Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107053

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Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rinp

Stability analysis and consistent solitary wave solutions for the

reaction–diffusion regularized nonlinear model
Mustafa Inc a,b,c , Rubayyi T. Alqahtani d , Muhammad Sajid Iqbal e,f ,∗
a Department of Computer Engineering, Biruni University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
b
Department of Mathematics, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
c
Department of Medical Research, China Medical University, 40402 Taichung, Taiwan
d
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn, Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia
e
Department of Academic Affairs, School of Leadership and Business, Oryx Universal College With Liverpool John Moores University, 12253 Doha, Qatar
f
Department of Humanities & Basic Science, Military College of Signals, NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: The reaction-nonlinear diffusion model is analyze analytically, under both logistic and bistable growth
RND models regularization. These regularization techniques have been widely apply and employ in models of chemical
Generalize Riccati equation mapping method phase separation. In this study, we mainly focus on construct the different wave structures are with the help
Logistic growth
of the generalized Riccati equation mapping method. This method is provided us the different hyperbolic,
Bistable growth
trigonometric, and rational solutions. These solutions help for the dynamic study of the reaction-nonlinear
Analytical wave structures
diffusion model. Moreover, for the physical significance, we construct the 3D and their corresponding contour
by choosing the different values of the parameters. Additionally for the computational interests of the readers
stability and consistency analysis were proved.

Introduction

Many physical phenomena can successfully be demonstrated with the help of mathematical models containing systems of ordinary and partial
differential equations [1,2]. Many areas of pure and practical mathematics, physics, and engineering are covered by the study of differential
equations. The characteristics of differential equations of various forms are a concern across all of these areas. Whereas the emphasis in practical
mathematics is on the rigorous justification of approximation methods, pure mathematics emphasizes the existence and uniqueness of solutions [3].
Virtually every physical, technical, or biological process – from celestial motion to bridge construction to interactions between neurons – can be
modeled using differential equations. Differential equations used to address real-world issues might not always be directly solvable, that is, they
might not have closed-form solutions. Numerical techniques can be used to approximate the solutions instead. Differential equations can be used
to express many fundamental physics and chemical laws [4–6].
There are many well-known reaction–diffusion models such as the Gray-Scott model [7], reaction–diffusion brusselator model [8], nonlinear
Selkov–Schnakenberg system [9], glycolysis reaction–diffusion system [10], etc. This model plays an important role in the different fields of chemical
concentrations. Bronwyn et al. developed a reaction-nonlinear diffusion (RND) model under the regularization diffusivity accounts and analyze the
perturbation of this system [11]. The dimensionless reaction-nonlinear diffusion model is considering in the following form

𝜙𝑡 = (𝐷(𝜙)𝜙𝑥 )𝑥 + 𝑓 (𝜙) = 𝛹 (𝜙)𝑥𝑥 + 𝑓 (𝜙), (1)

where 𝑥 is spatial and 𝑡 is temporal domain, and 𝜙 denotes the population or agent density. 𝐷(𝜙) is dependent diffusivity density, 𝛹 (𝜙) is
the anti-derivative of 𝐷(𝜙) which referred as potential. The unknown function 𝑓 (𝜙) is modeled as two terms, first one logistic growth such as
𝑓 (𝜙) = 𝑓𝑙 (𝜙) = 𝜙(1 − 𝜙) while secondly bistable growth such as 𝑓 (𝜙) = 𝑓𝑏 (𝜙) = 𝜙(𝜙 − 𝛼)(1 − 𝜙), 0 < 𝛼 < 1. The simplest density-dependent nonlinear
diffusion coefficient model is considered in the polynomial form such as

𝐷(𝜙) = 𝛽(𝜙 − 𝛾1 )(𝜙 − 𝛾2 ), with 0 < 𝛾1 < 𝛾2 < 1. (2)

∗ Corresponding author at: Department of Academic Affairs, School of Leadership and Business, Oryx Universal College With Liverpool John Moores University,
12253 Doha, Qatar.
E-mail addresses: m.s.iqbal@alumni.tugraz.at, sajid606@gmail.com (M.S. Iqbal).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2023.107053
Received 27 June 2023; Received in revised form 7 September 2023; Accepted 3 October 2023
Available online 11 October 2023
2211-3797/© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
M. Inc et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107053

Fig. 1. Three dimensional plots and their corresponding contour of 𝜙1 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the values 𝛼 = 0.19, 𝛽 = 0.12, 𝛾1 = 0.98, 𝛾2 = 0.45, 𝜁 = 0.8, 𝜃 = 2.2, 𝜅 = 0.45, 𝜖 = 0.0987.

By adding the small temporal changes in the diffusivity the regularization account for the viscous relaxation in Eq. (6) gained as [12,13]

𝜙𝑡 = (𝛹 (𝜙) + 𝜖𝜙𝑡 )𝑥𝑥 + 𝑓 (𝜙), 0 ≤ 𝜖 ≪ 1. (3)

The regularization account involves by adding the small changes in the potential to account for nonlocal effects, which leading such as

𝜙𝑡 = (𝛹 (𝜙) − 𝜖 2 𝜙𝑥𝑥 )𝑥𝑥 + 𝑓 (𝜙), 0 ≤ 𝜖 ≪ 1. (4)

These regularization techniques have been widely applied employed in models of chemical phase-separation. So, both effects of both regularization
in a single RND model i.e.,

𝜙𝑡 = (𝛹 (𝜙) + 𝛼𝜖𝜙𝑡 − 𝜖 2 𝜙𝑥𝑥 )𝑥𝑥 + 𝑓 (𝜙), 0 ≤ 𝜖 ≪ 1, 𝛼 ≥ 0. (5)

Since we consider the small perturbative regularizations 0 < 𝜖 ≪ 1, so, these models are so-called singularly perturbed systems. These days finding
the exact solitary wave solutions of the different nonlinear differential equations is a very interesting area of research. There are many mathematical
techniques developed to find the exact solitary wave solutions such as; Hirota bilinear method [14], F-expansion method [15], extended trial
equation method [16,17], 𝜙6 model expansion method [18], the auxiliary equation method [19,20],sine-cosine method [21,22], generalized
Kudryashov method [23–25], He’s semi inverse method [26,27], exp-function method [28,29], the extended direct algebraic method [30], amplitude
ansatz method [31] etc.
In this study, we consider the two different growth rate models such as logistic growth and bistable growth for the sake of exact solitary wave
solutions. To find these solutions we apply the generalized Riccati equation mapping method. This method is easily applicable and provides us
with the different families of solutions in the form of hyperbolic trigonometric and rational solutions.
Haowei, M. A., investigated the thermal behavior of blood flow [32], Ghasemi, M., used driven methods for comparative study [33], Shafagh
L., predictive explicit expressions [34], Samadi, M., predicted the dynamic pressure using the soft methods [35,36]. Vandrangi, S. K., investigated
the wind turbine’s aerodynamic efficiency is heavily influenced by the aerodynamic airfoil blades [37,38]. The singular soliton is a solitary wave
with discontinuous derivatives; examples of such solitary waves include compactions, which have finite (compact) support, and peakons, whose
peaks have a discontinuous first derivative. The singular solitons work is presented by Sakaguchi, H., and Malomed, B. A. [39], Georgiou, G. et al.
gives the comparison of two methods for the computation of singular solutions [40], Zhou et al. find the exact singular soliton solutions [41],
Javid et al. are gained the exact spatial and periodic-singular soliton solutions [42]. Logistic Growth is a mathematical function that can be used
in several situations. Logistic Growth is characterized by increasing growth in the beginning period, but a decreasing growth at a later stage, as
you get closer to a maximum. For example in the Coronavirus case, this maximum limit would be the total number of people in the world, because
when everybody is sick, the growth will necessarily diminish. In other use cases of logistic growth, this number could be the size of an animal
population that grows exponentially until the moment where their environment does not provide enough food for all animals and hence the growth
becomes slower until a maximum capacity of the environment is reached. Bistable oscillators have a unique double-well restoring force potential,
as depicted in Fig. 1. This provides for three distinct dynamic operating regimes depending on the input amplitude. Bistable devices may exhibit
low-energy intrawell vibrations. In this case, the inertial mass oscillates around one of the stable equilibria with a small stroke per forcing period;
see the example displacement–time response trajectory and phase portrait with an overlay Poincare map. Alternatively, the bistable oscillator may
be excited to a degree so as to exhibit aperiodic or chaotic vibrations between wells. In some cases, the dynamic regimes may theoretically coexist
although only one is physically realizable at a time.
Malik, A., et al. investigated the dynamics of quadratic and quartic nonlinear diffusion–reaction equations with nonlinear convective flux term
using three integration techniques, namely the 𝐺′ ∕𝐺-expansion method, its generalized version and Kudryashov method [43], Kumar, H., et al.
obtained the exact solutions of nonlinear diffusion–reaction equation with quadratic, cubic and quartic nonlinearities [44]. Malik, A., obtained a
variety of exact traveling wave solutions of the nonlinear diffusion–reaction equation with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities..
The main contribution of this study is that the reaction-nonlinear diffusion model is under consideration analytically under both logistic and
bistable growth regularization. These regularization are applicable in the chemical phase separation. Firstly, we construct finite difference scheme
and shows that this scheme is consistent and stable as well. Mainly, we are focused on construct the different wave structures analytically. For
this purpose we apply the generalized Riccati equation mapping method. This method is provided us the different hyperbolic, trigonometric, and
rational solutions. To, show the physical behavior of these analytical wave structures we construct the 3D and their corresponding contour plots
by selecting suitable parameters.

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M. Inc et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107053

Numerical scheme

The nonlinear PDEs is given below

𝜙𝑡 = −𝛽(𝛾1 + 𝛾2 )(𝜙𝜙𝑥𝑥 + 𝜙𝑥 𝜙𝑥 ) + 2𝛽𝜙𝜙𝑥 𝜙𝑥 + 𝛽𝜙2 𝜙𝑥𝑥 + 𝛼𝜖 2 𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑡 + 𝜖𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜙 − 𝜙2 , (6)

The approximation of various derivatives are expressed as

𝜙𝑏+1
𝑎 − 𝜙𝑏𝑎
𝜙𝑡 ≈ , (7)
𝛥𝑡
𝜙𝑏𝑎+1 − 𝜙𝑏𝑎
𝜙𝑥 ≈ , (8)
𝛥𝑥
𝜙𝑏𝑎+1 − 2𝜙𝑏𝑎 + 𝜙𝑏𝑎−1
𝜙𝑥𝑥 ≈ , (9)
𝛥𝑥2
𝜙𝑏+1
𝑎+1
− 2𝜙𝑏+1
𝑎 + 𝜙𝑏+1
𝑎−1
− 𝜙𝑏𝑎+1 + 2𝜙𝑏𝑎 − 𝜙𝑏𝑎−1
𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑡 ≈ , (10)
𝛥𝑥2 𝛥𝑡
𝜙𝑏𝑎+2 − 4𝜙𝑏𝑎+1 + 6𝜙𝑏𝑎 − 4𝜙𝑏𝑎−1 + 𝜙𝑏𝑎−2
𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ≈ . (11)
𝛥𝑥4
The numerical approximation of above equation becomes
( ( 𝜙𝑏 − 2𝜙𝑏 + 𝜙𝑏 ) ( 𝜙𝑏 − 𝜙𝑏 )( 𝜙𝑏 − 𝜙𝑏 ))
𝜙𝑏+1
𝑎 − 𝜙𝑏𝑎 𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎−1 𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎+1 𝑎
= −𝛽(𝛾1 + 𝛾2 ) 𝜙 +
𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑥2 𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑥
( 𝜙𝑏 − 𝜙𝑏 )( 𝜙𝑏 − 𝜙𝑏 ) ( 𝜙𝑏 − 2𝜙𝑏 + 𝜙𝑏 )
𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎−1
+2𝛽𝜙 + 𝛽𝜙2
𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑥2
( 𝜙𝑏+1 − 2𝜙𝑏+1 + 𝜙𝑏+1 − 𝜙𝑏 + 2𝜙𝑏 − 𝜙𝑏 )
𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎−1 𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎−1
+𝛼𝜖
𝛥𝑥2 𝛥𝑡
( 𝜙𝑏 − 4𝜙𝑏 + 6𝜙𝑏 − 4𝜙𝑏 + 𝜙𝑏 )
𝑎+2 𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎−1 𝑎−2
+𝜖 2 + 𝜙𝑏𝑎 − (𝜙𝑏𝑎 )2 , (12)
𝛥𝑥4

( ( 𝜙𝑏 − 2𝜙𝑏 + 𝜙𝑏 )
𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎−1
− 𝑅1 𝜙𝑏+1
𝑎+1
+ (1 + 2𝑅 )𝜙
1 𝑎
𝑏+1
− 𝑅 𝜙 𝑏+1
1 𝑎−1 = 𝜙 𝑏
𝑎 − 𝛥𝑡𝛽(𝛾1 + 𝛾2 ) 𝜙 +
𝛥𝑥2
( 𝜙𝑏 − 𝜙𝑏 )( 𝜙𝑏 − 𝜙𝑏 )) ( 𝜙𝑏 − 𝜙𝑏 )( 𝜙𝑏 − 𝜙𝑏 )
𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎+1 𝑎
+ 2𝛥𝑡𝛽𝜙 +
𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑥
( 𝜙𝑏 − 2𝜙𝑏 + 𝜙𝑏 ) ( )
𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎−1
𝛥𝑡𝛽𝜙2 + 𝑅1 −𝜙𝑏𝑎+1 + 2𝜙𝑏𝑎 − 𝜙𝑏𝑎−1
𝛥𝑥2
( 𝜙𝑏 − 4𝜙𝑏 + 6𝜙𝑏 − 4𝜙𝑏 + 𝜙𝑏 )
𝑎+2 𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎−1 𝑎−2
+𝛥𝑡𝜖 2 + 𝛥𝑡𝜙𝑏𝑎 − 𝛥𝑡(𝜙𝑏𝑎 )2 , (13)
𝛥𝑥4
𝛼𝜖 𝛥𝑡𝜖 2
where 𝑅1 = 𝛥𝑥2
, 𝑅2 = 𝛥𝑥4
and Eq. (13) is the required numerical approximation of Eq. (6).

Linear stability

| 1+𝛥𝑡−4𝑅2 −(4𝑅1 −8𝑅2 ) sin2 ( 𝜂𝛥𝑥 )+4𝑅2 sin2 (𝜂𝛥𝑥) |

Theorem 1. If || 2
2
𝜂𝛥𝑥
| ≤ 1, then given scheme is stable.
|
| 1−4𝑅1 sin ( 2 ) |
𝛼𝜖 𝜖 2 𝛥𝑡
For the Von-Neumann analysis, the above equation is linearized and 𝑅1 = 𝛥𝑥2
, 𝑅2 = 𝛥𝑥4
,
( )
−𝑅1 𝜙𝑏+1
𝑎+1
+ (1 + 2𝑅1 )𝜙𝑏+1
𝑎 − 𝑅1 𝜙𝑏+1
𝑎−1
= 𝜙𝑏𝑎 + 𝑅1 −𝜙𝑏𝑎+1 + 2𝜙𝑏𝑎 − 𝜙𝑏𝑎−1 (14)
( )
+𝑅2 𝜙𝑏𝑎+2 − 4𝜙𝑏𝑎+1 + 6𝜙𝑏𝑎 − 4𝜙𝑏𝑎−1 + 𝜙𝑏𝑎−2 + 𝛥𝑡𝜙𝑏𝑎 ,

put 𝜙𝑏𝑎 = 𝛷(𝑡)𝑒𝑖𝜂𝑥 in above equation, and it reduces to following form

( ( )) (
1 + 2𝑅1 − 𝑅1 𝑒𝑖𝜂𝛥𝑥 + 𝑒−𝑖𝜂𝛥𝑥 𝛷(𝑡 + 𝛥𝑡)𝑒𝑖𝜂𝑥 = 1 + 𝛥𝑡 − 2𝑅1 + 𝑅1 (𝑒𝑖𝜂𝛥𝑥 + 𝑒−𝑖𝜂𝛥𝑥 ) (15)
)
−𝑅2 (𝑒2𝑖𝜂𝛥𝑥 + 𝑒−2𝑖𝜂𝛥𝑥 − 4𝑒𝑖𝜂𝛥𝑥 − 4𝑒−𝑖𝜂𝛥𝑥 + 6) 𝛷(𝑡)𝑒𝑖𝜂𝑥 .

After some basic arithmetic, the amplification factor takes the form,
2 𝜂𝛥𝑥 2
| 𝛷(𝑡 + 𝛥𝑡) | | 1 + 𝛥𝑡 − 4𝑅2 − (4𝑅1 − 8𝑅2 ) sin ( 2 ) + 4𝑅2 sin (𝜂𝛥𝑥) |
| | | | ≤ 1.
| 𝛷(𝑡) | ≤ | | (16)
| | | 1 − 4𝑅1 sin2 ( 𝜂𝛥𝑥 ) |
2
So, given scheme is conditionally stable.

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M. Inc et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107053

Consistency analysis

Definition 1 ([1–3]). A method is said to be consistent if 𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑡) → 0 as 𝛥𝑥, 𝛥𝑡 → 0.

The consistency of the numerical scheme is given below

( ( 𝜙𝑏 − 2𝜙𝑏 + 𝜙𝑏 ) ( 𝜙𝑏 − 𝜙𝑏 )( 𝜙𝑏 − 𝜙𝑏 ))
𝜙𝑏+1 − 𝜙𝑏𝑎 𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎−1 𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎+1 𝑎
𝜙 [𝜙 ∶ 𝛥𝑥, 𝛥𝑡] = 𝑎 + 𝛽(𝛾1 + 𝛾2 ) 𝜙 −
𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑥2 𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑥
( 𝜙𝑏 − 𝜙𝑏 )( 𝜙𝑏 − 𝜙𝑏 ) ( 𝜙𝑏 − 2𝜙𝑏 + 𝜙𝑏 )
𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎−1
−2𝛽𝜙 − 𝛽𝜙2
𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑥2
( 𝜙𝑏+1 − 2𝜙𝑏+1 + 𝜙𝑏+1 − 𝜙𝑏 + 2𝜙𝑏 − 𝜙𝑏 )
𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎−1 𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎−1
−𝛼𝜖
𝛥𝑥2 𝛥𝑡
( 𝜙𝑏 − 4𝜙𝑏 + 6𝜙𝑏 − 4𝜙𝑏 + 𝜙𝑏 )
𝑎+2 𝑎+1 𝑎 𝑎−1 𝑎−2
−𝜖 2 − 𝜙𝑏𝑎 + (𝜙𝑏𝑎 )2 .
𝛥𝑥4
To show the consistency of given scheme, the Taylor series is used for 𝜙𝑏+1
𝑎+1
, 𝜙𝑏+1
𝑎−1
, 𝜙𝑏𝑎−1 , 𝜙𝑏𝑎−2 , 𝜙𝑏𝑎+1 , 𝜙𝑏+1 𝑏
𝑎 , and 𝜙𝑎+2 .

𝜕𝜙𝑏𝑎 2 𝑏 𝜕𝜙𝑏 𝜕 2 𝜙𝑏𝑎

1 2 𝜕 𝜙𝑎
𝜙𝑏+1
𝑎+1
= 𝜙𝑏𝑎 + 𝛥𝑡 +
𝛥𝑡 + 𝛥𝑥 𝑎 + 𝛥𝑥𝛥𝑡 +
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑡2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑡
3
𝜕 𝜙𝑎𝑏 2 𝑏
𝜕 𝜙𝑎 1 2 𝜕 𝜙𝑎 3 𝑏
1 1
𝛥𝑥𝛥𝑡2 + 𝛥𝑥2 + 𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑡
2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑡2 2 𝜕𝑥2 2 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑡
4 𝑏
1 2 2 𝜕 𝜙𝑎
+ 𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑡 + ⋯,
4 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑡2

𝜕𝜙𝑏𝑎 2 𝑏 𝜕𝜙𝑏 𝜕 2 𝜙𝑏𝑎

1 2 𝜕 𝜙𝑎
𝜙𝑏+1
𝑎−1
= 𝜙𝑏𝑎 + 𝛥𝑡 +𝛥𝑡 − 𝛥𝑥 𝑎 − 𝛥𝑥𝛥𝑡 −
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 3 𝜙𝑏𝑎 1 𝜕 2 𝜙𝑏𝑎 1 2 𝜕 3 𝜙𝑏𝑎
𝛥𝑥𝛥𝑡2 + 𝛥𝑥2 + 𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑡
2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑡 2 2 𝜕𝑥2 2 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 4 𝜙𝑏
1 𝑎
+ 𝛥𝑥2 𝛥𝑡2 + ⋯,
4 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑡2

𝜕𝜙𝑏𝑎 2 𝑏
1 2 𝜕 𝜙𝑎
𝜙𝑏𝑎−1 = 𝜙𝑏𝑎 − 𝛥𝑥 + 𝛥𝑥 + ⋯,
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥2
𝜕𝜙𝑏𝑎 𝜕 2 𝜙𝑏𝑎
𝜙𝑏𝑎−2 = 𝜙𝑏𝑎 − 2𝛥𝑥 + 2𝛥𝑥2 + ⋯,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥2
𝜕𝜙𝑏𝑎 2 𝑏
1 2 𝜕 𝜙𝑎
𝜙𝑏𝑎+1 = 𝜙𝑏𝑎 + 𝛥𝑥 + 𝛥𝑥 + ⋯,
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥2
𝜕𝜙𝑏𝑎 2 𝑏
1 2 𝜕 𝜙𝑎
𝜙𝑏+1
𝑎 = 𝜙𝑏𝑎 + 𝛥𝑡 + 𝛥𝑡 + ⋯,
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑡2
𝜕𝜙𝑏𝑎 𝜕 2 𝜙𝑏𝑎
𝜙𝑏𝑎+2 = 𝜙𝑏𝑎 + 2𝛥𝑥 + 2𝛥𝑥2 + ⋯,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥2

( ) ⎛( )
(2𝜖(𝛼 + 3𝜖))𝜙 𝜕2 𝜙
𝜙 [𝜙 ∶ 𝛥𝑥, 𝛥𝑡] = 𝛥𝑡 6𝜖 2 𝜙 + 𝛥𝑡2 ⎜ − − 𝛼𝜖 𝛥𝑡
⎜ 𝛥t 𝜕𝑡2
⎝
( )
⎛ (𝛼𝜖) 𝜕 𝜙 (( )
2
((2𝛼)𝜖) 𝜕𝜙 𝜕2 𝜙
+ 𝜕𝑥
𝛥x + ⎜− 𝜕𝑥2
+ 1−𝛽 𝜙2
𝛥t ⎜ 𝛥t 𝜕𝑥 2
⎝
( )
𝜕𝜙 ( ) 𝜕2 𝜙 ( ) 𝜕2 𝜙 ( ) 𝜕𝜙 ( ) 𝜕𝜙 2
+ −(2𝛽)( )2 + 𝛽𝑟1 + 𝛽𝑟2 − 1 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝛽𝑟1 ( )2 + 𝛽𝑟2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
) ⎞ ⎞
𝜕𝜙 𝜕3 𝜙 1 𝜕4 𝜙
+ − (𝛼𝜖) + (−𝛼𝜖) 𝛥t⎟ 𝛥x2 ⎟
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑡2 ⎟ ⎟
⎠ ⎠
1 ( ) 𝜕 2𝜙
+ 𝛥t3 (2𝛼)𝜖 + 𝛥x2 . (17)
2 𝜕𝑡2

Analytical solution for the logistic growth

The riccati equation mapping technique is used in this section [45–47], to the regularization in a single RND model for the logistic growth to
get the analytical wave structures such as

𝜙𝑡 = (𝛹 (𝜙) + 𝛼𝜖𝜙𝑡 − 𝜖 2 𝜙𝑥𝑥 )𝑥𝑥 + 𝜙(1 − 𝜙), 0 ≤ 𝜖 ≪ 1, 𝛼 ≥ 0. (18)

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When we integrate the 𝐷(𝜙), we get

1 1 𝛽𝜙3
𝛹 (𝜓) = − 𝛽𝛾1 𝜙2 − 𝛽𝛾2 𝜙2 + 𝛽𝛾1 𝛾2 𝜙 + , (19)
2 2 3
using the wave transformation 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑝𝑠𝑖(𝜂) when 𝜂 = 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑡 and get the ODE form such as
′2 ′2
𝜖 2 𝜓 ′′′′ + 𝛼𝑙𝜖𝜓 ′′′ + 𝛽(𝛾1 + 𝛾2 )𝜓 − 𝛽𝜓 2 𝜓 ′′ + 𝛽(𝛾1 + 𝛾2 )𝜓𝜓 ′′ − 𝛽𝛾1 𝛾2 𝜓 ′′ − 2𝛽𝜓𝜓 − 𝑙𝜓 ′ + 𝜓 2 + 𝜓 = 0. (20)
Consider the following as the axillary equation’s solution to Eq. (20):
∑
𝑁
𝜓(𝜂) = 𝜈𝑖 𝐽 (𝜂)𝑖 , (21)
𝑖=0
where 𝐽 (𝜂) is satisfy the Riccati equation such as
𝐽 ′ (𝜂) = 𝜁 + 𝜃𝐽 (𝜂) + 𝜅𝐽 (𝜂)2 , (22)
′2
we used the homogeneous balancing principle to calculate the value of 𝑁 in Eq. (21) by raking the nonlinear term 𝜓𝜓 and maximum derivative
term 𝜓 ′′′′ . Hence, Eq. (21) has the form;
𝑉 (𝜉) = 𝜈0 + 𝜈1 𝐽 (𝜉). (23)
We now calculate the derivatives along with Eq. (22) and replace all of the values in Eq. (20). After simplification, gather the coefficients belonging
to all 𝐽 (𝜂)𝑖 s of the same power and set them all to zero to produce the equation system. After resolving the system of equations, use Mathematica
to obtain the families of solutions. The family of solutions that was obtained is taken as;
Family 1: Here 𝜁, 𝜃 and 𝜅 are arbitrary constants along with
√ √
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜈1 + 1 6𝜅𝜖 6𝜖
𝜈0 = ; 𝜈1 = √ ; 𝑙 = √ ;
4𝛽𝜃 2 𝛽 𝛽
As a result, we can extract the following solutions to Eq. (18):
Type 1: When 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 ≥ 0 the following hyperbolic solutions are obtained:
√
√ √ 3 (
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1 2
𝜖 √
𝜙1 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − √ 𝜃 + 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅
4𝛽𝜃 2
𝛽
( ( √ )))
1√ 2 6𝑡𝜖
tanh 𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ , (24)
2 𝛽
√
√ √ 3 (
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1 2
𝜖 √
𝜙2 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − √ 𝜃+ 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅
4𝛽𝜃 2 𝛽
( ( √ )))
1√ 2 6𝑡𝜖
coth 𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥− √ , (25)
2 𝛽
√
√ √ 3 (
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 12
𝜖 √
𝜙3 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − √ 𝜃 + 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅
4𝛽𝜃 2
𝛽
( ( ( √ )) ( ( √ ))))
√ 6𝑡𝜖 √ 6𝑡𝜖
tanh 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ + 𝑖sech 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ , (26)
𝛽 𝛽
√
√ √ 3 (
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1 √ 2
𝜖
𝜙4 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − √ 𝜃 + 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅
4𝛽𝜃 2 𝛽
( ( ( √ )) ( ( √ ))))
√ 6𝑡𝜖 √ 6𝑡𝜖
coth 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥− √ + csch 2
𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ , (27)
𝛽 𝛽
√
√ √ 3 (
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1 √ 2
𝜖
𝜙5 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − √ 2𝜃 + 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅
4𝛽𝜃 2 2 𝛽
( ( ( √ )) ( ( √ ))))
1√ 2 6𝑡𝜖 1√ 2 6𝑡𝜖
tanh 𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ + coth 𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ , (28)
4 𝛽 4 𝛽
√
√ √ 3
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1 2
𝜖
𝜙6 (𝑥, 𝑡) = + √
4𝛽𝜃 2 𝛽
√( √ (√ ( √ ))
⎛ )( ) 6𝑡𝜖 ⎞
⎜ 𝐺2 + 𝐻 2 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝐺 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 cosh 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ ⎟
𝛽
⎜ (√ ( √ )) − 𝜃⎟ , (29)
⎜ 6𝑡𝜖 ⎟
⎜ 𝐺 sinh 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ +𝐻 ⎟
⎝ 𝛽 ⎠

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M. Inc et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107053
√
√ √ 3
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1 2
𝜖
𝜙7 (𝑥, 𝑡) = + √
4𝛽𝜃 2 𝛽
√( √ (√ ( √ ))
⎛ )( ) 6𝑡𝜖 ⎞
⎜ 𝐻 2 − 𝐺2 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 + 𝐺 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 cosh 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ ⎟
𝛽
⎜− (√ ( √ )) − 𝜃⎟ , (30)
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 𝐺 sinh 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √6𝑡𝜖 +𝐻 ⎟
⎝ 𝛽 ⎠

where 𝐺2 + 𝐻 2 > 0 are the constants.

√ √
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1
𝜙8 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
4𝛽𝜃 2
√ ( √ ( √ ))
2 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 cosh 21 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √6𝑡𝜖
𝛽
+ ( ( √ ( √ )) ( √ ( √ ))) , (31)
√ √ 1 6𝑡𝜖 6𝑡𝜖
𝛽 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 sinh 2 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ − 𝜃 cosh 21 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √
𝛽 𝛽

√ √
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1
𝜙9 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
4𝛽𝜃 2
√ ( √ ( √ ))
6𝑡𝜖
2 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 sinh 12 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √
𝛽
− ( ( √ ( √ )) √ ( √ ( √ ))) , (32)
√ 6𝑡𝜖 6𝑡𝜖
𝛽 𝜃 sinh 21 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ − 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 cosh 1
2
𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √
𝛽 𝛽

√ √
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1
𝜙10 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
4𝛽𝜃 2
√ (√ ( √ ))
6𝑡𝜖
2 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 cosh 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √
𝛽
+ ( √ √ (√ ( √ )) (√ ( √ ))) , (33)
√ 6𝑡𝜖 6𝑡𝜖
𝛽 −𝑖 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 + 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 sinh 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ − 𝜃 cosh 𝜃2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √
𝛽 𝛽

√ √
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1
𝜙11 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
4𝛽𝜃 2
√ (√ ( √ ))
6𝑡𝜖
2 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 sinh 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √
𝛽
+ ( (√ ( √ )) ), (34)
√ √ 6𝑡𝜖
√
𝛽 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 sinh 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ + 𝜃2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 cosh (𝐴)
𝛽

√ ( √ )
6𝑡𝜖
where 𝐴 = 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ .
𝛽
√ √
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1
𝜙12 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
4𝛽𝜃 2
√ ( √ ( √ ))
6𝑡𝜖
4 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 sinh 41 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ cosh (𝐴)
𝛽
+ ( √ √ ( √ ( √ )) ), (35)
√
𝛽 − 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 + 2 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 cosh2 14 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √6𝑡𝜖 − 2𝜃 sinh (𝐴) cosh (𝐴)
𝛽

√ ( √ )
1 6𝑡𝜖
where 𝐴 = 4
𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ .
𝛽
Type 1: When 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 < 0 and 𝜁 𝜅 ≠ 0, the trigonometric solutions of PDE (18) are obtain such as;
√
√ √ 3 (
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1 2
𝜖 √
𝜙13 (𝑥, 𝑡) = + √ 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2
4𝛽𝜃 2
𝛽
( ( √ )) )
1√ 6𝑡𝜖
tan 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √ −𝜃 , (36)
2 𝛽

√
√ √ 3 (
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1 2
𝜖 √
𝜙14 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − √ 𝜃+ 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2
4𝛽𝜃 2 𝛽
( ( √ )))
1√ 6𝑡𝜖
cot 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥− √ , (37)
2 𝛽

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M. Inc et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107053

√
√ √ 3 (
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1 2
𝜖 √
𝜙15 (𝑥, 𝑡) = + √ 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2
4𝛽𝜃 2 𝛽
( ( ( √ )) ( ( √ ))) )
√ 6𝑡𝜖 √ 6𝑡𝜖
tan 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥− √ − sec 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥− √ −𝜃 , (38)
𝛽 𝛽

√
√ √ 3 (
𝜖
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1
2
√
𝜙16 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − √ 𝜃 + 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2
4𝛽𝜃 2
𝛽
( ( ( √ )) ( ( √ ))))
√ 6𝑡𝜖 √ 6𝑡𝜖
cot 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √ − csc 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √ , (39)
𝛽 𝛽

√
√ √ 3 (
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1 2
𝜖 √
𝜙17 (𝑥, 𝑡) = + √ 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2
4𝛽𝜃 2 2 𝛽
( ( ( √ )) ( ( √ ))) )
1√ 6𝑡𝜖 1√ 6𝑡𝜖
tan 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥− √ − cot 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥− √ − 2𝜃 , (40)
4 𝛽 4 𝛽

√
√ √ 3
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1 2
𝜖
𝜙18 (𝑥, 𝑡) = + √
4𝛽𝜃 2 𝛽
√( √ (√ ( √ ))
⎛ )( ) 6𝑡𝜖 ⎞
⎜ 𝐺2 − 𝐻 2 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 − 𝐺 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 cos 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √ ⎟
𝛽
⎜ (√ ( √ )) − 𝜃⎟ , (41)
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 𝐺 sin 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √6𝑡𝜖 +𝐻 ⎟
⎝ 𝛽 ⎠

√
√ √ 3
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1 2
𝜖
𝜙19 (𝑥, 𝑡) = + √
4𝛽𝜃 2 𝛽
√( √ (√ ( √ ))
⎛ )( ) 6𝑡𝜖 ⎞
⎜ 𝐺2 − 𝐻 2 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 + 𝐺 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 cos 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √ ⎟
𝛽
⎜− (√ ( √ )) − 𝜃⎟ , (42)
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 𝐺 sin 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √6𝑡𝜖 +𝐻 ⎟
⎝ 𝛽 ⎠

where 𝐺2 + 𝐻 2 > 0 are the constants.

√ √
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1
𝜙20 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
4𝛽𝜃 2
√ ( √ ( √ ))
2 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 cos 12 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √6𝑡𝜖
𝛽
− ( ( √ ( √ )) ( √ ( √ ))) , (43)
√ √
𝛽 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 sin 12 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √6𝑡𝜖 + 𝜃 cos 12 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √
6𝑡𝜖
𝛽 𝛽

√ √
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1
𝜙21 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
4𝛽𝜃 2
√ ( √ ( √ ))
6𝑡𝜖
2 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 sin 12 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √
𝛽
+ ( ( √ ( √ )) ( √ ( √ ))) , (44)
√ √ 6𝑡𝜖 6𝑡𝜖
𝛽 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 cos 12 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √ − 𝜃 sin 1
2
4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥− √
𝛽 𝛽

√ √
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1
𝜙22 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
4𝛽𝜃 2
√ (√ ( √ ))
6𝑡𝜖
2 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 cos 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √
𝛽
− ( (√ ( √ )) (√ ( √ ))) , (45)
√ √ √ 6𝑡𝜖 6𝑡𝜖
𝛽 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 + 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 sin 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √ + 𝜃 cos 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃2 𝑥 − √
𝛽 𝛽

√ √
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1
𝜙23 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
4𝛽𝜃 2

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√ (√ ( √ ))
6𝑡𝜖
2 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 sin 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √
𝛽
+ ( (√ ( √ )) (√ ( √ ))) , (46)
√ √ 6𝑡𝜖
√ 6𝑡𝜖
𝛽 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 − 𝜃 sin 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √ + 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 cos 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √
𝛽 𝛽

√ √
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 − 5 6 𝛽𝜁 𝜃𝜅𝜖 + 1
𝜙24 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
4𝛽𝜃 2
√ ( √ ( √ )) ( √ ( √ ))
6𝑡𝜖 6𝑡𝜖
4 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 sin 14 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √ cos 14 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃2 𝑥 − √
𝛽 𝛽
+ ( √ √ ( √ ( √ )) ), (47)
√ 6𝑡𝜖
𝛽 − 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 + 2 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 cos2 (𝐴) − 2𝜃 sin 14 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √ cos (𝐴)
𝛽

√ ( √ )
1 6𝑡𝜖
where 𝐴 = 4
4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √ .
𝛽
Type 3: When 𝜁 = 0 and 𝜁 𝜅 ≠ 0, the hyperbolic solutions of Eq. (18) are obtain such as;
√
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 + 1 6𝑑𝜃𝜅𝜖
𝜙25 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − ( ( ( √ )) ( ( √ ))) , (48)
4𝛽𝜃 2 √ 6𝑡𝜖
𝛽𝑞 𝑑 − sinh 𝜃 𝑥 − √ + cosh 𝜃 𝑥 − √6𝑡𝜖
𝛽 𝛽
√ ( ( ( √ )) ( ( √ )))
6𝑡𝜖
6𝜃𝜅𝜖 sinh 𝜃 𝑥 − √ + cosh 𝜃 𝑥 − √6𝑡𝜖
2𝛽𝛾1 𝜃 2 + 2𝛽𝛾2 𝜃 2 + 1 𝛽 𝛽
𝜙26 (𝑥, 𝑡) = + ( ( ( √ )) ( ( √ ))) . (49)
4𝛽𝜃 2 √
𝛽𝑞 𝑑 + sinh 𝜃 𝑥 − √6𝑡𝜖 + cosh 𝜃 𝑥 − √6𝑡𝜖
𝛽 𝛽

Analytical solution for the bistable growth

In this section, we apply the riccati equation mapping method [45–47], to the regularization in a single RND model for the logistic growth to
get the analytical wave structures such as

𝜙𝑡 = (𝛹 (𝜙) + 𝛼𝜖𝜙𝑡 − 𝜖 2 𝜙𝑥𝑥 )𝑥𝑥 + 𝜙(𝜙 − 𝛼)(1 − 𝜙), 0 ≤ 𝜖 ≪ 1, 𝛼 ≥ 0. (50)

When we integrate the 𝐷(𝜙), we get

1 1 𝛽𝜙3
𝛹 (𝜓) = − 𝛽𝛾1 𝜙2 − 𝛽𝛾2 𝜙2 + 𝛽𝛾1 𝛾2 𝜙 + , (51)
2 2 3
using the wave transformation 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑝𝑠𝑖(𝜂) when 𝜂 = 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑡 and get the ODE form such as
′2
𝜖 2 𝜓 ′′′′ + 𝛼𝑙𝜖𝜓 ′′′ + 𝛽(𝛾1 + 𝛾2 )𝜓𝜓 ′′ + 𝛽(𝛾1 + 𝛾2 )𝜓 + 𝛼𝜓 − 𝜓 2 − 𝛼𝜓 2 + 𝜓 3
′2
− 𝛽𝛾1 𝛾2 𝜓 ′′ − 𝛽𝜓 2 𝜓 ′′ − 2𝛽𝜓𝜓 − 𝑙𝜓 ′ = 0, (52)

Consider the following as the axillary equation’s solution to Eq. (52):

∑
𝑁
𝜓(𝜂) = 𝜈𝑖 𝐽 (𝜂)𝑖 , (53)
𝑖=0

where 𝐽 (𝜂) is satisfy the Riccati equation such as

𝐽 ′ (𝜂) = 𝜁 + 𝜃𝐽 (𝜂) + 𝜅𝐽 (𝜂)2 , (54)

′2
We used the homogeneous balancing principle to calculate the value of 𝑁 in Eq. (53) by raking the nonlinear term 𝜓𝜓 and maximum derivative
term 𝜓 ′′′′ . Hence, Eq. (53) has the form;

𝑉 (𝜉) = 𝜈0 + 𝜈1 𝐽 (𝜉), (55)

We now calculate the derivatives along with Eq. (54) and replace all of the values in Eq. (52). After simplification, gather the coefficients belonging
to all 𝐽 (𝜂)𝑖 s of the same power and set them all to zero to produce the equation system. After resolving the system of equations, use Mathematica
to obtain the families of solutions. The family of solutions that was obtained is taken as;
Family 1: Here 𝜃 and 𝜅 are arbitrary constants along with
( ) √ √ ( ) √ √
𝐴 + 3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 6𝜅𝜖 𝐵−2 𝛽
𝜈0 = ; 𝜈1 = √ ; 𝑙 = √ ;
6𝛼𝛽𝜃 𝛽 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃
√ ( )
( ) ( ) √ √
where 𝐴 = 9𝛼 2 𝛽 2 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 2 𝜃 2 + 6 −3𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃 2 𝜖 2 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 + 2 6𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃𝜖 + 𝛽 and
√ ( ) ( ( )) √ √
𝐵 = 6𝛼 2 𝛽 2 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 2 𝜃 2 + 4 𝛽 − 3𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃 2 𝜖 2 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 + 8 6𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃𝜖.
As a result, we can extract the following solutions to Eq. (50):
Type 1: When 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 ≥ 0 the following hyperbolic solutions are obtained:
( ) √ √ ( )
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴
𝜙27 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
6𝛼𝛽𝜃

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M. Inc et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107053

√ ( √ ) ⎞⎞
3 ⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
𝜖 √
2 ⎜ ⎜ 1 √ ⎜ 𝑡 𝐵 − 2 𝛽 ⎟⎟ ⎟
2
− √ ⎜ 𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 tanh ⎜ 2
𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 ⎜𝑥 − √ ⎟⎟ + 𝜃 ⎟ , (56)
𝛽 ⎜ ⎜ 2 ⎜ 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃
⎟⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠ ⎠

( ) √ √ ( )
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴
𝜙28 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
6𝛼𝛽𝜃
√ ( √ ) ⎞⎞
⎛ 3 ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
⎜√ 2
2
𝜖 ⎜1√ 2 ⎜ 𝑡 𝐵 − 2 𝛽 ⎟⎟ ⎟
− √ ⎜ 𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 coth ⎜ 𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 ⎜𝑥 − √ ⎟ ⎟ + 𝜃⎟ , (57)
𝛽 ⎜ ⎜2 ⎜ 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃 ⎟⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠ ⎠

√ √ ( √
( ) ) 3 ⎛
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴 2
𝜖⎜ √
𝜙29 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
6𝛼𝛽𝜃
− √ ⎜𝜃 + 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅
𝛽 ⎜
⎝
( √ ) ⎞⎞ ( √ ) ⎞⎞⎞⎞
⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎛
⎜ ⎜√ 2 ⎜ 𝑡 𝐵 − 2 𝛽 ⎟⎟ ⎜√ 2 ⎜ 𝑡 𝐵 − 2 𝛽 ⎟⎟⎟⎟
⎜tanh ⎜ 𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 ⎜𝑥 − √ ⎟⎟ + 𝑖sech ⎜ 𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 ⎜𝑥 − √ ⎟⎟⎟⎟ , (58)
⎜ ⎜ ⎜ 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃 ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎜ 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃 ⎟⎟⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠⎠⎠

√ √ ( √
( ) ) 3 ⎛
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴 2
𝜖⎜√ 2
𝜙30 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − √ ⎜ 𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅
6𝛼𝛽𝜃 𝛽 ⎜
⎝
( √ ) ⎞⎞ ( √ ) ⎞⎞⎞
⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎜√ 2 ⎜ 𝑡 𝐵 − 2 𝛽 ⎟⎟ ⎜√ 2 ⎜ 𝑡 𝐵 − 2 𝛽 ⎟⎟⎟ ⎟
⎜ coth ⎜ 𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 ⎜ 𝑥 − √ ⎟⎟ + csch ⎜ 𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 ⎜ 𝑥 − √ ⎟⎟⎟ + 𝜃 ⎟, (59)
⎜ ⎜ ⎜ 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃 ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎜ 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃 ⎟⎟⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠⎠ ⎠

√ √ ( √
( ) ) 3 ⎛
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴 𝜖 √
2 ⎜
𝜙31 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − √ ⎜ 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅
6𝛼𝛽𝜃 2 𝛽 ⎜
⎝
( √ ) ⎞⎞ ( √ ) ⎞⎞⎞
⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎜1√ 2 ⎜ 𝑡 𝐵 − 2 𝛽 ⎟⎟ ⎜1√ 2 ⎜ 𝑡 𝐵 − 2 𝛽 ⎟⎟⎟ ⎟
⎜ tanh ⎜4 𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 ⎜ 𝑥 − √ ⎟⎟ + coth ⎜4 𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 ⎜ 𝑥 − √ ⎟⎟⎟ + 2𝜃 ⎟, (60)
⎜ ⎜ ⎜ 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃 ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎜ 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃 ⎟⎟⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠⎠ ⎠

√ √ ( √
( ) ) 3
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴 2
𝜖
𝜙32 (𝑥, 𝑡) = + √
6𝛼𝛽𝜃 𝛽
( ( ( √ ) ))
√
⎛ ( )( ) √ √ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽 ⎞
2 2 2 2 2
⎜ 𝐺 +𝐻 𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝐺 𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 cosh 𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ( ( ( √ ) )) − 𝜃⎟ , (61)
⎜ √ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽 ⎟
𝐺 sinh 2
𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ +𝐻
⎜ 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

√ √ ( √
( ) ) 3
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴 2
𝜖
𝜙33 (𝑥, 𝑡) = + √
6𝛼𝛽𝜃 𝛽
( ( ( √ ) ))
⎛ √ √ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽 √( )( ) ⎞
⎜ 𝐺 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 cosh 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃
+ 𝐻 2 − 𝐺2 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜− ( ( ( √ ) )) − 𝜃 ⎟, (62)
⎜ √ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽 ⎟
𝐺 sinh 2
𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ +𝐻
⎜ 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

where 𝐺2 + 𝐻 2 > 0 are the constants.

( ) √ √ ( )
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴
𝜙34 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
6𝛼𝛽𝜃
( ( ( √ ) ))
√ √ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
2 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 cosh 12 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃
+ ( ( ( ( √ ) )) ), (63)
√ √ 1
√ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
𝛽 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 sinh 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥− √ − 𝜃 cosh (𝐴)
2 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃

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M. Inc et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107053
( ( √ ))
1
√ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
where 𝐴 = 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥− √ .
2 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃

( ) √ √ ( )
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴
𝜙35 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
6𝛼𝛽𝜃
( ( ( √ ) ))
√ √ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
2 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 sinh 21 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃
− ( ( ( ( √ ) )) ), (64)
√ 1
√ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽 √
𝛽 𝜃 sinh 2
𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥− 2
√ − 𝜃2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 cosh (𝐴)
2𝛼 𝛽𝜃

( ( √ ))
1
√ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
where 𝐴 = 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥− √ .
2 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃

( ) √ √ ( )
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴
𝜙36 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
6𝛼𝛽𝜃
( ( ( √ ) ))
√ √ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
2 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 cosh 2
𝜃 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃
+ √ (√ √ ), (65)
𝛽 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 sinh (𝐴) − 𝜃 cosh (𝐴) − 𝑖 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅
( ( √ ))
√ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
where 𝐴 = 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥− √ .
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃

( ) √ √ ( )
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴
𝜙37 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
6𝛼𝛽𝜃
( ( ( √ ) ))
√ √ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
2 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 sinh 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃
+√ ( √ √ ), (66)
𝛽 −𝜃 sinh (𝐴) + 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 cosh (𝐴) + 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅
( ( √ ))
√ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
where 𝐴 = 𝜃2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥− √ .
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃

( ) √ √ ( )
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴
𝜙38 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
6𝛼𝛽𝜃
( ( ( √ ) ))
√ √ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
4 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 sinh 14 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥 − √ cosh (𝐴)
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃
+ ( ( ( ( √ ) )) ), (67)
√ √ 1
√ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽 √
𝛽 2 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 cosh2 (𝐴) − 2𝜃 sinh 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥− √ cosh (𝐴) − 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅
4 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃

( ( √ ))
1
√ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
where 𝐴 = 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 𝑥− √ .
4 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃

Type 2: When 𝜃 2 − 4𝜁 𝜅 < 0 and 𝜁 𝜅 ≠ 0, the trigonometric solutions of PDE (50) are gained as follows;
√ √ ( √
( ) ) 3
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴 2
𝜖
𝜙39 (𝑥, 𝑡) = + √
6𝛼𝛽𝜃 𝛽
( √ ) ⎞⎞
⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
⎜√ ⎜1√ ⎜ 𝑡 𝐵 − 2 𝛽 ⎟⎟ ⎟
⎜ 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 tan ⎜ 2 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 ⎜𝑥 − √ ⎟ ⎟ − 𝜃⎟ , (68)
⎜ ⎜ ⎜ 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃 ⎟⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠ ⎠

√ √ ( √
( ) ) 3
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴 2
𝜖
𝜙40 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − √
6𝛼𝛽𝜃 𝛽
√ ) (
⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞⎞ ⎞
⎜√ ⎜1√ ⎜ 𝑡 𝐵 − 2 𝛽 ⎟⎟ ⎟
⎜ 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 cot ⎜ 2 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 ⎜𝑥 − 2
√ ⎟ ⎟ + 𝜃⎟ , (69)
⎜ ⎜ ⎜ 2𝛼 𝛽𝜃 ⎟⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠ ⎠

√ √ ( √
( ) ) ⎛ 3
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴 ⎜√ 2
𝜖
𝜙41 (𝑥, 𝑡) = + √ ⎜ 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2
6𝛼𝛽𝜃 𝛽 ⎜
⎝

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M. Inc et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107053

√ ) ⎞⎞ ( ( √ ) ⎞⎞⎞
⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎜√ 2
⎜ 𝑡 𝐵 − 2 𝛽 ⎟⎟ ⎜ √
2
⎜ 𝑡 𝐵 − 2 𝛽 ⎟⎟⎟ ⎟
⎜tan ⎜ 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 ⎜𝑥 − √ ⎟⎟ − sec ⎜ 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 ⎜𝑥 − √ ⎟⎟⎟ − 𝜃 ⎟ , (70)
2 𝛽𝜃 2 𝛽𝜃
⎜ ⎜ ⎜ 2𝛼 ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎜ 2𝛼 ⎟⎟⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠⎠ ⎠

√ √ ( √
( ) ) ⎛ 3
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴 ⎜√ 2
𝜖
𝜙42 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − √ ⎜ 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2
6𝛼𝛽𝜃 𝛽 ⎜
⎝
( √ ) ⎞⎞ ( √ ) ⎞⎞⎞
⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎜√ 2
⎜ 𝑡 𝐵 − 2 𝛽 ⎟⎟ ⎜ √
2
⎜ 𝑡 𝐵 − 2 𝛽 ⎟⎟⎟ ⎟
⎜cot ⎜ 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 ⎜𝑥 − √ ⎟⎟ − csc ⎜ 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 ⎜𝑥 − √ ⎟⎟⎟ + 𝜃 ⎟ , (71)
2 2
⎜ ⎜ ⎜ 2𝛼 𝛽𝜃 ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎜ 2𝛼 𝛽𝜃 ⎟⎟⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠⎠ ⎠

√ √ ( √
( ) ) ⎛ 3
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴 ⎜√ 2
𝜖
𝜙43 (𝑥, 𝑡) = + √ ⎜ 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2
6𝛼𝛽𝜃 2 𝛽 ⎜
⎝
( √ ) ⎞⎞ ( √ ) ⎞⎞⎞
⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎜1√ 2
⎜ 𝑡 𝐵 − 2 𝛽 ⎟⎟ ⎜ 1 √
2
⎜ 𝑡 𝐵 − 2 𝛽 ⎟⎟⎟ ⎟
⎜tan ⎜ 4 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 ⎜𝑥 − √ ⎟⎟ − cot ⎜ 4 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 ⎜𝑥 − √ ⎟⎟⎟ − 2𝜃 ⎟ , (72)
2 2
⎜ ⎜ ⎜ 2𝛼 𝛽𝜃 ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎜ 2𝛼 𝛽𝜃 ⎟⎟⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠⎠ ⎠

√ √ ( √
( ) ) 3
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴 2
𝜖
𝜙44 (𝑥, 𝑡) = + √
6𝛼𝛽𝜃 𝛽
( ( ( √ ) ))
√
⎛ ( )( ) √ √ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽 ⎞
2 − 𝐻2 2 − 𝐺 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 cos 2 𝑥−
⎜ 𝐺 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 √
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ( ( ( √ ) )) − 𝜃⎟ , (73)
⎜ √ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽 ⎟
𝐺 sin 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥− √ +𝐻
⎜ 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

√ √ ( √
( ) ) 3
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴 2
𝜖
𝜙45 (𝑥, 𝑡) = + √
6𝛼𝛽𝜃 𝛽
( ( ( √ ) ))
⎛ √ √ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽 √( )( ) ⎞
⎜ 𝐺 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 cos 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − 2
√
2𝛼 𝛽𝜃
+ 𝐺2 − 𝐻 2 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜− ( ( ( √ ) )) − 𝜃 ⎟, (74)
⎜ √ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽 ⎟
𝐺 sin 2
4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 𝑥 − √ +𝐻
⎜ 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

where 𝐺2 + 𝐻 2 > 0 are the constants.

( ) √ √ ( )
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴
𝜙46 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
6𝛼𝛽𝜃
( ( ( √ ) ))
√ 1
√ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
2
2 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 cos 2 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 𝑥 − √
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃
− ( ( ( ( √ ) )) ), (75)
√ √ 1
√ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
𝛽 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃2 sin 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥− √ + 𝜃 cos (𝐴)
2 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃

( ( √ ))
√ 1
𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
where 𝐴 = 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥− √ .
2 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃

( ) √ √ ( )
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴
𝜙47 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
6𝛼𝛽𝜃
( ( ( √ ) ))
√ √ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
2 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 sin 21 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃
+ ( ( ( ( √ ) )) ), (76)
√ √ 1
√ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
𝛽 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 cos 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥− √ − 𝜃 sin (𝐴)
2 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃

4𝑐 2 𝜃 2 +4𝜎𝑊 −1
where 𝐴 = 4𝑐 2
− 𝜃2 .
( ) √ √ ( )
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴
𝜙48 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
6𝛼𝛽𝜃

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M. Inc et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107053
( ( ( √ ) ))
√ √ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
2 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 cos 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥− √
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃
− √ (√ √ ), (77)
𝛽 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 sin (𝐴) + 𝜃 cos (𝐴) + 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2
( ( √ ))
√ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
where 𝐴 = 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃2 𝑥− √ .
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃

( ) √ √ ( )
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴
𝜙49 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
6𝛼𝛽𝜃
( ( ( √ ) ))
√ √ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
2 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 sin 2
4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 𝑥 − √
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃
+ ( ( ( ( √ ) )) ), (78)
√ √ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽 √ √
𝛽 −𝜃 sin 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥− √ + 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃2 cos (𝐴) + 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃

( ( √ ))
√ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
where 𝐴 = 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃2 𝑥− √ .
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃

( ) √ √ ( )
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴
𝜙50 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
6𝛼𝛽𝜃
( ( ( √ ) ))
√ √ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
4 6𝜁 𝜅𝜖 sin 14 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥 − √ cos (𝐴)
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃
+ ( ( ( ( √ ) )) ), (79)
√ √ 1
√ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽 √
𝛽 2 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 cos2 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥− √ − 2𝜃 sin (𝐴) cos (𝐴) − 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃2
4 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃

( ( √ ))
1
√ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
where 𝐴 = 4𝜁 𝜅 − 𝜃 2 𝑥− √ .
4 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃

Type 3: When 𝜁 = 0 and 𝜁 𝜅 ≠ 0, the hyperbolic solutions of PDE (50) gained as follows;
( ) √ √ ( )
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴
𝜙51 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
6𝛼𝛽𝜃
√
6𝑑𝜃𝜅𝜖
− ( ( ( ( √ ) )) ( ( ( √ ) )) ), (80)
√ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
𝛽𝑞 − sinh 𝜃 𝑥 − √ + cosh 𝜃 𝑥 − √ + 𝑑
2 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃 2𝛼 𝛽𝜃

( ) √ √ ( )
3𝛼𝛽 𝛾1 + 𝛾2 𝜃 + 6 𝛽 3𝛼𝜃 2 𝜖 − 1 + 𝐴
𝜙52 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
6𝛼𝛽𝜃
( ( ( ( √ ) )) ( ( ( √ ) )))
√ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
6𝜃𝜅𝜖 sinh 𝜃 𝑥− √ + cosh 𝜃 𝑥 − √
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃
+ ( ( ( ( √ ) )) ( ( ( √ ) )) ), (81)
√ 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽 𝑡 𝐵−2 𝛽
𝛽𝑞 sinh 𝜃 𝑥− √ + cosh 𝜃 𝑥 − √ + 𝑑
2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃 2𝛼 2 𝛽𝜃

Discussion and results

Natural phenomena raise many traveling waves physically, which are frequently modeled by partial differential equations. Solitons, a particular
family of moving waves, are another name for solitary waves. So, we successfully construct the Solitons and solitary wave solutions for the RND
model. These solutions are obtained in the form of the dark, bright, singular, mixed, combo, periodic, and mixed periodic forms that are shown
physically by drawing the plots in 3d and contour representations. These regularization techniques have been frequently used in chemical phase-
separation model simulations. These regularization are depends on the value of 𝜖, for the smaller values of 𝜖 these solutions are plotted in a good
manor shaped. The dark soliton solution for the 𝜙1 (𝑥, 𝑡) is shown in the Fig. 1 while Fig. 2 shows the singular soliton solution. Same as the Figs. 3,
4 also present the soliton solution. The Figs. 5, 6, 7 show the soliton behaviors for the different solutions that are constructed above. Figs. 8, 9,
10, 11, 12 show the solitary wave solutions for the periodic wave solutions. These wave structures are very fruitful for the dynamical study of the
RND model for the different regularization. Logistic Growth is a mathematical function that can be used in several situations. Logistic Growth is
characterized by increasing growth in the beginning period, but a decreasing growth at a later stage, as you get closer to a maximum. For example
in the Coronavirus case, this maximum limit would be the total number of people in the world, because when everybody is sick, the growth will
necessarily diminish. So, these wave structures are very important that how we control the virus spread in the environments. In other use cases of
logistic growth, this number could be the size of an animal population that grows exponentially until the moment where their environment does
not provide enough food for all animals and hence the growth becomes slower until a maximum capacity of the environment is reached. Hence
this study is very fruitful in the reaction–diffusion systems.

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M. Inc et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107053

Fig. 2. Three dimensional plots and their corresponding contour of 𝜙2 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the values 𝛼 = 0.19, 𝛽 = 1.12, 𝛾1 = 1.98, 𝛾2 = 0.45, 𝜁 = 0.8, 𝜃 = 2.2, 𝜅 = 1.45, 𝜖 = 0.0987.

Fig. 3. Three dimensional plots and their corresponding contour of 𝜙4 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the values 𝛼 = 0.19, 𝛽 = 2.12, 𝛾1 = 2.98, 𝛾2 = 0.0045, 𝜁 = 1.8, 𝜃 = 3.2, 𝜅 = 0.45, 𝜖 = 0.0987.

Fig. 4. Three dimensional plots and their corresponding contour of 𝜙7 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the values 𝛼 = 0.19, 𝛽 = 0.912, 𝛾1 = 1.98, 𝛾2 = 0.45, 𝜁 = 0.8, 𝜃 = 2.2, 𝜅 = 0.45, 𝜖 = 0.0987, 𝐺 = 1, 𝐻 = 3.

Fig. 5. Three dimensional plots and their corresponding contour of 𝜙8 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the values 𝛼 = 0.19, 𝛽 = 0.12, 𝛾1 = 0.98, 𝛾2 = 0.45, 𝜁 = 0.8, 𝜃 = 2.2, 𝜅 = 0.45, 𝜖 = 0.0987.

Conclusion

In this paper, we take an analytical look at the reaction-nonlinear diffusion model. The reaction-nonlinear diffusion model is examined using
both the bistable growth regularization and the logistic regularization. These regularization techniques have been frequently used in chemical phase-
separation model simulations. Analytically, the various wave structures are constructed with the help of the generalized Riccati equation mapping

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M. Inc et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107053

Fig. 6. Three dimensional plots and their corresponding contour of 𝜙10 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the values 𝛼 = 0.19, 𝛽 = 0.12, 𝛾1 = 0.98, 𝛾2 = 0.45, 𝜁 = 0.8, 𝜃 = 2.2, 𝜅 = 0.45, 𝜖 = 0.7.

Fig. 7. Three dimensional plots and their corresponding contour of 𝜙13 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the values 𝛼 = 0.59, 𝛽 = 0.12, 𝛾1 = 0.8998, 𝛾2 = 0.4, 𝜁 = 0.8, 𝜃 = 2.72, 𝜅 = 0.45, 𝜖 = 0.0987.

Fig. 8. Three dimensional plots and their corresponding contour of 𝜙18 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the values 𝛼 = 0.19, 𝛽 = 0.12, 𝛾1 = 1.98, 𝛾2 = 0.45, 𝜁 = 0.8, 𝜃 = 1.2, 𝜅 = 1.45, 𝜖 = 0.02, 𝐻 = 2, 𝐺 = 2.

Fig. 9. Three dimensional plots and their corresponding contour of 𝜙19 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the values 𝛼 = 0.19, 𝛽 = 0.12, 𝛾1 = 0.98, 𝛾2 = 0.45, 𝜁 = 0.8, 𝜃 = 1.2, 𝜅 = 1.45, 𝜖 = 0.0987, 𝐻 = 2, 𝐺 = 2.

technique. These solutions are gained in several hyperbolic, trigonometric, and logical solutions by this method. The reaction-nonlinear diffusion
model’s dynamical analysis is aided by these solutions. Also, we create the 3D and their associated contour by selecting various parameter values
for their physical importance. This study is provided the main ideas for of this reaction-nonlinear diffusion model analytically and numerically. For
the dynamical study of the both the bistable growth regularization and the logistic regularization it would be helpful for the researchers. Further
the numerical simulations and their error analysis are the future ideas.

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M. Inc et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107053

Fig. 10. Three dimensional plots and their corresponding contour of 𝜙27 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the values 𝛼 = 0.19, 𝛽 = 0.12, 𝛾1 = 0.098, 𝛾2 = 0.45, 𝜁 = 0.8, 𝜃 = 3.2, 𝜅 = 0.45, 𝜖 = 0.0987.

Fig. 11. Three dimensional plots and their corresponding contour of 𝜙45 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the values 𝛼 = 0.19, 𝛽 = 0.12, 𝛾1 = 0.098, 𝛾2 = 0.45, 𝜁 = 1.8, 𝜃 = 0.2, 𝜅 = 0.45, 𝜖 = 0.0987, 𝐻 = 2, 𝐺 = 1.

Fig. 12. Three dimensional plots and their corresponding contour of 𝜙46 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the values 𝛼 = 0.19, 𝛽 = 0.12, 𝛾1 = 0.098, 𝛾2 = 0.45, 𝜁 = 1.8, 𝜃 = 0.2, 𝜅 = 0.45, 𝜖 = 0.987, 𝐻 = 2, 𝐺 = 1.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Mustafa Inc: Conceptualization, Software, Investigation, Data curation, Writing – review & editing, Supervision. Rubayyi T. Alqahtani: Formal
analysis, Resources, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition. Muhammad Sajid Iqbal:
Methodology / Study design, Software, Validation, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the
work reported in this paper.

Data availability

No data was used for the research described in the article.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported and funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) (grant
number IMSIU-RP23032).

15
M. Inc et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107053

Funding

This work was supported and funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) (grant
number IMSIU-RP23032).

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Further reading

[1] Malik A, Chand F, Kumar H, Mishra SC. Exact solutions of nonlinear diffusion-reaction equations. Indian J Phys 2012;86(2):129–36.

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