𝜕𝑢 bring in the conserved vector along-with components 𝛬1 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑢, 𝜐, 𝑢𝑥 , 𝜐𝑥 , 𝑢𝑡 , 𝜐𝑡 ), and 𝛬2 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑢, 𝜐, 𝑢𝑥 , 𝜐𝑥 , 𝑢𝑡 , 𝜐𝑡 ) as long as the
( ) ( ) model which is given by
𝐓𝐱𝟓 = 𝑥𝑧 𝑢𝑡 − 12𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 24𝑢2 𝑣 − 24𝑢 + 12 −2𝑡𝑢𝑡 − 𝑥𝑢𝑥 + (48𝑡 − 2)𝑢 𝑧𝑥
( ) ( ) 1 1
− 12 (48𝑡 − 3)𝑢𝑥 − 2𝑡𝑢(𝑥,𝑡) − 𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑤 −24𝑢𝑣2 + 𝑣𝑡 + 12𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 24𝑣 𝛬1 = (𝐶 𝑥 + 24𝐶4 )𝑣 + (−24𝐶1 𝑡 − 24𝐶3 )𝑣𝑥 − 𝐶2 𝑣𝑡 ,
24 1 24 (58)
( ) ( ) 1 1
+ 12 2𝑡𝑣𝑡 + 𝑥𝑣𝑥 + 48𝑡𝑣 𝑤𝑥 − 12 (48𝑡 + 1)𝑣𝑥 + 2𝑡𝑣𝑥𝑡 + 𝑥𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑤, 𝛬2 = (𝐶1 𝑥 + 24𝐶4 )𝑢 + (24𝐶1 𝑡 + 24𝐶3 )𝑢𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑢𝑡 ,
( ) ( ) ( ) 24 24
𝐓𝐭𝟓 = − 𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 24𝑡𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑧 − 2𝑢 24𝑡𝑣2 𝑤 + 𝑧 + 48𝑡𝑢2 𝑣𝑧 + 24𝑡𝑣𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑣𝑥 𝑤.
𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 and 𝐶4 are unknown constants. The multipliers and Cls based
(51) on the free constants are given by

9
W.A. Faridi et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107126

(1) Funding
1 1 1
𝛬 = 𝑣 − 𝑡𝑣𝑥 , 𝛬2 = 𝑢 + 𝑡𝑢𝑥 , (59) The authors have not disclosed any funding.
24 𝑥 24 𝑥

1 1 1 Ethical approval
𝐓𝐱 = −12𝑡𝑣2 𝑢2 + 24𝑡𝑢𝑣 + 𝑡𝑢𝑣𝑡 + 𝑣 𝑢 + 𝑢𝑣 + 12𝑢𝑥 𝑡𝑣𝑥 − 𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑥 ,
2 𝑥 𝑥 2 2
𝐓𝐭 = −𝑡𝑢𝑣𝑥 , This article does not contain any studies with human participants
(60) or animals performed by any of the authors.

(2) Informed consent

1 2
𝛬 = −𝑣𝑡 , 𝛬 = 𝑢𝑡 .
𝐓𝐱 = 12𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑥 + 12𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑡 ,
𝐓𝐭 = −12𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑥 ,
(3)
𝛬1 = −𝑣𝑥 , 𝛬2 = 𝑢𝑥 .
𝐓𝐱 = −12𝑢2 𝑣2 + 24𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣𝑡 + 12𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑥 ,
𝐓𝐭 = −𝑢𝑣𝑥 .
(4)
𝛬1 = −𝑣, 𝛬2 = 𝑢.
𝐓𝐱 = 12𝑢𝑣𝑥 − 12𝑢𝑥 𝑣,
𝐓𝐭 = 0.
The conservation laws providing the guarantee of existence of integral
invariants for the coupled Chaffee–Infante diffusion-reaction system
and also ensured the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy
their stability and persistence of these quantities in a closed system.
Conclusion
This study has taken into account the nonlinear mathematically
coupled Chaffee–Infante diffusion-reaction system. We have explored
the reaction–diffusion hierarchy’s infinitesimal generators and used
them to create the most effective system of subalgebras. Also calcu-
lated are the symmetry reductions on those vector fields which are
a constituent of an optimal system. Preceding symmetry reduction,
non-linear PDEs are changed within non-linear ODEs, and the power
series procedure is applied to draw out the particular power series
solutions of these ordinary differential equations. The convergence of
the power series outcomes is shown. The right relevant values are
chosen for the involved free parameters in order to explain the pictorial
characteristic of wave propagation utilizing the computed analytical
outcomes. Moreover, we have established conserved vectors for the
governing equation using different approaches such as Lie symmetry,
Backlund symmetry, and multiplier. The developed solutions can be
reliable when interpreting the visual information of the nonlinear
model.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.
Acknowledgments
Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R440), King Saud
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
(61)
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants
included in the study.
(62)
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