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In this paper, we use the variation of parameters method for solving a system of fifth-order boundary
value problems associated with obstacle problems. The results are compared with the exact solution
over the whole domain and error estimates are calculated. An example is given to illustrate the
efficiency and implementation of the variation of parameters method.
Key words: Variation of parameters method, system of fifth-order obstacle boundary value problems.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, much attention has been given for order boundary value problems have not considered. In
solving systems of even and odd order boundary value this paper, first of all, we consider the system of fifth-
problems associated with obstacle and contact problems. order boundary value problems in the general setting. We
It has been shown that the obstacle, free, moving and developed the general variation of parameters methods
contact problems can be studied in the general frame of for solving the general nonlinear equations. We show that
variational inequalities. This equivalent formulation has the variation of parameters method can be extended for
been used to study the existence and uniqueness of the solving the system of the fifth-order obstacle boundary
solution of these obstacle problems under suitable value problems. This is main motivation of this paper. To
conditions. It is known that the finite difference and other be more precise, we consider the system of fifth-order
methods may not be extended for solving these obstacle boundary value problems of the type:
problems. Lewy and Stampacchia (1969) have proved
that the obstacle problems can be characterized by the f ( x) , a ≤ x < c, (1)
system of variational equations using the penalty function u (v)
( x) = f ( x ) + u ( x ) g ( x ) + r, c ≤ x < d,
technique. This characterization has been used by Lewy f ( x) , d ≤ x ≤ b,
and Stampcchia (1969) to study the regularity of the
solution of these obstacle problems. It is worth
with boundary conditions
mentioning that if the obstacle is known that then the
variational equations are equivalent to the system of u ( a ) = u ( b ) = α1 , u ( c ) = u ( d ) = α 2 , u′ ( b ) = α 3 , and
boundary value problems, which can be solved using the
finite difference and other numerical techniques. This continuity conditions of u ( x ) , u′ ( x ) , u′′ ( x ) , u′′′ ( x ) and
aspect has been exploited by Noor et al. (2000, 2004) to
u ( iv ) ( x ) at internal points c and d of the interval
developed several finite and spline technique for solving
the systems of two, three and fourth orders boundary [ a, b]. Here r and α i , i = 1 3 are real and finite
value problems associated with obstacle and contact
problems. To the best of our knowledge, system of fifth- constants. f ( x ) and g ( x ) are continuous functions on
[ a, b ]. Such type of problems arise in the study of
obstacle, contact, unilateral and equilibrium problems
*Corresponding author. E-mail: noormaslam@gmail.com. arising in transportation, optimization, viscoelastic flows
Noor et al. 1799
and some other branches of engineering and applied general scheme for finding the approximate solution of
sciences, see Noor (1998, 1993, 2000, 2004, 2009) and (2):
references therein. Several techniques have been
developed and used for solving systems of even and odd n −1
Bi xi
x
Where x2 x3 x4 1
c5 + c4 x + c3 + c2 + c1 , −1 ≤ x < − ,
2 6 24 2
1, t≥0 (12)
ϕ (t ) = (8) 1+ c6ex + c7eα1x sin ( β1x) + c8eα2x sin ( β2 x)
0, t<0 u ( x) = 1 1
+c9eα2x cos ( β2 x) + c8eα1x cos ( β1x) , − ≤x< ,
2 2
is a discontinuous function and is known as the penalty
function.
x2 x3 x4 1
c15 + c14 x + c13 + c12 + c11 , ≤ x ≤ 1,
2 6 24 2
We assume that if the obstacle function ψ ( x) is known
and is defined as: where
α1 =
1
4
( )
5 −1 , α2 = −
1
4
( )
5 + 1 , β1 =
1
4
2 ( 5+ )
5 , β2 =
1
4
2 ( 5− 5 )
1 1 and
−1, − 1 ≤ x ≤ − and ≤ x ≤ 1,
ψ ( x) = 2 2 (9) {c1 = 42.41920767, c2 = −.07991987551, c3 = −7.115891311, c4 =.0003920802857,
1 1 c5 = 1.777550770, c6 = 7.261221655, c7 = −17.89630990, c8 = −7.340369643,
1, − ≤x≤ .
2 2 c9 = −14.38087600, c10 = 7.897258366, c11 = 42.41920767, c12 = .1718446390,
c 13 = −7.166673255, c14 = .01088298815, c15 = 1.776345879.}
Then, from (7), (6) and (9), we obtain the following
system of fifth-order boundary value problems of the type We will use variation of parameters method for solving
(1) as the system of fifth-order boundary value problems (11) to
have the following iterative scheme for finding the
1 1 approximate solution of (6).
f (u ( x )) , −1 ≤ x < −
and ≤ x ≤ 1 (10)
2 2
u ( v)
( x) =
1 1 x
f ( u ( x ) ) + u ( x ) − 1, − ≤x< , uk ( x ) + λ ( x, s )( 0 ) ds,
1
−1 ≤ x < − ,
2 2 2
0
x
1 1
with boundary conditions uk +1 ( x ) = uk ( x ) + λ ( x, s )( uk − 1) ds, − ≤x< ,
2 2
1 1 0
1
u ( x ) , u′ ( x ) , u′′ ( x ) , u′′′ ( x ) and u ( iv ) ( x ) at x=− which implies, using the value of the parameter λ from
2 (4),
1
and x= . x
x 4 x 3 s x 2 s 2 xs 3 s 4 1
2 uk ( x) + − + − + ( 0 ) ds, −1 ≤ x < − ,
4! 3! 2!2! 3! 4! 2
Clearly, the system of equations associated with the 0
x
obstacle problem (6) is a special case of the system of x 4 x 3 s x 2 s 2 xs 3 s 4 1 1
uk +1 ( x) = uk ( x) + − + − + ( uk − 1) ds, − ≤ x < ,
fifth-order boundary value problem (1). 0
4! 3! 2!2! 3! 4! 2 2
x
x 4 x 3 s x 2 s 2 xs 3 s 4 1
uk ( x) + − + − + ( 0 ) ds, ≤ x ≤ 1,
Example 1: We consider the following system of 0 4! 3! 2!2! 3! 4! 2
Noor et al. 1801
Table 1. Comparison between the exact solution and approximate solution of system of fifth-order boundary
value problem.