Hyers-Ulam Stability of Coupled Implicit Fractional Integro-Differential Equations With Riemann-Liouville Derivatives

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/352714379
Hyers-Ulam stability of coupled implicit fractional integro-differential

equations with Riemann-Liouville derivatives
Article in Chaos Solitons & Fractals · June 2021

DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2021.111122
CITATIONS READS
0 98
2 authors:
Mehboob Alam Dildar Shah

University of Peshawar University of Peshawar
5 PUBLICATIONS 4 CITATIONS 1 PUBLICATION 0 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Mehboob Alam on 24 June 2021.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 150 (2021) 111122
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Chaos, Solitons and Fractals

Nonlinear Science, and Nonequilibrium and Complex Phenomena
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chaos
Hyers–Ulam stability of coupled implicit fractional integro-differential

equations with Riemann–Liouville derivatives
Mehboob Alam a,∗, Dildar Shah a
Department of Mathematics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: In this article, we investigate the existence, uniqueness, and stability of coupled implicit fractional
Received 10 April 2021 integro-differential equations with Riemann–Liouville derivatives. We analyze the existence and unique-
Revised 18 May 2021
ness of the projected model with the help of Banach contraction principle, Schauder’s fixed point the-
Accepted 25 May 2021
orem, and Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem. Moreover, we present different types of stability using
the classical technique of functional analysis. To illustrate our theoretical results, at the end we give an
2020 MSC: example.
26A33
34A08 © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
34B37
Keywords:
Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative
Coupled system
Hyers–Ulam stability
Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability
1. Introduction diffusion process [3], process of dynamics [4], and systems control
theory [5], reader is referred to see [6–10].
Fractional calculus is the field of mathematical analysis which For boundary value problems of FDEs, the EU of solutions are
deals with the investigation and applications of integrals and most important and very basic requirements. About these two im-
derivatives of arbitrary order. At the end of 1695, Leibnitz gave portant features of solutions there are many results available in the
the concept of fractional calculus when he introduced the sym- literature, the reader is referred to see [11–15]. Integral boundary
α
bol ddσ α g(σ ) for representation of α th order derivative of a func- conditions play a key role in different problems, the reader is re-
tion g. After this L’Hospital raised a question about the derivative ferred to see [16–20].
of order α = 12 which was considered as the basis of recent calcu- Majority of the real problems are analyzed by the impulsive
lus. Lacroix gave the idea of fractional derivative [1]. For more than phenomena and their models. Impulsive mathematical model the-
300 years, it is a huge problem for mathematicians to interpret the ories based on FDEs has many uses in the field of engineering and
above mentioned area geometrically and physically. “Shadows on applied problems. Mainstream problems that are based on abrupt
the walls” and “shadows on the past” are the geometric and phys- variations at particular times can be identified with the assistance
ical interpretation of fractional integration respectively [2]. Frac- of the above mentioned models. These rapid variations in any pro-
tional order models are more precise as compared to integer or- cess are categorized in two types which are instantaneous and
der models and that is why fractional order DEs are considered as non-instantaneous impulses. Impulsive FDEs are analyzed in di-
an important factors in designing of any physical phenomena. The verse features; see, for example [21–27].
FDEs have a world wide uses in different fields and areas such as In most cases finding the exact solution of the non-linear prob-
lems is very difficult. Therefore, mathematicians introduced differ-
ent approximation methods and skills for finding the numerical so-
Abbreviations: DEs, differential equations; FDEs, fractional differential equa- lutions. Dealing with any phenomena, stability is very important
tions; EU, existence and uniqueness; HUS, Hyers–Ulam stability; GHUS, general- factor. In this manuscript, we will discuss HUS, GHUS, HURS, and
ized Hyers–Ulam stability; HURS, Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability; GHURS, general- GHURS. The above mentioned stability was first pointed out by
ized Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability.. Ulam [28] in 1940, when he asked a question about the group ho-
∗
Corresponding author.
momorphism. In the same year, Hyers [29] replied to Ulam’s ques-
E-mail addresses: mehboobalam.ma92@gmail.com (M. Alam),
dildarsyed711@gmail.com (D. Shah). tion in the context of Banach spaces. After that Rassias [30], made
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2021.111122
0960-0779/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
M. Alam and D. Shah Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 150 (2021) 111122
corrections to the Hyers answer. Later, people started work on this special kind of stability, and got a great attention from the researchers
all over the world, the reader is referred to see [31–39].
In [40], the authors studied a unique positive solution for the following system
⎧
⎨D0α+ u(σ ) + f (σ , u(σ ), D0γ+ u(σ )) + g(σ , u(σ )) = 0,
ui ( 0 ) = 0, i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 2,
⎩[Dβ u(σ )]
0+ σ =1 = k (u (1 )),
where σ ∈ (0, 1 ), α ∈ (n − 1, n ), n > 3, 1 ≤ γ ≤ β ≤ n − 2, f : [0, 1] × R+ × R+ → R+ , g : [0, 1] × R+ → R+ , and k : R+ → R+ are continuous
functions, D0α+ is the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative, and ui represents the ith (ordinary) derivative of u.
Afshari et al. [41] discussed the existence of solutions for the below coupled system
⎧ α η
⎪D + u(σ ) + f1 (σ , u(σ ), D0+ u(σ )) + g1 (σ , v(σ )) = 0,
⎨ 0β γ
D0+ v(σ ) + f2 (σ , v(σ ), D0+ v(σ )) + g2 (σ , u(σ )) = 0,
⎩u (ξ0 ) = v (0 ) = 0, i = 0, 1, 2, ζ. . . , n − 2,
⎪ i i
[D0+ v(σ )]σ =1 = k1 (v(1 )), [D0+ u(σ )]σ =1 = k2 (u(1 )),
where σ ∈ (0, 1 ), n − 1 < α , β < n, n > 3, 1 ≤ γ ≤ ξ ≤ n − 2, 1 ≤ η ≤ ζ ≤ n − 2, f 1 , f2 : [0, 1] × R+ × R+ → R+ , g1 , g2 : [0, 1] × R+ → R+ ,
β
and k1 , k2 : R+ → R+ are continuous functions, D0α+ , and D0+ , represent the Riemann–Liouville derivatives.
Zada et al. [42] studied the EU and HUS of the following implicit FDEs of the form:
⎧
⎪ 1 −s )p−1
⎪
⎪ D u(σ ) = f (σ , u(σ ), c D α u(σ )) + (σ (
c α c α
δ ) g(s, u (s ), D u(s ))ds,
⎨ 0
where σ ∈ J , σ = σi , i = 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎪
⎪ (u(σ )), i = 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎪
⎩ u ( σ i ) = ϒi (u (σi )), u ( σ i ) = ϒ i i
η 1 u ( 0 ) + ξ1 I α u ( 0 ) = ν 1 , η 2 u ( σ ) + ξ2 I α u ( σ ) = ν 2 ,
where J = [0, T ] with T > 0, p, δ > 0, c D α represent the Caputo fractional derivative with 1 < α ≤ 2, f, g : J × R2 → R are continuous
functions, and η1 , η2 , ξ1 , ξ2 are positive constants.
They also studied the implicit coupled system with Riemann–Liouville boundary conditions
⎧
⎪ 1 −s )p−1
⎪
⎪ D u(σ ) = f1 (σ , u(σ ), c D α u(σ )) + (σ (
c α c α
δ ) g1 (s, v (s ), D u(s ))ds,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
0
⎪
⎪ where σ ∈ J , σ = σi , i = 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎪
⎪ 1 −s )p−1
⎪
⎨c Dβ v(σ ) = f2 (σ , u(σ ), c Dβ v(σ )) + (σ ( c β
δ ) g2 (s, u(s ), D v(s ))ds,
0
⎪
⎪ where σ ∈ J , σ = σ j , j = 1, 2, . . . , n,
⎪
⎪ σ (u(σ )), i = 1, 2, . . . , m,
u ( σ i ) = ϒ
⎪
⎪ u ( i ) = ϒi (u (σi )), i i
⎪v(σ ) = ϒ (v(σ )), v (σ ) = ϒ
⎪ (v(σ )), j = 1, 2, . . . , n,
⎪
⎪ j j j j j j
⎪η1 u(0 ) + ξ1 Iα u(0 ) = ν1 , η2 u(σ ) + ξ2 Iα u(σ ) = ν2 ,
⎪
⎩
η 3 v ( 0 ) + ξ3 I α v ( 0 ) = ν 3 , η 4 v ( σ ) + ξ4 I α v ( σ ) = ν 4 ,
where J = [0, T ] with T > 0, p, δ > 0, c D α , and c D β represent the Caputo fractional derivative with 1 < α , β ≤ 2, the functions
f1 , f2 , g1 , g2 : J × R2 → R are continuous, and η1 , η2 , η3 , η4 , ξ1 , ξ2 , ξ3 , ξ4 are positive constants.
Motivated from the above work, in this paper we study the implicit coupled system with Riemann–Liouville derivatives
⎧
⎪ T −s )η−1
⎪
⎪D0α+ u(σ ) + f1 (σ , v(σ ), D0α+ u(σ )) + (T ( α
η ) g1 (s, v(s ), D0+ u(s ))ds = 0,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
0
⎪
⎪ where σ ∈ J , σ = σi , i = 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎪
⎪
⎪Dβ v(σ ) + f (σ , u(σ ), Dβ v(σ )) + T (T −s)γ −1 g (s, u(s ), Dβ v(s ))ds = 0,
⎪
⎪
⎪ + 2 0+ (γ ) 2 0+
⎪ 0
⎨ 0
where σ ∈ J , σ = σ j , j = 1, 2, . . . , n,
(u(σ )), u (σ ) = ϒ (u(σ )), u (σ ) = ϒ (u(σ )), (1.1)
⎪
⎪ u ( σ i ) = ϒi (u (σi )), u ( σ i ) = ϒ
⎪
⎪ for i = 1, 2, . . . , m,
i i i i i i i i
⎪
⎪
⎪v(σ ) = ϒ (v(σ )), v (σ ) = ϒ
⎪ (v(σ )), v (σ ) = ϒ (v(σ )), v (σ ) = ϒ (v(σ )),
⎪
⎪ j j j j j j j j j j j j
⎪
⎪ for j = 1 , 2 , . . . , n,
⎪
⎪
⎪u(0 ) = u (0 ) = u (0 ) = v(0 ) = v (0 ) = v (0 ) = 0,
⎪
⎩ ζ ξ
[D0+ u(σ )]σ =T = K1 (u(T )), [D0+ v(σ )]σ =T = K2 (v(T )),
where J = (0, T ) with T > 0, 3 < α , β ≤ 4, η, γ > 0, −1 ≤ ζ , ξ ≤ −2, the functions f 1 , f2 , g1 , g2 : J × R2 → R are continuous, K1 , K2 : R+ →
β
R+ are continuous functions, D0α+ , and D0+ stands for Riemann–Liouville derivative. Coupled systems of fractional integro-differential equa-
tions have also been extensively studied due to their applications. Some recent works dealing with coupled systems of Riemann–Liouville
FDEs involving different kinds of boundary conditions can be found in [43–45].
It is important to note that problem (1.1) considered in this paper extend the study of fractional integro-differential systems, and from
this point of view, we believe that the obtained results will contribute to the existing literature on the topic.
The left behind paper is planned as given below:
Fundamental explanations and important lemmas are provided in Sect. 2 of this article. In Sect. 3, we present the EU of solution for
the aforesaid mention system (1.1), with the help of different fixed point theorems. In Sect. 4, we investigate four kinds of HUS concepts
for the planned model (1.1). Finally, in Sect. 5, an example is given to demonstrate the obtained outcomes.
2

Notations: We denote by Mu and Mv the space of all piecewise continuous functions PC (J , R ); J = J0 J1 J2 · · · Ji , where

J0 = (0, σ1 ], J1 = (σ1 , σ2 ], J2 = (σ2 , σ3 ], . . . , Ji = (σi , σi+1 ], i = 1, 2, . . . , m, Ji = J − {σ1 , σ2 , . . . , σi }.
We express
Mu = {u : J → R : u ∈ C (Ji , R ) and u(σi+ ) and u(σi− ) exist such that u(σi ) = u(σi+ ) − u(σi− ) for i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , m}. Clearly, (Mu , · )
is a Banach space endowed with the norm uMu = maxσ ∈J |u(σ )|.
In the same way,
Mv = {v : J → R : v ∈ C (J j , R ) and v(σi+ ) and v(σi− ) exist such that v(σ j ) = v(σ j+ ) − v(σ j− ) for j = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n}. Clearly, (Mv , · )
is a Banach space endowed with the norm vMv = maxσ ∈J |v(σ )|.
As a result, the product space M = Mu × Mv is a Banach space with the norm (u, v )M = uMu + vMv or (u, v )M =
max{uMu , vMv }.
2. Preliminaries
Here, we present some basic definitions, lemmas, and theorems.
Definition 2.1 ([8]). The Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative of order α of a function h ∈ C (J , R ) is expressed as:

n σ
1 d h (s )
D0α+ h(σ ) = ds.
(n − α ) dσ (σ − s )α−n+1
0
Moreover, the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral of order α for a function h is expressed as:
σ
1
I0α+ h(σ ) = (σ − s )α−1 h(s )ds,
(α )
0
where n = [α ] + 1, and [α ] denotes the bracket function.
Lemma 2.2 ([8]). Suppose h ∈ C[J , R], α ≥ β ≥ 0, then

β β −α
D0α+ I0+ h(σ ) = I0+ h(σ ).

Lemma 2.3 ([8]). Suppose h ∈ C (J , R ) L1 (J , R ) , α > 0, then
D0α+ I0α+ h(σ ) = c1 σ α −1 + c2 σ α −2 + · · · + cn σ α −n ,
where ci ∈ Ri = 1, 2, . . . , n with n = [α ] + 1.
Theorem 2.4 ([46]). Let be a Banach space and the operator T : → be a completely continuous, and let p = {u ∈ : u = RT (u ), 0 <
R < 1} be a bounded set. Then T has at least one fixed point in .
Theorem 2.5 ([46]). Let T be a contraction mapping from S into itself on a nonempty closed subset of a Banach space . Then T has a unique
fixed point.
Theorem 2.6 ([47]). Let = 0 be a convex and closed subset of Banach space M. Consider two operators F, G such that
1. F u + G v ∈ whenever u, v ∈ .
2. F is compact and continuous, and G is a contractive operator.
Then there exists z ∈ such that z = Fz + Gz, where z = (u, v ) ∈ Mu × Mv .
3. Existence and uniqueness
In this section, we give circumstances under which the coupled fractional integro-differential equation (1.1) provide EU outcomes.
Theorem 3.1. Let 3 < α ≤ 4, and let h1 ∈ Mu be a continuous function. Then solution of
⎧ α
⎪D + u ( σ ) + h1 ( σ ) = 0, where σ ∈ J , σ = σi , i = 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎨ 0 (u(σ ))
u(σi ) = ϒi (u(σi )), u ( σ i ) = ϒ i i
(u(σ )), for i = 1, 2, . . . , m, (3.1)
⎪ u (σi ) = ϒ i (u(σi )), u ( σi ) = ϒ
⎩ ζ
i i
u(0 ) = u (0 ) = u (0 ) = 0, [D0+ u(σ )]σ =T = K1 (u(T )),
where
T
(T − s )η−1
h1 (σ ) = f1 (σ , v(σ ), D0α+ u(σ )) + g1 (s, v(s ), D0α+ u(s ))ds,
(η )
0
iff u fulfill
σ σi

m
σ α−1 C1i ( σ )
u (σ ) = − (σ − s )α−1 h1 (s )ds − (σi − s )α−1 h1 (s )ds
i=1
(α ) (α )
σi σi−1
σi σi
C2i ( σ ) C3i ( σ )
+ (σi − s )α−2 h1 (s )ds − (σi − s )α−3 h1 (s )ds
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 )
σi−1 σi−1
3
σi
C4i ( σ ) (u(σ ))
+ (σi − s )α−4 h1 (s )ds + C1i (σ )ϒi (u(σi )) − C2i (σ )ϒ
(α − 3 ) i i
σi−1
ζ +1−α σ α −1

(u(σ )) + (α − ζ )T
+ C3i (σ )ϒ i (u(σi )) − C4i (σ )ϒ K1 (u(T ))
i i
(α )

T σi

m
T α −1 C1i ( σ )
+ (T − s )α−1−ζ h1 (s )ds + (σi − s )α−1−ζ h1 (s )ds
i=1
(α ) (α )
σi σi−1
σi σi
C2i ( σ ) C3i ( σ )
− (σi − s )α−2−ζ h1 (s )ds + (σi − s )α−3−ζ h1 (s )ds
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 )
σi−1 σi−1
σi
C4i ( σ ) ζ (u(σ ))
− (σi − s )α−4−ζ h1 (s )ds − C1i (σ )ϒiζ (u(σi )) + C2i (σ )ϒ
(α − 3 ) i i
σi−1

ζ ζ (u(σ ))
− C3i ( σ ) ϒ i (u(σi )) + C4i (σ )ϒ i i , (3.2)
with
(1054α 3 − 99α 2 − 793α − 212 )(α − 2 )σi1−α

A1i = ,
31α + 19
(2201α 3 − 2706α 2 − 3232α − 401 )σi2−α
A2i = ,
31α + 19

3 (α − 3 )
A3i = (40α − 8 ) − σi3−α ,
31α + 19
1

A4i = 3− σ 4 −α ,
31α + 19 i

3(α − 2 )(α − 3 )
B1i = 1 − (α − 2 )(68α + 20 ) + (α − 1 )σi2−α ,
62α + 38

9(α − 2 )(α − 3 )
B2i = 1 − (α − 2 )(142α + 22 ) − σi3−α ,
62α + 38

9 (α − 3 )
B3i = (80α − 16 ) − σi4−α ,
62α + 38
3

B4i = 6− σ 5 −α ,
62α + 38 i
(α − 1 )(α − 2 )(α − 3 )σi4−α σ α−4
C1i (σ ) = σ α −1 A1i + σ α −2 B1i + (α − 1 )(α − 2 )(34α + 10 )σi3−α σ α −3 − ,
62α + 38
5−α α −4
3(α − 2 )(α − 3 )σi σ
C2i (σ ) = σ α −1 A2i + σ α −2 B2i + (α − 2 )(71α + 11 )σi4−α σ α −3 − ,
62α + 38
3(α − 3 )σi6−α σ α −4
C3i (σ ) = σ α −1 A3i − σ α −2 B3i + (40α − 8 )σi5−α σ α −3 − ,
62α + 38
σ 7−α σ α−4
C4i (σ ) = σ α −1 A4i − σ α −2 B4i + 3σi6−α σ α −3 − i ,
62α + 38
−1 α −2 −2 α −1
C5i (σ ) = (62α + 37 )(2σi σ + σi σ ) + (62α + 38 )σ α−3 , and
C6i (σ ) = (31α + 19 )(6σiα −6 − 1 )(2σi3−α σ 2α −2 − 2σi4−α σ α −2 + σi5−α σ α −3 ) + (σi5−α − 6σi−1 )σ α −1 + σ α −4 .
Proof. Consider
D0α+ u(σ ) + h1 (σ ) = 0, σ ∈ J , α ∈ (3, 4]. (3.3)
4
For σ ∈ (0, σ1 ], applying Lemma (2.3) with a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 ∈ R we have
⎧
⎪ σ
⎪
⎪u(σ ) = − (1α ) (σ − s )α −1 h1 (s )ds + a1 σ α −1 + a2 σ α −2 + a3 σ α −3 + a4 σ α −4 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
0
σ
⎪
⎪u (σ ) = − (α1−1) (σ − s )α −2 h1 (s )ds + a1 (α − 1 )σ α −2 + a2 (α − 2 )σ α −3 + a3 (α − 3 )σ α −4 + a4 (α − 4 )σ α −5 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ 0
σ
u (σ ) = − (α1−2) (σ − s )α −2 h1 (s )ds + a1 (α − 1 )(α − 2 )σ α −3 + a2 (α − 2 )(α − 3 )σ α −4 (3.4)
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0
⎪ +a3 (α − 3 )(α − 4 )σ α−5 + a4 (α − 4 )(α − 5 )σ α−6 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪u (σ ) = − 1 σ (σ − s )α−3 h (s )ds + a (α − 1 )(α − 2 )(α − 3 )σ α−4 + a (α − 2 )(α − 3 )(α − 4 )σ α−5
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ (α −3 ) 1 1 2
⎩ 0
α α
+a3 (α − 3 )(α − 4 )(α − 5 )σ −6
+ a4 (α − 4 )(α − 5 )(α − 6 )σ −7
.
Again, for σ ∈ (σ1 , σ2 ], applying Lemma (2.3) with b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 ∈ R we have
⎧
⎪ σ
⎪
⎪u(σ ) = − (1α ) (σ − s )α −1 h1 (s )ds + b1 σ α −1 + b2 σ α −2 + b3 σ α −3 + b4 σ α −4 ,
⎪
⎪ σ1
⎪
⎪ σ
⎪
⎪ (σ ) = − α −2 h (s )ds + b (α − 1 )σ α −2 + b (α − 2 )σ α −3 + b (α − 3 )σ α −4 + b (α − 4 )σ α −5 ,
(α −1 ) (σ − s )
1
⎪
⎪u 1 1 2 3 4
⎪
⎨ σ1
σ
u (σ ) = − (α1−2) (σ − s )α −2 h1 (s )ds + b1 (α − 1 )(α − 2 )σ α −3 + b2 (α − 2 )(α − 3 )σ α −4 (3.5)
⎪
⎪ σ1
⎪
⎪ +b3 (α − 3 )(α − 4 )σ α −5 + b4 (α − 4 )(α − 5 )σ α −6 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ σ
⎪
⎪u (σ ) = − (α1−3) (σ − s )α −3 h1 (s )ds + b1 (α − 1 )(α − 2 )(α − 3 )σ α −4 + b2 (α − 2 )(α − 3 )(α − 4 )σ α −5
⎪
⎪ σ1
⎩
+b3 (α − 3 )(α − 4 )(α − 5 )σ α −6 + b4 (α − 4 )(α − 5 )(α − 6 )σ α −7 .
Hence it follows that
⎧
⎪ σ1
⎪
⎪u(σ1− ) = − (1α ) (σ1 − s )α −1 h1 (s )ds + a1 σ1α −1 + a2 σ1α −2 + a3 σ1α −3 + a4 σ1α −4 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
0
⎪
⎪u(σ1+ ) = b1 σ1α −1 + b2 σ1α −2 + b3 σ1α −3 + b4 σ1α −4 ,
⎪
⎪ σ1
⎪
⎪u (σ1− ) = − (α1−1) (σ1 − s )α −2 h1 (s )ds + a1 (α − 1 )σ1α −2 + a2 (α − 2 )σ1α −3
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0
⎪
⎪ +a3 (α − 3 )σ1α −4 + a4 (α − 4 )σ1α −5 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪u (σ1+ ) = b1 (α − 1 )σ1α −2 + b2 (α − 2 )σ1α −3 + b3 (α − 3 )σ1α −4 + b4 (α − 4 )σ1α −5 ,
⎪
⎪ σ1
⎨ −
u (σ1 ) = − (α1−2) (σ1 − s )α −2 h1 (s )ds + a1 (α − 1 )(α − 2 )σ1α −3 + a2 (α − 2 )(α − 3 )σ1α −4
⎪
⎪
0
+a3 (α − 3 )(α − 4 )σ1α −5 + a4 (α − 4 )(α − 5 )σ1α −6 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪u (σ1+ ) = b1 (α − 1 )(α − 2 )σ1α −3 + b2 (α − 2 )(α − 3 )σ1α −4
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ +b3 (α − 3 )(α − 4 )σ1α −5 + b4 (α − 4 )(α − 5 )σ1α −6 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ σ1
⎪
⎪u (σ1− ) = − (α1−3) (σ1 − s )α −3 h1 (s )ds + a1 (α − 1 )(α − 2 )(α − 3 )σ1α −4 + a2 (α − 2 )(α − 3 )(α − 4 )σ1α −5
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
0
+a3 (α − 3 )(α − 4 )(α − 5 )σ1α −6 + a4 (α − 4 )(α − 5 )(α − 6 )σ1α −7 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪u (σ1+ ) = b1 (α − 1 )(α − 2 )(α − 3 )σ1α −4 + b2 (α − 2 )(α − 3 )(α − 4 )σ1α −5
⎪
⎩
+b3 (α − 3 )(α − 4 )(α − 5 )σ1α −6 + b4 (α − 4 )(α − 5 )(α − 6 )σ1α −7 .
Using
⎧
⎪u(σ ) = u(σ1+ ) − u(σ1− ) = ϒ1 (u(σ1 )),
⎨ 1 (u(σ )),
u (σ1 ) = u (σ1+ ) − u (σ1− ) = ϒ 1 1

⎩u(σ1 ) = u (σ1 +) − u (σ1 )− = ϒ1 (u(σ1 )),
+ −
⎪
u (σ1 ) = u (σ1 ) − u (σ1 ) = ϒ1 (u(σ1 )),
5
we obtain
⎧ σ σ1
A11 1
⎪ α −1 A21 α −2
⎪b1 = − (α ) 0 (σ1 − s ) h1 (s )ds + (α−1) 0 (σ1 − s ) h1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ A31 σ1 A 1 σ1
⎪
⎪− (α −2 (σ1 − s )α−3 h1 (s )ds + (α4−3 (σ1 − s )α−4 h1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪
) )
⎪
⎪
0

0

⎪
⎪+A11 ϒ1 (u(σ1 )) − A21 ϒ1 (u(σ1 )) + A31 ϒ (u(σ1 )) − A41 ϒ1 (u(σ1 ))
⎪
⎪ α 3 −α 5 −α
⎪+a1 + (62α σ+ 37 )σ1 a3 + (31α + 19 )(12σσ1 − 2 )σ1 + (σ1 − 6σ1 ) a4 ,
⎪ −2 −6 −1
⎪
⎪ 1 1
⎪
⎪b2 = − (B1α1 ) (σ1 − s )α−1 h1 (s )ds + (Bα2−1 α −2 h (s )ds
⎪ ) ( σ1 − s )
1
⎪
⎪
1
⎪
⎪ B3 1 σ
0
σ
0
⎪
⎪ α −3 B41 1 α −4
⎪+ (α−2) 0 (σ1 − s ) h1 (s )ds − (α−3) 0 (σ1 − s ) h1 (s )ds
⎪ 1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪+B11 ϒ1 (u(σ1 )) − B21 ϒ (u(σ )) − B ϒ (u(σ )) + B ϒ
⎪
⎪ 1 1 31 1 41 1 (u (σ1 ))
⎪
⎪ α −α
⎨+a2 + (124α + 74 )σ1 a3 − (62α + 38 )(6σ1 − 1 )σ1 a4 ,
−1 −6 4
(α −1 )(α −2 )(34α +10 )σ1 3−α σ1 4−α

(α −2 )(71α +11 )σ1 σ1
⎪b3 = − (α ) (σ1 − s )α−1 h1 (s )ds + (α −1 ) (σ1 − s )α−2 h1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪ 0 0
⎪
⎪ σ
(40α −8 )σ 5−α 1 3σ 6−α 1
σ
⎪
⎪− (α −2)1 (σ1 − s )α−3 h1 (s )ds + (α1−3) (σ1 − s )α−4 h1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 0
⎪
⎪+(α − 1 )(α − 2 )(34α + 10 )σ13−α ϒ1 (u(σ1 )) − (α − 2 )(71α + 11 )σ14−α ϒ (u(σ ))
⎪
⎪
1 1
⎪
⎪+ ( 40 α − 8 ) σ 5 −α
ϒ ( ( σ )) − 3 σ 6 −α
ϒ ( ( σ )) + ( 62 α + 38 ) a + ( 31 α + 19 )( 6 σ1α−6 − 1 )σ15−α a4 ,
⎪
⎪
1
u 1 1 1 u 1 3
⎪
⎪ (α −1 )(α −2 )(α −3 )σ14−α
σ
3(α −2 )(α −3 )σ15−α
σ
⎪
1 1
⎪b4 =
⎪ (α ) (σ1 − s )α−1 h1 (s )ds − (α −1 ) (σ1 − s )α−2 h1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪ 0 0
⎪ 3(α−3)σ 6−α σ1
⎪ σ 7−α 1
σ
⎪
⎪+ (α −21) (σ1 − s )α−3 h1 (s )ds − (α1 −3) (σ1 − s )α−4 h1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 0
⎪
⎪−(α − 1 )(α − 2 )(α − 3 )σ14−α ϒ1 (u(σ1 )) + 3(α − 2 )(α − 3 )σ15−α ϒ (u(σ ))
⎪
⎪ 1 1
⎪
⎪
⎪ 6 −α 7 −α
⎩−3(α − 3 )σ1 ϒ (u(σ1 )) + σ1 ϒ1 (u(σ1 )) + (62α + 38 )a4 62α+38 , 1
where
(1054α 3 − 99α 2 − 793α − 212 )(α − 2 )σ11−α
A11 = ,
31α + 19
(2201α 3 − 2706α 2 − 3232α − 401 )σ12−α
A21 = ,
31α + 19

3 (α − 3 )
A31 = (40α − 8 ) − σ13−α ,
31α + 19
1

A41 = 3− σ 4 −α ,
31α + 19 1

3(α − 2 )(α − 3 )
B11 = 1 − (α − 2 )(68α + 20 ) + (α − 1 )σ12−α ,
62α + 38

9(α − 2 )(α − 3 )
B21 = 1 − (α − 2 )(142α + 22 ) − σ13−α ,
62α + 38

9 (α − 3 )
B31 = (80α − 16 ) − σ14−α ,
62α + 38
3

B41 = 6− σ 5 −α ,
62α + 38 1
substituting the values of b1 , b2 , b3 , and b4 in (3.5), we get
σ σ1
σ α−1 C11 ( σ )
u (σ ) = − (σ − s )α−1 h1 (s )ds − (σ1 − s )α−1 h1 (s )ds
(α ) (α )
σ1 0
σ1 σ1
C21 ( σ ) C31 ( σ )
+ (σ1 − s )α−2 h1 (s )ds − (σ1 − s )α−3 h1 (s )ds
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 )
0 0
σ1
C41 ( σ ) (u(σ ))
+ (σ1 − s )α−4 h1 (s )ds + C11 (σ )ϒ1 (u(σ1 )) − C21 (σ )ϒ
(α − 3 ) 1 1
0
(u(σ )) + σ α −1 a + σ α −2 a + C a + C a ,
+ C31 (σ )ϒ 1 (u(σ1 )) − C41 (σ )ϒ 1 1 1 2 5 3 6 4
where
(α − 1 )(α − 2 )(α − 3 )σ14−α σ α−4
C11 (σ ) = σ α −1 A11 + σ α −2 B11 + (α − 1 )(α − 2 )(34α + 10 )σ13−α σ α −3 − ,
62α + 38
6
3(α − 2 )(α − 3 )σ15−α σ α −4

C21 (σ ) = σ α −1 A21 + σ α −2 B21 + (α − 2 )(71α + 11 )σ14−α σ α −3 − ,
62α + 38
3(α − 3 )σ16−α σ α −4
C31 (σ ) = σ α −1 A31 − σ α −2 B31 + (40α − 8 )σ15−α σ α −3 − ,
62α + 38
σ17−α σ α−4
C41 (σ ) = σ α −1 A41 − σ α −2 B41 + 3σ16−α σ α −3 − ,
62α + 38
C51 (σ ) = (62α + 37 )(2σ1−1 σ α −2 + σ1−2 σ α −1 ) + (62α + 38 )σ α −3 ,
C61 (σ ) = (31α + 19 )(6σ1α −6 − 1 )(2σ13−α σ 2α −2 − 2σ14−α σ α −2 + σ15−α σ α −3 ) + (σ15−α − 6σ1−1 )σ α −1 + σ α −4 .
Similarly, for σ ∈ (σi , σi+1 ],

σ σi

m
σ α−1 C1i ( σ )
u (σ ) = − (σ − s )α−1 h1 (s )ds − (σi − s )α−1 h1 (s )ds
i=1
(α ) (α )
σi σi−1
σi σi
C2i ( σ ) C3i ( σ )
+ ( σi − s )α −2 h 1 (s )ds − (σi − s )α−3 h1 (s )ds
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 )
σi−1 σi−1
σi
C4i ( σ ) (u(σ ))
(α − 3 ) i i
σi−1

(u(σ )) + σ α −1 a + σ α −2 a + C a + C a .
+ C3i (σ )ϒ i (u(σi )) − C4i (σ )ϒ (3.6)
i i 1 2 5 3 6 4
Finally, utilizing the boundary conditions we get a2 = a3 = a4 = 0 and

α−1 T
(α − ζ )T ζ +1−α m
T
a1 = K1 (u(T )) + (T − s )α−1−ζ h1 (s )ds
(α ) i=1
( α )
σi
σi σi
C1i ( σ ) C2i ( σ )
+ (σi − s )α−1−ζ h1 (s )ds − (σi − s )α−2−ζ h1 (s )ds
(α ) (α − 1 )
σi−1 σi−1
σi σi
C3i ( σ ) C4i ( σ )
+ (σi − s )α−3−ζ h1 (s )ds − (σi − s )α−4−ζ h1 (s )ds
(α − 2 ) (α − 3 )
σi−1 σi−1

− C 1 i ( σ ) ϒi
ζ ζ (u(σ )) − C (σ )ϒ ζ (u(σ )) + C (σ )ϒ
(u(σi )) + C2i (σ )ϒ ζ (u(σ )) ,
i i 3i i i 4i i i
ζ ζ ζ ζ ζ ζ ζ ζ
with the conditions D0+ ϒi (u(σi )) = ϒi (u(σi )), D0+ ϒ i (u (σi )) = ϒi (u (σi )), D0+ ϒ i (u (σi )) = ϒ i (u (σi )), and D0+ ϒi (u (σi )) = ϒi (u (σi )).
Now putting the values of a1 , a2 , a3 , and a4 in (3.6), we get (3.2).
ζ
Conversely if u(σ ) is the solution of (3.2), then it is obvious that D0α+ u(σ ) = −h1 (σ ) and u(0 ) = u (0 ) = u (0 ) = 0, [D0+ u(σ )]σ =T =
K (u(T )), u(σ ) = ϒ (u(σ )), u (σ ) = ϒ (u(σ )), u (σ ) = ϒ (u(σ )), u (σ ) = ϒ (u(σ )), i = 1, 2, . . . , m.
1 i i i i i i i i i i i i
Corollary 3.2. From Theorem 3.1, the solution of (1.1) is given by

⎧
⎪ σ σ
⎪m σ α−1 α −1 C1i ( σ ) i α −1
⎪ i=1 − (α ) σ (σ − s ) h1 (s )ds − (α ) σ (σi − s ) h1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ i i−1
⎪
⎪ C2 ( σ ) i
σ C (σ ) i
σ
⎪
⎪+ (αi −1) (σi − s )α−2 h1 (s )ds − (3αi −2) (σi − s )α−3 h1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
σi−1 σi−1
⎪
⎪+ C4i (σ ) σi (σ − s )α−4 h (s )ds + C (σ )ϒ (u(σ )) − C (σ )ϒ (u(σ ))
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ (α−3) σi−1
i 1 1i i i 2i i i
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪+C (σ )ϒ (u(σ )) − C (σ )ϒ
⎪
⎨ 3i i i 4i
(u(σ )) + (α −ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α−1 K (u(T ))
i i (α ) 1
u (σ ) =
(3.7)
⎪ T α −1−ζ h (s )ds + C1i (σ )
σi
⎪ T α −1
(σi − s )α−1−ζ h1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪+ m i=1 (α ) (T − s ) 1 (α )
⎪
⎪ σ σ
⎪
⎪ σ
i
σ
i −1
⎪ C2 ( σ ) i C (σ ) i
⎪
⎪− (αi −1) (σi − s )α−2−ζ h1 (s )ds + (3αi −2) (σi − s )α−3−ζ h1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
σi−1 σi−1
⎪
⎪
σ
C4i ( σ ) i ζ ζ (u(σ ))
⎪
⎪− (α −3) ( σi − s ) α −4 − ζ h1 (s )ds − C1i (σ )ϒi (u(σi )) + C2i (σ )ϒ
⎪
⎪ σi−1
i i
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ζ ζ (u(σ )) ,
⎪
⎩−C3i (σ )ϒ i (u(σi )) + C4i (σ )ϒ i i
7
and
⎧ σj
⎪
⎪n σ
σ β −1 (σ − s )β −1 h (s )ds − C1 j (σ ) (σ − s )β −1 h (s )ds
⎪
⎪ − (
⎪
⎪
j=1 β )
σj
2 ( β )
σ j−1
j 2
⎪
⎪ σ σ
⎪
⎪ C2 ( σ ) j
C3 ( σ ) j
⎪
⎪+ (βj −1) (σ j − s )β −2 h2 (s )ds − (βj −2) (σ j − s )β −3 h2 (s )ds
⎪
⎪ σ σ j−1
⎪
⎪
j−1
σ
⎪
⎪ C4 ( σ ) j
(v(σ ))
⎪
⎪+ (βj −3) (σ j − s )β −4 h2 (s )ds + C1 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j )) − C2 j (σ )ϒ
⎪
⎪ σ j−1
j j
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨+C3 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j )) − C4 j (σ )ϒ (v(σ )) + (β −ξ )T ξ +1−β σ β −1 K (v(T ))
j j (β ) 2
v (σ ) =
(3.8)
⎪ T β −1−ξ h (s )ds + C1 j (σ )
σ j
⎪ T β −1
(σ j − s )β −1−ξ h2 (s )ds
⎪
⎪+ nj=1 ( β ) (T − s ) 2 (β )
⎪
⎪ σj σ j−1
⎪
⎪ σ σ
⎪
⎪ C2 ( σ ) j C3 ( σ ) j
⎪
⎪− (βj −1) (σ j − s )β −2−ξ h2 (s )ds + (βj −2) (σ j − s )β −3−ξ h2 (s )ds
⎪
⎪ σ j−1 σ j−1
⎪
⎪ σ
⎪
⎪ C4 ( σ ) j
ξ (v(σ ))
⎪− (βj −3) (σ j − s )β −4−ξ h2 (s )ds − C1 j (σ )ϒ jξ (v(σ j )) + C2 j (σ )ϒ
⎪
⎪
⎪ σ j−1
j j
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ξ ξ (v(σ )) ,
⎪−C3 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j )) + C4 j (σ )ϒ
⎩ j j
where
T
(T − s )η−1
(η )
0
and
T
β (T − s )γ −1 β
h2 (σ ) = f2 (σ , u(σ ), D0+ v(σ )) + g2 (s, u(s ), D0+ v(s ))ds.
(γ )
0
For ease, we use the below notations:

T
(T − s )η−1
v1 ( σ ) = − f1 (σ , v(σ ), D0α+ u(σ )) − g1 (s, v(s ), D0α+ u(s ))ds
(η )
0
T
(T − s )η−1
= − f 1 ( σ , v ( σ ) , v1 ( σ ) ) − g1 (s, v(s ), v1 (s ))ds,
(η )
0
and
T
β (T − s )γ −1 β
v2 (σ ) = − f2 (σ , u(σ ), D0+ v(σ )) − g2 (s, u(s ), D0+ v(s ))ds
(γ )
0
T
(T − s )γ −1
= − f 2 ( σ , u ( σ ) , v2 ( σ ) ) − g2 (s, u(s ), v2 (s ) )ds.
(γ )
0
Now, for conversion of (1.1) into fixed point problem, set the operators Tα , Tβ : M → M, by
⎧
⎪ σ σ
⎪m σ α−1 α −1 C1i ( σ ) i α −1
⎪ i=1 − (α ) σ (σ − s ) h1 (s )ds − (α ) σ (σi − s ) h1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ i i−1
⎪
⎪ C2 ( σ ) i
σ C (σ ) i
σ
⎪
⎪+ (αi −1) (σi − s )α−2 h1 (s )ds − (3αi −2) (σi − s )α−3 h1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
σi−1 σi−1
⎪
⎪+ C4i (σ ) σi (σ − s )α−4 h (s )ds + C (σ )ϒ (u(σ )) − C (σ )ϒ (u(σ ))
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ (α−3) σi−1
i 1 1i i i 2i i i
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪+C (σ )ϒ (u(σ )) − C (σ )ϒ
⎪
⎨ 3i i i 4i
(u(σ )) + (α −ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α−1 K (u(T ))
i i (α ) 1
Tα (u, v )(σ ) =
⎪ T α −1−ζ h (s )ds + C1i (σ )

σi
⎪ T α −1
(σi − s )α−1−ζ h1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪+ m i=1 (α ) (T − s ) 1 (α )
⎪
⎪ σ σ
⎪
⎪ σ
i
σ
i −1
⎪ C2 ( σ ) i C (σ ) i
⎪
⎪− (αi −1) (σi − s )α−2−ζ h1 (s )ds + (3αi −2) (σi − s )α−3−ζ h1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
σi−1 σi−1
⎪
⎪
σ
C4i ( σ ) i ζ ζ (u(σ ))
⎪
⎪− (α −3) ( σi − s ) α −4 − ζ h1 (s )ds − C1i (σ )ϒi (u(σi )) + C2i (σ )ϒ
⎪
⎪ σi−1
i i
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ζ ζ (u(σ )) ,
⎪
⎩−C3i (σ )ϒ i (u(σi )) + C4i (σ )ϒ i i σ ∈ Ji ,
8
and
⎧ σj
⎪
⎪n σ
σ β −1 (σ − s )β −1 h (s )ds − C1 j (σ ) (σ − s )β −1 h (s )ds
⎪
⎪ − (
⎪
⎪
j=1 β )
σj
2 ( β )
σ j−1
j 2
⎪
⎪ σ σ
⎪
⎪ C (σ ) j C (σ ) j
⎪+ (2βj −1) (σ j − s )β −2 h2 (s )ds − (3βj −2) (σ j − s )β −3 h2 (s )ds
⎪
⎪
⎪ σ j−1 σ j−1
⎪
⎪ σ
⎪
⎪ C4 j ( σ ) j
(v(σ ))
⎪+ (β −3) (σ j − s ) h2 (s )ds + C1 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j )) − C2 j (σ )ϒ
⎪
β −4
⎪
⎪ σ j−1
j j
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨+C3 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j )) − C4 j (σ )ϒ (v(σ )) + (β −ξ )T ξ +1−β σ β −1 K (v(T ))
j j (β ) 2
Tβ (u, v )(σ ) =
σ
⎪
⎪ T β −1
T
β −1−ξ h (s )ds + C1 j (σ )
j
⎪+ nj=1 (
⎪ β ) (T − s ) 2 (β ) (σ j − s )β −1−ξ h2 (s )ds
⎪
⎪ σ σ
⎪
⎪ σ
j
σ
j−1
⎪
⎪ C2 ( σ ) j C3 ( σ ) j
⎪
⎪− (βj −1) (σ j − s )β −2−ξ h2 (s )ds + (βj −2) (σ j − s )β −3−ξ h2 (s )ds
⎪
⎪ σ j−1 σ j−1
⎪
⎪ C4 (σ ) σ j
⎪
⎪ β −4−ξ h (s )ds − C (σ )ϒ ξ (v(σ )) + C (σ )ϒ ξ (v(σ ))
⎪
⎪− (β −3) σ (σ j − s )
j
⎪
⎪
2 1j j j 2j j j
⎪
⎪
j−1

⎪
⎪ ξ ξ (v(σ )) ,
⎪
⎩−C3 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j )) + C4 j (σ )ϒ j j σ ∈ J j,
with T (u, v )(σ ) = (Tα (u, v )(σ ), Tβ (u, v )(σ )).

Further we need the following hypothesis:
• (A1 ) There exist constants M1 > 0 and 0 < N1 < 1 such that, ∀ σ ∈ J , and u, u, v, v ∈ (−∞, ∞ ), we have
| f1 (σ , u, v ) − f1 (σ , u, v )| ≤ M1 |u − u| + N1 |v − v|.
Similarly there exist constants M2 > 0 and 0 < N2 < 1 such that, ∀ σ ∈ J , and u, u, v, v ∈ (−∞, ∞ ), we have
|g1 (σ , u, v ) − g1 (σ , u, v )| ≤ M2 |u − u| + N2 |v − v|.
• (A2 ) There exist constants M1 > 0 and 0 < N1 < 1 such that, ∀ σ ∈ J , and u, u, v, v ∈ (−∞, ∞ ), we have
| f2 (σ , u, v ) − f2 (σ , u, v )| ≤ M1 |u − u| + N1 |v − v|.
Similarly there exist constants M2 > 0 and 0 < N2 < 1 such that, ∀ σ ∈ J , and u, u, v, v ∈ (−∞, ∞ ), we have
|g2 (σ , u, v ) − g2 (σ , u, v )| ≤ M2 |u − u| + N2 |v − v|.
• ,ϒ ,ϒ
(A3 ) The functions ϒi , ϒ , ϒζ , ϒζ , ϒζ , ϒ ζ , K : (−∞, ∞ ) → (−∞, ∞ ); i = 1, 2, . . . , m, are continuous, and for any u, u ∈ M ,
i i i i i i i 1 u
there exist constants Aϒ , Aϒ , Aϒ , Aϒ
, Aϒ ζ , Aϒ
ζ , A ζ , Aϒ ζ , AK1 > 0 such that
ϒ
|ϒi (u(σi )) − ϒi (u(σi ))| ≤ Aϒ |u − u|, (u(σ )) − ϒ
|ϒ (u(σ ))| ≤ A |u − u|,
i i i i ϒ
|ϒ i (u(σi )) − ϒ i (u(σi ))| ≤ Aϒ |u − u|, |ϒ (u(σ ))| ≤ A |u − u|,
(u(σ )) − ϒ
i i i i ϒ
and
|ϒiζ (u(σi )) − ϒiζ (u(σi ))| ≤ Aϒ ζ |u − u|, |ϒ ζ (u(σ ))| ≤ A |u − u|,
ζ (u(σ )) − ϒ
i i i i ϒζ
ζ ζ ζ (u(σ ))| ≤ A |u − u|,
ζ (u(σ )) − ϒ
|ϒ i (u(σi )) − ϒ i (u(σi ))| ≤ Aϒ ζ |u − u|, |ϒ i i i i ϒζ
|K1 (u(T )) − K1 (u(T ))| ≤ AK1 |u − u|.
,ϒ ,ϒ
Similarly, the functions ϒ j , ϒ , ϒξ , ϒ ξ , ϒξ , ϒ
ξ , K : (−∞, ∞ ) → (−∞, ∞ ); j = 1, 2, . . . , n, are continuous and for any v, v ∈ M ,
j j j j j j j 2 v
there exist constants Aϒ , Aϒ , Aϒ , Aϒ
, Aϒ ξ , Aϒ
ξ , A ξ , Aϒ ξ , AK2 > 0 such that
ϒ
|ϒ j (v(σ j )) − ϒ j (v(σ j ))| ≤ Aϒ |v − v|, |ϒ (v(σ ))| ≤ A |v − v|,
(v(σ )) − ϒ
j j j j ϒ
|ϒ j (v(σ j )) − ϒ j (v(σ j ))| ≤ Aϒ |v − v|, |ϒ (v(σ ))| ≤ A |v − v|,
(v(σ )) − ϒ
j j j j ϒ
and
|ϒ jξ (v(σ j )) − ϒ jξ (v(σ j ))| ≤ Aϒ ξ |v − v|, |ϒ ξ (v(σ ))| ≤ A |v − v|,
ξ (v(σ )) − ϒ
j j j j ϒξ
ξ ξ ξ (v(σ )) − ϒ
ξ (v(σ ))| ≤ A |v − v|,
|ϒ j (v(σ j )) − ϒ j (v(σ j ))| ≤ Aϒ ξ |v − v|, |ϒ j j j j ϒξ
|K2 (v(T )) − K2 (v(T ))| ≤ AK2 |v − v|.
• (A4 ) There exist u, v, a1 , b1 , c1 ∈ Mu , such that
| f1 (σ , u(σ ), v(σ ))| ≤ a1 (σ ) + b1 (σ )|u(σ )| + c1 (σ )|v(σ )|,
with a∗1 = supσ ∈J a1 (σ ), b∗1 = supσ ∈J b1 (σ ), c1∗ = supσ ∈J c1 (σ ) < 1.
Similarly, there exist u, v, a2 , b2 , c2 ∈ Mu , such that
|g1 (σ , u(σ ), v(σ ))| ≤ a2 (σ ) + b2 (σ )|u(σ )| + c2 (σ )|v(σ )|,
η
with a∗2 = supσ ∈J a2 (σ ), b∗2 = supσ ∈J b2 (σ ), c2∗ = supσ ∈J c2 (σ ) < 1 with 1 − c1∗ − c2∗ (Tη+1 ) > 0.
9
• (A5 ) There exist u, v, l1 , m1 , n1 ∈ Mv , such that

| f2 (σ , u(σ ), v(σ ))| ≤ l1 (σ ) + m1 (σ )|u(σ )| + n1 (σ )|v(σ )|,
with l1∗ = supσ ∈J l1 (σ ), m∗1 = supσ ∈J m1 (σ ), n∗1 = supσ ∈J n1 (σ ) < 1.
Similarly, there exist u, v, l2 , m2 , n2 ∈ Mv , such that
|g2 (σ , u(σ ), v(σ ))| ≤ l2 (σ ) + m2 (σ )|u(σ )| + n2 (σ )|v(σ )|,
γ
with l2∗ = supσ ∈J l2 (σ ), m∗2 = supσ ∈J m2 (σ ), n∗2 = supσ ∈J n2 (σ ) < 1 with 1 − n∗1 − n∗2 (Tγ +1 ) > 0.
• ,ϒ ,ϒ
(A6 ) The functions ϒi , ϒ , ϒζ , ϒζ , ϒζ , ϒ ζ , K : (−∞, ∞ ) → (−∞, ∞ ); i = 1, 2, . . . , m, are continuous for each u ∈ M , there ex-
i i i i i i i 1 u
ist constants Kϒ , Kϒ
, Kϒ , Kϒ
, Kϒ ζ , Kϒ
ζ , K ζ , Kϒ ζ , Lϒ , Lϒ
, Lϒ , Lϒ
, Lϒ ζ , Lϒ
ζ , L ζ , Lϒ
ζ , KK1 > 0 such that
ϒ ϒ
|ϒi (u(σi ))| ≤ Kϒ |u(σ )| + Lϒ , (u(σ ))| ≤ K |u(σ )| + L ,
|ϒ i i ϒ ϒ
|ϒ i (u(σi ))| ≤ Kϒ |u(σ )| + Lϒ , (u(σ ))| ≤ K |u(σ )| + L ,
|ϒ i i ϒ ϒ
and
|ϒiζ (u(σi ))| ≤ Kϒ ζ |u(σ )| + Lϒ ζ , ζ (u(σ ))| ≤ K |u(σ )| + L ,
|ϒ i i ϒζ ϒζ
ζ ζ (u(σ ))| ≤ K |u(σ )| + L ,
|ϒ i (u(σi ))| ≤ Kϒ ζ |u(σ )| + Lϒ ζ , |ϒ i i ϒζ ϒζ
|K1 (u(T ))| ≤ KK1 .
• ,ϒ ,ϒ
(A7 ) The functions ϒ j , ϒ , ϒξ , ϒξ , ϒξ , ϒ ξ , K : (−∞, ∞ ) → (−∞, ∞ ); j = 1, 2, . . . , n, are continuous for each v ∈ M , there
j j j j j j j 2 v
exist constants Kϒ , Kϒ
, Kϒ , Kϒ , Kϒ ξ , Kϒ
ξ , K ξ , Kϒ ξ , Lϒ , Lϒ
, Lϒ , Lϒ
, Lϒ ξ , Lϒ
ξ , L ξ , Lϒ
ξ , KK2 > 0 such that
ϒ ϒ
|ϒ j (v(σ j ))| ≤ Kϒ |v(σ )| + Lϒ , (v(σ ))| ≤ K |v(σ )| + L ,
|ϒ j j ϒ ϒ
|ϒ j (v(σ j ))| ≤ Kϒ |v(σ )| + Lϒ , (v(σ ))| ≤ K |v(σ )| + L ,
|ϒ j j ϒ ϒ
and
|ϒ jξ (v(σ j ))| ≤ Kϒ ξ |v(σ )| + Lϒ ξ , ξ (v(σ ))| ≤ K |v(σ )| + L ,
|ϒ j j ϒξ ϒξ
ξ ξ (v(σ ))| ≤ K |v(σ )| + L ,
|ϒ j (v(σ j ))| ≤ Kϒ ξ |v(σ )| + Lϒ ξ , |ϒ j j ϒξ ϒξ
|K2 (v(T ))| ≤ KK2 .
• (A8 ) Denote

T α −1 |(T − σm )α | |C1m (T )||(σm − σm−1 )α | |C2m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−1
1 = m + +
(α + 1 ) (α + 1 ) (α )

|C3m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−2 |C4m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−3 (α − ζ )T ζ
+ + +
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 ) (α )

α−1
−ζ

−ζ

T ( T − σm ) α |C1m (T )| (σm − σm−1 ) α |C2m (T )| (σm − σm−1 )α−1−ζ

× + +
(α − ζ ) (α ) (α − ζ ) (α ) (α − 1 − ζ ) (α − 1 )

|C3m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−2−ζ |C4m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−3−ζ
+ +
(α − 2 − ζ ) (α − 2 ) (α − 3 − ζ ) (α − 3 )

Tη
M1 M2 (η+1) (α − ζ )T ζ
× + +
Tη
1 − N1 − N2 (η+1) Tη
1 − N1 − N2 (η+1) (α )

× AK1 + m |C1m (T )|Aϒ ζ + |C2m (T )|Aϒ ζ + |C3m (T )|A ζ + |C4m (T )|Aϒ
ζ
ϒ

+ m |C1m (T )|Aϒ + |C2m (T )|Aϒ
+ |C3m (T )|Aϒ + |C4m (T )|Aϒ
< 1,
and

T β −1 (T − σn )β |C1n (T )|(σn − σn−1 )β |C2n (T )|(σn − σn−1 )β −1
2 = n + +
(β + 1 ) (β + 1 ) (β )

|C3n (T )|(σn − σn−1 )β −2 |C4n (T )|(σn − σn−1 )β −3 (β − ξ )T ξ
+ + +
(β − 1 ) (β − 2 ) (β )

β −1
−ξ

−ξ

T ( T − σn ) β |C1n (T )| (σn − σn−1 ) β |C2n (T )| (σn − σn−1 )β −1−ξ

× + +
(β − ξ ) (β ) (β − ξ ) (β ) (β − 1 − ξ ) (β − 1 )

|C3n (T )|(σn − σn−1 )β −2−ξ |C4n (T )|(σn − σn−1 )β −3−ξ
+ +
(β − 2 − ξ ) (β − 2 ) (β − 3 − ξ ) (β − 3 )
10
γ

M1 M2 (γT +1) (β − ξ )T ξ

× + +
γ
1 − N1 − N2 (γT +1)
γ
1 − N1 − N2 (γT +1) (β )

× AK2 + n |C1n (T )|Aϒ ξ + |C2n (T )|Aϒ ξ + |C3n (T )|Aϒ ξ + |C4n (T )|Aϒ ξ

+ n |C1n (T )|Aϒ + |C2n (T )|Aϒ + |C3n (T )|Aϒ + |C4n (T )|Aϒ < 1.
Now, we have sufficient data to discuss the core theorems of this portion.
Theorem 3.3. If hypothesis (A1 ) − (A4 ) holds, then system (1.1) has at least one solution.
Proof. Let B = {(u, v ) ∈ M : (u, v ) ≤ R} be a closed ball. Divide the operator T into two parts as T = F + G with F = (Fα , Fβ ) and
G = (Gα , Gβ ), where
⎧ σi
σ
⎪
⎪m σ α−1 (σ − s )α −1 v (s )ds + C1i (σ ) (σ − s )α −1 v (s )ds
⎪
⎪ =1 ( α ) 1 ( α ) i 1
⎪
⎪
i
σi σi−1
⎪
⎪ C2i ( σ ) σ C (σ )
σ
⎪
⎪− (α −1)
i i
(σi − s )α−2 v1 (s )ds + (3αi −2) (σi − s )α−3 v1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ σ σi−1
⎪
i−1
⎪ C4i (σ ) σi
⎪
⎪
⎨− (α−3) (σi − s )α−4 v1 (s )ds +
(α −ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α −1
(α )
Fα (u, v )(σ ) = σi−1
⎪ T α −1−ζ v (s )ds − C1i (σ )
σi
⎪ T α −1
(σi − s )α−1−ζ v1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪× m i=1 − ( α ) (T − s ) 1 (α )
⎪
⎪ σi σi−1
⎪
⎪ σ σ
⎪ C2 ( σ ) i C (σ ) i
⎪
⎪+ (αi −1) (σi − s )α−2−ζ v1 (s )ds − (3αi −2) (σi − s )α−3−ζ v1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
σi−1 σi−1
⎪
⎪ C4i (σ ) σi
⎪
⎩+ (α−3) (σi − s ) α −4−ζ
v1 (s )ds ,
σi−1
⎧ σj
σ
⎪
⎪
n σ β −1 (σ − s )β −1 v (s )ds + C1 j (σ ) (σ − s )β −1 v (s )ds
⎪
⎪ j=1 (β ) 2 (β ) j 2
⎪
⎪ σj σ j−1
⎪ C2 ( σ ) j
⎪ σ σ
C3 j ( σ ) j
⎪
⎪ β −2 β −3
⎪− (β −1) σ (σ j − s ) v2 (s )ds + (β −2) σ (σ j − s ) v2 (s )ds
j
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ C (σ ) σ j
j−1
j−1
⎪
⎪
⎪ 4j
⎨ (β −3)
− ( σ j − s ) β −4 v (s )ds + (β −ξ )T ξ +1−β σ β −1
2 (β )
Fβ (u, v )(σ ) = σ j−1
⎪ n T
β −1−ξ v (s )ds − C1 j (σ )
σ j
⎪
⎪× − T β −1
( T − s ) (σ j − s )β −1−ξ v2 (s )ds
⎪
⎪ j=1 ( β ) 2 ( β )
⎪
⎪ σj σ j−1
⎪ C2 (σ ) σ j
⎪ σ j
⎪
⎪+ j
( σ − s ) β −2−ξ v (s )ds − C3 j (σ ) (σ j − s )β −3−ξ v2 (s )ds
⎪ (β −1) σ
⎪ j 2 (β −2 )
⎪
⎪ j−1
σ j−1
⎪ C4 (σ ) σ j
⎪
⎪
⎩+ (βj −3) (σ j − s )β −4−ξ v2 (s )ds ,
σ j−1
⎧
⎪m
⎪ i=1 C1i (σ )ϒi (u(σi )) − C2i (σ )ϒi (u(σi )) + C3i (σ )ϒ i (u(σi )) − C4i (σ )ϒi (u(σi ))
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨
T ζ +1−α σ α −1 m ζ
Gα (u )(σ ) = + (α −ζ ) ( α) K1 ( u ( T )) + i=1 − C1i (σ )ϒi (u(σi ))
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ζ ζ ζ
⎩+C2i (σ )ϒi (u(σi )) − C3i (σ )ϒ i (u(σi )) + C4i (σ )ϒi (u(σi )) ,
and
⎧
⎪n
⎪ j=1 C1 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j )) − C2 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j )) + C3 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j )) − C4 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j ))
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨
T ξ +1−β σ β −1 n ξ
Gβ (v )(σ ) = + (β −ξ ) ( β) K2 ( v ( T )) + − C1 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j ))
⎪
⎪
j=1

⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ξ (v(σ )) − C (σ )ϒ ξ (v(σ )) + C (σ )ϒ ξ (v(σ )) .
⎩+C2 j (σ )ϒ j j 3j j j 4j j j
Clearly, Tα = Fα + Gα and Tβ = Fβ + Gβ .
First we show that T (u, v )(σ ) = F (u, v )(σ ) + G (u, v )(σ ) ∈ B for all (u, v ) ∈ B.
For any (u, v ) ∈ B, consider

m
σ α−1
σ C1i (σ ) σi
|Tα (u, v )(σ )| ≤ (σ − s )α −1 |v 1 (s )|ds +
(σi − s )α−1 |v1 (s )|ds
i=1
(α ) (α )
σi σi−1
11

C2i (σ ) σi C3i (σ ) σi
+ (σi − s ) |v1 (s )|ds +
α −2 (σi − s )α−3 |v1 (s )|ds
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 )
σi−1 σi−1
σi
C 4 i ( σ )
+ (σi − s )α−4 |v1 (s )|ds + C1i (σ )|ϒi (u(σi ))| + C2i (σ )ϒ (u(σ ))
(α − 3 ) i i
σi−1

(α − ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α−1

+ C3i (σ ) ϒ i (u(σi )) + C4i (σ ) ϒi (u(σi )) + |K1 (u(T ))|
(α )

α−1 T
m
T C1i (σ ) σi
+ (T − s ) α −1 − ζ |v1 (s )|ds + (σi − s )α−1−ζ |v1 (s )|ds
i=1
(α ) (α )
σi σi−1
σi σi
C 2 i ( σ ) C (σ )
+ (σi − s )α−2−ζ |v1 (s )|ds + 3i (σi − s )α−3−ζ |v1 (s )|ds
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 )
σi−1 σi−1
σi
C 4 i ( σ ) ζ
+ (σi − s )α−4−ζ |v1 (s )|ds + C1i (σ )ϒ ζ (u(σi )) + C2i (σ )ϒ (u(σ ))
(α − 3 ) i i i
σi−1

ζ ζ

+ C3i (σ ) ϒ i (u(σi )) + C4i (σ ) ϒi (u(σi )) . (3.9)
Using (A4 ) for σ ∈ Ji , we have

T
(T − s )η−1
|v1 (σ )| ≤ | f1 (σ , v(σ ), v1 (σ ) )| + |g1 (s, v(s ), v1 (s ))|ds
(η )
0
Tη
≤ a1 ( σ ) + b 1 ( σ ) |v ( σ ) | + c1 ( σ ) |v1 ( σ ) | + ( a ( σ ) + b 2 ( σ ) |v ( σ ) | + c2 ( σ ) |v1 ( σ ) | )
(η + 1 ) 2
Tη
≤ a∗1 + b∗1 vMu + c1∗ v1 Mu + (a∗ + b∗2 vMu + c2∗ v1 Mu )
(η + 1 ) 2
a∗1 + b∗1 vMu Tη a∗2 + b∗2 vMu
|v1 ( σ ) | ≤ v1 M u ≤ + = h. (3.10)
1− c1∗ −
η
c2∗ (ηT +1) (η + 1 ) 1 − c1∗ − c2∗ (ηT +1
η
)
Using (3.10) and (A6 ), relation (3.9) becomes
|Tα (u, v )(σ )|
α−1
hσ |(σ − σm )α | h|C1m (σ )||(σm − σm−1 )α | h|C2m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 )α−1
≤m + +
(α + 1 ) (α + 1 ) (α )

h|C3m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 ) α −2 h|C4m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 ) α −3
+ + + |C1m (σ )|(Kϒ uMu + Lϒ )
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 )

+ |C2m (σ )|(Kϒ u M u + L ϒ
) + |C3m (σ )|(Kϒ uMu + Lϒ ) + |C4m (σ )|(Kϒ u M u + L ϒ
)

α−1
(α − ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α−1 hT (T − σm )α−ζ h|C1m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 )α−ζ
+ KK1 + m +
(α ) (α − ζ ) (α ) (α − ζ ) (α )

h|C2m (σ )| (σm − σm−1 ) α −1−ζ
h|C3m (σ )| (σm − σm−1 ) α −2−ζ
h|C4m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 )α −3−ζ
+ + +
(α − 1 − ζ ) (α − 1 ) (α − 2 − ζ ) (α − 2 ) (α − 3 − ζ ) (α − 3 )
+ |C1m (σ )|(Kϒ ζ uMu + Lϒ ζ ) + |C2m (σ )|(Kϒ
ζ u M u + L ϒ
ξ )

+ |C3m (σ )|(K ζ uMu + Lϒ ζ ) + |C4m (σ )|(Kϒ ζ uMu + Lϒ ζ ) = D.
ϒ
Thus
T α ( u , v ) M u ≤ D .
In similar way, for σ ∈ J0 , we can show that
T α ( u , v ) M u ≤ D .
For any (u, v ) ∈ B, consider

n
σ β −1
σ C (σ ) σ j
|Tβ (u, v )(σ )| ≤ (σ − s )β −1 |v2 (s )|ds + 1 j (σ j − s )β −1 |v2 (s )|ds
(β ) (β )
j=1 σj σ j−1
12

C2 j (σ ) σ j C3 j (σ ) σ j
+ (σ j − s )β −2 |v2 (s )|ds + (σ j − s )β −3 |v2 (s )|ds
(β − 1 ) (β − 2 )
σ j−1 σ j−1

C4 j (σ ) σ j
+ (σ j − s )β −4 |v2 (s )|ds + C1 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j )) + C2 j (σ )ϒ (v(σ ))
(β − 3 ) j j
σ j−1

ξ +1−β σ β −1
+ C3 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j )) + C4 j (σ )ϒ (v(σ )) + (β − ξ )T |K2 (v(T ))|
j j
(β )

β −1 T
n
T C1 j (σ ) σ j
+ (T − s ) β −1−ξ
|v2 (s )|ds + (σ j − s )β −1−ξ |v2 (s )|ds
( β ) ( β )
j=1 σj σ j−1

C2 j (σ ) σ j C3 j (σ ) σ j
+ (σ j − s ) β −2 − ξ |v2 (s )|ds + (σ j − s )β −3−ξ |v2 (s )|ds
(β − 1 ) (β − 2 )
σ j−1 σ j−1

C4 j (σ ) σ j ξ
+ (σ j − s )β −4−ξ |v2 (s )|ds + C1 j (σ )ϒ ξ (v(σ j )) + C2 j (σ )ϒ
(v(σ ))
(β − 3 ) j j j
σ j−1
ξ ξ
(v(σ )) .
+ C3 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j )) + C4 j (σ )ϒ j j (3.11)
Using (A4 ) for σ ∈ J j , we have
T
(T − s )γ −1
|v2 (σ )| ≤ | f2 (σ , u(σ ), v2 (σ ) )| + |g2 (s, u(s ), v2 (s ) )|ds
(γ )
0
Tγ
≤ l1 ( σ ) + m1 ( σ ) |u ( σ ) | + n 1 ( σ ) |v2 ( σ ) | + ( l ( σ ) + m2 ( σ ) |u ( σ ) | + n 2 ( σ ) |v2 ( σ ) | )
(γ + 1 ) 2
Tγ
≤ l1∗ + m∗1 uMv + n∗1 v2 Mv + (l ∗ + m∗2 uMv + n∗2 v2 Mv )
(γ + 1 ) 2
l1∗ + m∗1 uMv Tγ l2∗ + m∗2 uMv
|v2 ( σ ) | ≤ v2 M v ≤ + = h∗ . (3.12)
1− n∗1 −
γ
n∗2 (γT +1) (γ + 1 ) 1 − n∗1 − n∗2 (γT γ+1)
Using (3.12) and (A6 ), relation (3.11) becomes
|Tβ (u, v )(σ )|
∗ β −1
h σ (σ − σn )β h∗ |C1n (σ )|(σn − σn−1 )β h∗ |C2n (σ )|(σn − σn−1 )β −1
≤n + +
(β + 1 ) (β + 1 ) (β )

h∗ |C3n (σ )|(σn − σn−1 )β −2 h∗ |C4n (σ )|(σn − σn−1 )β −3
+ + + |C1n (σ )|(Kϒ uMv + Lϒ )
(β − 1 ) (β − 2 )

+ |C2n (σ )|(Kϒ u M v + L ϒ
) + |C3n (σ )|(Kϒ uMv + Lϒ ) + |C4n (σ )|(Kϒ u M v + L ϒ
)

∗ β −1
(β − ξ )T ξ +1−β σ β −1 h T (T − σn )β −ξ h∗ |C1n (σ )|(σn − σn−1 )β −ξ
+ KK2 + m +
(β ) (β − ξ ) (β ) (β − ξ ) (β )

h |C2n (σ )| (σn − σn−1 )
∗ β −1−ξ
h |C3n (σ )| (σn − σn−1 )
∗ β −2−ξ
h∗ |C4n (σ )|(σn − σn−1 )β −3−ξ
+ + +
(β − 1 − ξ ) (β − 1 ) (β − 2 − ξ ) (β − 2 ) (β − 3 − ξ ) (β − 3 )
+ |C1n (σ )|(Kϒ ξ uMv + Lϒ ξ ) + |C2n (σ )|(Kϒ
ξ u M v + L ϒ
ξ )

+ |C3n (σ )|(K ξ uMv + L ξ ) + |C4n (σ )|(Kϒ ξ u M v + L ϒ
ξ ) = D∗ .
ϒ ϒ
Thus
T β ( u , v ) M v ≤ D ∗ .
Likewise, for σ ∈ J0 , we can show that
T β ( u , v ) M v ≤ D ∗ .
And finally
T ( u , v ) M ≤ T α ( u , v ) + T β ( u , v ) M ≤ D + D ∗ = R ,
13
which shows that T (B ) ⊆ B.

Second, we show that G is a contraction. For any (u, v ), (u, v ) ∈ B, we have

m
|Gα (u )(σ ) − Gα (u )(σ )| ≤ C1i (σ )|ϒi (u(σi )) − ϒi (u(σi ))| + C2i (σ )ϒ i i
(u(σ ))
(u(σ )) − ϒ
i i
i=1

+ C3i (σ ) ϒ i (u(σi )) − ϒ i (u(σi )) + C4i (σ ) ϒi (u(σi )) − ϒi (u(σi ))

(α − ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α−1
+ |K1 (u(T )) − K1 (u(T ))|
(α )
m
ζ
+ C1i (σ )ϒ ζ (u(σi )) − ϒ ζ (u(σi )) + C2i (σ )ϒ i
ζ (u(σ ))
(u(σ )) − ϒ
i
i i i i
i=1
ζ ζ
ζ ζ
+ C3i (σ ) ϒ i (u(σi )) − ϒ i (u(σi )) + C4i (σ ) ϒ (u(σi )) − ϒ (u(σi )) ,
i i
now by using (A3 ), we have
|Gα (u )(σ ) − Gα (u )(σ )|

(α − ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α−1
≤ m |C1m (σ )|Aϒ + |C2m (σ )|Aϒ
+ |C3m (σ )|Aϒ + |C4m (σ )|Aϒ +
(α )

× AK1 + m |C1m (σ )|Aϒ ζ + |C2m (σ )|Aϒ
ζ + |C3m (σ )|A ζ + |C4m (σ )|Aϒ
ζ u − u M u .
ϒ
Likewise

n
|Gβ (v )(σ ) − Gβ (v )(σ )| ≤ C1 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j )) − ϒ j (v(σ j )) + C2 j (σ )ϒ j j
(v(σ ))
(v(σ )) − ϒ
j j
j=1

+ C3 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j )) − ϒ j (v(σ j )) + C4 j (σ )ϒ j j
(v(σ ))
(v(σ )) − ϒ
j j

(β − ξ )T ξ +1−β σ β −1
+ |K2 (v(T )) − K2 (v(T ))|
(β )
n
ξ
+ C1 j (σ )ϒ ξ (v(σ j )) − ϒ ξ (v(σ j )) + C2 j (σ )ϒ j
ξ (v(σ ))
(v(σ )) − ϒ
j
j j j j
j=1
ξ ξ

ξ ξ
+ C3 j (σ ) ϒ j (v(σ j )) − ϒ j (v(σ j )) + C4i (σ ) ϒ (v(σ j )) − ϒ (v(σ j )) ,
j j
now by using (A3 ), we have
|Gβ (v )(σ ) − Gβ (v )(σ )|

(β − ξ )T ξ +1−β σ β −1
≤ n |C1n (σ )|Aϒ + |C2n (σ )|Aϒ
+ |C3n (σ )|Aϒ + |C4n (σ )|Aϒ +
(β )

× AK2 + n |C1n (σ )|Aϒ ξ + |C2n (σ )|Aϒ
ξ + |C3n (σ )|A ξ + |C4n (σ )|Aϒ
ξ v − vMv .
ϒ
From the assumptions

(α − ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α−1
m |C1m (σ )|Aϒ + |C2m (σ )|Aϒ
+ |C3m (σ )|Aϒ + |C4m (σ )|Aϒ
+
(α )

× AK1 + m |C1m (σ )|Aϒ ζ + |C2m (σ )|Aϒ ζ + |C3m (σ )|Aϒ ζ + |C4m (σ )|Aϒ
ζ < 1,
and

(β − ξ )T ξ +1−β σ β −1
n |C1n (σ )|Aϒ + |C2n (σ )|Aϒ
+ |C3n (σ )|Aϒ + |C4n (σ )|Aϒ
+
(β )

× AK2 + n |C1n (σ )|Aϒ ξ + |C2n (σ )|Aϒ ξ + |C3n (σ )|Aϒ ξ + |C4n (σ )|Aϒ
ξ < 1,
which shows that G is a contraction.
14
Finally we show that F = (F α + Fβ ) is compact. For any (u, v ) ∈ B, we have

m
σ α−1
σ C1i (σ ) σi
|Fα (u, v )(σ )| ≤ (σ − s ) α −1
|v1 (s )|ds + (σi − s )α−1 |v1 (s )|ds
i=1
(α ) ( α )
σi σi−1
σi
C2i (σ ) C3i (σ ) σi
+ (σi − s ) |v1 (s )|ds +
α −2 (σi − s )α−3 |v1 (s )|ds
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 )
σi−1 σi−1
σi
C4i (σ ) ζ +1−α σ α −1
+ (σi − s )α−4 |v1 (s )|ds + (α − ζ )T
(α − 3 ) (α )
σi−1

m
T α −1
T C1i (σ ) σi
× (T − s ) α −1−ζ
|v1 (s )|ds + (σi − s )α−1−ζ |v1 (s )|ds
i=1
( α ) ( α )
σi σi−1
σi
C2i (σ ) σi C (σ )
+ (σi − s )α−2−ζ |v1 (s )|ds + 3i (σi − s )α−3−ζ |v1 (s )|ds
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 )
σi−1 σi−1
σi
C4i (σ )
+ (σi − s )α−4−ζ |v1 (s )|ds . (3.13)
(α − 3 )
σi−1
Using (A4 ) for σ ∈ Ji , we have
T
(T − s )η−1
|v1 (σ )| ≤ | f1 (σ , v(σ ), v1 (σ ) )| + |g1 (s, v(s ), v1 (s ))|ds
(η )
0
Tη
≤ a1 ( σ ) + b 1 ( σ ) |v ( σ ) | + c1 ( σ ) |v1 ( σ ) | + ( a ( σ ) + b 2 ( σ ) |v ( σ ) | + c2 ( σ ) |v1 ( σ ) | )
(η + 1 ) 2
Tη
≤ a∗1 + b∗1 vMu + c1∗ v1 Mu + (a∗ + b∗2 vMu + c2∗ v1 Mu ).
(η + 1 ) 2
Therefore we get
a∗1 + b∗1 vMu Tη a∗2 + b∗2 vMu
|v1 ( σ ) | ≤ v1 M u ≤ + = h. (3.14)
1 − c1∗ − c2∗ (η+1) Tη (η + 1 ) 1 − c1∗ − c2∗ (ηT +1
η
)
Using (3.14) in (3.13), after simplification, we get
F α ( u , v ) M u ≤ p .
Similarly,

n
σ β −1
σ C (σ ) σ j
|Fβ (u, v )(σ )| ≤ (σ − s )β −1 |v2 (s )|ds + 1 j (σ j − s )β −1 |v2 (s )|ds
(β ) (β )
j=1 σj σ j−1

C2 j (σ ) σ j C3 j (σ ) σ j
+ (σ j − s ) |v2 (s )|ds +
β −2 (σ j − s )β −3 |v2 (s )|ds
(β − 1 ) (β − 2 )
σ j−1 σ j−1

C4 j (σ ) σ j (β − ξ )T ξ +1−β σ β −1
+ (σ j − s ) β −4
|v2 (s )|ds +
(β − 3 ) (β )
σ j−1

n
T β −1
T C1 j (σ ) σ j
× (T − s )β −1−ξ |v2 (s )|ds + (σ j − s )β −1−ξ |v2 (s )|ds
(β ) (β )
j=1 σj σ j−1

C2 j (σ ) σ j C3 j (σ ) σ j
+ (σ j − s )β −2−ξ |v2 (s )|ds + (σ j − s )β −3−ξ |v2 (s )|ds
(β − 1 ) (β − 2 )
σ j−1 σ j−1

C4 j (σ ) σ j
+ (σ j − s )β −4−ξ |v2 (s )|ds . (3.15)
(β − 3 )
σ j−1
Using (A4 ) for σ ∈ J j , we have
T
(T − s )γ −1
|v2 (σ )| ≤ | f2 (σ , u(σ ), v2 (σ ) )| + |g2 (s, u(s ), v2 (s ) )|ds
(γ )
0
15
Tγ
≤ l1 ( σ ) + m1 ( σ ) |u ( σ ) | + n 1 ( σ ) |v1 ( σ ) | + ( l2 ( σ ) + m2 ( σ ) |u ( σ ) | + n 2 ( σ ) |v2 ( σ ) | )
(γ + 1 )
Tγ
≤ l1∗ + m∗1 uMv + n∗1 v2 Mv + (l2∗ + m∗2 uMv + n∗2 v2 Mv ).
(γ + 1 )
Therefore we get
l1∗ + m∗1 uMv Tγ l2∗ + m∗2 uMv
|v2 ( σ ) | ≤ v2 M v ≤ + = h∗ . (3.16)
1− n∗1 −
γ
n∗2 (γT +1) (γ + 1 ) 1 − n∗1 − n∗2 (γT γ+1)
Using (3.16) in (3.15), after simplification, we get
F β ( u , v ) M v ≤ p ∗ .
Thus
F ( u , v ) M ≤ F α ( u , v ) + F β ( u , v ) M ≤ p + p ∗ = R 1 ,
thus F is uniformly bounded on B.
Let C be a bounded subset of B, and let (u, v ) ∈ C. Then for σ1 , σ2 ∈ Ji with 0 ≤ σ1 ≤ σ2 ≤ 1, we have
|Fα (u, v )(σ2 ) − Fα (u, v )(σ1 )|
α−1
σ2 |(σ2 − σm )α | − σ1α−1 |(σ1 − σm )α | C1m (σ2 ) − C∗1m (σ1 )|(σm − σm−1 )α |
≤mh +
(α + 1 ) (α + 1 )

C2m (σ2 ) − C∗2 (σ1 )(σm − σm−1 )α−1 C3m (σ2 ) − C∗3 (σ1 )(σm − σm−1 )α−2
+ m
+ m
(α ) (α − 1 )

C4m (σ2 ) − C∗4 (σ1 )(σm − σm−1 )α−3 mh (α − ζ )T ζ +1−α
+ m
+
(α − 2 ) (α )
α−1 α

α

−ζ
σ C1m (σ2 ) − σ C (σ1 ) (σm − σm−1 )
2
−1 ∗
1 1m
×
(α − ζ ) (α )
α−1
σ C2m (σ2 ) − σ −1 C∗ (σ1 )(σm − σm−1 )α−1−ζ
α
2m
2 1
+
(α − 1 − ζ ) (α − 1 )
α−1
σ C3m (σ2 ) − σ α−1 C∗3 (σ1 )(σm − σm−1 )α−2−ζ
2 1
+ m
(α − 2 − ζ ) (α − 2 )
α−1
σ C4m (σ2 ) − σ α−1 C∗4 (σ1 )(σm − σm−1 )α−3−ζ
2 1
+ m
. (3.17)
(α − 3 − ζ ) (α − 3 )
This implies that
Fα (u, v )(σ2 ) − Fα (u, v )(σ1 )Mu → 0 as σ1 → σ2 .
In the same manner, we have
Fβ (u, v )(σ2 ) − Fβ (u, v )(σ1 )Mv → 0 as σ1 → σ2 .
Hence
F (u, v )(σ2 ) − F (u, v )(σ1 )M → 0 as σ1 → σ2 .
Thus, F is equicontinuous, and from Arzelà-Ascoli theorem we get that F is compact. Thus all the conditions of Theorem 2.6 are satisfied.
Hence system (1.1) has at least one solution.
Theorem 3.4. If = max(1 , 2 ) < 1, then under hypotheses (A1 ) − (A7 ), system (1.1) has a unique solution.
Proof. Let u, u ∈ Mu . For σ ∈ Ji , we have

|Tα (u, v )(σ ) − Tα (u, v )(σ )|
α−1 σ
m
σ C1i (σ ) σi
≤ (σ − s ) α −1
|v1 (s ) − v1 (s )|ds + (σi − s )α−1 |v1 (s ) − v1 (s )|ds
i=1
(α ) (α )
σi σi−1
σi
C2i (σ ) σi C3i ( σ )
+ ( σi − s ) α −2
|v1 (s ) − v1 (s )|ds + (σi − s )α−3 |v1 (s ) − v1 (s )|ds
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 )
σi−1 σi−1

C4i (σ ) σi
+ (σi − s )α−4 |v1 (s ) − v1 (s )|ds + C1i (σ )|ϒi (u(σi )) − ϒi (u(σi ))|
(α − 3 )
σi−1

+ C2i (σ )ϒ i i
(u(σ )) + C (σ )ϒ (u(σ )) − ϒ (u(σ )) + C (σ )ϒ
(u(σ )) − ϒ
i i 3i i i i i 4i i i
(u(σ ))
(u(σ )) − ϒ
i i
16

α−1 T
(α − ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α−1 m
T
+ | 1
K ( u ( T )) − K ( u ( T )) | + (T − s )α−1−ζ |v1 (s ) − v1 (s )|ds
(α ) 1
i=1
(α )
σi

+ ( σi − s ) α −1−ζ
|v1 (s ) − v1 (s )|ds + (σi − s )α−2−ζ |v1 (s ) − v1 (s )|ds
(α ) (α − 1 )
σi−1 σi−1
σi
C3i (σ ) σi C (σ )
+ (σi − s )α−3−ζ |v1 (s ) − v1 (s )|ds + 4i (σi − s )α−4−ζ |v1 (s ) − v1 (s )|ds
(α − 2 ) (α − 3 )
σi−1 σi−1
ζ
ζ
+ C1i (σ )ϒi (u(σi )) − ϒi (u(σi )) + C2i (σ )ϒi (u(σi )) − ϒ
ζ ζ (u(σ ))
i i

ζ
ζ ζ
ζ
+ C3i (σ ) ϒ i (u(σi )) − ϒ i (u(σi )) + C4i (σ ) ϒi (u(σi )) − ϒi (u(σi )) , (3.18)
where
T
(T − s )η−1
v1 ( σ ) = − f 1 ( σ , v ( σ ) , v1 ( σ ) ) − g1 (s, v(s ), v1 (s ) )ds,
(η )
0
and
T
(T − s )η−1
v1 (σ ) = − f1 (σ , v(σ ), v1 (σ ) ) − g1 (s, v(s ), v1 (s ) )ds.
(η )
0
Using (A1 ), we have

T
(T − s )η−1
|v1 (σ ) − v1 (σ )| = f1 (σ , v(σ ), v1 (σ ) ) + g1 (s, v(s ), v1 (s ) )ds
(η )
0
T
(T − s )η−1
− f1 (σ , v(σ ), v1 (σ ) ) + g1 (s, v(s ), v1 (s ) )ds
(η )
0
≤| f1 (σ , v(σ ), v1 (σ ) ) − f1 (σ , v(σ ), v1 (σ ) )|
T
(T − s )η−1
+ |g1 (s, v(s ), v1 (s ) ) − g1 (s, v(s ), v1 (s ) )|ds
(η )
0
Tη
≤M1 |v(σ ) − v(σ )| + N1 |v1 (σ ) − v1 (σ )| + (M |v(σ ) − v(σ )| + N2 |v1 (σ ) − v1 (σ )| ).
(η + 1 ) 2
Thus
η

M1 M2 (ηT +1)
| v 1 ( σ ) − v1 ( σ ) | ≤ η + η |v ( σ ) − v ( σ )|. (3.19)
1 − N1 − N2 (ηT +1) 1 − N1 − N2 (ηT +1)
Using hypotheses (A1 ), and (A3 ), and inequalities (3.19) in (3.18), we have
|Tα (u, v )(σ ) − Tα (u, v )(σ )|

α−1
σ |(σ − σm )α | |C1m (σ )||(σm − σm−1 )α | |C2m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 )α−1
≤m + +
(α + 1 ) (α + 1 ) (α )

|C3m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 ) |C4m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 )
α −2 α −3
(α − ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α−1
+ + +
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 ) (α )

T α −1 (T − σm )α −ζ
|C1m (σ )| (σm − σm−1 ) α −ζ
|C2m (σ )| (σm − σm−1 )α−1−ζ

× + +
(α − ζ ) (α ) (α − ζ ) (α ) (α − 1 − ζ ) (α − 1 )

|C3m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 ) α −2 − ζ |C4m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 ) α −3 − ζ
+ +
(α − 2 − ζ ) (α − 2 ) (α − 3 − ζ ) (α − 3 )

Tη
M1 M2 (η+1) (α − ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α−1
× + | v ( σ ) − v ( σ ) | +
T η
1 − N1 − N2 (η+1) 1 − N1 − N2 (η+1)T η
(α )

× AK1 + m |C1m (σ )|Aϒ ζ + |C2m (σ )|Aϒ ζ + |C3m (σ )|A ζ + |C4m (σ )|Aϒ ζ
ϒ
17

+ m |C1m (σ )|Aϒ + |C2m (σ )|Aϒ
+ |C3m (σ )|Aϒ + |C4m (σ )|Aϒ
|u ( σ ) − u ( σ )|.
Taking supσ ∈J , we get
T α ( u , v ) − T α ( u , v ) M u

α−1
T |(T − σm )α | |C1m (T )||(σm − σm−1 )α | |C2m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−1
≤m + +
(α + 1 ) (α + 1 ) (α )

+ + +
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 ) (α )

T α −1 (T − σm )α −ζ
|C1m (T )| (σm − σm−1 ) α −ζ
|C2m (T )| (σm − σm−1 )α−1−ζ

× + +
(α − ζ ) (α ) (α − ζ ) (α ) (α − 1 − ζ ) (α − 1 )

+ +
(α − 2 − ζ ) (α − 2 ) (α − 3 − ζ ) (α − 3 )
η

M1 M2 (ηT +1) (α − ζ )T ζ
× + v − v M u +
1 − N1 −
η
N2 (ηT +1)
1 − N1 −
η
N2 (ηT +1) (α )

× AK1 + m |C1m (T )|Aϒ ζ + |C2m (T )|Aϒ ζ + |C3m (T )|A ζ + |C4m (T )|Aϒ
ζ
ϒ

+ m |C1m (T )|Aϒ + |C2m (T )|Aϒ
+ |C3m (T )|Aϒ + |C4m (T )|Aϒ
u − u M u
≤ 1 ( u , v ) − ( u , v ) M u .
Similarly,
T β ( u , v ) − T β ( u , v ) M v ≤ 2 ( u , v ) − ( u , v ) M v .
Hence
T (u, v ) − T (u, v )M ≤ max (1 , 2 )(u − uM + v − vM ).
This implies that T is a contraction. Therefore, (1.1) has a unique solution.
4. Hyers–Ulam stability
Let α , β > 0, f1 , f2 , g1 , g2 be continuous functions, and ψα , ψβ : T → R+ be non decreasing functions. Consider the following inequal-
ities:
⎧
⎪ T
⎪
⎪ 0D α u(σ ) + f (σ , v(σ ), D α u(σ )) + (T −s )η−1 g (s, v(s ), D α u(s ))ds ≤ , σ ∈ J,
⎪
⎪
+ 1 0 + (η ) 1 0 +
α
⎪
⎪ 0
⎪
⎪ β T (T −s )γ −1
⎨D0+ v(σ ) + f2 (σ , u(σ ), D0+ v(σ )) +
⎪ β β
(γ ) g2 (s, u (s ), D0+ v (s ))ds ≤ β , σ ∈ J,
0 (4.1)
|u(σi ) − ϒi (u(σi ))| ≤
⎪
⎪
⎪ α , u (σi ) − ϒi (u(σi )) ≤ α ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ u (σi ) − ϒ i (u(σi )) ≤ α , u (σi ) − ϒi (u(σi )) ≤ α , for i = 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎪
⎪ v(σ j ) − ϒ j (v(σ j )) ≤ β , v (σ j ) − ϒ j (v(σ j )) ≤ β ,

⎪
⎩
v (σ j ) − ϒ j (v(σ j )) ≤ β , v (σ j ) − ϒ (v(σ )) ≤ ,
j j β for j = 1, 2, . . . , n,
⎧
⎪ T (T −s )η−1
⎪ α α
D0+ u(σ ) + f1 (σ , v(σ ), D0+ u(σ )) + α
⎪
⎪ (η ) g1 (s, v (s ), D0+ u (s ))ds ≤ ψα , σ ∈ J,
⎪
⎪ 0
⎪
⎪ β T (T −s )γ −1
⎪
⎨D0+ v(σ ) + f2 (σ , u(σ ), D0+ v(σ )) +
⎪ β β
(γ ) g2 (s, u (s ), D0+ v (s ))ds ≤ ψβ , σ ∈ J,
0 (4.2)
|u(σi ) − ϒi (u(σi ))| ≤
⎪
⎪
⎪ ψα , u (σi ) − ϒi (u(σi )) ≤ ψα ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ u (σi ) − ϒ i (u(σi )) ≤ ψα , u (σi ) − ϒi (u(σi )) ≤ ψα , for i = 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎪
⎪ ( σ ) − ϒ ( ( σ )) ≤ ψ , ( σ ) −
ϒ ( ( σ )) ≤ ψβ ,
⎪
⎩
v j j v j β v j j v j
v (σ j ) − ϒ j (v(σ j )) ≤ ψβ , v (σ j ) − ϒ (v(σ )) ≤ ψ ,
j j β for j = 1, 2, . . . , n,
18
and
⎧
⎪ T
⎪
⎪ 0D α u(σ ) + f (σ , v(σ ), D α u(σ )) + (T −s )η−1 g (s, v(s ), D α u(s ))ds ≤ ψ , σ ∈ J,
⎪
⎪
+ 1 0 + (η ) 1 0 +
α α
⎪
⎪ 0
⎪
⎪ β T (T −s )γ −1
⎨D0+ v(σ ) + f2 (σ , u(σ ), D0+ v(σ )) +
⎪ β β
(γ ) g2 (s, u (s ), D0+ v (s ))ds ≤ β ψβ , σ ∈ J,
0
(4.3)
⎪
⎪ |u(σi ) − ϒi (u(σi ))| ≤ α ψα , u (σi ) − ϒi (u(σi )) ≤ α ψα ,
⎪
⎪ u (σi ) − ϒ i (u(σi )) ≤ α ψα ,
u (σi ) − ϒi (u(σi )) ≤ α ψα ,

⎪
⎪ for i = 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎪
⎪ v(σ j ) − ϒ j (v(σ j )) ≤ β ψβ , v (σ j ) − ϒ (v(σ )) ≤ ψ ,
⎪
⎪
⎩ j j β β
v (σ j ) − ϒ j (v(σ j )) ≤ β ψβ , v (σ j ) − ϒ (v(σ )) ≤ ψ ,
j j β β for j = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Recall the appropriate definitions of stability concepts from [9].
Definition 4.1. System (1.1) is said to be HUS if there exists Cα ,β = max(Cα , Cβ ) > 0 for some = (α , β ), and for each solution (u, v ) ∈ M
of (4.1), there exists a solution (u∗ , v∗ ) ∈ M of (1.1) with
(u, v ) − (u∗ , v∗ )M ≤ Cα,β , for all σ ∈ J .
Definition 4.2. System (1.1) is said to be GHUS if there exists a function θ ∈ C (J , R ) with θ (0 ) = 0 such that for each solution (u, v ) ∈ M
of (4.1), there exists a solution (u∗ , v∗ ) ∈ M of (1.1) with
(u, v ) − (u∗ , v∗ )M ≤ θ ( ), for all σ ∈ J .
Definition 4.3. System (1.1) is said to be HURS with respect to ψα ,β = (ψα , ψβ ) ∈ C 1 (J , R ) if there exists a constant Cψα ,ψβ =
max(Cψα , Cψβ ) > 0 such that, for some = (α , β ) > 0, and for each solution (u, v ) ∈ M of (4.2), there exists a solution (u∗ , v∗ ) ∈ M
of (1.1) with
(u, v ) − (u∗ , v∗ )M ≤ Cψα ,ψβ , for all σ ∈ J .
Definition 4.4. System (1.1) is said to be GHURS with respect to ψα ,β = (ψα , ψβ ) ∈ C 1 (J , R ) if there exists a constant Cψα ,ψβ =
max(Cψα , Cψβ ) > 0 such that, for each solution (u, v ) ∈ M of (4.3), there exists a solution (u∗ , v∗ ) ∈ M of (1.1) with
(u, v ) − (u∗ , v∗ )M ≤ Cψα ,ψβ ψα,β , for all σ ∈ J .
There are two remarks.
Remark 4.5. Clearly,
1. Definition (4.1) ⇒ Definition (4.2), and

2. Definition (4.3) ⇒ Definition (4.4).
Remark 4.6. We say that (u, v ) ∈ M is a solution of (4.1) if there exist the functions
μ f1 ,g1 f2 ,g2 ∈ M depending upon u, v respectively, such that

(1) μ f1 ,g1 (σ ) ≤ α f2 ,g2 (σ ) ≤ β for all σ ∈ J .
(2)
⎧
⎪ T (T −s )η−1
⎪
⎪D0α+ u(σ ) + f1 (σ , v(σ ), D0α+ u(σ )) + α
(η ) g1 (s, v (s ), D0+ u(s ))ds = μ f1 ,g1 (σ ), σ ∈J
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
0
⎪
⎪ β β T (T −s )γ −1 β
⎨D0+ v(σ ) + f2 (σ , u(σ ), D0+ v(σ )) + (γ ) g2 (s, u (s ), D0+ v (s ))ds = f2 ,g2 (σ ), σ ∈J
0
⎪u(σi ) = ϒi (u(σi )) + μi , u (σi ) = ϒ (u(σ )) + μ , u (σ ) = ϒ (u(σ )) + μ ,
⎪
⎪
i i i i i i i
⎪
⎪
(σ ) = ϒ ( ( σ )) + μ , for i = 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎪
⎪
u i i u i i
⎪ (σ j ) = ϒ j (v(σ j )) + j , v (σ j ) = ϒ (v(σ )) + , v (σ ) = ϒ (v(σ )) + ,
⎩v
⎪
(v(σ )) + ,
j j j j j j j
v ( σ j ) = ϒ j j j for j = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Theorem 4.7. Let (u, v ) ∈ M be a solution of inequality (4.1). Then we have

|u(σ ) − q(σ )| ≤ Sα α , σ ∈ J ,
|v(σ ) − q (σ )| ≤ Sβ β , σ ∈ J .
19
Proof. Let (u, v ) be a solution of inequality (4.1). Then by Remark (4.6) (u, v ) is also a solution of
⎧
⎪ α α
T (T −s )η−1 α
⎪D0+ u(σ ) + f1 (σ , v(σ ), D0+ u(σ )) +
⎪
⎪ (η ) g1 (s, v (s ), D0+ u (s ))ds = μ f1 ,g1 (σ ),
⎪
⎪ 0
⎪
⎪ where σ ∈ J , σ = σi , i = 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎪
⎪
⎪ β
⎪ β T −s )γ −1 β
⎪
⎪D0+ v(σ ) + f2 (σ , u(σ ), D0+ v(σ )) + (T ( γ ) g2 (s, u (s ), D0+ v(s ))ds = f2 ,g2 (σ ),
⎪
⎪
⎨ 0
where σ ∈ J , σ = σ j , j = 1, 2, . . . , n,
(u(σ )) + μ , u (σ ) = ϒ (u(σ )) + μ , (4.4)
⎪ u(σi ) = ϒi (u(σi )) + μi , u (σi ) = ϒ
⎪
⎪ (u(σ )) + μ ,
i i i i i i i
⎪
⎪ u (σ ) = ϒ for i = 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎪
⎪
i i i i
(v(σ )) + , v (σ ) = ϒ (v(σ )) + ,
⎪
⎪v(σ ) = ϒ j (v(σ j )) + j , v (σ j ) = ϒ
⎪ j
⎪ (v(σ )) + ,
j j j j j j j
⎪
⎪ v ( σ ) = ϒ for j = 1, 2, . . . , n,
⎪ j j j j
⎪u(0 ) = u (0 ) = u (0 ) = v(0 ) = v (0 ) = v (0 ) = 0,
⎪
⎩ ζ ξ
[D0+ u(σ )]σ =T = K1 (u(T )), [D0+ v(σ )]σ =T = K2 (v(T )),
that is,
⎧
⎪m − σ α−1 (σ − s )α−1 h1 (s ) + μ f ,g (s )ds − C1i (σ ) i (σi − s )α−1 h1 (s ) + μ f ,g (s )ds
⎪ σ σ
⎪
⎪ α α
⎪
⎪
i=1 ( )
σi
1 1 ( )
σi−1
1 1
⎪
⎪ σ σ
⎪
⎪ C2 ( σ ) i
C3 ( σ ) i
⎪+ (αi −1) (σi − s )α−2 h1 (s ) + μ f1 ,g1 (s ) ds − (αi −2) (σi − s )α−3 h1 (s ) + μ f1 ,g1 (s ) ds
⎪
⎪
⎪ σ σi−1
⎪ C (σ ) iσ−1i
⎪
⎪
⎪ α
⎪+ (α−3) (σi − s ) −4
h1 (s ) + μ f1 ,g1 (s ) ds + C1i (σ )(ϒi (u(σi )) + μi ) − C2i (σ ) ϒ i (u (σi )) + μi
4i
⎪
⎪ σi−1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ 3i
+ C ( σ ) ϒ i ( u ( σ i )) + μ i − C 4i ( σ ) ϒ i ( u ( σ i )) + μ i + (α −ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α −1
(α ) K1 (u(T ))
u (σ ) =
⎪ m T C1i ( σ ) i
σ
⎪
⎪+ T α −1
( T − s ) α −1−ζ h (s ) + μ ( s ) ds + (σi − s )α−1−ζ h1 (s ) + μ f1 ,g1 (s ) ds
⎪
⎪ i =1 ( α ) 1 f 1 ,g 1 ( α )
⎪
⎪ σi σi−1
⎪ C2 (σ ) σi
⎪ C3i ( σ ) i
σ
⎪
⎪− (α −1)
i
( σi − s ) α −2−ζ
h1 (s ) + μ f1 ,g1 (s ) ds + (α −2) (σi − s )α−3−ζ h1 (s ) + μ f1 ,g1 (s ) ds
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
σi−1 σ
i−1
⎪ C4i (σ ) σi
⎪ ζ (u(σ )) + μ
⎪
⎪− ( σ − s ) α −4−ζ h (s ) + μ ( s ) ds − C ( σ ) ϒiζ (u(σi )) + μi + C2i (σ ) ϒ
⎪
⎪
( α −3 )
σi−1
i 1 f1 ,g1 1i i i i
⎪
⎪
⎪ ζ
⎪−C (σ ) ϒ (u(σ )) + μ + C (σ ) ϒ
⎪ ζ (u(σ )) + μ ,
⎩ 3i i i i 4i i i i
(4.5)
and
⎧
⎪
⎪n σ
σ β −1 (σ − s )β −1 h (s ) +
σ
C1 j ( σ ) j
⎪
⎪ − ( f2 ,g2 (s ) ds − (β ) (σ j − s )β −1 h2 (s ) + f2 ,g2 (s ) ds
⎪
⎪
j=1 β )
σj
2
σ j−1
⎪
⎪ σ σ
⎪
⎪ C2 j ( σ ) j C3 j ( σ ) j
⎪
⎪+ (β −1) (σ j − s )β −2 h2 (s ) + f2 ,g2 (s ) ds − (β −2) (σ j − s )β −3 h2 (s ) + f2 ,g2 (s ) ds
⎪
⎪ σ j−1 σ j−1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ( σ )
σj

⎪
C
(σ j − s )β −4 h2 (s ) + f2 ,g2 (s ) ds + C1 j (σ ) ϒ j (v(σ j )) + j − C2 j (σ ) ϒ j (v (σ j )) + j
4
⎪+ (βj −3)
⎪
⎪ σ
⎪
⎪
j−1

⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨+C3 j (σ ) ϒ j (v(σ j )) + j − C4 j (σ ) ϒ j (v(σ j )) + j +
(β −ξ )T ξ +1−β σ β −1
(β ) K2 (v(T ))
v (σ ) =
⎪ T C1 j ( σ ) j
σ
⎪ T β −1 β −1−ξ h (s ) + (σ j − s )β −1−ξ h2 (s ) + f2 ,g2 (s ) ds
⎪
⎪+ ni=1 ( β ) (T − s ) 2 f2 ,g2 (s ) ds + (β )
⎪
⎪ σj σ j−1
⎪
⎪ σ σ
⎪
⎪ C2 j ( σ ) j C3 j ( σ ) j
⎪
⎪− (β −1) (σ j − s )β −2−ξ h2 (s ) + f2 ,g2 (s ) ds + (β −2) (σ j − s )β −3−ξ h2 (s ) + f2 ,g2 (s ) ds
⎪
⎪ σ j−1 σ j−1
⎪
⎪ σ
⎪
⎪ C4 j ( σ ) j
ξ (v(σ )) +
⎪
⎪− (β −3) (σ j − s )β −4−ξ h2 (s ) + f2 ,g2 (s ) ds − C1 j (σ ) ϒ jξ (v(σ j )) + j + C2 j (σ ) ϒ
⎪
⎪ σ j−1
j j j
⎪
⎪
⎪ ξ
⎪
⎪ ξ
⎩−C3 j (σ ) ϒ j (v(σ j )) + j + C4 j (σ ) ϒ j (v(σ j )) + j ,
(4.6)
where
T
(T − s )η−1
(η )
0
20
and
T
β (T − s )γ −1 β
h2 (σ ) = f2 (σ , u(σ ), D0+ v(σ )) + g2 (s, u(s ), D0+ v(s ))ds.
(γ )
0
From (4.5), we have
⎧
⎪
⎪m σ
σ α−1 (σ − s )α −1 h (s ) + μ
σ
C1i ( σ ) i
⎪
⎪ − ( α) f1 ,g1 (s ) ds − (α ) (σi − s )α−1 h1 (s ) + μ f1 ,g1 (s ) ds
⎪
⎪
i=1
σi
1
σi−1
⎪
⎪ σ σ
⎪
⎪ C2i ( σ ) i α C3i ( σ ) i
⎪+ (α−1) σi−1 (σi − s )
⎪ −2
h1 (s ) + μ f1 ,g1 (s ) ds − (α −2) (σi − s )α−3 h1 (s ) + μ f1 ,g1 (s ) ds
⎪
⎪ σi−1
⎪
⎪ σ
C4i ( σ ) i
⎪
⎪ ( σi − s ) α h1 (s ) + μ f1 ,g1 (s ) ds + C1i (σ )(ϒi (u(σi )) + μi ) − C2i (σ ) ϒ i (u (σi )) + μi
−4
⎪+ (α −3)
⎪
⎪ σ
⎪
⎪
i−1

⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨+C3i (σ ) ϒ i (u(σi )) + μi − C4i (σ ) ϒi (u(σi )) + μi +
(α −ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α −1
(α ) K1 (u(T ))
u (σ ) =
⎪ T C1i ( σ ) i
σ
⎪ T α −1 α −1−ζ h (s ) + μ (σi − s )α−1−ζ h1 (s ) + μ f1 ,g1 (s ) ds
⎪
⎪+ m i=1 (α ) (T − s ) 1 f1 ,g1 (s ) ds + (α )
⎪
⎪ σi σi−1
⎪
⎪ σ σ
⎪ C2i ( σ ) i C3i ( σ ) i
⎪
⎪− (α −1) ( σi − s ) α −2 − ζ h1 (s ) + μ f1 ,g1 (s ) ds + (α −2) (σi − s )α−3−ζ h1 (s ) + μ f1 ,g1 (s ) ds
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
σi−1 σi−1

⎪
⎪
σ
C4i ( σ ) i ζ ζ (u(σ )) + μ
⎪
⎪− (α −3) ( σi − s ) α −4 − ζ h1 (s ) + μ f1 ,g1 (s ) ds − C1i (σ ) ϒi (u(σi )) + μi + C2i (σ ) ϒ
⎪
⎪ σi−1
i i i
⎪
⎪
⎪ ζ
⎪
⎪−C3i (σ ) ϒ i (u(σi )) + μi + C4i (σ ) ϒ ζ (u(σ )) + μ .
⎩ i i i
Thus (4.5) becomes

|u ( σ ) − q ( σ )|
α−1 σ
m
σ C1i (σ ) σi
≤ (σ − s ) μ f1 ,g1 (s )ds +
α −1 (σi − s )α−1 μ f1 ,g1 (s )ds
i=1
(α ) (α )
σi σi−1
σi
C2i (σ ) C3i (σ ) σi
+ (σi − s ) μ f1 ,g1 (s )ds +
α −2 (σi − s )α−3 μ f1 ,g1 (s )ds
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 )
σi−1 σi−1
σi
C4i (σ )
+ (σi − s )α−4 μ f1 ,g1 (s )ds + C1i (σ ) + C2i (σ ) + C3i (σ ) + C4i (σ ) |μi |
(α − 3 )
σi−1
α−1 T
(α − ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α−1 m
T C1i (σ ) σi
+ (T − s )α−1−ζ μ f1 ,g1 (s )ds + (σi − s )α−1−ζ μ f1 ,g1 (s )ds
(α ) i=1
( α ) (α )
σi σi−1

+ ( σi − s ) α −2−ζ
μ f1 ,g1 (s ) ds + (σi − s )α−3−ζ μ f1 ,g1 (s )ds
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 )
σi−1 σi−1
σi
C4i (σ )
+ (σi − s )α−4−ζ μ f1 ,g1 (s )ds + C1i (σ ) + C2i (σ ) + C3i (σ ) + C4i (σ ) |μi | ,
(α − 3 )
σi−1
where
σ σi

m
σ α−1 C1i ( σ )
q (σ ) = − (σ − s )α−1 h1 (s )ds − (σi − s )α−1 h1 (s )ds
i=1
(α ) (α )
σi σi−1
σi σi
C2i ( σ ) C3i ( σ )
+ (σi − s )α−2 h1 (s )ds − (σi − s )α−3 h1 (s )ds
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 )
σi−1 σi−1
σi
C4i ( σ ) (u(σ ))
(α − 3 ) i i
σi−1

ζ +1−α σ α −1

(u(σ )) + (α − ζ )T
+ C3i (σ )ϒ i (u(σi )) − C4i (σ )ϒ K1 (u(T ))
i i
(α )

T σi

m
T α −1 C1i ( σ )
+ (T − s )α−1−ζ h1 (s )ds + (σi − s )α−1−ζ h1 (s )ds
i=1
(α ) (α )
σi σi−1
21
σi σi
C2i ( σ ) C3i ( σ )
− (σi − s )α−2−ζ h1 (s )ds + (σi − s )α−3−ζ h1 (s )ds
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 )
σi−1 σi−1
σi
C4i ( σ ) ζ (u(σ ))
− (σi − s )α−4−ζ h1 (s )ds − C1i (σ )ϒiζ (u(σi )) + C2i (σ )ϒ
(α − 3 ) i i
σi−1

ζ ζ (u(σ ))
− C3i ( σ ) ϒ i (u(σi )) + C4i (σ )ϒ i i .
Using (1) from Remark (4.6), we get

α−1
σ |(σ − σm )α | |C1m (σ )||(σm − σm−1 )α | |C2m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 )α−1
|u ( σ ) − q ( σ )| ≤ + +
(α + 1 ) (α + 1 ) (α )

|C3m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 ) |C4m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 )
α −2 α −3
+ + + |C1m (σ )| + |C2m (σ )|
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 )

(α − ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α−1 T α−1 (T − σm )α−ζ
+ |C3m (σ )| + |C4m (σ )| +
(α ) (α − ζ ) (α )

|C1m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 )α−ζ |C2m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 )α−1−ζ
+ +
(α − ζ ) (α ) (α − 1 − ζ ) (α − 1 )

|C3m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 )α−2−ζ |C4m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 )α−3−ζ
+ +
(α − 2 − ζ ) (α − 2 ) (α − 3 − ζ ) (α − 3 )

+ |C1m (σ )| + |C2m (σ )| + |C3m (σ )| + |C4m (σ )| mα = Sα α .
In a similar way, (4.6) along with (1) from Remark (4.6), we get
|v(σ ) − q (σ )| ≤ Sβ β ,
where
σ σ j

n
σ β −1 C1 j ( σ )
q ( σ ) = − (σ − s )β −1 h (s )ds − (σ j − s )β −1 h2 (s )ds
(β ) 2
(β )
j=1 σj σ j−1
σ j σ j
C2 j ( σ ) C3 j ( σ )
+ (σ j − s )β −2 h2 (s )ds − (σ j − s )β −3 h2 (s )ds
(β − 1 ) (β − 2 )
σ j−1 σ j−1
σ j
C4 j ( σ ) (v(σ ))
+ (σ j − s )β −4 h2 (s )ds + C1 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j )) − C2 j (σ )ϒ
(β − 3 ) j j
σ j−1
ξ +1−β σ β −1

(v(σ )) + (β − ξ )T
+ C3 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j )) − C4 j (σ )ϒ K2 (v(T ))
j j
(β )

T σ j

n
T β −1 C1 j ( σ )
+ (T − s )β −1−ξ h2 (s )ds + (σ j − s )β −1−ξ h2 (s )ds
(β ) (β )
j=1 σj σ j−1
σ j σ j
C2 j ( σ ) C3 j ( σ )
− (σ j − s )β −2−ξ h (s )ds + (σ j − s )β −3−ξ h2 (s )ds
(β − 1 ) 2
(β − 2 )
σ j−1 σ j−1
σ j
C4 j ( σ ) ξ (v(σ ))
− (σ j − s )β −4−ξ h2 (s )ds − C1 j (σ )ϒ jξ (v(σ j )) − C2 j (σ )ϒ
(β − 3 ) j j
σ j−1

ξ ξ (v(σ ))
− C3 j (σ )ϒ j (v(σ j )) + C4 j (σ )ϒ j j ,
and

σ β −1 (σ − σn )β |C1n (σ )|(σn − σn−1 )β |C2n (σ )|(σn − σn−1 )β −1
Sβ = + +
(β + 1 ) (β + 1 ) (β )

|C3n (σ )| (σn − σn−1 ) β −2
|C4n (σ )| (σn − σn−1 ) β −3
+ + + |C1n (σ )| + |C2n (σ )|
(β − 1 ) (β − 2 )
22

(β − ξ )T ξ +1−β σ β −1 hT β −1 (T − σn )β −ξ
+ |C3n (σ )| + |C4n (σ )| +
(β ) (β − ξ ) (β )

|C1n (σ )|(σn − σn−1 )β −ξ |C2n (σ )|(σn − σn−1 )β −1−ξ
+ +
(β − ξ ) (β ) (β − 1 − ξ ) (β − 1 )

|C3n (σ )|(σn − σn−1 )β −2−ξ |C4n (σ )|(σn − σn−1 )β −3−ξ
+ +
(β − 2 − ξ ) (β − 2 ) (β − 3 − ξ ) (β − 3 )

+ |C1n (σ )| + |C2n (σ )| + |C3n (σ )| + |C4n (σ )| n.
Theorem 4.8. If hypotheses (A1 ) − (A3 ) hold with
= 1 − 1 3 > 0 , (4.7)
then system (1.1) is HUS.
Proof. Let (u, v ) ∈ M be a solution of inequality (4.3), and let (u∗ , v∗ ) ∈ M be a solution of the system
⎧
⎪ T −s )η−1
⎪
⎪D0α+ u∗ (σ ) + f1 (σ , v∗ (σ ), D0α+ u∗ (σ )) + (T ( α ∗
η ) g1 (s, v (s ), D0+ u (s ))ds = 0,
∗
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ where σ ∈ J , σ = σi , i = 1, 2, . . . , m,
0
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪D + v∗ (σ ) + f2 (σ , u∗ (σ ), Dβ+ v∗ (σ )) + (T −s)γ −1 g2 (s, u∗ (s ), Dβ+ v∗ (s ))ds = 0,
T
β
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
0 0 (γ ) 0
⎨ where σ ∈ J , σ = σ j , j = 1, 2, . . . , n,
0
(u∗ (σ )), u∗ (σ ) = ϒ (u∗ (σ )), (4.8)

⎪ u∗ (σi ) = ϒi (u∗ (ti )), u∗ (σi ) = ϒ
⎪
⎪
i i i i i
⎪
⎪

u (σi ) = ϒi (u (σi )),
∗ ∗
for i = 1, 2, . . . , m,
⎪
⎪ (v∗ (σ )), v∗ (σ ) = ϒ (v∗ (σ )),
⎪
⎪v∗ (σ j ) = ϒ j (v∗ (σ j )), v∗ (σ j ) = ϒ
⎪
⎪
j j j j j
⎪
⎪

v (σ j ) = ϒ j (v (σ j )),
∗ ∗
for j = 1, 2, . . . , n,
⎪
⎪ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
⎩u (ζ0 ) ∗= u (0 ) = u (0∗) = v (0 ) = vξ (0∗ ) = v (0 ) = 0, ∗
∗ ∗
⎪
[D0+ u (σ )]σ =T = K1 (u (T )), [D0+ v (σ )]σ =T = K2 (v (T )).
Thus in light of Lemma 2.3, the solution of (4.8) is
⎧
⎪ σ σ
⎪m σ α−1 α −1 ∗ C1i ( σ ) i α −1 ∗
⎪ i=1 (α ) σ (σ − s ) v1 (s )ds + (α ) σ (σi − s ) v1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ i i−1
⎪
⎪ C2 ( σ ) i
σ C (σ ) i
σ
⎪
⎪− (αi −1) (σi − s )α−2 v∗1 (s )ds + (3αi −2) (σi − s )α−3 v∗1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
σi−1 σi−1
⎪
⎪ σ
C4i ( σ ) i (u∗ (σ ))
⎪
⎪− α
(σi − s ) v1 (s )ds + C1i (σ )ϒi (u∗ (σi )) − C2i (σ )ϒ
−4 ∗
⎪
⎪ (α−3) σi−1
i i
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪+C (σ )ϒ (u∗ (σ )) − C (σ )ϒ
⎪
⎨ 3i i i 4i
(u∗ (σ )) + (α −ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α−1 K (u∗ (T ))
i i (α ) 1
u∗ (σ ) =
⎪ T α −1−ζ v∗ (s )ds − C1i (σ )

σi
⎪ T α −1
(σi − s )α−1−ζ v∗1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪+ m i=1 − ( α ) (T − s ) (α )
⎪
⎪ σ
1
σ
⎪
⎪ σ
i
σ
i −1
⎪ C2 ( σ ) i C (σ ) i
⎪
⎪+ (αi −1) (σi − s )α−2−ζ v∗1 (s )ds − (3αi −2) (σi − s )α−3−ζ v∗1 (s )ds
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
σi−1 σi−1
⎪
⎪
σ
C4i ( σ ) i ζ ζ (u∗ (σ ))
⎪
⎪+ (α −3) ( σi − s ) α −4 − ζ v1 (s )ds − C1i (σ )ϒi (u∗ (σi )) + C2i (σ )ϒ
∗
⎪
⎪ σi−1
i i
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ζ ζ (u∗ (σ )) ,
⎪
⎩−C3i (σ )ϒ i (u∗ (σi )) + C4i (σ )ϒ i i
23
and
⎧ σj
⎪
⎪n σ
σ β −1 (σ − s )β −1 v∗ (s )ds + C1 j (σ ) (σ − s )β −1 v∗ (s )ds
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
j=1 (β )
σj
2 (β )
σ j−1
j 2
⎪
⎪ σ σ
⎪
⎪ C2 j ( σ ) j C3 j ( σ ) j
⎪ β −2 ∗
⎪− (β −1) σ (σ j − s ) v2 (s )ds + (β −2) σ (σ j − s ) v2 (s )ds
β −3 ∗
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ C4 (σ ) σ j
j−1 j−1
⎪
⎪ ∗
⎪ β −4 ∗
⎪− (β −3) (σ j − s ) v2 (s )ds + C1 j (σ )ϒ j (v (σ j )) − C2 j (σ )ϒ j (v (σ j ))
j ∗
⎪
⎪ σ j−1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ 3j
+ C ( σ ) ϒ j ( v ∗
( σ j )) − C 4j ( σ ) (v∗ (σ )) + (β −ξ )T ξ +1−β σ β −1 K (v∗ (T ))
ϒ j j (β ) 2
v∗ (σ ) =
σ
⎪
⎪ n T β −1
T β −1−ξ v∗ (s )ds − C1 j (σ )
j
⎪+ j=1 − (β ) σ (T − s )
⎪ (β ) (σ j − s )β −1−ξ v∗2 (s )ds
⎪
⎪
2
σ j−1
⎪
⎪ C2 (σ ) σ j
j
⎪
⎪ β −2−ξ v∗ (s )ds − C3 j (σ )
σ j
⎪+ j
⎪ (β −1) σ ( σ − s ) (β −2 ) (σ j − s )β −3−ξ v∗2 (s )ds
⎪
⎪
j 2
σ j−1
⎪
⎪ C4 (σ ) σ j
j−1
⎪
⎪ ξ (v∗ (σ ))
⎪
⎪+ j (σ − s )β −4−ξ v∗2 (s )ds − C1 j (σ )ϒ jξ (v∗ (σ j )) + C2 j (σ )ϒ
⎪ (β −3) σ j−1 j
⎪
j j
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ξ ξ (v∗ (σ )) ,
⎪
⎩−C3 j (σ )ϒ j (v∗ (σ j )) + C4 j (σ )ϒ j j
where
T
(T − s )η−1
v∗1 (σ ) = − f1 (σ , v∗ (σ ), v∗1 (σ )) − g1 (s, v∗ (s ), v∗1 (s ))ds,
(η )
0
and
T
(T − s )γ −1
v∗2 (σ ) = − f1 (σ , u∗ (σ ), v∗2 (σ )) − g2 (s, u∗ (s ), v∗2 (s ) )ds.
(γ )
0
Consider
|u(σ ) − u∗ (σ )|
≤|u(σ ) − q(σ )| + |q(σ ) − u∗ (σ )|
α−1 σ
m
σ C1i (σ ) σi
≤Sα α + (σ − s ) α −1
|v1 (s ) − v1 (s )|ds +
∗ (σi − s )α−1 |v1 (s ) − v∗1 (s )|ds
i=1
( α ) ( α )
σi σi−1
σi σi
C2i (σ ) C (σ )
+ (σi − s )α−2 |v1 (s ) − v∗1 (s )|ds + 3i (σi − s )α−3 |v1 (s ) − v∗1 (s )|ds
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 )
σi−1 σi−1
σi
C4i (σ )
+ (σi − s )α−4 |v1 (s ) − v∗1 (s )|ds + C1i (σ )|ϒi (u(σi )) − ϒi (u∗ (σi ))|
(α − 3 )
σi−1

+ C2i (σ ) ϒi (u(σi )) − ϒi (u (σi )) + C3i (σ ) ϒ i (u(σi )) − ϒ i (u(σi )) + C4i (σ ) ϒi (u(σi )) − ϒi (u (σi ))
∗ ∗

α−1 T
(α − ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α−1 m
T
+ |K1 (u(T )) − K1 (u (T ))| +
∗ (T − s )α−1−ζ |v1 (s ) − v∗1 (s )|ds
(α ) i=1
( α )
σi

+ ( σi − s ) α −1−ζ
|v1 (s ) − v1 (s )|ds +
∗ (σi − s )α−2−ζ |v1 (s ) − v∗1 (s )|ds
(α ) (α − 1 )
σi−1 σi−1
σi σi
C3i (σ ) C (σ )
+ (σi − s )α−3−ζ |v1 (s ) − v∗1 (s )|ds + 4i (σi − s )α−4−ζ |v1 (s ) − v∗1 (s )|ds
(α − 2 ) (α − 3 )
σi−1 σi−1
ζ

+ C1i (σ )ϒi (u(σi )) − ϒi (u∗ (σi )) + C2i (σ )ϒ
ζ (u(σ )) − ϒ
ζ ζ (u∗ (σ ))
i i i i
ζ ζ
ζ ζ (u∗ (σ )) ,
+ C3i (σ )ϒ i (u(σi )) − ϒ i (u∗ (σi )) + C4i (σ )ϒ (u(σ )) − ϒ
i i i i (4.9)
24
where v1 , v∗1 ∈ Mu are given by

T
(T − s )η−1
v1 (σ ) = − f1 (σ , v(σ ), v1 (σ )) − g1 (s, v(s ), v1 (s ))ds,
(η )
0
and
T
(T − s )η−1
v∗1 (σ ) = − f1 (σ , v∗ (σ ), v∗1 (σ )) − g1 (s, v∗ (s ), v∗1 (s ))ds.
(η )
0
Using (A1 ), we have

T
(T − s )η−1
|v1 ( σ ) − v∗1 (σ )| = f1 (σ , v(σ ), v1 (σ )) + g1 (s, v(s ), v1 (s ))ds
(η )
0
T
(T − s )η−1
− f1 (σ , v∗ (σ ), v∗1 (σ )) − g1 (s, v∗ (s ), v∗1 (s ))ds
(η )
0
≤ | f1 (σ , v(σ ), v1 (σ )) − f1 (σ , v∗ (σ ), v∗1 (σ ))|

T
(T − s )η−1
+ |g1 (s, v(s ), v1 (s )) − g1 (s, v∗ (s ), v∗1 (s ))|ds
(η )
0
Tη
≤ M1 |v(σ ) − v∗ (σ )| + N1 |v1 (σ ) − v∗1 (σ )| (M |v(σ ) − v∗ (σ )| + N2 |v1 (σ ) − v∗1 (σ )| ).
(η + 1 ) 2
Thus
η

M1 M2 (ηT +1)
|v1 ( σ ) − v∗1 ( σ )| ≤ η + η | v ( σ ) − v∗ ( σ ) | . (4.10)
1 − N1 − N2 (ηT +1) 1 − N1 − N2 (ηT +1)
Using hypothesis (A3 ) and (4.10), inequality (4.9) implies

|u(σ ) − u∗ (σ )|

σ α−1 (σ − σm )α |C1m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 )α |C2m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 )α−1

≤Sα α + m + +
(α + 1 ) (α + 1 ) (α )

|C3m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 )α−2 |C4m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 )α−3 (α − ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α−1
+ + +
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 ) (α )

α−1 α −ζ α −ζ
T ( T − σm ) |C1m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 ) |C2m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 )α−1−ζ
× + +
(α − ζ ) (α ) (α − ζ ) (α ) (α − 1 − ζ ) (α − 1 )
α −2−ζ α −3−ζ

|C3m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 ) |C4m (σ )|(σm − σm−1 )
+ +
(α − 2 − ζ ) (α − 2 ) (α − 3 − ζ ) (α − 3 )
η

M1 M2 (ηT +1)
× Tη
+ η |v(σ ) − v∗ (σ )|
1 − N1 − N2 (η+1) 1 − N1 − N2 (ηT +1)

(α − ζ )T ζ +1−α σ α−1
+ AK1 + m |C1m (σ )|Aϒ ζ + |C2m (σ )|Aϒ ζ + |C3m (σ )|A ζ + |C4m (σ )|Aϒ
ζ
(α ) ϒ

+ m |C1m (σ )|Aϒ + |C2m (σ )|Aϒ + |C3m (σ )|Aϒ + |C4m (σ )|Aϒ
|u(σ ) − u∗ (σ )|.
Now
u − u∗ M u

T α −1 (T − σm )α |C1m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α |C2m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−1

≤Sα α + m + +
(α + 1 ) (α + 1 ) (α )

+ + +
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 ) (α )

α−1
T (T − σm )α−ζ |C1m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−ζ |C2m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−1−ζ
× + +
(α − ζ ) (α ) (α − ζ ) (α ) (α − 1 − ζ ) (α − 1 )

+ +
(α − 2 − ζ ) (α − 2 ) (α − 3 − ζ ) (α − 3 )
25
η

M1 M2 (ηT +1)
× η + η v − v∗ Mu
1 − N1 − N2 (ηT +1) 1 − N1 − N2 (ηT +1)

(α − ζ )T ζ
+ AK1 + m |C1m (T )|Aϒ ζ + |C2m (T )|Aϒ ζ + |C3m (T )|A ζ + |C4m (T )|Aϒ
ζ
(α ) ϒ

+ m |C1m (T )|Aϒ + |C2m (T )|Aϒ
+ |C3m (T )|Aϒ + |C4m (T )|Aϒ u − u∗ M u . (4.11)
For simplicity, we consider

T α −1 (T − σm )α |C1m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α |C2m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−1 |C3m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−2
Q1 =m + + +
(α + 1 ) (α + 1 ) (α ) (α − 1 )

|C4m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−3 (α − ζ )T ζ T α −1 (T − σm )α −ζ |C1m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−ζ

+ + +
(α − 2 ) (α ) (α − ζ ) (α ) (α − ζ ) (α )

|C2m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−1−ζ |C3m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−2−ζ |C4m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−3−ζ
+ + +
(α − 1 − ζ ) (α − 1 ) (α − 2 − ζ ) (α − 2 ) (α − 3 − ζ ) (α − 3 )
η

M1 M2 (ηT +1)
× η + η , and
1 − N1 − N2 (ηT +1) 1 − N1 − N2 (ηT +1)

(α − ζ )T ζ
Q2 = AK1 + m |C1m (T )|Aϒ ζ + |C2m (T )|Aϒ
ζ + |C3m (T )|A ζ + |C4m (T )|Aϒ
ζ
(α ) ϒ

+ m |C1m (T )|Aϒ + |C2m (T )|Aϒ
+ |C3m (T )|Aϒ + |C4m (T )|Aϒ .
Then (4.11) implies

u − u∗ Mu ≤ Sα α + Q1 v − v∗ Mu + Q2 u − u∗ Mu , (4.12)
and similarly,
v − v∗ Mv ≤ Sβ β + Q3 u − u∗ Mv + Q4 v − v∗ Mv . (4.13)
From (4.12) and (4.13), we get
Q1 Sα
u − u∗ M u − v − v∗ M u ≤ α ,
1 − Q2 1 − Q2
and
Q3 Sβ
v − v∗ M v − u − u∗ M v ≤
1 − Q4 1 − Q4 β
respectively. Let
Q1 Sα
1 = , 2 = ,
1 − Q2 1 − Q2
Q3 Sβ
3 = , and 4 = .
1 − Q4 1 − Q4
Then in a matrix form, the last two inequalities can be written as follows:

1 −1 u − u∗ M u 2 α
≤ .
−3 1 v − v∗ M v 4 β
Simplifying the last inequality, we get
⎡ 1 1 ⎤

u − u Mu∗
⎢ ⎥ 2 α
≤⎣ ⎦ ,
v − v∗ M v 3 1 4 β

where
= 1 − 1 3 > 0 .
After simplification, we get
2 α 1 4 β
u − u∗ M u ≤ + ,

4 β 2 3 α
v − v∗ M v ≤ + ,

26
and thus we have

2 α 1 4 β 4 β 2 3 α
u − u∗ M u + v − v∗ M v ≤ + + + . (4.14)

Let max{α , β } = . Then from (4.14) we get
(u, v ) − (u∗ , v∗ )M ≤ Cα,β ,

where
2 4 1 4 2 3
Cα ,β = + + + .

This completes the proof.
The next section of this paper includes an example that will explain how (4.7) can be computed in a particular situation. This section
is finished with two explanations given below.
Remark 4.9. We set θ ( ) = Cα ,β , θ (0 ) = 0 in (4.14). By Definition 4.2 the projected model (1.1) is GHUS.
To build a link between the HURS concepts, we present the below hypothesis.
• (A9 ) Let Ωα , Ωβ ∈ C (J , R+ ) be an increasing functions. Then there exist ΛΩα , ΛΩβ > 0 such that, for each σ ∈ J ,
Iα Ωα (σ ) ≤ ΛΩα Ωα (σ ) and Iα −1 Ωα (σ ) ≤ ΛΩα Ωα (σ )

and
Iβ Ωβ (σ ) ≤ ΛΩβ Ωβ (σ ) and Iβ −1 Ωβ (σ ) ≤ ΛΩβ Ωβ (σ ).
Remark 4.10. Under hypotheses (A1 ) − (A9 ), by (4.7) and Theorems 4.7 and 4.8 system (1.1) is HURS, and GHURS.
5. Illustrative example
Here, we present an example to illustrate the existence and stability for our theoretical results.
Example 5.1. Let

⎧ 16
⎪
⎪D
16
( σ ) +
1+|v(σ )|+cos |D05+ u(σ )|
⎪
5
u
⎪
⎪
0+ 16
120et+90 (1+|v(σ )|+|D05+ u(σ )| )
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 −s ) 32
16
1+|v(s )|+sin |D05+ u(s )|
⎪
⎪ + (1 ( ds = 0, σ ∈ (0, 1 ), t = 79 ,
⎪
⎪ 2 ) 120es+90 (1+|v (s )|+|D 5 u (s )| )
5 16
⎪
⎪
0 0+
⎪
⎪
13
2+|u(σ )|+cos |D04+ v(σ )|
⎪
13
⎪
⎪D04+ v(σ ) +
⎪
13
⎪
⎪
70et+60 (1+|u(σ )|+|D04+ v(σ )| )
⎨ 1 16
13
1+|u(s )|+sin |D 4 v(s )|
(1−s )
+
5
( 92 )
0+
13 ds = 0, σ ∈ ( 0, 1 ), t = 9
10
, (5.1)
⎪
⎪ 0 70es+60 (2+|u(s )|+|D04+ v(s )| )

⎪
⎪u 7
= ϒ 7
, u 79 = i u 79 ,
ϒ
⎪
⎪ 9 i u 9
⎪
⎪ 7
ϒ
u 9 = i u 9 , 7
u 79 = i
ϒ u 79 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪v ϒ v 10 = j v 10
ϒ
⎪
9 9 9 9
= j v 10 , ,
⎪
⎪ 10 9
⎪
⎪ v 109
ϒ
= j v 10 9
, v 10
9
ϒ
= ,
⎪
⎪
j v 10
⎪
⎪
u ( 0 ) = u (0 ) = u (0 ) = v(0 ) = v (0 ) = v (0 ) = 0,
11
⎪
⎪
⎩ D−+85 u(σ ) = 1
1 , D
−6
+ v ( σ ) = 1
2 .
0 0
σ =1 110+|(u(1 )) 5 | σ =1 200+|(v(1 )) 3 |
From system (5.1), we see that α = 16 5 , β = 4 , η = 2, γ =

13 5 9
2, ζ = − 85 , ξ = − 11
6 , T = 1, σi = 9 , and σ j =
7 9
10 for i = j = 1.
Now, for all u, u, v, v ∈ R, and σ ∈ (0, 1 ), we obtain
1
| f 1 ( σ , v, u ) − f 1 ( σ , v, u ) | ≤ (|v − v| + |u − u| ),
120e90
and
1
| g 1 ( σ , v, u ) − g 1 ( σ , v, u ) | ≤ (|v − v| + |u − u| ).
120e90
Similarly, for all u, u, v, v ∈ R, and σ ∈ (0, 1 ), we obtain
1
| f 2 ( σ , v, u ) − f 2 ( σ , v, u ) | ≤ (|v − v| + |u − u| ),
70e60
and
1
| g 2 ( σ , v, u ) − g 2 ( σ , v, u ) | ≤ (|v − v| + |u − u| ).
70e60
These satisfy condition (A1 ) and (A2 ) with M1 = M2 = N1 = N2 = 1
120e90
, and M1 = M2 = N1 = N2 = 1
70e60
respectively.
27
Set
7 |u( 79 )| |u( 79 )|
ϒi u = , u 7
ϒ = ,
i
9 800 + |u( 79 )| 9 750 + |u( 79 )|
7 |u( 79 )| |u( 79 )|
ϒi u = , u 7
ϒ = ,
i
9 700 + |u( 79 )| 9 650 + |u( 79 )|
and
7

8
−8 |u( 79 )| −5 u 7
8
− 85 |u( 79 )|
ϒi− 5 u = D0+5 , ϒ = D + ,
9 800 + |u( 79 )| i 9 0
750 + |u( 79 )|
7

−8 −8 |u( 79 )| −5 u 7
8
− 85 |u( 79 )|
ϒi 5 u = D0+5 , ϒ = D 0+
,
9 700 + |u( 79 )| i 9 650 + |u( 79 )|
1
K1 (u(1 )) = .
110 + |(u(1 )) 5 |
1
Then for u, u ∈ Mu , we have

7
7 1 7 u 7 ≤ 1 |u − u|,
ϒi u 9 − ϒi u 9 ≤ 800 |u − u|, ϒi u 9 − ϒ i
9 750
7 7
7 1 7 u 1
ϒ i u − ϒi u
9
≤ | u − u| ,
9 700
ϒi u −ϒ i
9
≤ | u − u| ,
9 650
and
8 7 8
−5 7 −8 1 −5 7 − 5 u 7 ≤ 1 |u − u|,
8
ϒi u 9 − ϒi 5 u 9 ≤ 800 |u − u|, ϒi u 9 − ϒ i 9 750
− 8 7 8 7
5 7 − 85 1 −5 7 5 u
− 8
1
ϒ i u − ϒi
9
u ≤
9
|u − u|,
700
ϒi u −ϒ i 9
≤ |u − u|,
9 650
1
|K1 (u(1 )) − K1 (u(1 ))| ≤ |u − u|,
110
respectively. These satisfy condition (A3 ) with Aϒ = A 8 = 1
800 , =A
Aϒ 8 = 1
750 , Aϒ = A −8
= 1
700 , =A
Aϒ 8 = 1
650 , AK1 = 1
110 . In the
ϒ− 5 − 5
ϒ ϒ 5 − 5
ϒ
same way, if
9 |v( 109 )| |v( 109 )|
ϒj v = , v 9
ϒ = ,
j
10 800 + |v( 10 9
)| 10 750 + |v( 10 9
)|
9 |v( 109 )| |v( 109 )|
ϒj v = , v 9
ϒ = ,
j
10 700 + |v( 10 9
)| 10 650 + |v( 10 9
)|
and
9

11
− 11 |v( 109 )| − 6 v 9
11
− 11 |v( 109 )|
ϒ j− 6 v = D0+ 6 , ϒ = D +
6
,
10 800 + |v( 10 9
)| j 10 0
750 + |v( 10 9
)|
9

− 11 − 11 |v( 109 )| − 6 v 9
11
− 11 |v( 109 )|
ϒj 6 v = D0+ 6 , ϒ = D +
6
,
10 700 + |v( 10 9
)| j 10 0
650 + |v( 10 9
)|
1
K2 (v(1 )) = .
200 + |(v(1 )) 3 |
2
Then for v, v ∈ Mv , we have

9
9 1 9 v 9 1
ϒ j v 10 − ϒ j v 10 ≤ 800 |v − v|, ϒ j v 10 − ϒ j
10
≤ 750 |v − v|,
9
9 1 9 v 9 1
ϒ j v −ϒj v
10
≤ |v − v|,
10 700
ϒ j v −ϒ j
10
≤ | v − v| ,
10 650
and
11 9 11
−6 9 − 11 1 − 6 9 − 6 v 9
11
1
ϒ j v
10
− ϒj 6 v
10
≤ 800 |v − v|, ϒ j v
10
−ϒ j 10
≤ 750 |v − v|,
− 11 9 11
9 − 11 1 − 6 9 − 6 v 9
11
1
ϒ j v −ϒj ≤ | v − v| , ϒ j −ϒ ≤ | v − v| ,
6 6
v v j
10 10 700 10 10 650
1
|K2 (v(1 )) − K2 (v(1 ))| ≤ |u − u|,
200
respectively. These satisfy condition (A3 ) with Aϒ = A 11 = 1
800 , =A
Aϒ 11 = 1
750 , Aϒ = A − 11
= 1
700 , =A
Aϒ 11 = 1
650 , AK2 = 1
200 .
ϒ− 6 −
ϒ 6 ϒ 6 −
ϒ 6
The condition

T α −1 |(T − σm )α | |C1m (T )||(σm − σm−1 )α | |C2m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−1
1 = m + +
(α + 1 ) (α + 1 ) (α )
28

+ + +
(α − 1 ) (α − 2 ) (α )

α−1
T (T − σm )α−ζ |C1m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−ζ |C2m (T )|(σm − σm−1 )α−1−ζ
× + +
(α − ζ ) (α ) (α − ζ ) (α ) (α − 1 − ζ ) (α − 1 )

|C3m (T )| (σm − σm−1 ) α −2−ζ
|C4m (T )| (σm − σm−1 ) α −3−ζ
+ +
(α − 2 − ζ ) (α − 2 ) (α − 3 − ζ ) (α − 3 )
η

M1 M2 (ηT +1) (α − ζ )T ζ
× + +
η
1 − N1 − N2 (ηT +1)
η
1 − N1 − N2 (ηT +1) (α )

× AK1 + m |C1m (T )|Aϒ ζ + |C2m (T )|Aϒ ζ + |C3m (T )|A ζ + |C4m (T )|Aϒζ
ϒ

+ m |C1m (T )|Aϒ + |C2m (T )|Aϒ + |C3m (T )|Aϒ + |C4m (T )|Aϒ ≈ 0.642844 < 1
is true for m = 1, T = 1, α = 16
5 , η = 52 , ζ = − 58 , Aϒ = A 8 = 1
800 , =A
Aϒ 8 = 1
750 , Aϒ = A −8
= 1
700 , =A
Aϒ 8 = 1
650 , AK1 = 1
110 , and
ϒ− 5 − 5
ϒ ϒ 5 − 5
ϒ
σi = 7
for i = 1.
9
Also,

T β −1 (T − σn )β |C1n (T )|(σn − σn−1 )β |C2n (T )|(σn − σn−1 )β −1
2 = n + +
(β + 1 ) (β + 1 ) (β )

|C3n (T )| (σn − σn−1 ) β −2
|C4n (T )| (σn − σn−1 ) β −3
(β − ξ )T ξ
+ + +
(β − 1 ) (β − 2 ) (β )

β −1
T (T − σn )β −ξ |C1n (T )|(σn − σn−1 )β −ξ |C2n (T )|(σn − σn−1 )β −1−ξ
× + +
(β − ξ ) (β ) (β − ξ ) (β ) (β − 1 − ξ ) (β − 1 )

|C3n (T )| (σn − σn−1 ) β −2−ξ
|C4n (T )| (σn − σn−1 ) β −3−ξ
+ +
(β − 2 − ξ ) (β − 2 ) (β − 3 − ξ ) (β − 3 )
γ

M1 M2 (γT +1) (β − ξ )T ξ

× + +
γ
1 − N1 − N2 (γT +1)
γ
1 − N1 − N2 (γT +1) (β )

× AK2 + n |C1n (T )|Aϒ ξ + |C2n (T )|Aϒ ξ + |C3n (T )|A ξ + |C4n (T )|Aϒ
ξ
ϒ

+ n |C1n (T )|Aϒ + |C2n (T )|Aϒ + |C3n (T )|Aϒ + |C4n (T )|Aϒ ≈ 0.203830 < 1
is true for n = 1, T = 1, β = 13
4 , γ = 92 , ξ = − 11
6 , Aϒ = A 11 = 1
800 , =A
Aϒ 11 = 1
750 , Aϒ = A − 11
= 1
700 , =A
Aϒ 11 = 1
650 , AK2 = 1
200 ,
ϒ− 6 −
ϒ 6 ϒ 6 −
ϒ 6
and σ j = 10
9
for j = 1. Hence = max(1 , 2 ) < 1 is also true.
One can easily verify that
= 1 − 1 3 ≈ 1 > 0 ,
and condition (4.7) is verified. Consequently the system (5.1) is HUS, GHUS, HURS, and GHURS. The graph of the solution of Example 5.1 is
shown in figure 1.
Fig. 1. Graphical representation of solution for Example 5.1.
29
Conclusion [14] Seemab A, Rehman MU, Alzabut J, Hamdi A. On the existence of positive so-
lutions for generalized fractional boundary value problems. Bound Value Probl
2019;2019:186.
We have obtained some appropriate conditions for the exis- [15] Ali A, Shah K, Abdeljawad T. Study of implicit delay fractional differ-
tence, uniqueness, and Ulam’s stabilities of the system (1.1). The ential equations under anti-periodic boundary conditions. Adv Differ Equ
required results are obtained using Banach contraction principle, 2020;2020(139):1–16. doi:10.1186/s13662- 020- 02597- x.
[16] Ahmad B, Alsaedi A, Alghamdi BS. Analytic approximation of solutions of the
Schaefer’s fixed point theorem, and Krasnoselskii’s fixed point the- forced duffing equation with integral boundary conditions. Nonlinear Anal,
orem. Also, we derived different kinds of Ulam’s stabilities for the Real World Appl 2008;9(4):1727–40.
solution of the problem (1.1). The concerned results have been tes- [17] Shah SO, Zada A, Hamza AE. Stability analysis of the first order non-linear im-
pulsive time varying delay dynamic system on time scales. Qual Theory Dyn
tified by an example. Hence fixed point approach is a powerful
Syst 2019;18(3):825–40.
technique to investigate various nonlinear problems of impulsive [18] Zada A, Alam M, Riaz U. Analysis of q-fractional implicit boundary
FDEs which have many applications in dynamics and fluid me- value problem having stieltjes integral conditions. Math Meth Appl Sci
2021;44:4381–413.
chanics.
[19] Zada A, Waheed H, Alzabut J, Wang X. Existence and stability of impul-
sive coupled system of fractional integrodifferential equations. Demonstr Math
Availability of Data and Materials 2019;52:296–335.
[20] Ali A, Shah K, Abdeljawad T, Mahariq I, Rashdan M. Mathematical analysis
of nonlinear integral boundary value problem of proportional delay implicit
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were fractional differential equations with impulsive conditions. Bound Value Probl
generated or analyzed during the current study. 2021;2021(7):1–27. doi:10.1186/s13661-021-01484-y.
[21] Iswarya M, Raja R, Rajchakit G, Alzabut J, Lim CP. A perspective on graph the-
Funding ory based stability analysis of impulsive stochastic recurrent neural networks
with time-varying delays. Adv Differ Equ 2019;2019:502.
[22] Samoilenko AM, Perestyuk NA. Impulsive Differential Equations. Singapore:
Not applicable. World Scientific; 1995.
[23] Shen J, Wang W. Impulsive boundary value problems with nonlinear boundary
conditions. Nonlinear Anal 2008;59(9):4055–62.
Acknowledgments
[24] Zada A, Ali S. Stability analysis of multi-point boundary value problem for se-
quential fractional differential equations with non-instantaneous impulses. Int
Not applicable. J Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul 2018;19(7):763–74.
[25] Zada A, Shaleena S, Li T. Stability analysis of higher order nonlinear differential
equations in β -normed spaces. Math Meth Appl Sci 2019;42(4):1151–66.
Declaration of Competing Interest [26] Ali A, Shah K, Jarad F, Gupta V, Abdeljawad T. Existence and stability analy-
sis to a coupled system of implicit type impulsive boundary value problems
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan- of fractional-order differential equations. Adv Differ Equ 2019;2019(101):1–21.
doi:10.1186/s13662- 019- 2047- y.
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to [27] Wang X, Alam M, Zada A. On coupled impulsive fractional integro-dif-
influence the work reported in this paper. ferential equations with riemann–liouville derivatives. AIMS Mathematics
2020;6(2):1561–95.
CRediT authorship contribution statement [28] Ulam SM. A Collection of Mathematical Problems. NY, USA: Interscience: New
York; 1960.
[29] Hyers DH. On the stability of the linear functional equation. Proc Natl Acad Sci
Mehboob Alam: Methodology, Validation, Data curation, Writ- 1941;27(4):222–4.
ing - review & editing, Supervision, Project administration. Dildar [30] Rassias TM. On the stability of linear mappings in banach spaces. Numer Func
Anal Opt 1978;72:297–300.
Shah: Conceptualization, Software, Investigation, Resources, Writ- [31] Shah SO, Zada A. Existence, uniqueness and stability of solution to mixed in-
ing - original draft, Visualization. tegral dynamic systems with instantaneous and noninstantaneous impulses on
time scales. Appl Math Comput 2019;359:202–13.
References [32] Shah R, Zada A. A fixed point approach to the stability of a nonlinear volterra
integrodifferential equation with delay. Hacet J Math Stat 2018;47(3):615–23.
[1] Machado JT, Kiryakova V, Mainardi F. Recent history of fractional calculus. [33] Wang J, Zada A, Ali W. Ulam’s-type stability of first-order impulsive differen-
Commun Nonlin Sci Numer Simul 2011;16(3):1140–53. tial equations with variable delay in quasi-banach spaces. Int J Nonlinear Sci
[2] Podlubny I. Fractional Differential Equations. New York: Academic Press; 1999. Numer Simul 2018;19(5):553–60.
[3] Metzler R, Joseph K. Boundry value problems for fractional diffusion equations. [34] Wang J, Zada A, Waheed H. Stability analysis of a coupled system of nonlinear
Phys A 20 0 0;278(1):107–25. implicit fractional anti-periodic boundary value problem. Math Meth Appl Sci
[4] Tarasov VE. Fractional dynamics: Application of fractional calculus to dynam- 2019;42(18):6706–32.
ics of particles. Fields and Media 2010. Springer, Heidelberg, Higher Education [35] Wang X, Arif M, Zada A. β -hyers–ulam–rassias stability of semilinear nonau-
Press, Beijing tonomous impulsive system. Symmetry 2019;11(2):231.
[5] Vintagre BM, Podlybni I, Hernandez A, Feliu V. Some approximations of frac- [36] Zada A, Ali W, Farina S. Hyers–ulam stability of nonlinear differential equations
tional order operators used in control theory and applications. Fract Calc Appl with fractional integrable impulses. Math Meth Appl Sci 2017;40(15):5502–14.
Anal 20 0 0;3(3):231–48. [37] Zada A, Ali W, Park C. Ulam’s type stability of higher order nonlinear delay
[6] Evans LC, Gangbo W. Differential equations methods for the monge–kan- differential equations via integral inequality of grönwall–bellman–bihari’s type.
torovich mass transfer problem. Am Math Soc, Providence 1999. Appl Math Comput 2019;350:60–5.
[7] Hilfer R. Applications of Fractional Calculus in Physics. Singapore: World Sci- [38] Zada A, Mashal A. Stability analysis of nth order nonlinear impulsive
entific; 20 0 0. differential equations in quasi-banach space. Numer Funct Anal Optim
[8] Kilbas AA, Srivastava HM, Trujillo JJ. Theory and applications of fractional 2020;41(3):294–321.
differential equations. North-Holland Mathematics Studies 2006;204. Elsevier, [39] Zada A, Shah SO. Hyers–ulam stability of first-order non-linear delay dif-
Amsterdam ferential equations with fractional integrable impulses. Hacet J Math Stat
[9] Meral F, Royston T, Magin R. Fractional calculus in viscoelasticity: an experi- 2018;47(5):1196–205.
mental study. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul 2010;15(4):939–45. [40] Zhang L, Tian H. Existence and uniqueness of positive solutions for a class of
[10] Luo D, Alam M, Zada A, Riaz U, Luo Z. Existence and stability of im- nonlinear fractional differential equations. Adv Differ Equ 2017;2017:114.
plicit fractional differential equations with stieltjes boundary conditions hav- [41] Afshari H, Sajjadmanesh M, Baleanu D. Existence and uniqueness of positive
ing hadamard derivatives. Complexity 2021;2021(3):1–36. doi:10.1155/2021/ solutions for a new class of coupled system via fractional derivatives. Adv Dif-
8824935. fer Equ 2020;2020:111.
[11] Berhail A, Bouache N, Matar MM, Alzabut J. On non local integral and [42] Zada A, Alzabut J, Waheed H, Popa IL. Ulam–hyers stability of impulsive inte-
derivative boundary value problem of nonlinear hadamard langevin equation grodifferential equations with riemann–liouville boundary conditions. Adv Dif-
with three different fractional orders. Bol Soc Mat Mex 2019. doi:10.1007/ fer Equ 2020;2020:64.
s40590- 019- 00257- z. [43] Ali A, Gupta V, Abdeljawad T, Shah K, Jarad F. Mathematical analysis of non-
[12] Muslim M, Kumar A, Agarwal RP. Exact controllability of fractional integro-dif- local implicit impulsive problem under caputo fractional boundary condi-
ferential systems of order α ∈ (1, 2 ) with deviated argument. An Univ Oradea, tions. Math Probl Eng 2020;2020:1–16. doi:10.1155/2020/7681479. Article ID
XXIV 2017;59(2):185–94. 7681479
[13] Riaz U, Zada A, Ali Z, Cui Y, Xu J. Analysis of nonlinear coupled systems of im- [44] Ali A, Shah K, Abdeljawad T, Khan H, Khan A. Study of fractional order pan-
pulsive fractional differential equations with hadamard derivatives. Math Probl tograph type impulsive antiperiodic boundary value problem. Adv Differ Equ
Eng 2019;2019:1–20. 2020;2020(572):1–32. doi:10.1186/s13662- 020- 03032- x.
30
[45] Ali A, Mahariq I, Shah K, Abdeljawad T, Al-Sheikh B. Stability analysis of ini- [46] Guo D, Lakshmikantham V. Nonlinear Problems in Abstract Cone. Orlando:
tial value problem of pantograph-type implicit fractional differential equations Academic Press; 1988.
with impulsive conditions. Adv Differ Equ 2021;2021(55):1–17. doi:10.1186/ [47] Yurko VA. Boundary value problems with discontinuity conditions in an inte-
s13662- 021- 03218- x. rior point of the interval. J Differ Equ 20 0 0;36(8):1266–9.
31
View publication stats

Hyers-Ulam Stability of Coupled Implicit Fractional Integro-Differential Equations With Riemann-Liouville Derivatives

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hyers-Ulam Stability of Coupled Implicit Fractional Integro-Differential Equations With Riemann-Liouville Derivatives

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

Hyers-Ulam stability of coupled implicit fractional integro-differential

Article in Chaos Solitons & Fractals · June 2021

Mehboob Alam Dildar Shah

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Chaos, Solitons and Fractals

Hyers–Ulam stability of coupled implicit fractional integro-differential

Here, we present some basic deﬁnitions, lemmas, and theorems.

where n = [α ] + 1, and [α ] denotes the bracket function.

Lemma 2.2 ([8]). Suppose h ∈ C[J , R], α ≥ β ≥ 0, then

3. Existence and uniqueness

(1054α 3 − 99α 2 − 793α − 212 )(α − 2 )σi1−α

D0α+ u(σ ) + h1 (σ ) = 0, σ ∈ J , α ∈ (3, 4]. (3.3)

For σ ∈ (0, σ1 ], applying Lemma (2.3) with a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 ∈ R we have

Again, for σ ∈ (σ1 , σ2 ], applying Lemma (2.3) with b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 ∈ R we have

Hence it follows that

(α −1 )(α −2 )(34α +10 )σ1 3−α σ1 4−α

3(α − 2 )(α − 3 )σ15−α σ α −4

Similarly, for σ ∈ (σi , σi+1 ],

Finally, utilizing the boundary conditions we get a2 = a3 = a4 = 0 and

Corollary 3.2. From Theorem 3.1, the solution of (1.1) is given by

For ease, we use the below notations:

⎪  T α −1−ζ h (s )ds + C1i (σ )

with T (u, v )(σ ) = (Tα (u, v )(σ ), Tβ (u, v )(σ )).

• (A5 ) There exist u, v, l1 , m1 , n1 ∈ Mv , such that

M1 M2 (γT +1) (β − ξ )T ξ

Using (A4 ) for σ ∈ Ji , we have

Using (A4 ) for σ ∈ J j , we have

which shows that T (B ) ⊆ B.

now by using (A3 ), we have

|Gα (u )(σ ) − Gα (u )(σ )|

  ξ    ξ 

now by using (A3 ), we have

|Gβ (v )(σ ) − Gβ (v )(σ )|

From the assumptions

which shows that G is a contraction.

Finally we show that F = (F α + Fβ ) is compact. For any (u, v ) ∈ B, we have

Proof. Let u, u ∈ Mu . For σ ∈ Ji , we have

Using (A1 ), we have

|Tα (u, v )(σ ) − Tα (u, v )(σ )|

Taking supσ ∈J , we get

T (u, v ) − T (u, v )M ≤ max ( 1 , 2 )(u − uM + v − vM ).

This implies that T is a contraction. Therefore, (1.1) has a unique solution.

Recall the appropriate deﬁnitions of stability concepts from [9].

(u, v ) − (u∗ , v∗ )M ≤ Cα,β  , for all σ ∈ J .

(u, v ) − (u∗ , v∗ )M ≤ θ ( ), for all σ ∈ J .

(u, v ) − (u∗ , v∗ )M ≤ Cψα ,ψβ  , for all σ ∈ J .

(u, v ) − (u∗ , v∗ )M ≤ Cψα ,ψβ ψα,β , for all σ ∈ J .

There are two remarks.

Remark 4.5. Clearly,

1. Deﬁnition (4.1) ⇒ Deﬁnition (4.2), and

Theorem 4.7. Let (u, v ) ∈ M be a solution of inequality (4.1). Then we have

Thus (4.5) becomes

Using (1) from Remark (4.6), we get

Theorem 4.8. If hypotheses (A1 ) − (A3 ) hold with

then system (1.1) is HUS.

 (u∗ (σ )), u∗ (σ ) = ϒ (u∗ (σ )), (4.8)

Thus in light of Lemma 2.3, the solution of (4.8) is

⎪  T α −1−ζ v∗ (s )ds − C1i (σ )

where v1 , v∗1 ∈ Mu are given by

Using (A1 ), we have

(α −1 )(α −2 )(34α +10 )σ1 3−α σ1 4−α

⎪ T α −1−ζ h (s )ds + C1i (σ )

M1 M2 (γT +1) (β − ξ )T ξ

ξ ξ

T (u, v ) − T (u, v )M ≤ max (1 , 2 )(u − uM + v − vM ).

(u, v ) − (u∗ , v∗ )M ≤ Cα,β , for all σ ∈ J .

(u, v ) − (u∗ , v∗ )M ≤ θ ( ), for all σ ∈ J .

(u, v ) − (u∗ , v∗ )M ≤ Cψα ,ψβ , for all σ ∈ J .

(u, v ) − (u∗ , v∗ )M ≤ Cψα ,ψβ ψα,β , for all σ ∈ J .

(u∗ (σ )), u∗ (σ ) = ϒ (u∗ (σ )), (4.8)

⎪ T α −1−ζ v∗ (s )ds − C1i (σ )

(u, v ) − (u∗ , v∗ )M ≤ Cα,β ,

M1 M2 (γT +1) (β − ξ )T ξ