Journal Pre-proof

Significance of Knudsen number and corrugation on EMHD flow under

metallic nanoparticles impact

M. Rashid, I. Shahzadi, S. Nadeem

PII: S0378-4371(19)32249-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.124089
Reference: PHYSA 124089

To appear in: Physica A

Received date : 7 May 2019

Revised date : 20 September 2019

Please cite this article as: M. Rashid, I. Shahzadi and S. Nadeem, Significance of Knudsen number
and corrugation on EMHD flow under metallic nanoparticles impact, Physica A (2020), doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.124089.

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© 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.

 Journal Pre-proof

Signi…cance of knudsen number and corrugation on

EMHD ‡ow under metallic nanoparticles impact
M. Rashid1 I.Shahzadi and S. Nadeem
Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University 45320, Islamabad 44000 Pakistan.

Abstract:

of
The impacts of surface wavy roughness on the viscous ‡uid ‡ow inside microchannel
through corrugated walls is examined. The Navier–Stokes equations are simpli…ed by utiliz-

p ro
ing perturbation technique with incorporated microscopic slip conditions at the wavy wall.
The present investigation depends on the assumptions that the corrugations are periodic
sinusoidal waves of small amplitude The considered examination involves the e¤ect electro-
magnetohydrodynamic on the characteristics of the nano‡uid through the corrugated walls
e-
under the impact of nanoparticle by considering an appropriate mathematical model. The
governing equations are understood by applying the strategy of perturbation, we have as-
sessed analytical solutions for the velocity, temperature and volume ‡ow rate. Examination
Pr
is introduced by considering water as the base ‡uid and copper as the nanoparticles in the
presence of convective boundary condition. E¤ect of related parameters on velocity, temper-
ature and Nusselt number are interpreted graphically.
Keywords: Cu-nanoparticles, Electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD), Corrugated walls,
al

Convective boundary, Micro-channels.

urn

1 Introduction
In vertical channels, the mixed convection has gained extensive signi…cance to upgrade the
systems of cooling in engineering. This incorporates present day heat exchangers, atomic
reactors, sun based cells and numerous other electronic gadgets. Buoyancy forces are re-
Jo

sponsible for such types of ‡ows. Heat transfer analysis in the presence of mixed convection
is of extensive signi…cance because of its applications in self-cooled or independently cooled
‡uid metal covers, cooling frameworks for electronic gadgets, sun based vitality accumula-
tion and synthetic procedures. Utilization of nanoparticles as intends to upgrade the ‡ow of
heat in low thermal conductivity liquids has turned out to be a novel procedure. Expansion
of nanoparticles has demonstrated to encourage the heat exchange marvels by improving
1
Corresponding author:madhiarashid@math.qau.edu.pk

1
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the warm conductivity of low warm conductivity liquids e.g. water, motor oil and so forth.
Directly the nano‡uids are to a great extent utilized in medical, designing and electrical pro-
cedures. Such liquids discover applications in cryosurgery, hyperthermia, current medication
conveyance frameworks, warming and cooling frameworks, batteries of electronic gadgets,
and so forth. Wide advantages of nano‡uids has made ready for another science de…ned as

of
nano‡uid mechanics. The art of nano‡uids mechanics has increased signi…cant considera-
tion of propelled analysts from everywhere throughout the world. The nanotechnology was
…rst presented by Choi et al.[1]. Later on, Akbar et al. [2] explore the e¤ect of metallic

p ro
nanoparticles on viscous ‡uid in an asymmetric channel. Noreen et al. [3] discussed the
e¤ect of MHD on nano‡uid through ‡exible tube. Ellahi et al. [4] examined the volume of
‡uid model to simulate the nano‡uid ‡ow. Shagufta et al. [5; 6] examined the magnetic …eld
e¤ect on blood ‡ow with stenosis. Iqbal et al. [7] researched the unsteady transport of MHD
e-
mixed convection inspired by thermal radiation and partial slip performance. The exact
solutions are computed for the reduced systems of equations. Nadeem et al. [8] examined
Pr
the two phase nano‡uid in a curved channel. Ellahi et al. [9] explored the impacts of MHD
on the ‡ow of non-Newtonian nano‡uid in a pipe. Malik et al. [10; 11] discussed the MHD
e¤ect on nano‡uids through a plate. Noreen et al. [12] examined the heat transfer analy-
sis with temperature-dependent viscosity nano ‡uid over heated tube. Nanoparticles with
exclusive properties have earned much consideration from analysts and broad examinations
al

explore the bene…ts of nanotechnology in di¤erent applications available in literature such

as [13 14].
urn

Micro‡uidic transport put together lab-with respect to a-chip has enormously impacted
numerous …eld of biomedical and biochemical procedures, power devices, physical molecule
detachment and exchanger of heat. Micro‡uidic can be appeared as micropumps impelled by
pressure, magnetohydrodynamic (MHDs), electromagnetohydrodynamic pumps (EMHD),
electroosmosis siphons, etc. when driving force is divided. This paper shows the EMHD
Jo

micro‡uid stream in micropumps. The EMHD micropump is driven by Lorenz constrain,

which is created by association of electric ‡ows forced over a channel loaded up with electri-
cally leading ‡uids with a vertical attractive …eld. For the most part, the attractive …eld can
be delivered by a lasting magnet or electromagnet. The possibility of EMHD micropumps
has been exhibited by utilizing both direct ‡ow and rotating ‡ow electric and attractive
…elds. The EMHD micropump has turned into an imperative research …eld in micro‡uidic

2
 Journal Pre-proof

frameworks because of its numerous points of interest, for example, stream control in ‡uidic
systems, liquid siphoning, liquid mixing and blending, ‡uid chromatography, microcoolers
and heat reactors such as [15]. The topic of EMHD micropumps has pulled much attention
now a days. Sundaravadivelu and Tso [16] explored the electromagnetic …elds impact on the
surface tension driven ‡ow in microchannel. Ayesha et al. [17] investigated a videographic

of
assessment of ferro‡uid during magnetic drug targeting. Cuevas and Rivero [18] discussed
the numerical and analytical calculations for the impact of electromagnetic …elds to analyze
the wall slippage in micropumps. Ellahi et al. [19] discussed the comparative study on

p ro
magnetic and non-magnetic particles in nano‡uid propagating over a wedge.
All the previously mentioned investigations based on a smooth microchannel but rough-
nesses are always present during manufacture procedure and the adsorption of macromole-
cules [20]. Wang and Phan-Thien [21] examined the Stokes’ ‡ow among two corrugated
e-
plates. The impact of wall corrugations at Darcy–Brinkman ‡ow for both longitudinal
and transverse investigated by Ng and Wang [22]. Bujurke and Kudenatti [23] examined
Pr
the squeeze …lm behavior of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) between irregular rectangular
plates. Noreen et al. [24] discussed the nano‡uid e¤ects in a channel. Akbarzadeh et
al. [25] discussed the convection of heat in two-phase model by corrugated absorber plates.
Buren et al. [26] discussed the wall roughnesses e¤ects on EMHD ‡ow corresponding to the
corrugations of wall in micro parallel channel. Si and Jian [27] explored EMHD ‡ow for
al

Je¤rey ‡uids by two parallel microchannels between corrugated walls. Shagufta et al. [28]
examined the slip e¤ects on walls of stenosed arteries. Rashid et al. [29] deliberated the
urn

corrugated consequence on EMHD ‡ow under porous medium. Malik et al. [30] investigated
the e¤ects of nano‡uids over the stretching sheet. Kwang analyzed the e¤ect of Small–
Knudsen-Number Flow with slip ‡ow in an annulus with corrugated walls[31; 32]: Ellahi et
al. [33] discussed the convective heat transfer ‡ow in a porous medium over wavy surface.
By keeping these views at hands, this examination explore the impact of metallic nanopar-
Jo

ticle and knudsen number for the ‡ow of nano‡uid through microchannels with corrugation
impact. In section 2, the EMHD equations of nano ‡uid subjected to wavy boundary con-
ditions are derived and the approximate solution of the velocity, temperature and Nusselt
number are achieved by using the perturbation method. In section 3, the impact of the
non-dimensional parameters on velocity , temperature and Nusselt number are analyzed.
Furthermore, the impact of various parameters are illustrated through graphs. Then con-

3
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clusions are presented in section 4.

2 Mathematical Formulation
Let us examined the EMHD ‡ow of an incompressible Je¤rey ‡uid with nanoparticle between

of
two corrugated walls of height 2H. The microchannel height is taken 100 m and 0:1H is
taken amplitude of corrugated wall. The wall surfaces are describe by

p ro
yu =H + "H sin ( x ) and yl = H "H sin ( x + ); (1)

where is the wave length and " is small amplitude. The Lorenz force J~ B
~ is generated
~ and electric …eld E
by the interaction between magnetic …eld B ~ , where J~ = (E
~ +~u ~ )
B
symbolizes the current density.
e-
Pr
al
urn
Jo

Fig:1: . Geometrical sketch.

The formulated problem for nano‡uid temperature and conservation of mass, momentum
can be written as [14]

~ = 0;
ru (2)
4
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@~
u
nf + nf (~
u :r ) u
~ = r p+r + nf B (E B w ) + g( )nf (T Tl ); (3)
@t

DT
( Cp )nf = r :knf r T + Q0 (T Tl ); (4)
Dt

of
where T shows the temperature, Q0 is heat absorption constant, nf is de…ned the
nano‡uid viscosity, knf is thermal conductivity, nf be the density, nf is thermal expansion

p ro
coe¢ cient and ( Cp )nf shows heat capacitance.

f knf
nf = ; nf ; = = (1 ) f + s;
(1 )2:5 ( Cp )nf nf
( )nf = (1 )( )f + ( )s ; ( Cp )nf = (1 )( Cp )f + ( Cp )s ;
e-
knf (ks + 2kf ) 2 (kf ks ) nf ( fs 1)
= ; =1+ s , (5)
kf (ks + 2kf ) + (kf ks ) f ( f + 1) ( fs 1)
Pr
where f is density, f is the viscosity, is the thermal expansion coe¢ cient, ( Cp )f be
the heat capacitance, kf is the thermal conductivity, s be the density, f is the thermal
expansion coe¢ cient, ( Cp )s shows heat capacitance, ks represents the thermal conductivity
and nano‡uid volume fraction is .
Adopt the z component of velocity will be retained and the continuity equation is inde-
al

pendent of z .The momentum and temperature equations rearranged as

urn

@w @p @ @ @
nf = + x z + y z + z z + nf B (E B w ) + g( )nf (T Tl );
@t @z @x @x @z
(6)

@T @2T @2T
( Cp )nf = knf + + Q0 (T Tl ): (7)
@t @x 2 @y 2
Jo

Then

@w @p @2w @2w
nf = + nf ( + )+ nf B (E B w ) + g( )nf (T Tl ): (8)
@t @z @x 2 @y 2

5
 Journal Pre-proof

The boundary conditions are written as:

w (x ; yu ) = Kn dw
dn
at yu = H + "H sin ( x )
w (x ; yl ) = Kn dw
dn
at yl = H "H sin ( x + )
: (9)
T (x ; yu ) = Tu (x ; y ) at yu = H + "H sin ( x )
knf @T
@y
= B(T Tl ) at yl = H "H sin ( x + )

of
We assumed that ‡uid is incompressible and only taken in z direction. Channel is open
in z direction so ignored the pressure gradient in microchannel [34; 35] and the velocity

p ro
satis…es

@w @2w @2w
nf = nf ( + )+ nf B (E B w ) + g( )nf (T Tl ): (10)
@t @x 2 @y 2
Velocity, electric …eld and temperature in EMHD ‡ow are express in periodical forms as
e-
~ ; y )ei!t g; E = RfE0 ei!t g; T = RfT (x ; y )ei!t g:
w = Rfw(x (11)
Pr
Using Eq. (11) into Eqs. (7) and (10), we get

@ 2 w~ @ 2 w~ 2
i nf ! w
~= nf + + nf B E0 nf B w~ + g( )nf (T Tl ); (12)
@x 2 @y 2
al

@2T @2T Q0
T !i = nf + + (T Tl ): (13)
@x 2 @y 2 ( Cp )nf
urn

The dimensionless form of momentum and temperature equations as

@2w @2w f nf nf f nf f ( )nf

+ Ha2 + Re i w + Ha + Gr = 0; (14)
@x2 @y 2 nf f f nf f nf ( )f
Jo

@2 @2 kf f
2
+ 2
+ Pr i (S + ) = 0: (15)
@x @y knf nf

Now non-dimensional quantities are

2
(x ;y ) w~ f !H
(x; y) = H
; = H; w = H!
; Re = ;
f
1 1
f 2 f 2 !H 2 (16)
Ha = B H ; = E0 =!; Pr = f
;
f f
g( )f H(Tu Tl ) T Tl Tl Q0 H 2
Gr = !
; = Tu Tl
; S= (Tu Tl )
; = kf
:

6
 Journal Pre-proof

On the boundary, we expand w(x; y) in the following form as suggested by [31; 32]

dy 2 dw
w(x; y) = w(x; y) + "dywy (x; y) + "2 ( wyy (x; y))::: = Kn : (17)
2 dn
dw
Thus, on the upper wall and lower walls dn
is de…ned as

of
dw 5(yu 1 " sin ( x))
= 5w
dn j5(yu 1 " sin ( x))j
1
2
= (1 + "2 cos2 ( x)) 2 (wy " cos( x)wx ); (18)

p ro
dw 5(yl + 1 + " sin ( x + ))
= 5w
dn j5(yl + 1 + " sin ( x + ))j
1
2
= (1 + "2 cos2 ( x + )) 2 (wy " cos( x + )wx ): (19)
e-
and
Pr
= 1 at yu = 1 + " sin ( x)
@ Bi
+ knf = 0 at yl = 1 " sin ( x + ): (20)
@y ( )
kf

3 Solution of the problem

al

By using regular perturbation technique in above equations, we may de…ne

urn

w (x; y) = w0 (y) + "w1 (x; y) + "2 w2 (x; y) + :::

(x; y) = 0 (y) + " 1 (x; y) + "2 2 (x; y) + ::: (21)

3.1 Zero order system

Jo

The zeroth order system of equations and corresponding boundary conditions are,

d2 0 kf f
2
+ 0 Pr i (S + 0) = 0; (22)
dy knf nf

d2 w0 f nf nf f nf f ( )nf
Ha2 + Re i w0 + Ha + Gr 0 = 0; (23)
dy 2 nf f f nf f nf ( )f

7
 Journal Pre-proof

d 0 Bi
0 = 1 at y = 1; + knf 0 = 0 at y = 1; (32)
dy ( kf )
dw0 dw0
w0 Kn = 0 at y = 1, w0 Kn = 0 at y = 1: (33)
dy dy

of
3.2 First order system

The …rst order system of equations and corresponding boundary conditions are,

p ro
@2 1 @2 1 kf f
2
+ 2
+ 1 Pr i 1 = 0; (34)
@x @y knf nf

@ 2 w1 @ 2 w1 f nf nf f nf f ( )nf
+ Ha2 + Re i w1 + Ha + Gr 1 = 0;
@x2 @y 2 f
e- f ( )f
nf f nf nf
(35)
Pr
d 0
1 + sin( x) dy
= 0 at y = 1
@ 1 d2 Bi
(36)
@y
+ sin( x + ) dy20 + k ( 1 + sin( x + ) 0 ) = 0 at y = 1;
( knf )
f

2
w1 + 2 sin( x) dw Kn (2 sin( x) ddyw20 + @w1
cos( x) dwdy0x ) = 0 at y = 1
al

0
dy @y
2
w1 + 2 sin( x + ) dw
dy
0
Kn (2 sin( x ) ddyw20 + @w1
@y
cos( x ) dwdy0x ) = 0 at y = 1:
(37)
urn

3.3 Second order system

The second order system of equations and corresponding boundary conditions are,

@2 2 @2 2 kf f
+ + Pr i = 0; (38)
Jo

2 2 2 2
@x @y knf nf

@ 2 w2 @ 2 w2 f nf nf f ( )nf
+ Ha2 + Re i w2 + Gr 2 = 0; (39)
@x2 @y 2 nf f f nf ( )f

2
2 + sin( x) @@y1 + 41 (1 cos(2 x)) ddy20 = 0 at y = 1
@2 2 2 3 Bi
@y 2
+ sin( x + ) @@y21 + 14 (1 cos(2 x + 2 )) ddy30 + knf (40)
( kf
)

( 2 + sin( x + ) 1 + 41 (1 cos(2 x + 2 )) 0 ) = 0 at y = 1;

8
 Journal Pre-proof

2 2 3
w2 + 2 sin( x) @w
@y
1
+ (1 cos(2 x)) ddyw20 Kn ( @w
@y
2
+ 2 sin( x) @@yw21 + (1 cos(2 x)) ddyw30
2 2
2 cos( x) sin( x) @@x@y
w0
cos( x) @w
@x
1 1
4
(1 + cos(2 x)) dw
dy
0
) = 0 at y = 1
2 2
w2 + 2 sin( x + ) @w
@y
1
+ (1 cos(2 x + 2 )) ddyw20 Kn ( @w
@y
2
+ 2 sin( x + ) @@yw21 +
3 2
(1 cos(2 x + 2 )) ddyw30 2 cos( x + ) sin( x + ) @@x@y
w0
cos( x + ) @w 1 (41)

of
@x
2
1
4
(1 + cos(2 x + 2 )) dw
dy
0
) = 0 at y = 1:

The solution of …rst order system can be computed by using the following expressions

p ro
1 (x; y) = sin ( x) f (y) + cos( x)g(y); (42)

w1 (x; y) = sin ( x) h (y) + cos( x)k(y):

e- (43)

Using Eqs. (42) and (43) into Eqs. (34) and (35) and boundary conditions Eqs. (36) and
(37); we get
Pr
d2 f (y) 2 kf f
[ + Pr i ]f (y) ; (44)
dy 2 knf nf

d2 g (y) 2 kf f
[ + Pr i ]g (y) ; (45)
dy 2 knf nf

d2 h (y) 2 f nf nf ( )nf
( h(y)) (( Ha2 + Re i)h (y) Gr f (y)) = 0; (46)
al

dy 2 nf f f ( )f
d2 k (y) 2 f nf nf ( )nf
( k(y)) (( Ha2 + Re i)k (y) Gr g (y)) = 0; (47)
dy 2 nf f f ( )f
urn

d 0 df d2 0 Bi
f (y) + = 0aty = 1; + cos + k
(f (y) + 0 cos )aty = 1; (48)
dy dy dy 2 ( knff )

dg d2 0 Bi
Jo

g(y) = 0 at y = 1; + sin 2
+ knf (g(y) + 0 sin ) at y = 1: (49)
dy dy ( kf )

The solution of second order system can be evaluated by using the expressions of the
form

2 (x; y) = l (y) + sin(2 x)m(y) + cos (2 x) n (y) ; (50)

w2 (x; y) = p (y) + sin(2 x)q(y) + cos (2 x) r (y) : (51)

9
 Journal Pre-proof

Invoking Eqs. (50) and (51) into Eqs. (38) and (39) and boundary conditions Eqs. (40)
and (41), we get the following di¤erential equations

d2 l (y) kf f
+ ( Pr i)l(y) = 0; (52)
dy 2 knf

of
nf

d2 m (y) 2 kf f
(4 + Pr i)m (y) = 0; (53)
dy 2 knf nf

p ro
d2 n (y) 2 kf f
(4 + Pr i)n (y) = 0; (54)
dy 2 knf nf

d2 p (y) f nf nf ( )nf
(( Ha2 + Re i)p (y) Gr l (y)) = 0; (55)
dy 2 nf f f ( )f
d2 q (y) f nf nf ( )nf
( 4 2 q(y)) (( Ha2 + Re i)q (y) Gr m (y)) = 0; (56)
dy 2 ( )f
nf f
e- f

d2 r (y) f nf nf ( )nf
( 4 2 r(y)) (( Ha2 + Re i)r (y) Gr n (y)) = 0; (57)
dy 2 nf f f ( )f
Pr

1 df 1 d2 0
l(y) + ( + ) = 0 at y = 1
2 dy 2 dy 2
d2 l cos d2 f sin d2 g 1 d3 0 Bi
dy 2
+ 2 dy 2
+ 2 dy 2
+ 4 dy3
+ knf (l(y)+
( )
kf (58)
al

cos sin 1
2
f (y) + 2
g(y) + 4 0
) at y = 1;
urn

1 dg
m(y) + = 0 at y = 1
2 dy
d2 m cos d2 g sin d2 f sin 2 d3 0 Bi
dy 2
+ 2 dy 2
+ 2 dy 2
+ 4 dy3
+ knf (m(y)+
( )
kf (59)
cos sin sin 2
2
g(y) + 2
f (y) + 4 0) at y = 1;
Jo

1 df 1 d2 0
n(y) ( + ) = 0 at y = 1
2 dy 2 dy 2
d2 n cos d2 f sin d2 g cos 2 d3 0 Bi
dy 2 2 dy 2
+ 2 dy 2 4 dy3
+ knf (n(y)
( )
kf (60)
cos sin cos 2
2
f (y) + 2
g(y) 4 0) at y = 1;

10
 Journal Pre-proof

2
d2 w0 dh d3 w0 d2 h dp 1 dw0
p(y) + 2
Kn ( 3 2
+ (h(y) + ) = 0 at y = 1
dy dy dy dy dy 2 2 dy
d2 w0 dh dk d3 w0 d2 h d2 k dp
p(y) + + cos + sin K n ( + cos + sin +
dy 2 dy dy dy3 dy 2 dy 2 dy
2
dw0
( + cos h(y) + sin k(y))=0 at y = 1; (61)

of
2 dy

2
dk d2 k dq

p ro
q(y) + Kn ( 2 + + k(y)) = 0 at y = 1
dy dy dy 2
d2 w0 dk dh d3 w0 d2 k
q(y) + sin 2 + cos + sin K n (sin 2 + cos +
dy 2 dy dy dy3 dy 2
2
d2 h dq dw0
sin + + (sin 2 + cos k(y) + sin h(y))=0 at y = 1; (62)
dy 2 dy 2 dy
e-
2
d2 w0dh d3 w0 d2 h dr 1 dw0
r(y) Kn ( + (h(y) + ) = 0 at y = 1
Pr
dy 2dy dy 3 dy 2 dy 2 2 dy
d2 w0 dh dk d3 w0 d2 h
r(y) cos 2 cos + sin K n ( cos 2 cos +
dy 2 dy dy dy3 dy 2
2
d2 k dr dw0
sin + (cos 2 + cos h(y) sin k(y))=0 at y = 1: (63)
dy 2 dy 2 dy
al

The approximate temperature solution can be obtained as

urn

(x; y) = 0 (y) + " 1 (x; y) + "2 2 (x; y) + ::: (64)

The approximate velocity solution can be expressed as

w (x; y) = w0 (y) + "w1 (x; y) + "2 w2 (x; y) + ::: (65)

Jo

4 Heat transfer rate

We can determine the Nusselt number depicting the strength of convective heat exchange.
The Nusselt number is de…ned as follows [35]

Hqw
Nu = ; (66)
kf (Tu Tl )
11
 Journal Pre-proof

On upper and lower walls we de…ned

@T @T
qw = knf jy =yu ; qw = knf jy =yl ; (67)
@y @y
From Eqs. (66) and (67), the Nusselt number can be expressed as

of
knf @ knf @
Nu = jy=yu ; N u = jy=yl : (68)
kf @y kf @y

T able1:Thermophysical properties of ‡uid and nanoparticle

p ro
Physical Properties Water Copper
Cp (J=kgK) 4179 385
(kg=m3 ) 997.1 8933
k(W=mK) 0.613 400
10 5
(1=K)
e- 21.0 1.67
(S=m) 5.0 10-2 5.96 107
(kg=m:see) 8.90 10-4 -
Pr

5 Volume Flow rate

Volume ‡ow rate per unit width of the channel is
al

R 1+" sin( x) R 1
1 " sin( x)
w(x; y)dy = 1 " sin( x) w(x; y)dy+
q(x) = R1 R 1+" sin( x) (69)
1
w(x; y)dy + 1
w(x; y)dy
urn

Substituting (65) into (69) expanded by using the Taylor series the integrals results in
variable x and the third order term is neglecting, …nally volume ‡ow rate can be written as:

R1 R1
1
w0 (y)dy + " 1 w1 (x; y)dy+
2 R1
w (x; y)dy
1 2
6
Jo

q(x) = 6 : (70)
2
" 6 + sin( x) [w1 (x; y) jy=1 +w1 (x; y) jy= 1 ]
4
1
2
sin2 ( x) dwdy
0 (y)
jy=1 dwdy
0 (y)
jy= 1

5.1 Mean velocity

On average over the one wavelength (0; 2 = ) of the corrugations,thus we de…ned mean
velocity as:

12
 Journal Pre-proof

R 1+" sin( x) R2
1 " sin( x) 0
w(x; y)dxdy
wm = : (71)
2 2 =
Inserting (3:62) into (3:66) and using (3:64) and (3:65), the mean velocity is:

R2
4 0
q(x)dx
wm = ; (72)

of
= w0m [1 + "2 ' + O("4 )]
where

p ro
1
8
(3b1 (B1 B2 ) cosh(b1 ) + 4(D1 + D2 ) cosh(b2 ) + (5b1 (B1 + B2 ) + 81 (F1 + F2 )
2
sinh(b1 ))=b1 + (((4(C1 + C2) cosh(a2 )s2 f f) + ((3a1 (A1 A2 ) cosh(a1 )s2 f (a2
'=
2 2
)s4 s1 f) f) + (1=a1 )((5a21 (A1 + A2 ) + 8(E1 + E2)) sinh(a1 )2 2
f (a2 )s4
2 2
s1 f ) f ))=(a1 s4 f s1 ))=((( a22 )s4 + s1 f )( )f )
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(73)
' indicates the leading order perturbations to a mean velocity due to the corrugations.
Pr

6 Discussion and Results

In the previous portion, velocity,temperature and Nusselt number have been determined and
results is demonstrated graphically to explore the ‡ow parallel to the wall corrugations. To
al

analyze the impacts of corrugations on the electromagnetically driven ‡ow, the accompa-
nying typical parametric values are utilized. For micro‡uidic examination, half height of
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channel is H~100 m, the conditions of domain set with physical properties of the water
density ~103 kgm 3 , the electrical conductivity ~2:2 10 4
106 Sm 1
and the viscosity
~10 3 kgm 1 s 1 .If range of magnetic …eld is the O(B )~0:018 0:44, the valued of order of
Hartmann number O(Ha) using Ha = B H( = )1=2 is from 0:0001 to 3. The frequency of
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1
electric …eld O(!) change from the 50 to 500s and range of the frequency is 0 1 104 s 1 .
The Reynolds number order O(Re) change from the 0:5 to 5 and the dimensionless parameter
is …xed value i.e. = 5.

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6.1 E¤ect of wall roughness on 3D velocity and contour distrib-

utions

The three-dimensional velocity and contour distributions for various Kn and Bi when = 0;
= 2
and = are shown in Figs. 2 7. In microchannel, the wall roughness can cause
changes in the velocity distribution. In Figs. (2) and (5), the phase di¤erence is equal to

of
0 between the two walls. In Figs.(3) and (6), the phase di¤erence is equal to 90 and in
Figs.(4) and (7), the phase di¤erence is equal to 180 between the two walls. From the Figs.

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(2) to (7), we …nd that the velocity distribution dependent on the shape of channel.

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a b
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c d

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Figs. 2(a; b; c; d); 3D Velocity distribution and contour when Kn = 0:05 and Kn = 0:1 in
phase (i.e. = 0).

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a
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Pr
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c d

Figs. 3(a; b; c; d); 3D Velocity distribution and contour when Kn = 0:05 and Kn = 0:1
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when = 2.

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a e- p ro b
Pr
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c d
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Figs. 4(a; b; c; d); 3D Velocity distribution and contour when Kn = 0:05 and Kn = 0:1 out
of phase (i.e. = ).
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a e- p ro b
Pr
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c d
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Figs. 5(a; b; c; d); 3D Velocity distribution and contour when Bi = 4:0 and Bi = 8:0 in
phase (i.e. = 0).
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a e- p ro b
Pr
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c d
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Figs. 6(a; b; c; d); 3D Velocity distribution and contour when Bi = 4:0 and Bi = 8:0 when
= 2.
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a e- p ro b
Pr
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c d
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Figs. 7(a; b; c; d); 3D Velocity distribution and contour when Bi = 4:0 and Bi = 8:0 out of
phase (i.e. = ).
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6.2 E¤ect of wall roughness on velocity

The 2D variations of the EMHD velocity ! for various Gr, ; Kn ; Pr Bi ; ; Re and Ha

at the point x = 0:5 and y = 0 are shown in the Figs. (8) to (15) when we take " = 0:1
and = 5. Fig. (8) demonstrate that the velocity w increase for various values of Grashof
number as a result of decreasing in viscosity with increasing Gr. Fig. (9) illustrates the
small impact of on the EMHD velocity. Figs. 10 shows that the velocity w increase in the
portion [ 1; 0] and decrease in the portion [0; 1] with increasing value of Kn . Fig. (11) shows
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that the velocity of Bi on the EMHD velocity. Fig. (12) show that the velocity w decrease
for di¤erent values of Pr : Figs. (13) shows that the velocity w decrease for di¤erent values
of the heat absorption coe¢ cient . Fig. (14) show that the velocity w for di¤erent values
of Reynolds number Re, with increasing Reynolds number Re the velocity ! decrease. The
reason is that the rapid oscillation of velocity with small amplitudes for the larger Re. Fig.

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(15) shows that the velocity w increase for di¤erent values of Ha.

e- p ro
Pr

8 9
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Figs. (8; 9) , 2D Velocity pro…le for distinct values of Gr and :

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10
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Figs. (10; 11), 2D Velocity pro…le for distinct values of Kn and Bi :

Pr
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12 13

Figs. (12; 13), 2D Velocity pro…le for distinct values of P r and :

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14
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Figs. (14; 15), 2D Velocity pro…le for distinct values of Re and Ha:
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6.3 E¤ect of wall roughness on temperature

The 2D variations of the EMHD temperature for various , Pr, ; and Bi at the point
x = 0:5 and y = 0 are shown in the Figs. (16) to (19) when we take " = 0:1 and = 5. Fig.
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(16) depicted that pro…le of temperature increases when the heat absorption coe¢ cient are
increase. Fig. (17) shows that pro…le of temperature decreases when the Prandtl number P r
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are increase. Fig. (18) depicts the e¤ect of nanoparticle volume fraction on temperature
pro…le. By enlarges the nanoparticle volume fraction temperature shows decreasing e¤ect.
Increasing nanoparticles volume fraction the thermal conductivity enhances due to heat
transfer rate decreases. Fig. (19) shows that pro…le of temperature increases when the Bi
are increase.
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φ=0.1 Pr=0.5
0.8 0.8
φ=0.5 Pr=0.9

φ=0.9 Pr=1.5

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0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4
θ

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0.2 0.2

0 0

-0.2 -0.2
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
y y

16 17
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Figs. (16; 17); 2D Temperature pro…le for distinct values of and P r:
Pr

Φ=0.01 B =2.0
0.8 i
0.8
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Φ=0.06 B =5.0
i

0.6 B =9.0
0.6 Φ=0.2 i

0.4
0.4
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θ

0.2
0.2

0
0

-0.2
-0.2

-0.4
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
y y
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18 19

Figs. (18; 19); 2D Temperature pro…le for distinct values of and Bi :

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7 Tables Description
knf 0 knf 0
In this section, the impact of Nusselt number N u= kf
(yu ) and N u= kf
(yl )on EMHD
‡ow of Je¤rey ‡uid discussed in microchannel through corrugated walls. This section ex-
pressed the behavior of Biot number Bi ; heat absorption coe¢ cient and Prandtl number
P r on the Nusselt number N u: Table 2 demonstrate that the Nusselt number N u increase

of
with the increasing value of x at upper wall while and the Nusselt number N u decrease with
the increasing value of x at lower wall furthermore increasing the Nusselt number N u with

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the raise of the Biot number Bi on both walls.

T able : 2 E¤ect of Biot number Bi on Nusselt number N u:

At upper wall At lower wall
x Bi = 5 Bi = 7 Bi = 9 Bi = 2 Bi = 5 Bi = 7
e-
0 0:562202 0:386915 0:345996 0:889901 0:781847 0:749193
0:1 0:559438 0:385261 0:344604 0:887708 0:780493 0:748051
Pr
0:2 0:556704 0:38362 0:343221 0:885537 0:779148 0:746914
0:3 0:554003 0:381993 0:341849 0:883388 0:777815 0:745784
0:4 0:551337 0:380383 0:340489 0:881265 0:776493 0:744662
0:5 0:548708 0:378791 0:339141 0:879168 0:775183 0:743548
0:6 0:546117 0:377217 0:337808 0:877099 0:773888 0:742444
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0:7 0:543567 0:375663 0:33649 0:875061 0:772608 0:74135

0:8 0:541059 0:374131 0:335188 0:873053 0:771343 0:740267
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0:9 0:538596 0:37262 0:333904 0:871079 0:770096 0:739197

1 0:536178 0:371134 0:332638 0:869138 0:768867 0:738141

Table 3 shows that the Nusselt number N u increase with the increasing value of x on
both walls and also increase with the increment in the value of heat absorption coe¢ cient
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on the upper and lower walls. Table 4 shows that the Nusselt number N u increase with the
increasing value of x and also decrease with the increment in the value of Prandtl number
P r.

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T able : 3 E¤ect of heat absorption coe¢ cient on Nusselt number N u:

At upper wall At lower wall
x = 0:1 = 0:9 = 1:6 = 0:1 = 0:9 = 1:6
0 0:743465 0:231042 0:36601 -0:686083 0:944968 1:31213
0:1 0:741777 0:228228 0:370825 0:684466 0:943724 1:31183

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0:2 0:740108 0:225435 0:37562 0:682865 0:942485 1:31153
0:3 0:738457 0:222665 0:380391 0:681282 0:941252 1:31121
0:4 0:736827 0:219919 0:385132 0:679718 0:940027 1:31088

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0:5 0:735218 0:217202 0:389841 0:678174 0:938811 1:31054
0:6 0:733631 0:214514 0:394512 0:676652 0:937604 1:31019
0:7 0:732069 0:211859 0:399142 0:675153 0:936408 1:30983
0:8 0:730531 0:209237 0:403726 0:673677 0:935223 1:30947
e-
0:8 0:72902 0:206652 0:408259 0:672226 0:934052 1:30909
1 0:727536 0:204106 0:412739 0:670801 0:932894 1:30871
Pr

T able : 4 E¤ect of Prandtl number P r on Nusselt number N u:

At upper wall At lower wall
x Pr = 0:7 Pr = 1:4 Pr = 2:0 Pr = 0:7 Pr = 1:4 Pr = 2:0
0 0:202748 0:583935 0:967906 0:789329 0:559082 0:319657
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0:1 0:200841 0:584461 0:969994 0:787639 0:556282 0:31611

0:2 0:198953 0:585007 0:972089 0:785964 0:55352 0:312636
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0:3 0:197088 0:585571 0:974186 0:784303 0:550799 0:309237

0:4 0:195245 0:586153 0:976284 0:782659 0:54812 0:305917
0:5 0:193427 0:586752 0:978381 0:781032 0:545486 0:302677
0:6 0:191636 0:587366 0:980473 0:779426 0:5429 0:29952
0:7 0:189871 0:587994 0:98256 0:77784 0:540363 0:296448
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0:8 0:188134 0:588636 0:984638 0:776276 0:537878 0:293463

0:9 0:186428 0:589289 0:986706 0:774735 0:535446 0:290567
1 0:184752 0:589952 0:988759 0:773219 0:533069 0:287761

In this section, the e¤ect of Volume ‡ow rate ' on Grashof number Gr, Knudsen num-
ber Kn ; nanoparticle volume fraction explain through the table in microchannel through
corrugated walls with variation of hartmann number Ha. Table 5 demonstrate that by the

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increasing value of Ha, Grashof number Gr and Knudsen number Kn the Volume ‡ow rate '
increase while the Volume ‡ow rate ' increase with the increasing value of Ha but decrease
with the increasing value of nanoparticle volume fraction .

T able : 5 E¤ect of Grashof number Gr, Knudsen number Kn ; Nanoparticle

volume fraction ; on mean velocity ':

of
Ha Gr = 0:1 Gr = 0:6 Kn = 0:07 Kn = 0:1 = 0:01 = 0:09
0 0:0728856 0:437313 0:437313 0:459048 0:473643 0:383185

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0:1 0:414823 0:77926 0:77926 0:850018 0:797492 0:708564
0:2 0:753043 1:11751 1:11751 1:23761 1:11768 1:0302
0:3 1:08406 1:44858 1:44858 1:61855 1:43059 1:34466;
0:4 1:40484 1:76943 1:76943 1:98997 1:73305 1:6489
0:5 1:71294 2:07758 2:07758 2:34952 2:02252 1:94047
e-
0:6 2:00659 2:37123 2:37123 2:69554 2:29712 2:21756
0:7 2:28475 2:64926 2:64926 3:02696 2:55571 2:47901
Pr
0:8 2:54703 2:91121 2:91121 3:3434 2:79784 2:72433
0:9 2:79364 3:15719 3:15719 3:64499 3:02363 2:9536
1 3:02524 3:38781 3:38781 3:93237 3:23372 3:16739
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8 Deduction
The impact of copper nanoparticles on EMHD ‡ow through corrugated walls in microchannel
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is discussed. The main observations from this theoretical analysis is concise as follows,
The velocity and temperature distribution depend upon the shape of the channel.
Velocity pro…le increases with the increasing values of Gr;.Bi and Ha:
The velocity pro…le decline with rising value of Kn in inner half of channel and rise in
outer half of channel.
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Increase in Reynolds number Re and heat absorption coe¢ cient ;nanoparticles and
Prandtl number P r the velocity pro…le decreases.
The pro…le of temperature decreases with volumetric concentration of nanoparticles
and Prandtl number P r.
The pro…le of temperature increases with the heat absorption coe¢ cient and Biot
number Bi :

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Nusselt number N u increases with Biot number Bi and heat absorption coe¢ cient :
Nusselt number N u decreases with with the increasing values of Prandtl number P r:
Volume ‡ow rate ' increase by the increasing value of Ha, Grashof number Gr and
Knudsen number Kn while decrease with the increasing value of nanoparticle volume fraction
.

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Highlights
 Velocity and temperature profiles depend upon the shape of the channel.
 Inner half of channel velocity profile decline and rise in outer half of channel for

knudsen number.
 Wave phenomenon becomes obvious with increases the corrugation.

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Pr
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