Math Methods in App Sciences - 2023 - Shah

Received: 14 March 2023 Revised: 10 June 2023 Accepted: 24 June 2023
DOI: 10.1002/mma.9539
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Existence, uniqueness, and stability analysis of fractional

Langevin equations with anti-periodic boundary conditions
Syed Omar Shah1 Rizwan Rizwan2 Yonghui Xia1 Akbar Zada3
1
School of Mathematical Sciences,
Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, This paper is devoted to studying the system of switched coupled implicit
China fractional Langevin equations of nonlinear form with anti-periodic boundary
2
School of Interdisciplinary Studies, conditions. In the first step, problem's equivalence and the corresponding inte-
Renmin University of China, Beijing,
China gral equation by applying fractional calculus tools are established, and a fixed
3
Department of Mathematics, University point problem is defined. For mixed monotone mappings, we have used cou-
of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan pled fixed point theorems to achieve the existence and uniqueness of solutions
Correspondence
of these equations. In the next step, by using Banach's fixed point theorem,
Yonghui Xia, School of Mathematical Ulam–Hyers, Ulam–Hyers–Rassias, generalized Ulam–Hyers and generalized
Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stabilities of our considered model are discussed. An
Jinhua 321004, China.
Email: yhxia@zjnu.cn example is given at the end for the verification of our results.
Communicated by: A. Debbouche K E Y WO R D S

Caputo derivative, existence and uniqueness, Langevin equation, Ulam's type stability
Funding information
This work was supported by Postdoctoral M S C C L A S S I F I C AT I O N
Fund from Zhejiang Normal University 26A33, 34A08, 34B27
(No. YS304023913).
1 I NT RO DU CT ION
The generalized form of classical differential equations (Es) of integer order is fractional differential equations ( DEs).
Fractional calculus is a very advanced area due to its applications in economics, electromagnetics, electrochemistry,
porous media, medicine, physical sciences, and so on.  DEs role is very important in signal processing, control, astron-
omy, statistical physics, viscoelasticity, electrical circuits, optics, defence, and so on. The theoretical tools for this area's
qualitative analysis and correlation as well as the dissemblance between integral models, classical and  DEs are pro-
vided by some interesting articles. Recently, fuzzy  DEs known as another class of  DEs has got much concentration.
For nonlocal problems of system of fuzzy  DEs under gH-differentiability in fuzzy metric spaces, the solvability results
are investigated by some authors in very recent years, and it was further generalized to fuzzy wave equations (see previous
studies [1–10] for more details).
2
Paul Langevin, in 1908, introduced the equation m ddt2x = 𝜅 dx dt
+ 𝜗(t), known as Langevin equation (E). Es are utilized
broadly to explain stochastic problems in chemistry, physics, mechanical engineering, defence system, electrical, astron-
omy and image processing. When the force of random oscillation is supposed to be Gaussian noise, Brownian motion
(BM) is well described by the Es. Many mathematicians use fractional order Es for the removal of noise and it also
comply well in reducing the staircase effects as compared to ordinary Es. Hence, it is very necessary to study fractional
Es (see previous studies [11–16] for more details).
The very well known question was raised by Ulam [17] about the stability of functional equations, which was partially
answered by Hyers [18]; that is, Hyers answer was true for the case of Banach spaces. From there, the stability of such
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2 SHAH ET AL.
form was given the name Ulam–Hyers stability (US). Rassias [19] remarkably generalized US by the consideration
of variables. The reader is referred to previous studies [20–31] for more details.
Nowadays, numerous researchers give much attention to the existence and uniqueness of solutions (E Ss) of the
implicit  DEs of nonlinear (NL) form with Caputo fractional derivative (FD) (see previous studies [31–36]). Wang et al.
[37] discussed generalized Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stability (US) of the given below  DE:
{c
Ω
0,ℵ
z(ℵ) = 𝑓 (ℵ, z(ℵ)), ℵ ∈ (ℵk , sk ], k = 0, 1, 2, … , m, 0 < Ω < 1,
z(ℵ) = gk (ℵ, z(ℵ)), ℵ ∈ (sk−1 , ℵk ], k = 1, 2, … , m.
Recently, numerous researchers give much consideration to coupled system (CS) of  DEs as it has many applica-
tions in different areas [38–40]. Ali et al. [41] discussed E Ss by utilizing classical fixed point (FP) theorems such
as Leray–Schauder of cone type and Banach contraction principle and achieved different kinds of stabilities includ-
ing US, generalized US, US, and generalized US of solutions of NL CSs of implicit  DEs having Caputo
derivative (CD),
⎧ c
Ω u(ℵ) − 𝑓 (ℵ, v(ℵ), c Ω u(ℵ)) = 0, Ω ∈ (2, 3], ℵ ∈ J,
⎪
⎪  v(ℵ) − 𝑓 (ℵ, u(ℵ), c Ω v(ℵ)) = 0, Ψ ∈ (2, 3], ℵ ∈ J,
c Ψ
⎨ ́
⎪ ú(ℵ)|ℵ=0 = ú(ℵ)| ℵ=0 , u(ℵ)|ℵ=1 = 𝜅u(𝜗), 𝜅, 𝜗 ∈ (0, 1),
⎪ ́
v(ℵ)| ́́
ℵ=0 = v(ℵ)|ℵ=0 , v(ℵ)|ℵ=1 = 𝜅v(𝜗), 𝜅, 𝜗 ∈ (0, 1).
⎩
Hossain et al. [42] studied the E Ss for the given below anti-periodic boundary value problem of E having two different
fractional orders:
{ Ω1 Ψ1
 ( + 𝜅)u(ℵ) = 𝑓1 (ℵ, u(ℵ)), 0 < ℵ < 1, 0 < Ψ1 ≤ 1, 1 < Ω1 ≤ 2,
ℵ(0) + ℵ(1) = 0, Ψ1 ℵ(0) + Ψ1 ℵ(1) = 0, D2Ψ1 ℵ(0) + D2Ψ1 ℵ(1) = 0.
The main contribution in this paper is to achieve the E Ss of anti-periodic boundary value problem of switched CS of
NL implicit Es with two FDs and then, by using Banach's fixed point theorem, US, generalized US, US, and
generalized US are also discussed. To the best of our knowledge, the above findings have never been published for
following switched CS of NL implicit Es with two FDs having anti-periodic boundary conditions of the form:
⎧ { Ω1 (Ψ1 + 𝜅1 )u(w) = 𝑓1 (w, v(w), Ω1 u(w)), 0 ≤ w ≤ 1, 0 < Ψ1 ≤ 1, 1 < Ω1 ≤ 2,

⎪
⎪ w(0) + w(1) = 0, Ψ1 w(0) + Ψ1 w(1) = 0, D2Ψ1 w(0) + D2Ψ1 w(1) = 0,
⎨ { Ω2 Ψ2 (1.1)
⎪  ( + 𝜅2 )u(w) = 𝑓2 (w, u(w),  v(w)), 0 ≤ w ≤ 1, 0 < Ψ2 ≤ 1, 1 < Ω2 ≤ 2,
Ω2
⎪ w(0) + w(1) = 0, Ψ2 w(0) + Ψ2 w(1) = 0, D2Ψ2 w(0) + D2Ψ2 w(1) = 0,
⎩
where Ψ1 , Ψ2 , Ω1 , Ω2 represent the Caputo FD of order Ψ1 , Ψ2 , Ω1 , Ω2 respectively; 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 ∶ [0, 1] × ℜ × ℜ → ℜ are
continuous functions; and 𝜅1 , 𝜅2 are real numbers. Furthermore, D2Ψ1 , D2Ψ2 are the sequential FD presented by Miller
and Ross [43].
⎧ DΨ1 u = Ψ1 u,
⎪ kΨ
⎪ D 1 u = DΨ 1D
(k−1)Ψ1
u, k = 2, 3, … ,
⎨ Ψ2 (1.2)
⎪ D u =  2 u,
Ψ
⎪ DkΨ1 u = DΨ D(k−1)Ψ2 u, k = 2, 3, … .
⎩ 1
We are interested in the study of problem (1.1) because, as a model for physical systems, it has applications in displaying
process of diffusion with NL relationship to time (see Porra et al. [44]). The E has a major character in description
of phenomenon of fluctuation in BM. As a matter of fact, in the description of time evolution of velocity of BM, most
convenient way is to use E [45, 46]. The proposed method is an inverse method to solve the problem and there is no
limitation.
SHAH ET AL. 3
2 PRELIMINARIES
The definitions of fractional calculus are recalled from the literature [2, 3]. For the function 𝑓 , fractional integral of 𝓁
order from 0 to ℘ is
℘
𝓁 1
I0,℘ 𝑓 (℘) = 𝑓 (ℵ)(℘ − ℵ)𝓁−1 dℵ, ℘ > 0, 𝓁 > 0,
Γ(𝓁) ∫0
Γ(·) is the gamma function. Riemman–Liouville (RL) FD of fractional order 𝓁 for 𝑓 is
x
1 dn 𝑓 (ℵ)
L
𝓁0,x 𝑓 (x) = dℵ, x > 0, n − 1 < 𝓁 < n.
Γ(n − 𝓁) dx ∫0 (x − ℵ)𝓁+1−n
n
CD of fractional order 𝓁 for 𝑓 is

x
1
c
𝓁0,x 𝑓 (x) = (x − Ξ)n−𝓁−1 𝑓 (n) (Ξ)dΞ, where n = [𝓁] + 1.
Γ(n − 𝓁) ∫0
Classical CD of order 𝓁 of 𝑓 is
( )
∑
n−1 k
x
c
𝓁0,x = L
𝓁0,x 𝑓 (x) − 𝑓 (0) , x > 0, n − 1 < 𝓁 < n.
(k)
k=0
k!
Hilfer FD of order 0 ≤ ℏ ≤ 1 and 0 < 𝓁 < 1 of 𝑓 (ℵ) is
D𝓁,ℏ 𝑓 (ℵ) = (I ℏ(1−𝓁) D(I (1−ℏ)(1−𝓁) ( 𝑓 ))(ℵ).
Hilfer FD has the role of interpolator between RL and CD.

Remark 2.1.
(a) We can write the operator D𝓁,ℏ as
D𝓁,ℏ 𝑓 (x) = (I ℏ(1−𝓁) D(I (1−ℏ)(1−𝓁) 𝑓 )(x)) = I ℏ(1−𝓁) D𝜗 𝑓 (x), 𝜗 = 𝓁 + ℏ − 𝓁ℏ.
(b) If ℏ = 0, then D𝓁,ℏ = D𝓁,0 is RL FD.

(c) If ℏ = 1, then D𝓁,ℏ = I 1−𝓁 D is Caputo FD.
Remark 2.2.
(i) If 𝑓 (·) belongs to Cm ([0, ∞), ℜ), then
x
1 𝑓 m (Ξ)
c
𝓁0,x 𝑓 (x) = 𝑓 (x), x > 0, m − 1 < 𝓁 < m.
m−𝓁 (m)
dΞ = I0,x
Γ(m − 𝓁) ∫0 (x − Ξ)𝓁+1−m
(ii) The integrable function 𝑓 in Classical CD of order 𝓁 can be discontinuous, and we can use this fact as a support
for the consideration of impulsive fractional problems in sequel.
Lemma 2.3 (Kilbas et al. [2]).  DE c D𝓁 𝑓 (x) = 0 with 𝓁 > 0, containing differential Caputo operator c D𝓁 has solution:
𝑓 (x) = c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 + · · · + cm−1 xm−1 ,
where ci ∈ ℜ, i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, … , m − 1 & m = [𝓁] + 1.
Lemma 2.4 (Kilbas et al. [2]). For 𝓁 > 0, we have

(c )
I𝓁 𝓁 𝑓 (x) = c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 + · · · + cm−1 xm−1 ,
4 SHAH ET AL.
where ci ∈ ℜ, i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, … , m − 1 & m = [𝓁] + 1.
Lemma 2.5. Let Ψ, Ω ≥ 0, if u is continuous, then I Ψ I Ω u = I Ψ+Ω u.
Lemma 2.6. Let Ψ ≥ 0, if u is continuous, then Ψ I Ψ u = u.
Lemma 2.7. Let n ∈ N, Ψ ∈ (n − 1, n), then, the general solution of the  DE Ψ u(w) = 0 is given by
u(w) = C0 + C1 w + C2 w2 + · · · + Cn−1 wn−1 , where Ci ∈ ℜ, i = 1, 2, … , n.
Consider the partially ordered set (POS) (V, ≼), that is, a set V equipped with relation ≼ which satisfies all properties
of equivalence relation. v∗ ∈ V is said to be upper bound of A ⊆ V if v ≼ v∗ for each v ∈ A. Similarly, we can define lower
bound of A by replacing v ≼ v∗ above by v∗ ≼ v. v and u in a POS are comparable if either v ≼ u or u ≼ v (or both, in which
case v = u).
Now coupled FP theorems are presented, and they have an essential role in our analysis (see previous works [47–49]).
Definition 2.8. G ∶ V × V → V has property of mixed monotone if G(u, v) is monotone non-decreasing in u and
monotone non-increasing in v.
Definition 2.9. (u, v) ∈ V × V is coupled FP of G if
G(u, v) = u, and G(v, u) = v.
Theorem 2.10. Let (V, d) be a complete metric space and G ∶ V × V → V have mixed monotone property on V. Suppose
that ∃ k ∈ [0, 1) with
k
d(G(u, v), G(x, 𝑦)) ≤ [d(u, x) + d(v, 𝑦)], for each u ≽ x and v ≼ 𝑦.
2
Consider non-decreasing sequences {un } and {vn }. Moreover, we assume that G is continuous and the following are the
properties of V:
(i) If {un } → u, then un ≼ u∀ n.
(ii) If {vn } → v, then v ≼ vn ∀n.
If ∃ u0 , v0 ∈ V ∋ u − 0 ≼ G(u − 0, v − 0) and v − 0 ≽ G(v − 0, u − 0), then G has a coupled FP (u∗ , v∗ ) in V × V.

The following partial order on product space V × V is defined as follows:
̃ ṽ ) ∈ V × V, (u, v) ≼ (u,
(u, v), (u, ̃ ṽ ) ⇔ u ≼ u,
̃ ṽ ≼ v.
We have the following results in addition to Theorem 2.10 hypothesis.

̃ ṽ ) ∈ V × V, ∃ (u, v) ∈ V × V comparable to (u, v) and
Theorem 2.11. Suppose that for each (u, v), (u,
̃ ṽ )
(u,
then G has only one coupled FP (u∗ , v∗ ).
Theorem 2.12. Suppose that each pair of elements of X has upper bound or lower bound in V, then u∗ = v∗ . Moreover,
( )
lim Gn (u0 , v0 ) = u∗ , where Gn (u0 , v0 ) = G Gn−1 (u0 , v0 ), 𝔊n−1 (v0 , u0 ) .
n→∝
3 EXISTENCE A ND UNIQUENESS
Here, we prove E S results for (1.1). Initially, this problem's equivalence is established and the mixed integral equation
Fredholm–Volterra type. Then we split the discussion in two parts. Two cases of interest are individually discussed in
SHAH ET AL. 5
Section 3.1 for 𝜅1 ≥ 0 and in Section 3.2 for 𝜅1 < 0. The reason for doing is that in these two cases, coupled lower (CL)
and upper solution (US) definition is different.
Definition 3.1. If u ∈ C[0, 1] with its CD of fractional order existing on [0, 1] satisfies (1.1), then it is said to be a
solution of (1.1).
Lemma 3.2. u(w) is a solution of

{
Ω1 (Ψ1 + 𝜅1 )u(w) = 𝑓1 (w, v(w), Ω1 u(w)), 0 < w < 1, 0 < Ψ1 ≤ 1, 1 < Ω1 ≤ 2,
(3.1)
w(0) + w(1) = 0, Ψ1 w(0) + Ψ1 w(1) = 0, D2Ψ1 w(0) + D2Ψ1 w(1) = 0,
if and only if the following mixed NL integral equation of Fredholm–Volterra of the form:
w w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 (w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1
u(w) = 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ − 𝜅1 u(Ξ)d(Ξ)
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
1 1
1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 𝜅 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1
− 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ + 1 u(Ξ)dΞ
2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) 2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
( ) 1
1 w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ − 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ
4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
( ) 1
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
+ + w − wΨ1 +1 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ.
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
Proof. Let u(w) satisfy problem (3.1). From Lemma 2.6, we get
( )
Ω1 (Ψ1 + 𝜅1 )u(w) − I Ω1 𝑓1 (w, v(w), Ω1 u(w)) = 0.
Now by Lemma 2.7, we have
(Ψ1 + 𝜅1 )u(w) − I Ω1 𝑓1 (w, v(w), Ω1 u(w)) = c1 + c2 w,
or equivalently,
( )
w Ψ1 wΨ1 +1
Ψ1 u(w) + 𝜅1 I Ψ1 u(·)(w) − I Ψ1 +Ω1 𝑓1 (w, v(w), Ω1 u(w))(w) − c1 − c2 = 0.
Γ(Ψ1 + 1) Γ(Ψ1 + 2)
The general form of problem (3.1), by applying Lemma 2.7, becomes
w Ψ1 wΨ1 +1
u(w) = I Ψ1 +Ω1 𝑓1 (w, v(w), Ω1 u(w))(w) − 𝜅1 I Ψ1 u(·)(w) + c0 + c1 + c2 . (3.2)
Γ(Ψ1 + 1) Γ(Ψ1 + 2)
We find by utilizing boundary conditions of anti-periodic type for problem (3.1) that
1
(1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
c2 = − Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ,
∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
1
1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1 Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
c1 = − 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ + 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ,
2 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 ) 2 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
1 1
1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 𝜅 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 −1 1
c0 = − 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ + 1 u(Ξ)dΞ −
2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) 2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1)
( 1 )
1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1 Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
× − 𝑓 (Ξ, u(Ξ)) dΞ + 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ),  u(Ξ))dΞ
Ω1
2 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 ) 2 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
( 1 )
1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
− −Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ .
2Γ(Ψ1 + 2) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
6 SHAH ET AL.
By the substitution of c0 , c1 , c2 in (3.2), we get the the required solution. □

In the view of Lemma 3.2, the solution of system (1.1) is
⎧ ⎧ w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1
⎪ ⎪ 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ − 𝜅1 u(Ξ)d(Ξ)
⎪ ⎪ ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
⎪ ⎪ 1 1
⎪ (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 𝜅 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1
⎪ − 12 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ + 1 u(Ξ)dΞ
⎪ u(w) = ⎨ ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) 2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
⎪ ( )
⎪ 1 wΨ1 1 (1−Ξ)Ω1 −1
⎪ ⎪ + 4Γ(Ψ1 +1) − 2Γ(Ψ1 +1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 ) 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ),  u(Ξ)) dΞ
Ω1
⎪ ⎪ ( )
⎪ Γ(2−Ψ ) 1−Ψ1
⎪ + Γ(2+Ψ1 )
1+Ψ
+ 2 1 wΨ1 − wΨ1 +1 ∫0 (1−Ξ)
1 Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ,
⎨ ⎩ 1 4 Γ(Ω 1 −Ψ1 ) (3.3)
⎪
⎪ ⎧ ∫ w (w−Ξ)Ψ2 +Ω2 −1 𝑓2 (Ξ, u(Ξ), Ω2 v(Ξ))dΞ − 𝜅2 ∫ w (w−Ξ)Ψ2 −1 v(Ξ)d(Ξ)
⎪ ⎪ 0 Γ(Ψ2 +Ω2 ) 0 Γ(Ψ2 )
⎪ ⎪ 1 1 (1−Ξ)Ψ2 +Ω2 −1 𝜅
− 2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ +Ω ) 𝑓2 (Ξ, u(Ξ),  2 v(Ξ))dΞ + 2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ ) v(Ξ)dΞ
Ω 2 1 (1−Ξ)Ψ2
⎪ v(w) = ⎪ ( 1 2 2
⎪ ⎨ 1 wΨ1 1 (1−Ξ)Ω2 −1
⎪ + 4Γ(Ψ2 +1) − 2Γ(Ψ2 +1) ∫0 Γ(Ω2 ) 𝑓2 (Ξ, u(Ξ),  v(Ξ))dΞ
Ω2
⎪
⎪ ⎪ ( )
⎪ + Γ(2−Ψ2 ) 1−Ψ2 + 1+Ψ2 wΨ2 − wΨ2 +1 ∫ 1 (1−Ξ) 2 2 𝑓2 (Ξ, u(Ξ), Ω2 v(Ξ))dΞ.
Ω −Ψ −1
⎪ ⎩
⎩ Γ(2+Ψ 2 ) 4 2 0 Γ(Ω 2 −Ψ2 )
3.1 Investigation in the case 𝜅1 ≥ 0

The two operators T1 and T2 are respectively, defined as follows:
w 1
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 𝜅 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 −1
T1 u(w) = 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ + 1 u(Ξ)dΞ
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) 2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
1
1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ
4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
( ) 1
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
+ + w 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ,
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − 1)
and
w 1
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1 1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
T2 u(w) = 𝜅1 u(Ξ)dΞ + 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
1
w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ
2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) Ψ1 +1 1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
+ w 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ.
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
̄ v̄ ) ∈ C[0, 1] × C[0, 1] is said to be CL and US of (1.1) if
Definition 3.3. (u,
̄
u(w) ̄
≤ T1 u(w) − T2 v̄ (w),
and
v̄ (w) ≥ T1 v̄ (w) − T2 u(w),
̄ for all w ∈ [0, 1].
Consider the following
(H1 ) Let 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 ∶ [0, 1] × ℜ × ℜ → ℜ be ∋ 𝑓 (·, x(·), 𝑦(·)) (w) ∈ C[0, 1] for every x ∈ C[0, 1];
(H2 )
• ∃ 0 < 𝑓1 < 1 and 0 < g1 < 1 ∋ |𝑓1 (w, u, m) − 𝑓1 (w, v, n)| ≤ 𝑓1 |u − v| + g1 |m − n|, for every w ∈ J and
∀ u, v, m, n ∈ ℜ,
• ∃ 0 < 𝑓2 < 1 and 0 < g2 < 1, ∋ |𝑓2 (w, u, m) − 𝑓2 (w, v, n)| ≤ 𝑓2 |u − v| + g2 |m−n|, for every w ∈ J and
∀ u, v, m, n ∈ ℜ;
SHAH ET AL. 7
(H3 ) For 𝜑x ∈ C( J, ℜ+ ) ∃ Cx > 0 ∋
𝜐
(𝜑(s))ds ≤ Cx 𝜑x (𝜐) for each 𝜐 ∈ J.
∫0
Theorem 3.4. If (H1) − (H2) hold and problem (1.1) has CL and US and
M = max{M1 , M2 } < 1, (3.4)
where
2𝑓1 |𝜅1 |𝑓1 𝑓1
M1 = + +
(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1) (1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1)
|𝜅1 |𝑓1 𝑓1 𝑓1
+ + +
2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1)Γ(Ω1 + 1) 2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1)Γ(Ω1 + 1)
| Γ(2 − Ψ ) ( 3 − Ψ )| 2𝑓1 2𝑓1 Γ(2 − Ψ1 )
| 1 1 |
+| | + ,
| Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 | (1 − g1 )Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 + 1) (1 − g1 )Γ(2 + Ψ1 )Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 + 1)
| |
and
2𝑓2 2|𝜅2 |𝑓2 𝑓2
M2 = + +
(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + Ω2 + 1) (1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1) 2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + Ω2 + 1)
|𝜅2 |𝑓2 𝑓2 𝑓2
+ + +
2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1) 2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1)Γ(Ω2 + 1) 2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1)Γ(Ω2 + 1)
| Γ(2 − Ψ ) ( 3 − Ψ )| 2𝑓2 2𝑓2 Γ(2 − Ψ2 )
| 2 2 |
+| | + ,
| Γ(2 + Ψ2 ) 4 | (1 − g2 )Γ(Ω2 − Ψ2 + 1) (1 − g2 )Γ(2 + Ψ2 )Γ(Ω2 − Ψ2 + 1)
| |
then it has a unique solution in C[0, 1].
Proof. Consider the space G = C ([0, 1], ℜ) of all continuous functions. Then G is POS if the following order relation
is defined in G:
u, v ∈ G, u ≼ v ⇔ u(w) ≤ v(w), w ∈ [0, 1].
And (G, d) is a metric space with d(u, v) = max0≤w≤1 |u(w) − v(w)| and so is complete. Obviously if {u} ̄ is a
non-decreasing monotone in G → u ∈ G and{̄v} is non-increasing monotone in G that converges to v ∈ G, then ū ≼ u
and v ≼ v̄ , ∀n. For u, v ∈ G, min{u, v} and max{u, v} are the lower and upper bounds of u, v, respectively.
Also, if G × G is a POS, then below order relation is defined in G × G:
̄ v̄ ) ⇔ u(w) ≤ u(w),
(u, v) ≲ (u, ̄ v̄ (w) ≤ v(w), w ∈ [0, 1].
̄ v̄ ) ∈ G × G , ∃ a (max{u, u},
Furthermore, for each (u, v), (u, ̄ min{v, v̄ }) ∈ G × G comparable to (u, v) and (u,
̄ v̄ ). Now
we define G ∶ G × G → G by
G(u, v)(w) = T1 u(w) − T2 v(w).
From assumption (H1), it can be easily deduced that for any u, v ∈ G, we have G(u, v) ∈ G. So G is well defined.
Now it will be proved that property of G is of mixed monotone type. By utilizing the non-decreasing assumption
of 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 with respect to (wrt) second variable and utilizing RL fractional integral operator's monotonicity, it can be
deduced that T1 , T2 are non-decreasing. Also,
̄ v)(w) = T1 u(w) − T1 w2 (w),

G(u, v)(w) − G(u,
and
G(u, v)(w) − G(u, v̄ )(w) = − (T2 v(w) − T2 v̄ (w)) .
Thus, G (u, v) is non-decreasing monotone in u and non-increasing monotone in v.
8 SHAH ET AL.
̄ v̄ ∈ G with u ≽ u,
Now, for u, v, u, ̄ v ≼ v̄ , we have
w w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 (w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1
̄
|G(u)(w) − G(u)(w)| = ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)|dΞ − 𝜅1 ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)|d(Ξ)
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
1 1
1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 𝜅 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1
− ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)|dΞ + 1 ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)|dΞ
2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) 2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
( ) 1 (3.5)
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
+ + w − wΨ1 +1 ̄
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
( ) 1
1 w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ − ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)|dΞ.
4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
Here, the following notions are used for convenience
u(w) ∶= 𝑓1 (w, v(w), DΩ1 u(w)) ∶= 𝑓1 (w, v(w), u(w)),

̄
u(w) ∶= 𝑓1 (w, v̄ (w), DΩ1 u(w))
̄ ∶= 𝑓1 (w, v̄ (w), u(w)),
̄
then
̄
|u(w) − u(w)| = |𝑓1 (w, v(w), u(w)) − 𝑓1 (w, v̄ (w), u(w))|
̄
≤ 𝑓1 |v(w) − v̄ (w)| + g1 |u(w) − u(w)|,
̄
which implies
𝑓1
̄
|u(w) − u(w)| ≤ |v(w) − v̄ (w)|. (3.6)
1 − g1
Similarly
𝑓2
|v(w) − v̄ (w)| ≤ ̄
|u(w) − u(w)|.
1 − g2
Putting (3.6) in (3.5), we obtain
𝑓1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 𝑓1 𝜅1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1
̄
|G(u)(w) − G(u)(w)| = |v(Ξ) − v̄ (Ξ)|dΞ − |v(Ξ) − v̄ (Ξ)|d(Ξ)
1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) 1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
𝑓1 1
(1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 𝑓1 𝜅1 1
(1 − Ξ)Ψ1
− |v(Ξ) − v̄ (Ξ)|dΞ + |v(Ξ) − v̄ (Ξ)|dΞ
2(1 − g1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) 2(1 − g1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
( ) 1
𝑓1 1 w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ − |v(Ξ) − v̄ (Ξ)|dΞ
1 − g1 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
( ) 1
𝑓1 Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
+ + w 1 − wΨ1 +1 |v(Ξ) − v̄ (Ξ)|dΞ
1 − g1 Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
(
𝑓1 |𝜅1 |𝑓1 𝑓1
≤ + +
(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1) (1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1)
|𝜅1 |𝑓1 𝑓1 𝑓1
+ + +
2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 4(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1)Γ(Ω1 + 1) 2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1)Γ(Ω1 + 1)
| Γ(2 − Ψ ) ( 1 − Ψ )
1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 || 𝑓1
| 1 1 (3.7)
+ max | + w |
0≤w≤1 | Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 | (1 − g1 )Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 + 1)
| ) |
𝑓1 Γ(2 − Ψ1 )
+ |v(w) − v̄ (w)|
(1 − g1 )Γ(2 + Ψ1 )Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 + 1)
1
≤ M1 d(v, v̄ ).
2
SHAH ET AL. 9
Similarly, we can get
(
𝑓2 |𝜅2 |𝑓2 𝑓2
|G(v)(w) − G(̄v)(w)| ≤ + +
(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + Ω2 + 1) (1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1) 2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + Ω2 + 1)
|𝜅2 |𝑓2 𝑓2 𝑓2
+ + +
2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1) 4(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1)Γ(Ω2 + 1) 2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1)Γ(Ω2 + 1)
| Γ(2 − Ψ ) ( 1 − Ψ )
1 + Ψ2 Ψ2 || 𝑓2
| 2 2 (3.8)
+ max | + w |
0≤w≤1 | Γ(2 + Ψ2 ) 4 2 | (1 − g2 )Γ(Ω2 − Ψ2 + 1)
| ) |
𝑓2 Γ(2 − Ψ2 )
+ ̄
|u(w) − u(w)|
(1 − g2 )Γ(2 + Ψ2 )Γ(Ω2 − Ψ2 + 1)
1
̄
≤ M2 d(u, u).
2
So we get
M
̄ v̄ )| ≤
|G(u, v) − G(u, ̄ v̄ )).
(d(u, v) + d(u,
2
Thus, Theorems 2.11 and 2.12 as applications, along with Lemma 3.2, yield the E Ss of u∗ ∈ G of problem (1.1).
Moreover,
( n−1 only one solution) of (1.1) can be achieved as limn→∝ Gn (u0 , v0 ) where Gn (u0 , v0 ) =
G G (u0 , v0 ), G (v0 , u0 ) .
n−1
□
Remark 3.5. From Theorem 3.4, the sequences {un } and {vn } defined by
un = G(un−1 , vn−1 ), vn = G(vn−1 , un−1 ), n = 1, 2, … , (3.9)
where u0 and v0 are CL and USs of (1.1), generate a sequence {(un , vn )} in which each of its element is a CL and US
of (1.1).
Remark 3.6. Let (ℵ0 , ℏ0 ) be a CL and US of problem (1.1) ∋ ℵ0 ≼ ℏ0 and let ℵn and {ℏn } be defined by (3.9). Then
ℵ0 ≼ ℵ1 ≼ · · · ≼ ℵn ≼ · · · u∗ ≼ · · · ≼ ℏn ≼ · · · ≼ ℏ1 ≼ ℏ0 ,
and both converge to u∗ in C[0, 1].
3.2 Investigation in the case 𝜅1 < 0

For achieving E S result here, same technique as in the previous subsection can be applied. Structure of G and conse-
quently CL and US definition of (1.1) is the main difference. Similar type argument can be utilized to prove E S result.
We omit this topic details and only restrict ourself to state the definition and conditions of CL and US, and full details of
processes are skipped. Similarly, the operators T3 and T4 are defined as follows:
w w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 +1 (w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1
T3 u(w) = 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ − 𝜅1 u(Ξ)dΞ
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
1
1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ
4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
( ) 1
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
+ + w 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ,
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
10 SHAH ET AL.
and
𝜅1 1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 −1 1
1
(1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
T4 u(w) = − u(Ξ)dΞ + 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ
2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
1
w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ
2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) Ψ1 +1 1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 Ψ1 −1
+ w 𝑓 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ.
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 ) 1
Definition 3.7. (u0 , v0 ) ∈ G × G is said to be CL and US of (1.1) if
u0 (w) ≤ T3 u0 (w) − T4 v0 (w),
and
v0 (w) ≥ T3 v0 (w) − T4 u0 (w), for all w ∈ [0, 1].
Theorem 3.8. If (H1) and (H2) hold and the problem (1.1) has a CL and US and
M = max{M1 , M2 } < 1, (3.10)
where
2𝑓1 |𝜅1 |𝑓1 𝑓1
M1 = + +
(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1) (1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1)
|𝜅1 |𝑓1 𝑓1 𝑓1
+ + +
2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1)Γ(Ω1 + 1) 2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1)Γ(Ω1 + 1)
| Γ(2 − Ψ ) ( 3 − Ψ )| 2𝑓1 2𝑓1 Γ(2 − Ψ1 )
| 1 1 |
+| | + ,
| Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 | (1 − g1 )Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 + 1) (1 − g1 )Γ(2 + Ψ1 )Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 + 1)
| |
and
2𝑓2 2|𝜅2 |𝑓2 𝑓2
M2 = + +
(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + Ω2 + 1) (1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1) 2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + Ω2 + 1)
|𝜅2 |𝑓2 𝑓2 𝑓2
+ + +
2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1) 2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1)Γ(Ω2 + 1) 2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1)Γ(Ω2 + 1)
| Γ(2 − Ψ ) ( 3 − Ψ )| 2𝑓2 2𝑓2 Γ(2 − Ψ2 )
| 2 2 |
+| | + ,
| Γ(2 + Ψ2 ) |
| 4 | (1 − g2 )Γ(Ω2 − Ψ2 + 1) (1 − g2 )Γ(2 + Ψ2 )Γ(Ω2 − Ψ2 + 1)
then it has a unique solution in G.
Proof. It is sufficient to define G ∶ G × G → G by G(u, v)(w) = T3 u(w) − T4 v(w), and same steps can be applied as in
the proof of Theorem 3.4. □
4 U S A NA LY SIS
Let 𝜑 ∶ J → ℜ+ be a continuous function and 𝜀 > 0. Suppose

{
̄
|DΩ1 (DΨ1 + 𝜅1 )u(𝜚) − 𝑓1 (𝜚, v̄ (𝜚), DΩ1 u(𝜚))|
̄ ≤ 𝜀u , 𝜚 ∈ [0, 1],
(4.1)
Ω2 Ψ2 ̄
|D (D + 𝜅2 )̄v(𝜚) − 𝑓2 (𝜚, u(𝜚), D v̄ (𝜚))| ≤ 𝜀v , 𝜚 ∈ [0, 1],
Ω2
{
̄
̄ ≤ 𝜑u (𝜚), 𝜚 ∈ [0, 1],
(4.2)
Ω2 Ψ2 ̄
|D (D + 𝜅2 )̄v(𝜚) − 𝑓2 (𝜚, u(𝜚), D v̄ (𝜚))| ≤ 𝜑v (𝜚), 𝜚 ∈ [0, 1],
Ω2
SHAH ET AL. 11
and
{
̄
̄ ≤ 𝜀u 𝜑u (𝜚), 𝜚 ∈ [0, 1],
(4.3)
Ω2 Ψ2 ̄
|D (D + 𝜅2 )̄v(𝜚) − 𝑓2 (𝜚, u(𝜚), D 2 v̄ (𝜚))| ≤ 𝜀v 𝜑v (𝜚), 𝜚 ∈ [0, 1].
Ω
Definition 4.1. (1.1) has US if ∃ C𝑓 ,i,q,𝜎 ∈ ℜ ∋ for each 𝜀 > 0 and for each solution (u, v) ∈ C[0, 1] × C[0, 1]
̄ v̄ ) ∈ C[0, 1] × C[0, 1] of the problem (1.1) ∋
of (4.1), ∃ a solution (u,
̄ v̄ )(w)| ≤ C𝑓 ,i,q,𝜎 𝜀, w ∈ J.
|(u, v)(w) − (u, (4.4)
Definition 4.2. (1.1) has generalized US if ∃ 𝜙𝑓 ,i,q,𝜎 ∈ C[0, 1], 𝜙𝑓 ,i,q,𝜎 (0) = 0 and 𝜀 > 0 ∋ for each solution (u, v) ∈
̄ v̄ ) ∈ C[0, 1] × C[0, 1] of (1.1) ∋
C[0, 1] × C[0, 1] of (4.1), ∃ a solution (u,
̄ v̄ )(w)| ≤ 𝜙𝑓 ,i,q,𝜎 𝜀, w ∈ [0, 1].

|(u, v)(w) − (u, (4.5)
Definition 4.3. (1.1) has US with respect to (𝜑, 𝜓) if ∃ C𝑓 ,i,q,𝜎,𝜑 > 0 ∋ for each 𝜀 > 0 and for each solution
̄ v̄ ) ∈ C[0, 1] × C[0, 1] of (1.1) with
(u, v) ∈ C[0, 1] × C[0, 1] of (4.3) there is a solution (u,
̄ v̄ )(w)| ≤ C𝑓 ,i,q,𝜎,𝜑 𝜀(𝜑(w) + 𝜓), w ∈ [0, 1].

|(u, v)(w) − (u, (4.6)
Definition 4.4. (1.1) has generalized US with respect to (𝜑, 𝜓) if ∃ C𝑓 ,i,q,𝜎,𝜑 > 0 ∋ for each solution (u, v) ∈
̄ v̄ ) ∈ C[0, 1] × C[0, 1] of (1.1) with
C[0, 1] × C[0, 1] of (4.2) there is a solution (u,
̄ v̄ )(w)| ≤ C𝑓 ,i,q,𝜎,𝜑 (𝜑(w) + 𝜓), w ∈ [0, 1].

|(u, v)(w) − (u, (4.7)
Remark 4.5. Definition 4.1 ⇒ Definition 4.2 and Definition 4.3 ⇒ Definition 4.4.
Remark 4.6. (u, v) ∈ C[0, 1] × C[0, 1] satisfies (4.1) ⇔ ∃ g ∈ C[0, 1], ∋
(a) |g(w)| ≤ 𝜀u or |g(w)| ≤ 𝜀v ;

(b) DΩ1 (DΨ1 + 𝜅1 )u(w) = 𝑓1 (w, v(w), DΩ1 u(w)) + g(w), w ∈ [0, 1];
(c) DΩ2 (DΨ2 + 𝜅2 )v(w) = 𝑓2 (w, u(w), DΩ2 v(w)) + g(w), w ∈ [0, 1].
Remark 4.7. (u, v) ∈ C[0, 1] × C[0, 1] satisfies (4.2) ⇔ ∃ g ∈ C[0, 1], ∋
(a) |g(w)| ≤ 𝜑(w);

Remark 4.8. A function (u, v) ∈ C[0, 1] × C[0, 1] satisfies (4.2) ⇔ ∃ g ∈ C[0, 1] and a sequence, ∋
(a) |g(w)| ≤ 𝜓;
Theorem 3.9. If hypothesis (H1)−(H2) along with (3.10) hold, then (1.1) has US and consequently generalized US.
Proof. Let u ∈ G = C ([0, 1], ℜ) satisfies (4.1) and let u be the only one solution of
{
Ω1 (Ψ1 + 𝜅1 )u(w) = 𝑓1 (w, v(w), Ω1 u(w)), 0 ≤ w ≤ 1, 0 < Ψ1 ≤ 1, 1 < Ω1 ≤ 2,
w(0) + w(1) = 0, Ψ1 w(0) + Ψ1 w(1) = 0, D2Ψ1 w(0) + D2Ψ1 w(1) = 0.
12 SHAH ET AL.
By Lemma 3.2, we have
w w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 (w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1
u(w) = 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ − 𝜅1 u(Ξ)d(Ξ)
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
1 1
1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 𝜅 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1
− 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ + 1 u(Ξ)dΞ
2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) 2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
( ) 1
1 w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ − 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ
4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
( ) 1
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
+ + w − wΨ1 +1 𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ.
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
Since ū satisfies inequality (4.1), so by Remark 4.6, we have
{
̄
Ω1 (Ψ1 + 𝜅1 )u(w) = 𝑓1 (w, v̄ (w), Ω1 u(w))
̄ + g, 0 ≤ w ≤ 1, 0 < Ψ1 ≤ 1, 1 < Ω1 ≤ 2,
(4.8)
w(0) + w(1) = 0, Ψ1 w(0) + Ψ1 w(1) = 0, D2Ψ1 w(0) + D2Ψ1 w(1) = 0.
Obviously, the solution of (4.8) will be
w w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 (w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
̄
u(w) = 𝑓1 (Ξ, v̄ (Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ
̄ + g(Ξ)dΞ
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
w 1
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1 1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
− 𝜅1 ̄
u(Ξ)d(Ξ) − 𝑓1 (Ξ, v̄ (Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ
̄
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
1 ( ) 1
𝜅 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 1 w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ 1 ̄
u(Ξ)dΞ + − 𝑓1 (Ξ, v̄ (Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ
̄
2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
( ) 1
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
+ + w −w Ψ1 +1
𝑓1 (Ξ, v̄ (Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ,
̄
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
and so we have
w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
̄
|u(w) − u(w)| ≤ |𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ)) − 𝑓1 (Ξ, v̄ (Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))|dΞ
̄
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
w w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 (w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1
+ g(Ξ)dΞ − 𝜅1 ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)|d(Ξ)
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
1
1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
− |𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ)) − 𝑓1 (Ξ, v̄ (Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))|dΞ
̄
2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
( )
𝜅1 1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 1 w Ψ1
+ ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)dΞ + −
2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1)
1
(1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
× |𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ)) − 𝑓1 (Ξ, v̄ (Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))|dΞ
̄
∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
( )
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1
+ + w − wΨ1 +1
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2
1
(1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
× |𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ)) − 𝑓1 (Ξ, v̄ (Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ
̄
∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
SHAH ET AL. 13
w w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 (w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
≤ ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)|dΞ + g(Ξ)dΞ
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
w 1
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1 1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
− 𝜅1 ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)|d(Ξ) − ̄
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
1 ( ) 1
𝜅 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 1 w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ 1 ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)dΞ + − ̄
2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
( ) 1
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
+ + w − wΨ1 +1 ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)dΞ,
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
where
u(w) ∶= 𝑓1 (w, v(w), u(w)) ∶= 𝑓1 (w, v(w), Ω1 u(w)),

̄
u(w) ∶= 𝑓1 (w, v̄ (w), u(w))
̄ ∶= 𝑓1 (w, v̄ (w), Ω1 u(w)),
̄
then
̄
̄ ≤ 𝑓1 |v(w) − v̄ (w)| + g1 |u(w) − u(w)|,
̄
which implies
𝑓1
̄
|u(w) − u(w)| ≤ |v(w) − v̄ (w)|. (4.9)
1 − g1
Similarly,
𝑓2
|v(w) − v̄ (w)| ≤ ̄
|u(w) − u(w)|.
1 − g2
w w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 (w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
̄
|u(w) − u(w)| ≤ ̄
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
w 1
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1 1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
− 𝜅1 ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)|d(Ξ) − ̄
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
( ) 1
𝜅1 1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 1 w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)dΞ + − ̄
2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
( ) 1
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
+ + w −w Ψ1 +1
̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)dΞ.
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
(4.10)
𝑓1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
̄
|u(w) − u(w)| ≤ |v(Ξ) − v̄ (Ξ)|dΞ + g(Ξ)dΞ
1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
𝜅1 𝑓1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1
− |v(Ξ) − v̄ (Ξ)|d(Ξ)
1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
𝑓1 1
(1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 𝜅1 𝑓1 1
(1 − Ξ)Ψ1
− |v(Ξ) − v̄ (Ξ)|dΞ + |v(Ξ) − v̄ (Ξ)|dΞ
2(1 − g1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) 2(1 − g1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
( ) 1
𝑓1 1 w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ − |v(Ξ) − v̄ (Ξ)|dΞ
1 − g1 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
( )
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 𝑓1 1
(1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
+ + w −w Ψ1 +1
|v(Ξ) − v̄ (Ξ)dΞ
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
14 SHAH ET AL.
𝑓1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
≤ |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ + g(Ξ)dΞ
1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
𝜅1 𝑓1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1 𝑓1 1
(1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 𝜅1 𝑓1 1
(1 − Ξ)Ψ1
− |𝜑u (Ξ)|d(Ξ) − |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ + |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ
1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 2(1 − g1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) 2(1 − g1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
( ) 1
𝑓1 1 w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ − |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ
1 − g1 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
( )
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 𝑓1 1
(1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
+ + w − wΨ1 +1 |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
( w )( w )
𝑓1 (w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
≤ dΞ |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ + 𝜀u dΞ
1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
( w )( w )
𝜅1 𝑓1 (w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1
− d(Ξ) |𝜑u (Ξ)|d(Ξ)
1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) ∫0
( 1 )( 1 )
𝑓1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
− dΞ |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ
2(1 − g1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0
( 1 )( 1 )
𝑓1 𝜅1 cu Ψ
(1 − Ξ) 1
+ dΞ |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ
2(1 − g1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) ∫0
( )( 1 )( 1 )
𝑓1 1 w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ − dΞ |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ
1 − g1 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 ) ∫0
( ) ( 1 ) ( 1 )
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 𝑓1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
+ + w −w Ψ1 +1
dΞ × |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 ) ∫0
( )
𝑓1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
≤ dΞ + 𝜀u dΞ
1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
( w ) ( 1 )
𝜅1 𝑓1 (w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1 𝑓1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
− d(Ξ) − dΞ
1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 2(1 − g1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
( 1 ) ( )( 1 )
𝑓1 𝜅1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 𝑓1 1 w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ dΞ + − dΞ
2(1 − g1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 1 − g1 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
( ) ( 1 )
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 𝑓1 Ω
(1 − Ξ) 1 1−Ψ −1
+ + w − wΨ1 +1 dΞ
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
𝑓1 ΞΨ1 +Ω1 ΞΨ1 +Ω1 𝜀u 𝜅1 𝑓1 ΞΨ1 𝑓1 ΞΨ1 +Ω1
≤ + − −
(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1) Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1) (1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1)
( )
𝑓1 𝜅1 ΞΨ1 𝑓1 ΞΩ1 1 w Ψ1
+ + −
2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 1 − g1 Γ(Ω1 + 1) 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1)
( )
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 𝑓1 ΞΓ(Ω1 −Ψ1 )
+ + w −w Ψ1 +1
,
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 (1 − g1 ) Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 + 1)
which implies that
(
𝑓1 ΞΨ1 +Ω1 ΞΨ1 +Ω1 𝜅1 𝑓1 ΞΨ1
̄
|u(w) − u(w)| ≤ 𝜀u + −
(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1) Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1) (1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1)
𝑓1 ΞΨ1 +Ω1 𝑓1 𝜅1 ΞΨ1 𝑓1 ΞΩ1
− + +
2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1) 2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 1 − g1 Γ(Ω1 + 1)
( ) ( )
1 1 Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1
× − + + −1
4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2
)
𝑓1 Ξ Γ(Ω1 −Ψ1 )
× .
(1 − g1 ) Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 + 1)
SHAH ET AL. 15
Thus,
̄
|u(w) − u(w)| ≤ 𝜀u C𝑓1 ,g1 ,Ω1 ,Ψ1 , (4.11)
where
𝑓1 ΞΨ1 +Ω1 ΞΨ1 +Ω1 𝜅1 𝑓1 ΞΨ1 𝑓1 ΞΨ1 +Ω1
C𝑓1 ,g1 ,Ω1 ,Ψ1 = + − −
(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1) Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1) (1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1)
( )
𝑓1 𝜅1 ΞΨ1 𝑓1 ΞΩ1 1 1
+ + −
2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 1 − g1 Γ(Ω1 + 1) 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1)
( )
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 𝑓1 ΞΓ(Ω1 −Ψ1 )
+ + −1 .
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 (1 − g1 ) Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 + 1)
In the same manner, we get

|v(w) − v̄ (w)| ≤ 𝜀v C𝑓2 ,g2 ,Ω2 ,Ψ2 , (4.12)
where
𝑓2 ΞΨ2 +Ω2 ΞΨ2 +Ω2 𝜅2 𝑓2 ΞΨ2 𝑓2 ΞΨ2 +Ω2
C𝑓2 ,g2 ,Ω2 ,Ψ2 = + − −
(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + Ω2 + 1) Γ(Ψ2 + Ω2 + 1) (1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1) 2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + Ω2 + 1)
( )
𝑓2 𝜅2 ΞΨ2 𝑓2 ΞΩ2 1 1
+ + −
2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1) 1 − g2 Γ(Ω2 + 1) 4Γ(Ψ2 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ2 + 1)
( )
Γ(2 − Ψ2 ) 1 − Ψ2 1 + Ψ2 𝑓2 ΞΓ(Ω2 −Ψ2 )
+ + −1 .
Γ(2 + Ψ2 ) 4 2 (1 − g2 ) Γ(Ω2 − Ψ2 + 1)
Hence, from (4.12) and (4.11), we get
̄ v̄ )| ≤ 𝜀u C𝑓1 ,g1 ,Ω1 ,Ψ1 + 𝜀v C𝑓2 ,g2 ,Ω2 ,Ψ2 ≤ 𝜀C𝑓 ,g,Ω1 ,Ω2 ,Ψ1 ,Ψ2 .
|(u, v) − (u,
So Equation (1.1) has US and if 𝜙(𝜀) = 𝜀C𝑓 ,g,𝛽1 ,𝛽2 ,𝛼1 ,𝛼2 , 𝜙(0) = 0, then (1.1) has generalized US. □
Theorem 4.10. If hypothesis (H1) − (H3) along with (3.10) hold, then Equation (1.1) has US with respect to (𝜑, 𝜓)
and consequently generalized US.
Proof. Let u ∈ G = C ([0, 1], ℜ) satisfies (4.3) and let u be the only one solution of
{
Ω1 (Ψ1 + 𝜅1 )u(w) = 𝑓1 (w, v(w), Ω1 u(w)), 0 ≤ w ≤ 1, 0 < Ψ1 ≤ 1, 1 < Ω1 ≤ 2,
w(0) + w(1) = 0, Ψ1 w(0) + Ψ1 w(1) = 0, D2Ψ1 w(0) + D2Ψ1 w(1) = 0.
From Theorem 3.9, we get
w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
̄
|u(w) − u(w)| ≤ |𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ)) − 𝑓1 (Ξ, v̄ (Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))|dΞ
̄
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
w w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 (w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1
+ g(Ξ)dΞ − 𝜅1 ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)|d(Ξ)
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
1
1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
− |𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ)) − 𝑓1 (Ξ, v̄ (Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))|dΞ
̄
2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
1 ( )
𝜅 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 1 w Ψ1
+ 1 ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)dΞ + −
2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1)
16 SHAH ET AL.
1
(1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
× |𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ)) − 𝑓1 (Ξ, v̄ (Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))|dΞ
̄
∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
( )
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1
+ + w − wΨ1 +1
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2
1
(1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
× |𝑓1 (Ξ, v(Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ)) − 𝑓1 (Ξ, v̄ (Ξ), Ω1 u(Ξ))dΞ
̄
∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
w w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 (w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
≤ ̄
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
w 1
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1 1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
− 𝜅1 ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)|d(Ξ) − ̄
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
1 ( ) 1
𝜅 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 1 w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ 1 ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)dΞ + − ̄
2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
( ) 1
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
+ + w −w Ψ1 +1
̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)dΞ,
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
where
u(w) ∶= 𝑓1 (w, v(w), u(w)) ∶= 𝑓1 (w, v(w), Ω1 u(w)),
̄
u(w) ∶= 𝑓1 (w, v̄ (w), u(w))
̄ ∶= 𝑓1 (w, v̄ (w), Ω1 u(w)),
̄
then
̄
̄ ≤ 𝑓1 |v(w) − v̄ (w)| + g1 |u(w) − u(w)|,
̄
which implies that

𝑓1
̄
|u(w) − u(w)| ≤ |v(w) − v̄ (w)|. (4.13)
1 − g1
Similarly,
𝑓2
|v(w) − v̄ (w)| ≤ ̄
|u(w) − u(w)|.
1 − g2
w w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 (w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
̄
|u(w) − u(w)| ≤ ̄
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
w 1
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1 1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
− 𝜅1 ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)|d(Ξ) − ̄
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
( ) 1
𝜅1 1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 1 w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)dΞ + − ̄
2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
( ) 1
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
+ + w − wΨ1 +1 ̄
|u(Ξ) − u(Ξ)dΞ.
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
(4.14)
𝑓1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
̄
|u(w) − u(w)| ≤ |v(Ξ) − v̄ (Ξ)|dΞ + g(Ξ)dΞ
1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
𝜅1 𝑓1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1 𝑓1 1
(1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
− |v(Ξ) − v̄ (Ξ)|d(Ξ) − |v(Ξ) − v̄ (Ξ)|dΞ
1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 2(1 − g1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
( ) 1
𝑓1 𝜅1 1
(1 − Ξ)Ψ1 𝑓1 1 w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ ̄
|v(Ξ) − v(Ξ)dΞ + − |v(Ξ)
2(1 − g1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 1 − g1 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
( )
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 𝑓1 1
(1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
− v̄ (Ξ)|dΞ + + w − wΨ1 +1 |v(Ξ) − v̄ (Ξ)dΞ
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
SHAH ET AL. 17
𝑓1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 𝜅1 𝑓1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1
≤ |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ + g(Ξ)dΞ − |𝜑u (Ξ)|d(Ξ)
1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) 1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
𝑓1 1
(1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 𝜅1 𝑓1 1
(1 − Ξ)Ψ1
− |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ + |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ
2(1 − g1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) 2(1 − g1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
( ) 1
𝑓1 1 w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ − |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ
1 − g1 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
( )
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 𝑓1 1
(1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
+ + w − wΨ1 +1 |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
( w )( w )
𝑓1 (w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 w
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
≤ dΞ |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ + 𝜓dΞ
1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
( w )( w )
𝜅1 𝑓1 (w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1
− d(Ξ) |𝜑u (Ξ)|d(Ξ)
1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) ∫0
( 1 )( 1 )
𝑓1 (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
− dΞ |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ
2(1 − g1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0
( 1 )( 1 )
𝑓1 𝜅1 cu (1 − Ξ) Ψ 1
+ dΞ |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ
2(1 − g1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) ∫0
( )( 1 )( 1 )
𝑓1 1 w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ − dΞ |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ
1 − g1 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 ) ∫0
( ) ( 1 )( 1 )
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 𝑓1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
+ + w − wΨ1 +1 dΞ |𝜑u (Ξ)|dΞ
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 ) ∫0
( w )
𝑓 Cu 𝜑u (w) Ψ
(w − Ξ) 1 1 +Ω −1 w Ψ
(w − Ξ) 1 1+Ω −1
≤ 1 dΞ + 𝜓dΞ
1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
( w ) ( 1 )
𝜅1 𝑓1 Cu 𝜑u (w) (w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1 𝑓 Cu 𝜑u (w) (1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1
− d(Ξ) − 1 dΞ
1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 2(1 − g1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 )
( 1 ) ( )( 1 )
𝑓1 Cu 𝜑u (w) 𝜅1 (1 − Ξ) 1Ψ 𝑓1 Cu 𝜑u (w) 1 w Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1
+ dΞ + − dΞ
2(1 − g1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 ) 1 − g1 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 )
( ) ( 1 )
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 𝑓1 Cu 𝜑u (w) (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1
+ + w − wΨ1 +1 dΞ
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 1 − g1 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 )
𝑓1 ΞΨ1 +Ω1 Cu 𝜑u (w) ΞΨ1 +Ω1 𝜓 𝜅1 𝑓1 Cu 𝜑u (w)ΞΨ1 𝑓1 ΞΨ1 +Ω1 Cu 𝜑u (w)
≤ + − −
(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1) Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1) (1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1)
( )
𝑓1 𝜅1 ΞΨ1 Cu 𝜑u (w) 𝑓1 ΞΩ1 Cu 𝜑u (w) 1 w Ψ1
+ + −
2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 1 − g1 Γ(Ω1 + 1) 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1)
( )
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 𝑓1 ΞΩ1 −Ψ1 Cu 𝜑u (w)
+ + w − wΨ1 +1 ,
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 (1 − g1 ) Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 + 1)
which implies that

(
𝑓1 ΞΨ1 +Ω1 Cu ΞΨ1 +Ω1 𝜅1 𝑓1 Cu ΞΨ1 𝑓1 ΞΨ1 +Ω1 Cu
̄
|u(w) − u(w)| ≤ + − −
(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1) Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1) (1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1)
( )
𝑓1 𝜅1 ΞΨ1 Cu 𝑓1 ΞΩ1 Cu 1 w Ψ1
+ + −
2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 1 − g1 Γ(Ω1 + 1) 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1)
( ) )
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 𝑓1 ΞΩ1 −Ψ1
+ + w −w Ψ1 +1
(𝜑u (w) + 𝜓) ;
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 (1 − g1 ) Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 + 1)
thus,
̄
|u(w) − u(w)| ≤ C𝑓1 ,g1 ,Ω1 ,Ψ1 (𝜑u (w) + 𝜓) , (4.15)
18 SHAH ET AL.
where
𝑓1 ΞΨ1 +Ω1 Cu ΞΨ1 +Ω1 𝜅1 𝑓1 Cu ΞΨ1 𝑓1 ΞΨ1 +Ω1 Cu
C𝑓1 ,g1 ,Ω1 ,Ψ1 = + − −
(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1) Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1) (1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1)
( )
𝑓1 𝜅1 ΞΨ1 Cu 𝑓1 ΞΩ1 Cu 1 w Ψ1
+ + −
2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 1 − g1 Γ(Ω1 + 1) 4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ1 + 1)
( )
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 𝑓1 ΞΩ1 −Ψ1
+ + w −w Ψ1 +1
.
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 (1 − g1 ) Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 + 1)
In the similar manner, we get

|v(w) − v̄ (w)| ≤ C𝑓2 ,g2 ,Ω2 ,Ψ2 (𝜑v (w) + 𝜓) , (4.16)
where
𝑓2 ΞΨ2 +Ω2 Cv ΞΨ2 +Ω2 𝜅2 𝑓2 Cv ΞΨ2 𝑓2 ΞΨ2 +Ω2 Cv
C𝑓2 ,g2 ,Ω2 ,Ψ2 = + − −
(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + Ω2 + 1) Γ(Ψ2 + Ω2 + 1) (1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1) 2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + Ω2 + 1)
( )
𝑓2 𝜅2 ΞΨ2 Cv 𝑓2 ΞΩ2 Cv 1 w Ψ2
+ + −
2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1) 1 − g2 Γ(Ω2 + 1) 4Γ(Ψ2 + 1) 2Γ(Ψ2 + 1)
( )
Γ(2 − Ψ2 ) 1 − Ψ2 1 + Ψ2 Ψ2 𝑓2 ΞΩ2 −Ψ2
+ + w − wΨ2 +1 .
Γ(2 + Ψ2 ) 4 2 (1 − g2 ) Γ(Ω2 − Ψ2 + 1)
Hence, from (4.15) and (4.16), we get

̄ v̄ )| ≤ C (𝜑(w) + 𝜓) .
|(u, v) − (u,
Thus, (1.1) has US and obviously has generalized US. □

Example 4.11. Consider
⎧⎧ 3 ( 1 ) ( 3 )
⎪ ⎪  2  2 + 1 u(w) = 1  2 u(w) + cosw − v(w) − 1, 0 < w < 1,
⎪⎨ 4 10
⎪ ⎪ u(0) + u(1) = 0,  12 u(0) +  12 u(1) = 0, D2 12 u(0) + D2 12 u(1) = 0,
⎪⎩
⎨ ( ) ( )
(4.17)
⎪ ⎧  32  12 + 1 v(w) = 1  32 v(w) + cosw − u(w) − 1, 0 < w < 1,
⎪⎪ 3 10
⎪⎨ 1 1
21 21
⎪
⎪ ⎩ v(0) + v(1) = 0,  v(0) +  2 v(1) = 0, D 2 v(0) + D 2 v(1) = 0,
2
⎩
2𝑓1 |𝜅1 |𝑓1 𝑓1

M1 = + +
(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1) (1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 + 1)
|𝜅1 |𝑓1 𝑓1 𝑓1
+ + +
2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1) 2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1)Γ(Ω1 + 1) 2(1 − g1 )Γ(Ψ1 + 1)Γ(Ω1 + 1)
| Γ(2 − Ψ ) ( 3 − Ψ )| 2𝑓1 2𝑓1 Γ(2 − Ψ1 )
| 1 1 |
+| | + = 0.42644,
| Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) |
| 4 | (1 − g1 )Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 + 1) (1 − g1 )Γ(2 + Ψ1 )Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 + 1)
and
2𝑓2 2|𝜅2 |𝑓2 𝑓2
M2 = + +
(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + Ω2 + 1) (1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1) 2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + Ω2 + 1)
|𝜅2 |𝑓2 𝑓2 𝑓2
+ + +
2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1) 2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1)Γ(Ω2 + 1) 2(1 − g2 )Γ(Ψ2 + 1)Γ(Ω2 + 1)
| Γ(2 − Ψ ) ( 3 − Ψ )| 2𝑓2 2𝑓2 Γ(2 − Ψ2 )
| 2 2 |
+| | + = 0.65289,
| Γ(2 + Ψ2 ) 4 | (1 − g2 )Γ(Ω2 − Ψ2 + 1) (1 − g2 )Γ(2 + Ψ2 )Γ(Ω2 − Ψ2 + 1)
| |
and M = max{M1 , M2 } = 0.65289 < 1.

SHAH ET AL. 19
Now from (3.9), we let G: G × G → G by
3
1
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 +1 ( 1 ( 3 ) ) 1
(w − Ξ)Ψ1 −1
G(u, v(w),  2 u(w)) =  2 u(Ξ) + cosΞ − v(Ξ) − 1 × dΞ − 𝜅1 u(Ξ)dΞ
∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) 10 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
1
1
(1 − Ξ)Ψ1 +Ω1 −1 ( 1 ( 3 ) 𝜅 1
(1 − Ξ)Ψ1 −1
−  2 u(Ξ) + cosΞ − v(Ξ) dΞ + 1 u(Ξ)dΞ
2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 + Ω1 ) 10 2 ∫0 Γ(Ψ1 )
1
1
(1 − Ξ)Ω1 −1 ( 1 ( 3 ) )
+  2 u(Ξ) + cosΞ − v(Ξ) − 1 dΞ
4Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 ) 10
Ψ1 1 Ω1 −1 ( ( 3 ) )
w (1 − Ξ) 1
−  2 u(Ξ) + cosΞ − v(Ξ) − 1
2Γ(Ψ1 + 1) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 ) 10
( ) 1
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) 1 − Ψ1 1 + Ψ1 Ψ1 (1 − Ξ)Ω1 −Ψ1 −1 ( 1 ( 3 ) )
+ + w  2 u(Ξ) + cosΞ − v(Ξ) − 1 dΞ
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) 4 2 ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 ) 10
1 Ω1 −Ψ1 −1 ( ( ) )
Γ(2 − Ψ1 ) Ψ1 +1 (1 − Ξ) 1 3
− w  2 u(Ξ) + cosΞ − v(Ξ) − 1 dΞ.
Γ(2 + Ψ1 ) ∫0 Γ(Ω1 − Ψ1 ) 10
Utilization of Maple, relatively simple calculus gives that (u0 (w), v0 (w)) = (−1, 1) is a CL and US of (4.17). Thus, all
the assumptions of Theorem 3.8 hold, and thus, (4.17) has US in C[0, 1]. Furthermore, we can obtain the only one
solution of (4.17) as limn→∝ Gn (u0 , v0 ), where
( )
Gn (u0 , v0 ) = G Gn−1 (u0 , v0 ), Gn−1 (v0 , u0 ) .
Utilizing simple calculus and Maple, we get

√ 3
G(u0 , v0 ) = −0.33544 − 0.50000w2 + 0.10000 cos(w) − 0.43755 w + 0.61057w 2 ,
√ 3
G(v0 , u0 ) = 0.24440 − 0.50000t2 − 0.10000 cos(w) + 0.28631 w + 0.72274w 2 .
The interesting point is that (Gn (u0 , v0 ), Gn (v0 , u0 )) , n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … serve as an approximation to unique coupled
FP of G of increasing accuracy as n →∝ . Also, we can obtain the unique solution of (4.17) from Theorem 2.12 as
u∗ = limn→∝ Gn (u0 , v0 ) = limn→∝ Gn (v0 , u0 ).
M = max{M1 , M2 } < 1.
Hence by utilizing Theorem 3.8, system (4.17) has only one solution. Furthermore, Theorem 3.9 conditions are
satisfied and so system (4.17) has US and generalized US. Moreover, it can be easily checked that Theorem 4.10
conditions hold, and thus, system (4.17) has US and consequently generalized US.
5 CO N C LU S I O N
This paper is about existence, uniqueness and stability analysis of solutions for an anti-periodic boundary value problem
of switched CS of NL implicit fractional Es. First of all, equivalence of this problem is established and corresponding
integral equation by applying fractional calculus tools and FP problem is defined. By utilizing Coupled FP theorems
for mixed monotone mappings E Ss of these equations are obtained and to discuss different US types, Banach's FP
theorem is used. We have a simple approach because of its applicability in different real world problems. An example is
presented at the end for the illustration and verification of our main results. It is concluded that US types stabilities in
the domain of fuzzy nonlinear difference equations with impulses [20] can be useful for future work in this area.
AU THOR CONTRIBUTIONS
All the authors contributed equally and significantly in writing this paper. All the authors read and approved the final
manuscript.
20 SHAH ET AL.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

The authors declare that they have no competing interest regarding this research work.
ORCID
Syed Omar Shah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7261-6934
Rizwan Rizwan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6187-210X
Yonghui Xia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8918-3509
Akbar Zada https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2556-2806
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How to cite this article: S. O. Shah, R. Rizwan, Y. Xia, and A. Zada, Existence, uniqueness, and stability analysis
of fractional Langevin equations with anti-periodic boundary conditions, Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. (2023), 1–21, DOI
10.1002/mma.9539.

Math Methods in App Sciences - 2023 - Shah

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Received: 14 March 2023 Revised: 10 June 2023 Accepted: 24 June 2023

Existence, uniqueness, and stability analysis of fractional

Syed Omar Shah1 Rizwan Rizwan2 Yonghui Xia1 Akbar Zada3

Communicated by: A. Debbouche K E Y WO R D S

⎧ { Ω1 (Ψ1 + 𝜅1 )u(w) = 𝑓1 (w, v(w), Ω1 u(w)), 0 ≤ w ≤ 1, 0 < Ψ1 ≤ 1, 1 < Ω1 ≤ 2,

CD of fractional order 𝓁 for 𝑓 is

Hilfer FD of order 0 ≤ ℏ ≤ 1 and 0 < 𝓁 < 1 of 𝑓 (ℵ) is

D𝓁,ℏ 𝑓 (ℵ) = (I ℏ(1−𝓁) D(I (1−ℏ)(1−𝓁) ( 𝑓 ))(ℵ).

Hilfer FD has the role of interpolator between RL and CD.

D𝓁,ℏ 𝑓 (x) = (I ℏ(1−𝓁) D(I (1−ℏ)(1−𝓁) 𝑓 )(x)) = I ℏ(1−𝓁) D𝜗 𝑓 (x), 𝜗 = 𝓁 + ℏ − 𝓁ℏ.

(b) If ℏ = 0, then D𝓁,ℏ = D𝓁,0 is RL FD.

𝑓 (x) = c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 + · · · + cm−1 xm−1 ,

where ci ∈ ℜ, i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, … , m − 1 & m = [𝓁] + 1.

Lemma 2.4 (Kilbas et al. [2]). For 𝓁 > 0, we have

where ci ∈ ℜ, i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, … , m − 1 & m = [𝓁] + 1.

Lemma 2.5. Let Ψ, Ω ≥ 0, if u is continuous, then I Ψ I Ω u = I Ψ+Ω u.

Lemma 2.6. Let Ψ ≥ 0, if u is continuous, then Ψ I Ψ u = u.

u(w) = C0 + C1 w + C2 w2 + · · · + Cn−1 wn−1 , where Ci ∈ ℜ, i = 1, 2, … , n.

Definition 2.9. (u, v) ∈ V × V is coupled FP of G if

G(u, v) = u, and G(v, u) = v.

If ∃ u0 , v0 ∈ V ∋ u − 0 ≼ G(u − 0, v − 0) and v − 0 ≽ G(v − 0, u − 0), then G has a coupled FP (u∗ , v∗ ) in V × V.

We have the following results in addition to Theorem 2.10 hypothesis.

then G has only one coupled FP (u∗ , v∗ ).

Lemma 3.2. u(w) is a solution of

Now by Lemma 2.7, we have

(Ψ1 + 𝜅1 )u(w) − I Ω1 𝑓1 (w, v(w), Ω1 u(w)) = c1 + c2 w,

The general form of problem (3.1), by applying Lemma 2.7, becomes

By the substitution of c0 , c1 , c2 in (3.2), we get the the required solution. □

3.1 Investigation in the case 𝜅1 ≥ 0

(H3 ) For 𝜑x ∈ C( J, ℜ+ ) ∃ Cx > 0 ∋

M = max{M1 , M2 } < 1, (3.4)

̄ v)(w) = T1 u(w) − T1 w2 (w),

Here, the following notions are used for convenience

u(w) ∶= 𝑓1 (w, v(w), DΩ1 u(w)) ∶= 𝑓1 (w, v(w), u(w)),

Putting (3.6) in (3.5), we obtain

Similarly, we can get

un = G(un−1 , vn−1 ), vn = G(vn−1 , un−1 ), n = 1, 2, … , (3.9)

and both converge to u∗ in C[0, 1].

3.2 Investigation in the case 𝜅1 < 0

Definition 3.7. (u0 , v0 ) ∈ G × G is said to be CL and US of (1.1) if

u0 (w) ≤ T3 u0 (w) − T4 v0 (w),

M = max{M1 , M2 } < 1, (3.10)

then it has a unique solution in G.

Let 𝜑 ∶ J → ℜ+ be a continuous function and 𝜀 > 0. Suppose

̄ v̄ )(w)| ≤ 𝜙𝑓 ,i,q,𝜎 𝜀, w ∈ [0, 1].

̄ v̄ )(w)| ≤ C𝑓 ,i,q,𝜎,𝜑 𝜀(𝜑(w) + 𝜓), w ∈ [0, 1].

̄ v̄ )(w)| ≤ C𝑓 ,i,q,𝜎,𝜑 (𝜑(w) + 𝜓), w ∈ [0, 1].

Remark 4.6. (u, v) ∈ C[0, 1] × C[0, 1] satisfies (4.1) ⇔ ∃ g ∈ C[0, 1], ∋

(a) |g(w)| ≤ 𝜀u or |g(w)| ≤ 𝜀v ;

Remark 4.7. (u, v) ∈ C[0, 1] × C[0, 1] satisfies (4.2) ⇔ ∃ g ∈ C[0, 1], ∋

(a) |g(w)| ≤ 𝜑(w);

By Lemma 3.2, we have

Since ū satisfies inequality (4.1), so by Remark 4.6, we have

Obviously, the solution of (4.8) will be

u(w) ∶= 𝑓1 (w, v(w), u(w)) ∶= 𝑓1 (w, v(w), Ω1 u(w)),

which implies that

In the same manner, we get

Hence, from (4.12) and (4.11), we get

From Theorem 3.9, we get

which implies that

which implies that

In the similar manner, we get

Hence, from (4.15) and (4.16), we get

Thus, (1.1) has US and obviously has generalized US. □