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Manakov model of coupled NLS equation and its optical soliton solutions

Article  in  Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science · March 2022

DOI: 10.1016/j.joes.2022.03.005

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 Manakov model of coupled NLS equation and its optical soliton solutions

Journal Pre-proof

Manakov model of coupled NLS equation and its optical soliton

solutions

Esra Unal Yilmaz, Farid Samsami Khodad, Yesim Saglam Ozkan,

Reza Abazari, A.E. Abouelregal, Mayssam Tarighi Shaayesteh,
Hadi Rezazadeh, Hijaz Ahmad

PII: S2468-0133(22)00054-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2022.03.005
Reference: JOES 328

To appear in: Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science

Received date: 20 June 2021

Revised date: 7 March 2022
Accepted date: 7 March 2022

Please cite this article as: Esra Unal Yilmaz, Farid Samsami Khodad, Yesim Saglam Ozkan,
Reza Abazari, A.E. Abouelregal, Mayssam Tarighi Shaayesteh, Hadi Rezazadeh, Hijaz Ahmad, Man-
akov model of coupled NLS equation and its optical soliton solutions, Journal of Ocean Engineering
and Science (2022), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2022.03.005

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 Highlights
• Construction of optical soliton solutions Manakov model of coupled non-
linear Schrodinger equation
• Applications of extended auxiliary equation methods
• Hyperbolic, complex trigonometric, trigonometric and rational solutions

• 3D, contour and 2D graphics for the solutions

1
Manakov model of coupled NLS equation and its optical soliton solutions
Esra Unal Yilmaza , Farid Samsami Khodadb , Yesim Saglam Ozkanc , Reza Abazarid , A. E. Abouelregale,f ,
Mayssam Tarighi Shaayestehg , Hadi Rezazadehh , Hijaz Ahmadi,j,∗

Abstract
In the field of maritime transport, motion and energy, the dynamics of deep-sea waves is one of the major
problems in ocean science. A mathematical modeling of dynamics of solitary waves in deep sea under the two-layer
stratification leads to NLS equation, and consequently, the interaction two of them can be formulated by coupled
NLS equation. In this work, extended auxiliary equation and the exp(−$(χ))-expansion methods are employed
to make the optical solutions of the Manakov model of coupled NLS equation. The methods used in this paper,
in addition to providing the analysis of individual wave solutions, also provide general optical solutions. Some
previously known solutions can be obtained by some special selections of parameters obtained by solving systems of
algebraic equations. At this stage, it is more practical and convenient to apply methods with a symbolic calculation
system.
Keywords: Manakov model, Extended auxiliary equation method, Optical solutions, Solitons.

1 Introduction
One of the main problems in oceanography is the study of inward waves dynamics [1] as a specific model of physical
movements that occurs within fluids. The results of these studies are directly related to the issue of maritime transport,
instantaneous motion and energy, as well as to the navy and engineering. The mathematical modeling of dynamics of
inward waves in ocean leads to various forms of nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs). Historically, the famous KdV
equation was the first model developed by Korteweg and De Vries to explain the diffusion of low-amplitude inward
waves in shallow water [2, 3]; however, this equation for long-amplitude inward waves will not be practical. To overcome
this deficiency, especially for deep sea inward waves, Benjamin [4] and Ono [5] obtained Benjamin-Ono equation. In
[6], Kubota et al. presented the intermediate long wave (ILW) equation for propagating weak nonlinear inward waves
in stratified fluids of limited depth. In [7], Choi and Camassa obtained a form of equation that controls the evolution
of inward waves at the interface between two immiscible inviscid fluids. However, in order to more accurately model
the inner ocean waves in terms of two-layer stratification, [8] Song et al. proposed the Schrödinger nonlinear equation
(NLSE), and as a result, the interaction of the two could be formulated by coupled NLSE. Therefore, finding accurate
NLSE solutions and their coupled models will have a significant impact on the behavior of inward ocean waves and
their interactions, respectively. It can be said that the solutions of these equations give more insight into the physical
aspects of oceanic inward waves as well as the designated ocean science problems.
On the other hand, a great result that eliminates the divergence and propagation of radiative wave conduction
is the nonlinear change in the refractive index of the medium, which is associated with the propagation of a strong
electromagnetic wave. Due to the nonlinear change in the refractive index of the medium, it is possible to have wave
packets in which the propagation of the wave occurs without any deformation in the wave envelop and are stationary
in time [9]. Various people have worked on this type of phenomenon, such as Zakharov and Shabbat [10], who have
proposed a theory for waves of the same polarity everywhere in two-dimensional geometry. The following two items
can be considered as main features of their work:

a) A part of entered radiation to the medium is divided to a certain number of channels;

b) Each channel has a definite direction and their intensity decreases exponentially with increasing distance from
its axis.

Manakov in [9] generalized the theory of proposed by Zhakharov and Shabat [10] to the case of waves of arbitrary
polarization. He showed that when a wave with varying polarization enter into the nonlinear medium, it is separate into
various beams with radiations of constant polarization. This case is known as polarization filter. An important result
that Markov achieved in [9] relates to self-focused two-dimensional waves due to the one-dimensional self-modulation
of the electromagnetic wave with arbitrary polarization. During the collision of latter waves, their velocities and
amplitudes remained unchanged, but their polarizations do changed. Consequently, the mentioned electromagnetic
waves can be considered as a soliton.
The mathematical modeling of the above statements phenomena was done by Manakov in [9] as an integrable
coupled NLSE of Manakov type

iΩt + a1 Ωxx + b1 (|Ω|2 + |Π|2 )Ω = 0,

(1)
iΠt + a2 Πxx + b2 (|Π|2 + |Ω|2 )Π = 0.

1
where Π and Ω are slowly varying envelops of the two interacting polarized waves and ai and bi , i = 1, 2 are positive
parameters. The term rogue or freak wave has long been used in marine science for waves that are much high and
deeper than would be expected for the sea state [11]. Rogue waves detected only seconds before strike a ship, which
can be seen in both shallow waters and oceans, are very dangerous [12]. These waves occur not only in the oceans
[13], but also in the atmosphere [14], optics [15] and so on. The dynamics of rogue waves are well formulated by the
NLSE. One of these models is the Manakov model of coupled NLS equation. Many studies have been done on rogue
waves for this equation [16, 17, 18, 19].
Various effective approaches for obtaining exact solution of equations arising from modeling real-world problems
have been successfully applied by scientists in recent years [20]-[53]. These methods are also applied for finding the
solitary wave solutions of system (1). Due to the balance between nonlinearity and dispersion, solitary wave solutions
are stable localized waves that propagate without amplitude attenuation and deformation in a nonlinear environment
[54, 55]. In the study [56], it was revealed that the peak of a solitary wave is weakly affected by the unsmooth boundary.
The control of energy exchange of Manakov vector-soliton collision is studied in [57]. Radhakrishnan and Lakshmanan
using the results of Painleve analysis obtained the bright and dark N-soliton solutions of the Manakov model (1) in [58].
In [59] Buryak et. al studied the interaction between dark and bright solitary wave solutions of model (1). In addition,
by considering the analytical solution of the system (1), in [60], Balancer and Pare investigated some conditions for
soliton switching and energy coupling in the case of equal cross- and self-phase modulation effects. Recently, in [61]
and [62], Yildirim applied the experimental equation method and the modified simple equation method, respectively,
to obtain the soliton optical molecules of Manakov model (1).
In this paper, our first interest is applying the extended auxiliary equation (EAE) and exp(−$(χ))-expansion
methods to emphasis its power in treatment nonlinear equations. These methods can be implemented on many of
nonlinear models with various types of nonlinearity. The next interest is in the determination of solitary wave solutions
of Manakov model (1) using present methods. These powerful and efficient methods have not been applied before to
obtain the model solutions we study in this article.

2 Governing equation
In this section, we consider the Manakov model [57, 61, 62, 18, 19, 63]

iΩt + a1 Ωxx + b1 (|Ω|2 + |Π|2 )Ω = 0,

(2)
iΠt + a2 Πxx + b2 (|Π|2 + |Ω|2 )Π = 0.

and studied soliton molecules or pulses with Manakov model [61, 62]. For this purpose, we use the following complex
valued functions
Ω(x, t) = P1 (χ)eiϕ(x,t) , and Π(x, t) = P2 (χ)eiϕ(x,t) , (3)
with the wave transformation
χ = x − ρt, and ϕ(x, t) = −kι x + wι t + ζι . (4)
where ϕ(x, t), Pι (χ) are the phase and amplitude component functions,respectively. In the last equation, the parameter
kι describes the soliton frequency, wι is its wave number while ζι is the phase center. Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq.
(2), for ι = 1, 2 and ι̃ = 3 − ι, the imaginary equation is as follows:

ρ = −2aι kι , (5)

and the real part is as follows:

d2

aι 2
Pι − aι kι2 + wι Pι + bι Pι3 + bι Pι Pι˜2 = 0, (6)
dχ
With Pι = Pι̃ , above equation is collapsed into

d2

aι Pι − aι kι2 + wι Pι + 2 bι Pι3 = 0. (7)
dχ2
d2
By balancing dχ2 Pι and Pι3 , the balance number can be found.

3 Mathematical analysis of the Manakov model

The exact solutions of Eq. (2) are established by the help of the EAE method [64] and exp(−$(χ))-expansion method
[66, 67, 68].

2
3.1 The solution of Eq. (1.1) using the EAE method
We will use the EAE method to solve Eq. (2). With the effect of balancing principle applied to Eq. (7), we have
2
u(χ) = n0 + n1 Π (χ) + n2 (Π (χ)) (8)

Inserting Eq. (8) into Eq. (7) and equating all the coefficients of same power of F i to zero, respectively, we have

2 bι n32 + 8 aι n2 m6 = 0,
3 aι n1 m6 + 6 bι n1 n22 = 0,
6 bι n21 n2 + 6 bι n0 n22 + 6 aι n2 m4 = 0,
2 aι n1 m4 + 12 bι n0 n1 n2 + 2 bι n31 = 0, (9)
−aι kι2 n2 − wι n2 + 6 bι n0 n21 + 6 bι n20 n2 + 4 aι n2 m2 = 0,
aι n1 m2 − aι kι2 n1 − wι n1 + 6 bι n20 n1 = 0,
−wι n0 + 2 bι n30 − aι kι2 n0 + 2 aι n2 m0 = 0.

Above equations (9) yield the following set of coefficients for the solutions.

n0 wι − 2 bι n20 + aι kι2 aι kι2 + wι − 6 bι n20 bι n 0 n 2 bι n22
m0 = , m2 = , m4 = − , m6 = − , n0 = n0 , n1 = 0. (10)
2aι n2 4aι aι 4aι

From (10) and (4), we obtain that Eq. (2) has the Jacobi elliptic function (JEF) solutions:
 r 
b1 n 0 n 2 a1 −1 −1
Ω(x, t) = n0 sn −4 χa m exp (i(−k1 x + w1 t + ζ1 )), (11)
2 b1 n22 1
 r 
b2 n 0 n 2 a2 −1 −1
Π(x, t) = n0 sn −4 χa m exp (i(−k2 x + w2 t + ζ2 )), (12)
2 b2 n22 2
or
  r −1
b1 n0 n2 a1 −1 −1
Ω(x, t) = n0 m−1 sn −4 χa m exp (i(−k1 x + w1 t + ζ1 )), (13)
2 b1 n22 1
  r −1
−1 b2 n 0 n 2 a2 −1 −1
Π(x, t) = n0 m sn −4 χa m exp (i(−k2 x + w2 t + ζ2 )), (14)
2 b2 n22 2
−m2 b n 2 +m2 a k
ι 0 ι ι ι 0
2
−b n 2
where wι = − m2 .
From (10) and (4), the JEF solutions are
 r 
b1 n 0 n 2 a1 −1
Ω(x, t) = n0 msn −4 χa1 exp (i(−k1 x + w1 t + ζ1 )), (15)
2 b1 n22
 r 
b2 n0 n2 a2 −1
Π(x, t) = n0 msn −4 χa 2 exp (i(−k2 x + w2 t + ζ2 )), (16)
2 b2 n22
or
  r −1
b1 n0 n2 a1 −1
Ω(x, t) = n0 sn −4 χa 1 exp (i(−k1 x + w1 t + ζ1 )), (17)
2 b1 n22
  r −1
b2 n0 n2 a2 −1
Π(x, t) = n0 sn −4 χa 2 exp (i(−k2 x + w2 t + ζ2 )), (18)
2 b2 n22
where wι = bι n02 − aι kι2 + bι n0 2 m2 .

From (10) and (4) we conclude that Eq. (2) possess the JEF solutions:
 r 
b1 n0 n2 √ a1 −1 −1
Ω(x, t) = −n0 cn 4 χa 1 m exp (i(−k1 x + w1 t + ζ1 )), (19)
2 b1 n22
 r 
b2 n 0 n 2 √ a2 −1 −1
Π(x, t) = −n0 cn 4 χa2 m exp (i(−k2 x + w2 t + ζ2 )), (20)
2 b2 n22
or

3
  
√ √ q
1 − m2 sn 12 b1 n0 n2 4 b1an1 2 χa−1
1 m −1
2
Ω(x, t) = −n0  q  exp (i(−k1 x + w1 t + ζ1 )), (21)
√
dn 12 b1 n0 n2 4 b1an1 2 χa−1
1 m −1
2
 
√ √ q
1 − m2 sn 12 b2 n0 n2 4 b2an2 2 χa−1
2 m −1
2
Π(x, t) = −n0  q  exp (i(−k2 x + w2 t + ζ2 )), (22)
√
dn 12 b2 n0 n2 4 b2an2 2 χa−1
2 m−1
2

2
−2 m bι n02 +m2 aι kι2 +bι n02
where wι = − m2 .

From (10) and (4), the solutions of Eq. (2) are

 r 
b1 n 0 n 2 a1 −1 1
Ω(x, t) = −n0 dn −4 2 2
χa 1 √ exp (i(−k1 x + w1 t + ζ1 )), (23)
2 b1 n2 (−1 + m ) 1 − m2
 r 
b2 n0 n2 a2 −1 1
Π(x, t) = −n0 dn −4 χa √ exp (i(−k2 x + w2 t + ζ2 )), (24)
2 b2 n22 (−1 + m2 ) 2 1 − m2
or
  r−1
b1 n 0 n 2
a1 −1
Ω(x, t) = −n0 dn −4 χa exp (i(−k1 x + w1 t + ζ1 )), (25)
b1 n22 (−1 + m2 ) 1
2
  r −1
b2 n0 n2 a2 −1
Π(x, t) = −n0 dn −4 χa 2 exp (i(−k2 x + w2 t + ζ2 )), (26)
2 b2 n22 (−1 + m2 )
−bι n02 m2 +2 bι n02 +aι kι2 m2 −aι kι2
where wι = − m2 −1 .

From (10) and (4), the solutions are:

  r −1
b1 n 0 n 2 a1 −1
Ω(x, t) = −n0 cn −4 χa exp (i(−k1 x + w1 t + ζ1 )), (27)
2 b1 n22 (1 − m2 ) 1
  r −1
b2 n0 n2 a2 −1
Π(x, t) = −n0 cn −4 χa exp (i(−k2 x + w2 t + ζ2 )), (28)
2 b2 n22 (1 − m2 ) 2
or
 q 
b1 n0 n2 a1 −1
dn 2 −4 b1 n2 (1−m2 ) χa1
2
Ω(x, t) = n0  q  exp (i(−k1 x + w1 t + ζ1 )), (29)
√ −1
1 − m2 sn b1 n20 n2 −4 b1 n2 (1−m
a1
2 ) χa1
2
 q 
b2 n0 n2 a2 −1
dn 2 −4 b2 n2 (1−m2 ) χa2
2
Π(x, t) = n0  q  exp (i(−k2 x + w2 t + ζ2 )), (30)
√ −1
1 − m2 sn b2 n20 n2 a2
−4 b2 n2 (1−m 2 ) χa2
2

−2 bι n02 m2 +bι n02 +aι kι2 m2 −aι kι2

where wι = − m2 −1 .

From (10) and (4), solutions of Eq. (2) are:

 r 
b1 n0 n2 √ a2 −1
Ω(x, t) = −n0 dn 4 χa 2 exp (i(−k1 x + w1 t + ζ1 )), (31)
2 bι n22
 r 
b2 n0 n2 √ a2 −1
Π(x, t) = −n0 dn 4 χa exp (i(−k2 x + w2 t + ζ2 )), (32)
2 bι n22 2
or
 p r −1
b1 n0 n2 √ a2 −1
Ω(x, t) = −n0 1 − m2 dn 4 χa exp (i(−k1 x + w1 t + ζ1 )), (33)
2 bι n22 2
p   r −1
2
b2 n0 n2 √ a2 −1
Π(x, t) = −n0 1 − m dn 4 χa exp (i(−k2 x + w2 t + ζ2 )), (34)
2 bι n22 2
where wι = 2 bι n02 − aι kι2 − bι n02 m2 .

4
3.2 The solution of Eq. (1.1) using the exp(−$(χ))-expansion method
In this section, the exp(−$(χ))-expansion method is used to get the solutions of Eq. (2). Using homogeneous principle,
balancing u00 and u3 , we have 3m = m + 2, m = 1. Therefore, the solution can be given as

u(χ) = n0 + n1 exp(−w(χ)), (35)

where n1 6= 0, n0 is constant. By placing Eq. (35) and its derivatives in Eq. (7), and also by setting the different
power factors of exp(−$(χ)) equal to zero, we will have:

2aι n1 + 2bι n1 3 = 0,
2 3
−aι kι n0 + aι n1 µλ − wι n0 + 2bι n0 = 0,
−aι kι 2 n1 + 2aι n1 µ + aι n1 λ2 + 6bι n0 2 n1 − wι n1 = 0, (36)
3aι n1 λ + 6bι n0 n1 2 = 0.

The algebraic equations system gives the following set of coefficients for the solutions:
1 aι 1

n0 = n1 λ, n1 = n1 , aι = aι , bι = − 2 , kι = kι , µ = µ, wι = − aι 2 kι2 + λ2 − 4 µ , λ = λ. (37)
2 n1 2
From (37) and (4), the solution is obtained as follows:
 p  p  
1 1
2
2 n1 λ + 2 λ n1 λ2 − 4 µ tanh 21 (x + 2 a1 k1 t) λ2 − 4 µ − 2 n1 µ
Ω(x, t) =  p p (38)
λ + tanh 12 λ2 − 4 µ (x + 2 a1 k1 t) λ2 − 4 µ
2
+2 k12 −4 µ)t+ζ1 )
×ei(−k1 x− 2 a1 (λ
1

 p  p  
1 1
2 n1 λ2 + 2 λ n1λ2 − 4 µ tanh 12 λ2 − 4 µ (x + 2 a2 k2 t) − 2 n1 µ
Π(x, t) =  p p (39)
λ + tanh 21 λ2 − 4 µ (x + 2 a2 k2 t) λ2 − 4 µ
2
+2 k22 −4 µ)t+ζ2 )
×ei(−k2 x− 2 a2 (λ
1

From (37) and (4), we obtain

 p  p  
− 12 n1 λ2 + 12 n1 λ −λ2 + 4 µ tan 12 −λ2 + 4 µ (x + 2 a1 k1 t) + 2 n1 µ
Ω(x, t) =  p p (40)
−λ + tan 12 −λ2 + 4 µ (x + 2 a1 k1 t) −λ2 + 4 µ
2
+2 k12 −4 µ)t+ζ1 )
×ei(−k1 x− 2 a1 (λ
1

 p  p  
− 12 n1 λ2 + 1
2 −λ2 + 4 µ tan 12 (x + 2 a2 k2 t) −λ2 + 4 µ + 2 n1 µ
λn1
Π(x, t) =  p p (41)
−λ + tan 12 −λ2 + 4 µ (x + 2 a2 k2 t) −λ2 + 4 µ
2
+2 k22 −4 µ)t+ζ2 )
×ei(−k2 x− 2 a2 (λ
1

From (37) and (4), we get,

n1 λ 2 2
ei(−k1 x− 2 a1 (λ +2 k1 −4 µ)t+ζ1 )
1
Ω(x, t) = (42)
λ (x + 2 a1 k1 t) + 2
n1 λ 2 2
ei(−k2 x− 2 a2 (λ +2 k2 −4 µ)t+ζ2 )
1
Π(x, t) = (43)
λ (x + 2 a2 k2 t) + 2
From (37) and (4), we get,
1


n1 λ eλ (x+2 a1 k1 t) + 21 n1 λ 2
+2 k12 −4 µ)t+ζ1 )
ei(−k1 x− 2 a1 (λ
1
2
Ω(x, t) = (44)
eλ (x+2 a1 k1 t) − 1
1


n1 λ eλ (x+2 a2 k2 t) + 21 n1 λ 2
+2 k22 −4 µ)t+ζ2 )
ei(−k2 x− 2 a2 (λ
1
2
Π(x, t) = (45)
eλ (x+2 a2 k2 t) − 1
From (37) and (4), the solutions are
n1 2
Ω(x, t) = ei(−k1 x−a1 k1 t+ζ1 ) (46)
x + 2 a1 k 1 t
n1 2
Π(x, t) = ei(−k2 x−a2 k2 t+ζ2 ) (47)
x + 2 a2 k 2 t

5
4 Graphical Demonstration
To find exact solutions to the governing equations, we successfully used exp(−w(χ)) and the developed auxiliary
equation methods. Our figures show 3D surface diagrams and 2D-contour graphics show the obtained solutions. In
this study, a variety of traveling waves solutions, periodic-like solutions, soliton-like solution are obtained through the
trigonometric and exponential solutions.

Fig.1.1:Profile of |Ω|2 (38) for n1 = 2, Fig.1.2: Profile of |Π|2 (39) for n1 = 2,

k1 = 3, a1 = 0.2, ζ1 = 7, λ = 4, µ = 1, k2 = −1, a2 = 5, ζ2 = 2, , λ = 5, µ = 2,
y = z = 0. y = z = 0.

Fig.1.3:2D-profile of |Ω|2 (38) for t = 0.1, Fig.1.4: 2D-profile of |Π|2 (39) for t = 0.1,
within−5 ≤ x ≤ 5. within −5 ≤ x ≤ 5.

6
Fig. 2.1:Profile of |Ω|2 (40) for n1 = 1, Fig. 2.2: Profile of |Π|2 (41) for n1 = 2,
k1 = 4, a1 = 0.5, ζ1 = 3, µ = 4, λ = 2, k2 = 1, a2 = 4, ζ2 = 2, µ = 4, λ = 1,
y = z = 0. y = z = 0.

Fig.2.3:2D-profile of |Ω|2 (40) for t = 0.5, Fig.2.4: 2D-profile of |Π|2 (41) for t = 0.5,
within−5 ≤ x ≤ 5. within −5 ≤ x ≤ 5.

7
Fig.3.1:Profile of |Ω|2 (42) for n1 = 2, Fig.3.2: Profile of |Π|2 (43) for n1 = 2,
k1 = 3, a1 = 0.1, ζ1 = 5, λ = 2, µ = 1, k2 = 5, a2 = 3, ζ2 = 5, λ = 2, µ = 1,
y=z=0. y = z = 0.

Fig.3.3:2D-profile of |Ω|2 (42) for t = 0.6, Fig.3.4: 2D-profile of |Π|2 (43) for t = 0.6,
within−5 ≤ x ≤ 5 within −5 ≤ x ≤ 5

8
 Fig.4.1:Profile of |Ω|2 (44) for n1 = 1, Fig.4.2: Profile of |Π|2 (45) for n1 = 2,
k1 = 5, a1 = 0.8, ζ1 = 1, λ = 5, µ = 0, k2 = 2, a2 = 1, ζ2 = 2, λ = 6, µ = 0,
y = z = 0. y = z = 0.

Fig.4.3:2D-profile of |Ω|2 (44) for t = 0.8, Fig.4.4: 2D-profile of |Π|2 (45) for t = 0.8,
within−5 ≤ x ≤ 5. within −5 ≤ x ≤ 5.

9
 Fig.5.1:Profile of |Ω|2 (46) for n1 = −1, Fig.5.2: Profile of |Π|2 (47) for n1 = 2,
k1 = 5, a1 = 0.8, ζ1 = 3, λ = 0, µ = 0, k2 = 1, a2 = 5, ζ2 = 2, λ = 0, µ = 0,
y = z = 0. y = z = 0.

Fig.5.3:2D-profile of |Ω|2 (46) for t = 0.7, Fig.5.4: 2D-profile of |Π|2 (47) for t = 0.7,
within−5 ≤ x ≤ 5. within −5 ≤ x ≤ 5.

5 Conclusion
In this paper, we find the new solutions of the Jacobi elliptic equation and the exact solutions of Eq. (2). In the present
article, using the EAE method and the exp(−$(χ))-expansion method, we have obtained. With the help of Maple,
the methods applied in this paper provide a powerful mathematical tool for finding accurate general solutions to a
large number of NLPDEs or NLSEs in mathematical physics. To obtain Manakov model optical solitons, experimental
equations and simple modified equations have been applied in [61] and [62]. The methods applied in this paper provide
additional new solutions in addition to the solutions obtained by the experimental equation and the modified simple
equation methods, and also, in theory, to accurately select the parameters, some of our solutions coincides with the
solutions available in [61, 62]. Moreover, we plotted 3D and 2D plots for some of our obtained solutions for more
dynamical properties. We get three forms of solitary wave solutions and Figs. 1.1-5.4 show that very obviously for these
models. Fig. 1.1 and 1.2 show hyperbolic function solutions by setting suitable values of physical parameters. Figs.
2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2 and 5.2 present multi-soliton solutions. Fig. 3.1 and 3.2 demonstrate rational function solutions. Fig.
5.1 shows single soliton solutions. As known, solitary waves and solitons are the specic types of localized solutions of
several nonlinear physical models. By substituting the results within the original equation, we show that all solutions
enrich the original equation. We wish this paper to contribute to future research and have different applications in
the fields of modern optics and engineering.

10
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a
Department of Mathematics, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
b
Faculty of Engineering Technology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
c
Department of Mathematics, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
d
Department of Mathematics and Applications, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
e
Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Arts, Al-Qurayat, Jouf University, Saudi Arabia
f
Basic Sciences Research Unit, Jouf University.
g
Amir Kabir University, Tehran, Iran
h
Faculty of Engineering Technology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
i
Mathematics in Applied Sciences and Engineering Research Group,
Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Nasiriyah 64001, Iraq
j
Section of Mathematics, International Telematic University Uninettuno,
Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 39,00186 Roma, Italy
E-mail:hijaz555@gmail.com ∗ Corresponding author

14
eclaration of Conflict of Interest

Declaration of interests

☐ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships
that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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