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Limit cycles of septic polynomial differential systems bifurcating from the

periodic annulus of cubic center

Article in Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics · January 2024

DOI: 10.1016/j.padiff.2024.100622

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 Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 9 (2024) 100622

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/padiff

Limit cycles of septic polynomial differential systems bifurcating from the

periodic annulus of cubic center
Imane Zemmouri a , Amor Menaceur b ,∗, Abdelhamid Laouar c , Salah Boulaaras d
a
Laboratory of LMA, Department of Mathematics, University of Annaba, Elhadjar 23, Annaba, Algeria
b
Laboratory of ACED, Department of Mathematics, University of Guelma, P.O. Box 401, Guelma 24000, Algeria
c
LANOS Laboratory and Department of Mathematics, University of Annaba, Elhadjar 23, Annaba, Algeria
d
Department of Mathematics, College of Sciences and Arts in ArRass, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

MSC: This paper focuses on investigating the maximum number of limit cycles bifurcating from the periodic orbits
34C25 adapted to the cubic system given by
34C29
37C27 𝑥̇ = 𝑦 − 𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 , 𝑦̇ = −𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 ,
37G15
where 𝑎 is a positive number with 𝑎 ≠ 1. The study specifically examines the perturbation of this system
Keywords:
within the class of all septic polynomial differential systems. Our main result demonstrates that the first-order
Differential equations
Mathematical operators averaging theory associated with the perturbed system yields a maximum of twenty-two limit cycles.
Limit cycle
Averaging method
Periodic orbit
Septic polynomial differential system

1. Introduction and main results
One of the most formidable challenging problems is the second
part of the classical Hilbert’s sixteenth problem and its weak form
(further elaboration, see., Ref. 1) which is to find the number of limit
cycles for the planar polynomial ordinary differential systems of a
given degree. Despite efforts, this problem remains unsolved, even
for polynomial differential systems with a small parameter. In recent
times, the exploration of limit cycle properties has garnered significant
interest, extending beyond the realm of mathematicians to encompass
biologists, physicists, chemists, economists, and various other disci-
plines (see., Refs. 2–5). Extensive research has been conducted in recent
times on the number of limit cycles emerging from periodic orbits
of differential systems featuring a center, whether linear or nonlin-
ear. Numerous distinct methodologies have been employed, including
the Hopf and homoclinic bifurcation theory methods (see., Ref. 6),
the inverse integral factor method (see., Ref. 7), Lyapunov constants
(see., Ref. 8), the Melnikov function (see., Ref. 9), and averaging theory
(see., Refs. 10–12). A classical method to obtain limit cycles is to
perturb a system, which has a center so that limit cycles bifurcate in
the perturbed system from several of the periodic orbits surrounding
the center of the unperturbed system (see., Refs. 13–15).
Recently, there has been considerable interest in studying the num-
ber of limit cycles that bifurcate from the periodic annulus of a system
described by the following system
{
𝑥̇ = −𝑦𝑆 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝜀𝑃𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦) ,
(1.1)
𝑦̇ = 𝑥𝑆 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝜀𝑄𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦) ,
where 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥; 𝑦), 𝑄𝑛 (𝑥; 𝑦) represent arbitrary polynomials of degree 𝑛,
𝑆(0, 0) ≠ 0 and |𝜀| is a small parameter.
The system (1.1) was examined by Llibre et al.16,17 , where they
analyzed the impact of 𝑆(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 + 𝑥. Through the application of first-
order averaging theory, they obtained a minimum of 𝑛 limit cycles that
bifurcate from the periodic orbits of the unperturbed system. Addition-
ally, by employing second-order averaging theory, they discovered a
maximum of 2𝑛 − 1 limit cycles.
Xiang and Han18 conducted a comprehensive investigation on the
system (1.1) with 𝑆(𝑥, 𝑦) = (1 − 𝑦)𝑚 . They put forward the notion that
the maximum count of limit cycles can be determined as 𝑛 − 𝑚 + 1

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: zemmouri.imane@univ-annaba.org (I. Zemmouri), menaceur.amor@univ-guelma.dz (A. Menaceur), Abdelhamid.laouar@univ-annaba.dz
(A. Laouar), s.boularas@qu.edu.sa (S. Boulaaras).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.padiff.2024.100622
Received 9 December 2023; Received in revised form 10 January 2024; Accepted 11 January 2024
Available online 12 January 2024
2666-8181/© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
I. Zemmouri et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 9 (2024) 100622

( ]
through the utilization of the first-order Melnikov function. Further- where 𝑢, 𝑣 and 𝑢0 ∈ 𝑈 an open domain of R, 𝑡 ∈ [0, ∞), 𝜀 ∈ 0, 𝜀0 , 𝐺1
more, when 𝑚 = 1, the upper limit can be attained, signifying that the and 𝐺2 are 𝑇 −periodic functions in the variable 𝑡, and 𝑔 0 (𝑣) is the average
system exhibits precisely 𝑛 limit cycles. Subsequently, Gasull et al.19 function of 𝐺1 (𝑡, 𝑣) with respect to 𝑡, i.e.,
also employed the first-order Melnikov function to explore a similar 𝑇
1
system (1.1) with 𝑆(𝑥, 𝑦) = (1 − 𝑦)𝑚 . Their findings indicated that 𝜆 ≤ 𝑔 0 (𝑣) = 𝐺1 (𝑡, 𝑣) 𝑑𝑡. (2.3)
𝑇 ∫0
[(𝑚 + 𝑛) ∕2]−1 when 𝑛 < 𝑚−1, and 𝜆 ≤ 𝑛 when 𝑛 ≥ 𝑚−1, with [.] denotes
Assume that:
the integer part function. Here, 𝜆 represents the maximum number of
limit cycles that bifurcate from the periodic orbits of the unperturbed 𝜕𝐺 𝜕2 𝐺 𝜕𝐺
(i) 𝐺1 , 𝜕𝑢1 , 𝜕𝑢21 , 𝐺2 and 𝜕𝑢2 are defined, continuous and bounded by
( ]
system (1.1) when 𝜀 is equal to zero. a constant independent by 𝜀 ∈ 0, 𝜀0 , in [0, ∞) × 𝑈
In the study conducted by Menaceur et al. (see., Ref. 20), the focus (ii) 𝑇 is a constant independent of 𝜀
was on investigating the number of limit cycles that can bifurcate from (iii) 𝑣 (𝑡) belongs to 𝑈 on the time scale 1∕𝜀. Then the following statements
the period annulus surrounding the origin of a specific class of cubic hold:
polynomial differential systems, as introduced in the works of Giné
1
et al. (see., Ref. 21), while it into the class of all sextic polynomial a. On the time scale 𝜖
, we have 𝑢 (𝑡) − 𝑣 (𝑡) = 𝑂 (𝜀), as 𝜀 ⟶ 0.
differential systems having the origin as a singular point is perturbed, b. If 𝑝 ≠ 0 is an equilibrium point of the averaged system (2.2),
i.e., for all 𝜀 sufficiently small, they are extended the work of Gine such that
and Llibre21 by researching the number of limit cycles of the system 𝜕𝑔 0 ||
(1.1) where 𝑆 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 , which bifurcate from the period annulus | ≠ 0, (2.4)
𝜕𝑣 ||𝑣=𝑝
surrounding the origin of system
then system (2.1) has a 𝑇 -periodic solution 𝜙 (𝑡, 𝜀) → 𝑝 as
𝑥̇ = −𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 , 𝑦̇ = 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 . 𝜀 ⟶ 0.
c. If (2.4) is a negative. Therefore, the corresponding periodic solu-
In this paper, our main objective is to estimate the maximum number
tion 𝜙 (𝑡, 𝜀) of equation (2.1) in the space (𝑡, 𝑢) is asymptotically
of limit cycles bifurcating from the periodic orbits of system
stable for all 𝜀 sufficiently small, if (2.4) is positive, then it is
𝑥̇ = 𝑦 − 𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 , 𝑦̇ = −𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 , (1.2) unstable.

by using the averaging method, when this system is perturbed inside For a proof of Theorem 2.1 see Refs. 22, 23.
the class following system
{ 3. Proof of Theorem 1.1
𝑥̇ = 𝑦 − 𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + 𝜀𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦) ,
(1.3)
𝑦̇ = −𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + 𝜀𝑄 (𝑥, 𝑦) , For 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1, the cubic system (1.2) possesses a single
2 period annulus denoted by 𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ 0 < 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 < 𝑟2 }, where
where (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 1 is a conic, 𝑎 is a positive number with 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑟 = min{|𝑎 − 1|, |𝑎 + 1|}. This proof is established using the first-order
and 𝑄 (𝑥, 𝑦) are polynomials of degree 𝑛 and |𝜀| is a small parameter.
averaging theory method in polar coordinates (𝑟, 𝜃), where 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
The main result of this study is the following
and 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃, with 𝑟 > 0. If we consider:

Theorem 1.1. Consider system (1.3) with 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 and the ∑

𝑛 ∑ ∑
𝑛 ∑
𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑝𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑗 , 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑞𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑗 ,
polynomials 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) have degree 7. Then for |𝜀| sufficiently small 𝑘=1 𝑖+𝑗=𝑘 𝑘=1 𝑖+𝑗=𝑘
the maximum number of limit cycles of the polynomial differential systems
The system (1.3) can be expressed in the following form
(1.3) bifurcating from the periodic orbits of the center (1.2), using averaging
⎧ ∑𝑛 ( )
theory of first order is Twenty-two limit cycles. ∑ ∑
⎪𝑟̇ = 𝜀 cos 𝜃 𝑖+𝑗=𝑘 𝑝𝑖𝑗 cos𝑖 𝜃 sin𝑗 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 𝑖+𝑗=𝑘 𝑞𝑖𝑗 cos𝑖 𝜃 sin𝑗 𝜃 𝑟𝑘 ,
⎪ 𝑘=1
Remark 1.1. In Ref. 21, The authors investigated the situation in ⎪ 𝑛 (
∑
⎨𝜃̇ = (𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑎)2 − 1 + 𝜀 ∑
which 𝑃 (𝑢, 𝑣) and 𝑄(𝑢, 𝑣) are real polynomials of degree 𝑛 = 3. Their cos 𝜃 𝑖+𝑗=𝑘 𝑞𝑖𝑗 cos𝑖 𝜃 sin𝑗 𝜃
⎪
findings indicated that the maximum number of limit cycles in this ⎪ ∑
𝑘=1 )
⎪ − sin 𝜃 𝑖+𝑗=𝑘 𝑝𝑖𝑗 cos𝑖 𝜃 sin𝑗 𝜃 𝑟𝑘−1 .
particular case is limited to eight. ⎩
Therefore, we have
2. First-order averaging method ( )
𝑑𝑟 ∑𝑛 ∑ 𝑗
∑ 𝑗
𝑖 𝑖
=𝜀 cos 𝜃 𝑝𝑖𝑗 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 𝑞𝑖𝑗 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑖+𝑗=𝑘 𝑖+𝑗=𝑘
The averaging method presents an intriguing approach to research- 𝑘=1

ing the limit cycles. In essence, it establishes a qualitative link between 𝑟𝑘

× + 𝜀2 𝑅(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜀). (3.1)
the solutions of a non-autonomous periodic differential system and the (𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑎)2 − 1
solutions of its averaged differential system, which is autonomous. We The average function of (3.1) is
now provide a summary of the fundamental findings derived from the
1 ∑ 𝑘
𝑛
averaging method that are necessary to prove our results. 𝑔 0 (𝑟) = 𝑟
2𝜋 𝑘=1
∑ 𝑖 𝑗 ∑ 𝑖 𝑗
Theorem 2.1. The averaging theory provides an intriguing approach to 2𝜋 cos 𝜃
𝑖+𝑗=𝑘 𝑝𝑖𝑗 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 𝑖+𝑗=𝑘 𝑞𝑖𝑗 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
research the limit cycles. Essentially, this theory revolves around examining × 𝑑𝜃.
∫0 (𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑎)2 − 1
the zeros of a specific function that is associated with the initial system. To
summarize its essence, the theory can be outlined as follows. For 𝑛 = 7, we get
Let us consider the following two initial value problems ∑
7 ∑
( )
𝑔 0 (𝑟) = 𝑝𝑖𝑗 𝐵𝑖+1,𝑗 (𝑟) + 𝑞𝑖𝑗 𝐵𝑖,𝑗+1 (𝑟) 𝑟𝑘 , (3.2)
𝑢̇ = 𝜀𝐺1 (𝑡, 𝑢) + 𝜀2 𝐺2 (𝑡, 𝑢, 𝜀) , 𝑢 (0) = 𝑢0 , (2.1) 𝑘=1 𝑖+𝑗=𝑘

where
and
2𝜋
1 cos𝑖 𝜃 sin𝑗 𝜃
𝑣̇ = 𝜀𝑔 0 (𝑣) , 𝑣 (0) = 𝑢0 , (2.2) 𝐵𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑑𝜃, (3.3)
2𝜋 ∫0 𝐻(𝑟,𝜃)

2
I. Zemmouri et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 9 (2024) 100622

2𝜋
with cos 𝜃 −𝑢 (1 − 𝑎) + 𝑣 (1 + 𝑎)
𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋𝑟.
∫0 𝐻 (𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑢𝑣
𝐻(𝑟, 𝜃) = (𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑎)2 − 1.

Based on Theorem 2.1, each simple zero of the average function 𝑔 0 (𝑟) Lemma 3.2. For 𝑎 > 1, we have
corresponds to a limit cycle of system (1.3). Now, we proceed to prove 2𝜋
1 𝑢−𝑣 2
Theorem 1.1. The proof consists of two steps: first, we compute the 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋𝑟 ,
∫0 𝐻 (𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑢𝑣
integral of 𝑔 0 (𝑟), and second, we examine the number of its simple 2𝜋
cos 𝜃 𝑢 (1 − 𝑎) + 𝑣 (1 + 𝑎)
zeros. 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋𝑟,
∫0 𝐻 (𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑢𝑣
In order to calculate the exact expression of 𝑔 0 (𝑟) we employ the
following formulas where
√ √
(i)-
𝑢 = (𝑎 + 1)2 − 𝑟2 , 𝑣= (𝑎 − 1)2 − 𝑟2 .
cos𝑘+1 𝜃 cos𝑘+1 𝜃
=
𝐻(𝑟, 𝜃) (𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑎)2 − 1 Proof. To validate this hypothesis, we rely on the same previous proof
( )
𝐻(𝑟, 𝜃) cos𝑘−1 𝜃 − 2𝑎𝑟 cos𝑘 𝜃 + 1 − 𝑎2 cos𝑘−1 𝜃 with ||𝑧1 || < 1, ||𝑧3 || < 1, ||𝑧2 || > 1 and ||𝑧4 || > 1 for 𝑎 > 1.
= ,
𝑟2 𝐻(𝑟, 𝜃) For 0 < 𝑎 < 1, from the equations (3.4) to (3.7) and Lemma 3.1 in
we have (3.3), it yields the following
cos𝑘+1 𝜃 1 2𝑎 cos𝑘 𝜃 1 − 𝑎2 cos𝑘−1 𝜃 −𝑢 − 𝑣 2
= cos𝑘−1 𝜃 − + . (3.4) 𝐵0,0 = 𝑟 ,
𝐻(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑟2 𝑟 𝐻(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑟2 𝐻(𝑟, 𝜃) 2𝑢𝑣
[ ]
(ii)- For 𝑠 = 1, … , 𝑘+1 −𝑢 (1 − 𝑎) + 𝑣 (1 + 𝑎)
2 𝐵1,0 = 𝑟,
2𝑢𝑣
( )𝑠
cos𝑘−2𝑠+1 𝜃 sin2𝑠 𝜃 cos𝑘−2𝑠+1 𝜃 1 − cos2 𝜃
= 2𝜋
𝐻(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝐻(𝑟, 𝜃) 1 cos2 𝜃
𝐵2,0 = 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 ∫0 𝑓
∑𝑠
cos𝑘−2𝑠+2𝑖+1 𝜃
= (−1)𝑖 𝐶𝑠𝑖 , 1 1
2𝜋
2𝑎 1 − 𝑎2
𝐻(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝑑𝜃 − 𝐵 + 𝐵0,0
𝑖=0 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑟2 𝑟 1,0 𝑟2
we have ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 )
𝑎 − 2𝑎 + 1 𝑢𝑟 + 𝑎 + 2𝑎 + 1 𝑣𝑟2 − 2𝑢𝑣
=− ,
cos𝑘−2𝑠+1 𝜃 sin2𝑠 𝜃 ∑
𝑠
cos𝑘−2𝑠+2𝑖+1 𝜃 2𝑢𝑣𝑟2
= (−1)𝑖 𝐶𝑠𝑖 , (3.5)
𝐻(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑖=0
𝐻(𝑟, 𝜃) then
(iii)- 𝐵0,2 = 𝐵0,0 − 𝐵2,0
( ) ( )
⎧0 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 ∈ 2N, (𝑎 + 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑣𝑟2 + (𝑎 − 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑢𝑟2 − 2𝑢𝑣
sin𝑘+1 𝜃 ⎪ ( = ,
= ⎨ 1−cos2 𝜃 ) 2 2𝑢𝑣𝑟2
𝑘+1
∑ 𝑘+1 𝑗 cos2𝑗𝜃
𝐻(𝑟, 𝜃) ⎪ 𝐻(𝑟,𝜃)
= 2
𝑗=0
(−1)𝑗 𝐶 𝑘+1 𝐻(𝑟,𝜃)
if 𝑘 ∈ 2N + 1, and we also have
⎩ 2 ( 3 ) ( )
𝑎 − 3𝑎2 + 3𝑎 − 1 𝑢𝑟2 + 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 + 3𝑎 + 1 𝑣𝑟2 − 4𝑎𝑢𝑣
(3.6) 𝐵3,0 = ,
2𝑟3 𝑢𝑣
(iv)- ( ) ( )
(1 − 𝑎) (𝑎 + 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑣𝑟2 + (𝑎 + 1) (𝑎 − 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑢𝑟2 − 4𝑎𝑢𝑣
cos𝑘 𝜃 sin2𝑠+1 𝜃 𝐵1,2 = − ,
𝑑𝜃 = 0, ∀𝑘, 𝑠 with 𝑘 + 2𝑠 ≤ 7. (3.7) 2𝑢𝑣𝑟3
𝐻(𝑟, 𝜃) ( ) ( ) ( )
𝑎4 − 4𝑎3 + 6𝑎2 − 4𝑎+ 𝑢𝑟2 + 𝑎4 + 4𝑎3 + 6𝑎2 + 4𝑎+ 𝑣𝑟2 −𝑟2 − 6𝑎2 − 2 𝑢𝑣
𝐵4,0 = − ,
Lemma 3.1. For 0 < 𝑎 < 1 we have 2𝑢𝑣𝑟4
2𝜋
1 −𝑢 − 𝑣 2 1 ( 2 )( )
𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋𝑟 , 𝐵2,2 = [ 𝑎 + 2𝑎+ (𝑎 + 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑣𝑟2
∫0 𝐻(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑢𝑣 2𝑢𝑣𝑟4
( )( ) ( )
2𝜋
cos 𝜃 −𝑢 (1 − 𝑎) + 𝑣 (1 + 𝑎) + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎 + 1 (𝑎 − 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑢𝑟2 + 𝑟2 − 6𝑎2 − 2 𝑢𝑣],
𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋𝑟,
∫0 𝐻 (𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑢𝑣
1 ( 2 )( )
where 𝐵0,4 = − [ −𝑟 + 𝑎2 + 2𝑎 + 1 (𝑎 + 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑣𝑟2
√ √ 2𝑢𝑣𝑟4
( )( )
𝑢 = (𝑎 + 1)2 − 𝑟2 , 𝑣 = (𝑎 − 1)2 − 𝑟2 . + −𝑟2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎 + 1 (𝑎 − 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑢𝑟2
( 2 )
+ 3𝑟 − 6𝑎2 − 2 𝑢𝑣],
Proof. By putting 𝑧 = 𝑒𝑖𝜃 and 𝐶 = {𝑧 ∶ |𝑧| = 1}, we obtain
1 ( 5 )
2𝜋
1 4 𝑧 𝐵5,0 = [ 𝑎 − 5𝑎4 + 10𝑎3 − 10𝑎2 + 5𝑎 − 1 𝑢𝑟2
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑧, 2𝑢𝑣𝑟5
∫0 𝐻 (𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑖 ∮𝐶 (𝑟𝑧2 + 2𝑎𝑧 + 𝑟)2 − 4𝑧2 ( )
+ 𝑎5 + 5𝑎4 + 10𝑎3 + 10𝑎2 + 5𝑎 + 1 𝑣𝑟2
2𝜋 ( )
cos 𝜃 2 𝑧2 + 1 + −2𝑎𝑟2 − 8𝑎3 − 8𝑎 𝑢𝑣],
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑧,
∫0 𝐻 (𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑖 ∮𝐶 (𝑟𝑧2 + 2𝑎𝑧 + 𝑟)2 − 4𝑧2
1 ( 3 )( )
the poles are 𝐵3,2 = − [ 𝑎 + 3𝑎2 + 3𝑎 + 1 (𝑎 + 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑣𝑟2
2𝑢𝑣𝑟5
( )( )
1−𝑎±𝑣 −1 − 𝑎 ± 𝑢 + 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 + 3𝑎 − 1 (𝑎 − 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑢𝑟2
𝑧1,2 = , 𝑧3,4 = . ( )
𝑟 𝑟 + 2𝑎𝑟2 − 8𝑎3 − 8𝑎 𝑢𝑣],
Using the residue theorem with ||𝑧2 || < 1, ||𝑧3 || < 1, ||𝑧1 || > 1 and ||𝑧4 || > 1
for 𝑎 ∈ ]0, 1[, we obtain 1 ( ( )) ( )
𝐵1,4 = [ (−𝑎 − 1) 𝑟2 + 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 + 3𝑎 + 1 (𝑎 + 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑣𝑟2
2𝜋 2𝑢𝑣𝑟5
1
𝑑𝜃 =
−𝑢 − 𝑣 2
𝜋𝑟 , ( ( )) ( )
∫0 𝐻 (𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑢𝑣 + (1 − 𝑎) 𝑟2 + 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 + 3𝑎 − 1 (𝑎 − 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑢𝑟2

3
I. Zemmouri et al. Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 9 (2024) 100622

( ) ( )
+ 6𝑎𝑟2 − 8𝑎3 − 8𝑎 𝑢𝑣], × (𝑎 + 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑣𝑟2
( )( )
+ 8𝑎6 − 48𝑎5 + 120𝑎4 − 160𝑎3 + 120𝑎2 − 48𝑎 + 8 (𝑎 − 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑢𝑟2
1 ( 6 ) ( 6 ( 2 ) 4 ( )
𝐵6,0 = − [ 4𝑎 − 24𝑎5 + 60𝑎4 − 80𝑎3 + 60𝑎2 − 24𝑎 + 4 𝑢𝑟2 + 𝑟 + 6𝑎 + 2 𝑟 + 40𝑎4 + 80𝑎2 + 8 𝑟2
8𝑢𝑣𝑟 6
( ) ( ))
+ 4𝑎6 + 24𝑎5 + 60𝑎4 + 80𝑎3 + 60𝑎2 + 24𝑎 + 4 𝑣𝑟2 − 112𝑎6 + 560𝑎4 + 336𝑎2 + 16 𝑢𝑣],
(( ) ( ))
+ −12𝑎2 − 4 𝑟2 − 3𝑟4 − 40𝑎4 + 80𝑎2 + 8 𝑢𝑣], (( )
1
𝐵4,4 = [ 8𝑎4 + 32𝑎3 + 48𝑎2 + 32𝑎 + 8 𝑟2
16𝑢𝑣𝑟 8
1 ( 4 )( ) ( ))
𝐵4,2 = [ 4𝑎 + 16𝑎3 + 24𝑎2 + 16𝑎 + 4 (𝑎 + 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑣𝑟2 − 8𝑎6 + 48𝑎5 + 120𝑎4 + 160𝑎3 + 120𝑎2 + 48𝑎 + 8
8𝑢𝑣𝑟6 ( ) (( )
( )( )
+ 4𝑎4 − 16𝑎3 + 24𝑎2 − 16𝑎 + 4 (𝑎 − 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑢𝑟2 × (𝑎 + 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑣𝑟2 + 8𝑎4 − 32𝑎3 + 48𝑎2 − 32𝑎 + 8 𝑟2
( ( ) ( )) ( ))
+ 𝑟4 + 12𝑎2 + 4 𝑟2 − 40𝑎4 + 80𝑎2 + 8 𝑢𝑣], + 48𝑎5 − 8𝑎6 − 120𝑎4 + 160𝑎3 − 120𝑎2 + 48𝑎 − 8
( ) ( ( ) ( )
× (𝑎 − 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑢𝑟2 + 𝑟6 + 18𝑎2 + 6 𝑟4 + −120𝑎4 − 240𝑎2 − 24 𝑟2
1 (( 2 ) ( )) ( ))
𝐵2,4 = [ 4𝑎 + 8𝑎 + 4 𝑟2 − 4𝑎4 + 16𝑎3 + 24𝑎2 + 16𝑎 + 4 + 112𝑎6 + 560𝑎4 + 336𝑎2 + 16 𝑢𝑣],
8𝑢𝑣𝑟6
( )
× (𝑎 + 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑣𝑟2 ( ) ( )
(( 2 ) ( )) 1
𝐵2,6 = [[ 8𝑎2 + 16𝑎 + 8 𝑟4 + −16𝑎4 − 64𝑎3 − 96𝑎2 − 64𝑎 − 16 𝑟2
+ 4𝑎 − 8𝑎 + 4 𝑟2 + 16𝑎3 − 4𝑎4 − 24𝑎2 + 16𝑎 − 4 16𝑢𝑣𝑟8
( ) ( 6 ) ( )
× (𝑎 − 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑢𝑟2 + 8𝑎 + 48𝑎5 + 120𝑎4 + 160𝑎3 + 120𝑎2 + 48𝑎 + 8 ] (𝑎 + 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑣𝑟2
( 4 ( ) ( )) ( ) ( )
+ 3𝑟 + −36𝑎2 − 12 𝑟2 + 40𝑎4 + 80𝑎2 + 8 𝑢𝑣], + [ 8𝑎2 − 16𝑎 + 8 𝑟4 + 64𝑎3 − 16𝑎4 − 96𝑎2 + 64𝑎 − 16 𝑟2
( 6 ) ( )
+ 8𝑎 − 48𝑎5 + 120𝑎4 − 160𝑎3 + 120𝑎2 − 48𝑎 + 8 ] (𝑎 − 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑢𝑟2
1 ( 4 ( ) ( )) ( ) ( )
𝐵0,6 = [ 4𝑟 + −8𝑎2 − 16𝑎 − 8 𝑟2 + 4𝑎4 + 16𝑎3 + 24𝑎2 + 16𝑎 + 4 + [5𝑟6 + −90𝑎2 − 30 𝑟4 + 200𝑎4 + 400𝑎2 + 40 𝑟2 − 112𝑎6 + 560𝑎4
8𝑢𝑣𝑟6
( )
× (𝑎 + 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑣𝑟2 + 336𝑎2 + 16]𝑢𝑣],
( 4 ( ) ( ))
+ 4𝑟 + 16𝑎 − 8𝑎2 − 8 𝑟2 + 4𝑎4 − 16𝑎3 + 24𝑎2 − 16𝑎 + 4 1 ( )
( ) 𝐵0,8 = − [[−8𝑟6 + 24𝑎2 + 48𝑎 + 24 𝑟4
× (𝑎 − 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑢𝑟2 16𝑢𝑣𝑟8
(( ) ( )) ( )
+ 60𝑎2 + 20 𝑟2 − 15𝑟4 − 40𝑎4 + 80𝑎2 + 8 𝑢𝑣], + −24𝑎4 − 96𝑎3 − 144𝑎2 − 96𝑎 − 24 𝑟2
( 6 ) ( )
+ 8𝑎 + 48𝑎5 + 120𝑎4 + 160𝑎3 + 120𝑎2 + 48𝑎 + 8 ] (𝑎 + 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑣𝑟2
1 ( 7 ) ( )
𝐵7,0 = [ 2𝑎 − 14𝑎6 + 42𝑎5 − 70𝑎4 + 70𝑎3 − 42𝑎2 + 14𝑎 − 2 𝑢𝑟2 + [−8𝑟6 + 24𝑎2 − 48𝑎 + 24 𝑟4
4𝑢𝑣𝑟7 ( )
( )
+ 2𝑎7 + 14𝑎6 + 42𝑎5 + 70𝑎4 + 70𝑎3 + 42𝑎2 + 14𝑎 + 2 𝑣𝑟2 + −24𝑎4 + 96𝑎3 − 144𝑎2 + 96𝑎 − 24 𝑟2
( ( ) ( )) ( ) ( )
+ −3𝑎𝑟4 + −8𝑎3 − 8𝑎 𝑟2 − 24𝑎5 + 80𝑎3 + 24𝑎 𝑢𝑣], + 8𝑎6 − 48𝑎5 + 120𝑎4 − 160𝑎3 + 120𝑎2 − 48𝑎 + 8 ] (𝑎 − 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑢𝑟2
( ) ( )
+ [35𝑟6 + −210𝑎2 − 70 𝑟4 + 280𝑎4 + 560𝑎2 + 56 𝑟2
1 ( 5 )( ) ( )
𝐵5,2 = − [ 2𝑎 + 10𝑎4 + 20𝑎3 + 20𝑎2 + 10𝑎 + 2 (𝑎 + 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑣𝑟2 − 112𝑎6 + 560𝑎4 + 336𝑎2 + 16 ]𝑢𝑣],
4𝑢𝑣𝑟7
( )( )
+ 2𝑎5 − 10𝑎4 + 20𝑎3 − 20𝑎2 + 10𝑎 − 2 (𝑎 − 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑢𝑟2 and
( ( ) ( ))
+ 𝑎𝑟4 + 8𝑎3 + 8𝑎 𝑟2 − 24𝑎5 + 80𝑎3 + 24𝑎 𝑢𝑣], 𝐵𝑘,2𝑠+1 = 0, ∀𝑘, 𝑠 with 𝑘 + 2𝑠 ≤ 7.

1 (( 3 ) Substituting all integrals 𝐵𝑖,𝑗 , for 2 ≤ 𝑖 + 𝑗 ≤ 8 into (3.2), we have

𝐵3,4 = − [ 2𝑎 + 6𝑎2 + 6𝑎 + 2 𝑟2
4𝑢𝑣𝑟7 𝐴𝑢𝑣 + 𝐵𝑢𝑟2 + 𝐶𝑣𝑟2
( )) ( ) 𝑔 0 (𝑟) = ,
− 2𝑎5 + 10𝑎4 + 20𝑎3 + 20𝑎2 + 10𝑎 + 2 (𝑎 + 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑣𝑟2 16𝑢𝑣𝑟
(( 3 ) ( ))
+ 2𝑎 − 6𝑎2 + 6𝑎 − 2 𝑟2 + 10𝑎4 − 2𝑎5 − 20𝑎3 + 20𝑎2 − 10𝑎 + 2 where
( ) ( )
× (𝑎 − 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑢𝑟2 𝐴 = 𝑎6 𝑟 6 + 𝑎4 𝑟 4 + 𝑎2 𝑟 2 + 𝑎0 ,
( 4 ( ) ( )) ( )
+ 3𝑎𝑟 + −24𝑎3 − 24𝑎 𝑟2 + 24𝑎5 + 80𝑎3 + 24𝑎 𝑢𝑣], 𝐵 = 𝑏8 𝑟 8 + 𝑏6 𝑟 6 + 𝑏4 𝑟 4 + 𝑏2 𝑟 2 + 𝑏0 ,
( 8 )
1 ( ( ) 𝐶 = 𝑐8 𝑟 + 𝑐6 𝑟6 + 𝑐4 𝑟4 + 𝑐2 𝑟2 + 𝑐0 ,
𝐵1,6 = − [ (2𝑎 + 2) 𝑟4 + −4𝑎3 − 12𝑎2 − 12𝑎 − 4 𝑟2
4𝑢𝑣𝑟7 with the coefficients 𝑎𝑖 , 𝑏𝑖 and 𝑐𝑖 are polynomials in the coefficients of
( ))
+ 2𝑎5 + 10𝑎4 + 20𝑎3 + 20𝑎2 + 10𝑎 + 2 𝑎, 𝑝𝑖,𝑗 and 𝑞𝑖,𝑗 .
( ) ( ( )
× (𝑎 + 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑣𝑟2 + (2𝑎 − 2) 𝑟4 + 12𝑎2 − 4𝑎3 − 12𝑎 + 4 𝑟2 Indeed, there are only ten independent parameters between 𝑎𝑖 , 𝑏𝑖
( 5 )) and 𝑐𝑖 in relation to 𝑝𝑖𝑗 , 𝑞𝑖𝑗 and 𝑎. In order to bound the zeros of the
+ 2𝑎 − 10𝑎4 + 20𝑎3 − 20𝑎2 + 10𝑎 − 2
( ) ( ( ) numerator of 𝑔 0 (𝑟), it is adequate to bound the number of zeros of the
× (𝑎 − 1)2 − 𝑟2 𝑢𝑟2 + −15𝑎𝑟4 + 40𝑎3 + 40𝑎 𝑟2 function 𝑙(𝑟), which can be expressed as
( ))
− 24𝑎5 + 80𝑎3 + 24𝑎 𝑢𝑣],
𝑙 (𝑟) = 𝐴2 𝑢2 𝑣2 − 𝐵 2 𝑢2 𝑟4 − 𝐶 2 𝑣2 𝑟4 − 2𝐵𝐶𝑢𝑣𝑟4 .
1 ( Finally, in order to bound the zeros number of the above expression,
𝐵8,0 = − [ 8𝑎8 + 64𝑎7 + 224𝑎6 + 448𝑎5 + 560𝑎4
16𝑟8 𝑢𝑣 we should bound the zeros of the following polynomial
)
+448𝑎3 + 224𝑎2 + 64𝑎 + 8 𝑣𝑟2
( 8 ) 𝑤 (𝑟) = 𝐴4 𝑢4 𝑣4 − 2𝐴2 𝐵 2 𝑣2 𝑢4 𝑟4 − 2𝐴2 𝐶 2 𝑣4 𝑢2 𝑟4 + 𝐵 4 𝑢4 𝑟8 − 2𝐵 2 𝐶 2 𝑢2 𝑣2 𝑟8
+ 8𝑎 − 64𝑎7 + 224𝑎6 − 448𝑎5 + 560𝑎4 − 448𝑎3 + 224𝑎2 − 64𝑎 + 8
+ 𝐶 4 𝑣4 𝑟8 , (3.8)
× 𝑢𝑟2
( ( ) ( ) therefore, we get
+ −5𝑟6 + −18𝑎2 − 6 𝑟4 + −40𝑎4 − 80𝑎2 − 8 𝑟2
( ))
− 112𝑎6 + 560𝑎4 + 336𝑎2 + 16 𝑢𝑣], 𝑤 (𝑟) = 𝑑44 𝑟44 + ⋯ + 𝑑2 𝑟2 + 𝑑0 ,

( ) where 𝑑𝑖 are polynomials in 𝑎, 𝑎𝑖 , 𝑏𝑖 and 𝑐𝑖 . We conclude that 𝑔 0 (𝑟) has

1
𝐵6,2 = [ 8𝑎6 + 48𝑎5 + 120𝑎4 + 160𝑎3 + 120𝑎2 + 48𝑎 + 8 at most twenty-two (22) simple zeros.
16𝑢𝑣𝑟8

4
I. Zemmouri et al.
For 𝑎 > 1, we can follow a similar approach as in the case of
0 < 𝑎 < 1, leading to the same result regarding the maximum number
of limit cycles. Therefore, Theorem 1.1 is proved.
Example 3.1 (At Most 20 Limit Cycles). Consider the system
( )2
⎧ 1 4 7
⎪𝑥̇ = 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑥 + 2 + 𝜀(𝑏2 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑏4 𝑥 ),
⎨ ( )2
⎪𝑦̇ = −𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 + 𝜀(𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑏3 𝑥𝑦6 + 𝑏5 𝑦7 ),
⎩ 2
Given that 𝜀 > 0 is a small parameter and 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 , 𝑏4 , 𝑏5 are real
constants. Then
1 ( ) 1. Li J. Hilbert’s 16th problem and bifurcations of planar polynomial vec-
𝑔 0 (𝑟) = 𝐴𝑢𝑣 + 𝐵𝑢𝑟2 + 𝐶𝑣𝑟2 ,
512𝑟𝑢𝑣
where
( ) ( ) ( )
𝐴 = 160𝑏4 − 1120𝑏5 𝑟6 + 336𝑏4 + 3920𝑏5 𝑟4 + −6832𝑏5 + 976𝑏4 𝑟2
− 512𝑏1 + 4376𝑏4 + 4376𝑏5 ,
( ) ( )
𝐵 = −256𝑏5 𝑟8 + 256𝑏5 𝑟6 − 96𝑏5 𝑟4 + 16𝑏5 − 256𝑏1 𝑟2 + −𝑏4 + 64𝑏1 − 𝑏5 ,
( )
𝐶 = −256𝑏5 𝑟8 + 2304𝑏5 𝑟6 − 7776𝑏5 𝑟4 − 256𝑏1 − 11 664𝑏5 𝑟2
( )
− 6561𝑏4 − 576𝑏1 + 6561𝑏5 ,
(√ ) (√
( )2 ( )2
1 1
𝑢= +1 − 𝑟2 and 𝑣 = −1 − 𝑟2
2 2
In order to bound the zeros of the numerator of 𝑔 0 (𝑟), it suffices to limit
the number of roots of the function 𝑤(𝑟), as defined in (3.8), therefore,
we get
𝑤 (𝑟) = 𝑇40 𝑟40 + 𝑇38 𝑟38 ⋯ + 𝑇2 𝑟2 + 𝑇0 ,
where 𝑇𝑖 are polynomials in 𝑏1 , 𝑏4 and 𝑏5 . We conclude that 𝑔 0 (𝑟)
has at most 20 positive roots. (The calculations for this example were
performed using Matlab)
4. Conclusion and conjecture
When combining both limit cycles and averaging theory, it implies
that a nonlinear system can exhibit limit cycles effectively studied
using the averaging method. In this paper, we have successfully derived
an upper bound for the maximum number of limit cycles bifurcated
from the periodic annulus in a cubic system. This achievement was
accomplished by incorporating perturbed terms from the class of septic
polynomial differential systems (𝑛 = 7). Significantly, this upper bound
is sharp. Initially, our primary objective was to perturb the center
within the comprehensive class of polynomial differential systems of a
given degree. However, we encountered formidable challenges stem-
ming from the intricate and intricate computations required for the
averaged function. As a result, we have identified this as a potential
area for future research. Furthermore, we have made an intriguing
observation regarding the adequacy of the variables in the coefficients
of the function 𝑔 0 (𝑟). This finding has prompted us to put forth a con-
jecture that the bound is also sharp for any 𝑛 > 7. Regrettably, at this
juncture, we are unable to furnish a formal proof for this conjecture.
However, we remain hopeful that this problem can be successfully
addressed through the implementation of sophisticated mathematical
techniques or cutting-edge computing technologies.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.
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Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 9 (2024) 100622
Acknowledgments
Researchers would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research,
Qassim University for funding publication of this project
Funding
Researchers would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research,
Qassim University for funding publication of this project
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