energies
Article
Energy and Temperature-Dependent Viscosity Analysis on
Magnetized Eyring-Powell Fluid Oscillatory Flow in a
Porous Channel
Meng Yang 1 , Munawwar Ali Abbas 2,3,4, * and Wissam Sadiq Khudair 5






Citation: Yang, M.; Abbas, M.A.;
Khudair, W.S. Energy and
Temperature-Dependent Viscosity
Analysis on Magnetized
Eyring-Powell Fluid Oscillatory Flow
in a Porous Channel. Energies 2021,
14, 7829. https://doi.org/10.3390/
en14237829
Academic Editor: Adrian Ilinca
Received: 14 October 2021
Accepted: 15 November 2021
Published: 23 November 2021
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
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Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
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This article is an open access article
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Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
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4.0/).
Energies 2021, 14, 7829. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237829
1 Department of Control Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China;
13stek_young@tongji.edu.cn
2 Shanghai Automotive Wind Tunnel Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
3 Shanghai Key Lab of Vehicle Aerodynamics and Vehicle Thermal Management Systems,
Shanghai 201804, China
4 Department of Mathematics, University of Baltistan, Skardu 16200, Pakistan
5 Directorate of Education Babylon, Ministry of Education, Babylon 51014, Iraq; wissamhsse12@gmail.com
* Correspondence: munawer.abbas@uobs.edu.pk
Abstract: In this research, we studied the impact of temperature dependent viscosity and thermal
radiation on Eyring Powell fluid with porous channels. The dimensionless equations were solved
using the perturbation technique using the Weissenberg number (ε  1) to obtain clear formulas
for the velocity field. All of the solutions for the physical parameters of the Reynolds number (Re),
magnetic parameter (M), Darcy parameter (Da) and Prandtl number (Pr) were discussed through
their different values. As shown in the plots the two-dimensional and three-dimensional graphical
results of the velocity profile against various pertinent parameters have been illustrated with physical
reasons. The results revealed that the temperature distribution increases for higher Prandtl and
thermal radiation values. Such findings are beneficial in the field of engineering sciences.
Keywords: Eyring-Powell fluid; porous channel; magnetohydrodynamic (MHD); temperature de-
pendent viscosity; perturbation technique
1. Introduction
In recent years, the mathematical and numerical simulation of non-Newtonian fluids
has received particular attention from the research community. The analysis of such
fluids has been intensively researched over the past decades due to their wide range
of industrial applications in field such as petroleum engineering, energy engineering
and food technology, etc. The most important non-Newtonian fluids include Eyring
Powell fluid, nano fluid, Walters B fluid, and micropolar fluid, etc. [1,2]. Among the
non-Newtonian fluids, Eyring Powell fluid has special rheological characteristics that
make it preferable over other non-Newtonian fluids. High and low shear Eyring Powell
fluid behaves similarly to Newtonian fluid. The Eyring Powell rights [3] are derived
from the kinetic theory of gases, but not from the empirical relationship of the power
law model. Extensive research on Eyring Powell fluid has been conducted due to its
wide range of applications in businesses and industries. For example, Hina et al. [4]
examined the thermophoric diffusion of Powell-Eyring fluid to a curved channel. In view
of this, Longo et al. [5] studied non-Newtonian flow with gravity effects of the power
law in an axially symmetric permeable medium. Similarly, Jalil, M., S. Asghar, and S. M.
Imran [6] investigated the similarity solutions for Eyring Powell fluid flow passing through
a moving plate. These researchers used a scaling group to transform the main equations
into ordinary coupled differential equations, and Kellerbox techniques were used to solve
the equations. Hayat et al. [7] discussed the behavior of Eyring Powell fluid in the presence
of the parameters such as Dufour, Soret, Joule and thermal radiation.
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
Energies 2021, 14, 7829 2 of 13

It is worth discussing some investigations related to Eyring-Powell fluid here such as

the study conducted by S. Nadeem and S. Sleem [8], who examined the unstable boundary
layer flow of an Eyring Powell fluid with the combined effects of heat and mass transfer on
a rotating cone. They used a series of homotopy solutions to obtain the solution for the
mathematical model. Tanveer and Malik [9] studied the effect of slip and porous parameters
in peristaltic flow under the influence of MHD. In the investigations of Hayat et al. [10], a
moving surface with convective boundary conditions in a constant flow of Eyring Powell
liquids was considered. In this study, an analytical method was applied to find the solution
for the Blasius flow of Eyring Powell fluids with non-zero surface velocity conditions.
A few more relevant investigations can be found in the references [11–15].
The applications of electrically conductive fluid currents encircled in the field of
nanocomposite and metallurgy are introduced in this paragraph. Metallurgical require-
ments consist of continuous cooling belts or filaments such as hardening, disperse and
sketching processes for copper wires. In all of these circumstances, the substances of the
final product depend widely on the rate of cooling system. Therefore, to control the cooling
and stretching rates, the magnetic field must be used intelligently. In recent decades, the
problem of magneto hydro dynamic (MHD) flow in a rotating environment have received
considerable interest due to their geographical, astrographs importance, and their uses in
fluid technology. Various important problems have been discussed intensively, such as the
preservations and worldly variations of the earth’s magnetic field due to themovement in
the fluid in the center of the earth, the internal rotational speed of the sun, the structure
of revolving magnetic stars, the global and solar doer problems, Ekman MHD pumps,
turbomachines, rotary hydraulic generators and two-phase MHD rotary drum separators.
The generator current in a closed circuit, is controlled by the action of magnetic forces. It
has been observed that the effects of the Coriolis force are larger than those of viscosity
and inertia forces in the hydro-magnetic equations of motion in a rotating environment.
Several researchers have investigated the MHD with various kinds of fluid and geometries.
Studies such as the one conducted by Abbas et.at [11] discussed the MHD peristaltic blood
flow of nanofluid. They concluded that the magnetic field plays an important role in the
blood pressure and temperature profile. The same authors [12] further studied that the en-
tropy generation of MHD blood flow with the geometry of a peristaltic wave in complaint
walls. They determined that magnetics field plays an important role in the velocity of
blood particularly regarding its role in controlling bleeding during surgery. Bhatti et.al [13]
examined the MHD and partial slip of Ree Ryring fluid with wall properties. They solved
the simplified equation using an analytical method and concluded that the velocity distri-
bution increases for larger slip parameter values while its opposite behavior was observed
for various Hartmann parameter values. Wissam et.al [14] studied the impact of MHD
on Jeffrey fluid with a porous channel saturated with temperature-dependent viscosity
(TDV). Wissam et.al [15,16] studied the effect of heat transfer on MHD for Williamson
fluid with a constant viscosity and variable viscosity through a porous medium. Other
interesting investigations that are related MHD can be viewed in the references section of
this paper [17–19].
Keeping the above discussions in view, much more attention is needed in the area
of Eyring Powell fluid in the presence of MHD. Researchers, such as Dawar and Abdul-
lah, et al. [17] have conducted a few investigations on Eyring Powell fluid through an
oscillatory stretching sheet and focused on the comparison of analytical and numerical so-
lutions. However, Eyring Powell fluid with temperature dependent properties is needed in
industrial engineering because the Erying Powell fluid model is one of the non-Newtonian
fluids and such fluid is widely used in ethylene glycol, kerosene, and water, which have
demonstrated limited heat transport characteristics.
In the present study, a mathematical formulation of the problem in terms of continuity
equation, momentum equations, and temperature equation has been developed. Further,
dimensionless variables are introduced to simplify the governing equations and we ob-
tained a nonlinear partial differential equation with boundary conditions. The solution
Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 13

In the present study, a mathematical formulation of the problem in terms of continu-

Energies 2021, 14, 7829
ity equation, momentum equations, and temperature equation has been developed. 3Fur- of 13
ther, dimensionless variables are introduced to simplify the governing equations and we
obtained a nonlinear partial differential equation with boundary conditions. The solution
of the nonlinear partial differential equation can be obtained by using the perturbation
of the nonlinear
method, while thepartial differential
graphical equationofcan
interpretations thebe obtained
velocity andbytemperature
using the perturbation
in two and
method, while the graphical interpretations of the velocity and temperature
three dimensions are discussed with physical reasons. The conclusions of the presentin twoanal-
and
three dimensions are discussed with
ysis are discussed in the last section. physical reasons. The conclusions of the present
analysis are discussed in the last section.
2. Mathematical Formulation
2. Mathematical Formulation
Consider the incompressible unstable flow for the magnetohydrodynamics of Jeffrey
Consider the incompressible unstable flow for the magnetohydrodynamics of Jeffrey
fluid with TDV in a saturated permeable channel with variable viscosity and at height
fluid with TDV in a saturated permeable channel with variable viscosity and at height ( L),
( ), as shown in Figure 1. It can be seen from the figure that we chose the Cartesian coor-
as shown in Figure 1. It can be seen from the figure that we chose the Cartesian coordinates
dinates system ( , ) as the velocity vector, in which (m/s) is the ( -component) of
system ( x, y) as the velocity vector, in which u (m/s) is the (x-component) of velocity,
velocity, and (m/s) is perpendicular to the ( -axis). A uniform attractive field B0 is
and y (m/s) is perpendicular to the (x-axis). A uniform attractive field B0 is forced along
forced along the y-axis.
the y-axis.

Constructionof
Figure1.1.Construction
Figure ofthe
theProblem.
Problem.

Thefundamental
The fundamentalequation
equationfor
forEyring—Powell
Eyring-Powell fluid
fluidisisgiven
givenby:
by:
=
S −p
= −+pI .+ τ. (1)
(1)

1 1 sinh−1 11
 
̅ = ( )
τ = µ( T )∇V + + sin h ∇V . . (2)
(2)
B1 A1
where
where the
the parameters
parameters p, p, I, ,τ, µ
̅, ( T() )denote
denotethethe pressure,
pressure, unit
unit tensor,
tensor, extra
extra stress
stress tensor
tensor and
and variable shear rate viscosity while the parameter is the velocity
variable shear rate viscosity while the parameter ∇V is the velocity gradient. gradient.
The
Thevelocity
velocityfield
fieldand
andthe theheat
heatfield
fieldof
of the
the present
present problem
problem are:
are:
( ),
V= = [u(y,, t),−−v0, ,00],, T = =
T (y,( t), )
(3)
(3)
The continuity equation is given by:
The continuity equation is given by:

∂u ∂v
+ =0 (4)
∂x ∂y

The momentum equations are as follows:

Energies 2021, 14, 7829 4 of 13

In the x-direction:
∂u ∂u ∂p ∂τ µ( T )
ρ − ρv0 = − + 12 + ρgβ( T − T0 ) − σB02 u − u (5)
∂t ∂y ∂x ∂y ρK

In the y-direction:
 
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂p ∂τ ∂τ µ( T )
ρ +u +v = − + 21 + 22 − v. (6)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y k

Temperature equation:

∂T k ∂2 T ∂T 4b2
ρ − − v 0 = ( T − T0 ) (7)
∂t C p ∂y2 ∂y Cp

With associated boundary conditions

√ 
K ∂u 
u= , T = T0 at y = 0 
∝s ∂y (8)

u = 0, T = T1 at y = L 

The radioactive heat flux is given by:

∂q
= 4η 2 ( T0 − T ). (9)
∂y

where η is the radiation absorption.

We can write the component of the extra stress tensor as follows:
 3
1 ∂u 1 ∂u
τ 12 = τ 22 = τ 21 = 0 τ 12 = (µ(θ )µ0 + ) − . (10)
B1 A1 ∂y 6B1 ( A1 )3 ∂y

Dimensionless Formulation of the Mathematical Model

The non-dimensional conditions are as follows:

x y u ph ρhUcp v0 Lµ0

x= , y= , u= , p= , Pr = ,S = 

h h U K

µU ρ 


ρgβ T h2 ( T1 − T0 )

tU h


t= , τ12 = τ 12 , Gr =



h µ0 U µU 
√ 2 (11)
T − T0

K W U ρhU k 
η= ,A = , Re = , Da = 2 , θ =


∝ s L2 6 hA1 T1 − T0

µ h




1 µ( T ) 4η 2 h2 σB02 h2


, N2 = , M2 =

W= , µ(θ ) = 

µ0 B1 A1 µ0 K µ0

Using Equations (9)–(11) in Equations (4)–(8), we can creat the following non-dimensional
equations:
∂u ∂v
+ = 0. (12)
∂x ∂y
 
∂u dp ∂τ12 2 µ(θ )
Re =− + + Grθ − M + u. (13)
∂t dx ∂y Da
∂p
= 0. (14)
∂y
∂θ ∂θ 1 ∂2 θ
−S = + N2 θ (15)
∂t ∂y Pr ∂y2
Energies 2021, 14, 7829 5 of 13

 3
∂u ∂u
τ12 = (µ(θ ) + W ) − A (16)
∂y ∂y
With the boundary conditions

∂y
u=η , θ = 0, at y = 0 
∂y (17)

u = 0 , θ = 1, at y = 1

After acquiring the simplifications, the resulting equation from placing Equation (16)
into Equation (13), allow us to obtain the following equation:
 2 2
∂2 u
 
∂u dp ∂u ∂ u 2 µ(θ )
Re =− + Grθ − 3A + ( µ ( θ ) + W ) − M + u. (18)
∂t dx ∂y ∂y2 ∂y2 Da

3. Solution to the Problem

The exact solution of Equation (15) can be obtained as:
i. Solution of the Heat Equations
To solve the temperature Equation (15), assume

θ (y, t) = θ f (y)eiωt (19)

Substituting Equation (19) into Equation (15), we obtained:

∂2 θ f ∂θ f  
+ S· Pr + N 2 − iω Pr ·θ f = 0 (20)
∂y2 ∂y

The exact solution of Equations (19) and (20) is given by:

√  √  √  √ 
1 1 2 Ω 1 2 1 2 Ω 1 2
θ f (y) = √ (e 2 (−Ω− Ω −4B)y −e 2 + 2 Ω −4B + e 2 (−Ω+ Ω −4B)y e 2 + 2 Ω −4B )
−1 + e Ω2 −4B

where Ω = S.Pr, B = ( N 2 − iω ) × Pe. Therefore:

1
θ (y, t) = √
−1+ e Ω2 −4B
√  √  √  √  (21)
1 (− Ω − Ω2 −4B)y Ω+1 Ω2 −4B 1 (− Ω + Ω2 −4B)y Ω+1 Ω2 −4B
(e 2 −e 2 2 +e 2 e 2 2 )eiωt

ii. Solution for Motion Equation

To solve the motion Equation (13) we assum,

dp
= −λeiωt , u(y, t) = f (y)eiωt . (22)
dx
where λ, ω denotes the real constant and the frequency of the oscillation.
The temperature in terms of Reynolds number and variation of viscosity are defined as

µ(θ ) = e−αθ . (23)

By applying the Maclaurin series, we obtain:

µ(θ ) = 1 − αθ α << 1 (24)

Energies 2021, 14, 7829 6 of 13

At this stage, the viscosity is fixed at α = 0 by putting Equations (22) and (24) into
Equation (17), we acquire:

∂2 iωt + W ∂2 f ( y ) eiωt −
f (y)eiωt = λeiωt + (1 − αθ ) ∂y
∂




Re ∂t 2 f (y)e ∂y2
 2
 ∂( f (y)eiωt ) 2
    (25)
iωt iωt − M2 + (1−αθ ) f (y)eiωt .
∂


3A ∂y2 f (y)e ∂y + Grθ 0 ( y ) e Da

Assuming the small value of A, Equation (25) is a non-linear differential equation, so

trying to find the exact solution is a complex task. To manage this situation, the perturbation
method was used to find the problem’s solution, which was achieved as follows:
 
f = f 0 + α1 f 1 + O α1 2 (26)

∂( f 0 + A f 1 ) 2 2iωt
2 2
  
∂2
Re iω ( f 0 + α1 f 1 ) = λ + (1 − αθ ) ∂y
∂
2 ( f 0 + α1 f 1 ) + W ∂y2 ( f 0 + f 1 ) − 3A
∂
(f
∂y2 0
+ α1 f 1 ) ∂y e +
(27)
(1−αθ )
Grθ0 − M2 (( f 0 + α1 f 1 )) − Da ( f 0 + α1 f 1 ).

We exchanging Equation (26) into Equation (25), which is subject to the boundary
conditions, and then by comparing the similar powers of A, we have:
i. Zeros-order system (A0 )

∂2 f 0 ∂2 f 0 (1 − αθ )
 
2
Re iω f 0 = λ + Grθ0 + (1 − αθ ) 2 + W 2 − M + f0 . (28)
∂y ∂y Da
The associated boundary conditions are:

∂ f0
f0 = η on y = 0 and f 0 = 0 on y = 1
∂y

ii. First-order system (A1 )

∂2 f 1 ∂2 f 1 ∂ f0 2
 2 
(1 − αθ )
  
2iωt ∂ f 0 2
Re iω f 1 = (1 − αθ ) 2 + W 2 − 3e − M + f 1 . (29)
∂y ∂y ∂y2 ∂y Da

The associated boundary conditions are:

∂ f1
f1 = η on y = 0 and f 1 = 0 on y = 1
∂y

Through the expansion of the terms of ( A), we are able to derive Equations (28) and
(29). We are able to interpret some of the natural explanations to this problem, which can be
achieved by taking small values of α and taking a perturbation series with the parameters
of α. We substitute for f j (for = 0, 1 ) by expansion

f j = f j0 + α f j1 (30)

We can then equate and compare the coefficients of similar power in α, and the
following set of equations can then be obtained.

3.1. Approximation of Solution for f 0

By substituting Equation (30) into Equation (28), we obtain

∂2 ∂2 (1 − αθ )
 
Re iω ( f 00 + α f 01 ) = λ + Grθ0 + (1 − αθ ) 2
( f 00 + α f 01 ) + W 2 ( f 00 + α f 01 ) − M2 + ( f 00 + α f 01 )
∂y ∂y Da
Energies 2021, 14, 7829 7 of 13

By equating the coefficients in the same way that we equated the powers of α,
we obtain:
i. Zeros-Order System (α0 )
!
1
∂2 f 00 iωRe + M2 +
 
Da λ + Grθ0
− f 00 = − . (31)
∂y2 1+W 1+W

The associated boundary conditions are:

∂ f 00
f 00 = η on y = 0 and f 00 = 0 on y = 1
∂y

ii. First-Order System (α1 )

!
1
∂2 f 01 iωRe + M2 + ∂2 f 00
    
Da 1 θ
− f 01 = θ − f 00 (32)
∂y2 1+W 1+W ∂y2 Da

The associated boundary conditions are:

∂ f 01
f 01 = η on y = 0 and f 01 = 0 on y = 1
∂y

The perturbation solutions of Equations (31) and (32) and their boundary conditions
are given:
f 0 = f 00 + α f 01

3.2. Approximate Solution for f 1

By substituting f 1 given by the substituting Equation (30) into Equation (29), we obtain:
 
∂2 ∂2 2iωt ∂2 ( f + α f )
Re iω ( f 10 + α f 11 ) = (1 − αθ ) ∂y 2 ( f 10 + α f 11 ) + W ∂y2 ( f 10 + α f 11 ) − 3e ∂y 2 00 01
 2  
1 −
∂
∂y ( f 00 + α f 01 ) − M2 + Da ) ( f 10 + α f 11 ) .
( αθ

Equating the coefficients in the same way as the powers in α, were equated, we obtain:
i. Zero-Order System (α0 )
  2
1
iωRe+ M2 + Da
∂2 f 10 ∂2 f 00
 
3 ∂ f 00
∂y2
− 1 +W f 10 = 1 +W e2iωt ∂y2 ∂y .
(33)
∂ f 00
f 10 = η ∂y on y = 0 and f 10 = 0 on y = 1

ii. First-Order System (α1 )

! 2 !
1
∂2 f 11 iωRe + M2 + ∂2 f 10 ∂2 f 00 ∂2 f 01
       
1 ∂ f 00 ∂ f 01 ∂ f 00 θ
− Da
f 11 = θ + 6e2iωt + 3e2iωt − f 10 . (34)
∂y2 1+W 1+W ∂y2 ∂y2 ∂y ∂y ∂y2 ∂y Da

∂ f 00
f 11 = η on y = 0 and f 11 = 0 on y = 1
∂y
The required solution of the perturbation of Equations (33) and (34), which are subject
to the boundary conditions is as follows:

f 1 = f 10 + α f 11
Energies 2021, 14, 7829 8 of 13

Finally, the solution up to second term for f is provided by:

f = f 0 + α1 f 1

4. Results and Discussion

In this section, the magneto hydrodynamic oscillatory flow of Eyring Powell fluid
with time-dependent viscosity in a permeable channel will be discussed. The perturbation
Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 13
method was employed to solve the governing equation, Equation (13), and the temperature
Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 13
equation, Equation (15). The solutions for the velocity profile and temperature distribution
were performed using (Mathematical ver.11,) with the set of values Re = 1, ω = π,
Pr, ==1,1,S == 1, 1, M ==1,1, N= = 1, 1, Gr
= 1,= 1, = Da0.8, = 1,
= 0.8, λ = 1, = We0.05,= 0.05,
= 0.3, λ1 = = 0.3,
0.02,e = 0.02, =
0.1,, = = 0.5.
1, = 1, = 1, = 1, = 1, = 0.8, = 1, = 0.05, = 0.3, = 0.02, =
η = 0.1, t = 0.5.
0.1, As= 0.5.
Asshown
As shownin
shown
Figure
ininFigure
Figure 2, the
2, 2,
thethe
temperature
temperature
temperature
profile increases
profile
profile increases
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for various
for various
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cumulative
cumulative
oscil-
oscil- os-
lation frequencies during the canal decrease, is also clarified. The variations of on
cillation frequencies during
lation frequencies ω during the canal
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The variations
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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
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Figure 3. Impact of on temperature field.
Figure
Figure3.3.Impact
Impactofof S on temperature field.
Energies 2021,14,
Energies2021, 14,7829
x FOR PEER REVIEW 99 of
of 13
13
Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 13
Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 13

1.0 N 1
1.0 N 1
1.0 N N2 1
N 2
0.8 N N3 2
0.8 N 3
0.8 N 3
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
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0.2
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 y 0.6 0.8 1.0
y
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Figure 4.
4. Impact of
of on temperaturefield.
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Figure Impact N on ontemperature
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Figure 4. Impact of on temperature field.
Figure 5 showsthat
Figure that velocitydistribution
distribution increases with increasing of the parameterDa.
Figure 55shows
shows thatvelocity velocity distribution increases
increaseswith increasing
with increasing of the parameter
of the parameter
Figure Figure
. Figure
6 5 shows
6 illustrates
illustrates the that
thevelocity
effect effect
of Gr ofdistribution
on the velocity increases
on the field.
velocity
It with It
field. increasing
demonstrates demonstrates
that of the
after parameter
that after
increasing
. Figure 6 illustrates the effect of on the velocity field. It demonstrates that after
. Figure
increasing
Gr, the velocity6, the
illustrates
velocity the effect increases.
field
u increases.
fieldvelocity ofphenomenon
on the
Thisvelocity
phenomenonfield.buoyancy
Itoccurs
demonstrates
when that
buoyancy after
increasing , the field Thisincreases. This occurs when
phenomenon occurs when forcesbuoyancy
are high
increasing
forces
in , the velocity
are high in association
association field increases.
with viscous This
forces. Thephenomenon
effects of the occurs when
parameter buoyancy
on ve-
forces are highwith viscous forces.
in association withThe effectsforces.
viscous of theThe
parameter
effects λofonthevelocity profile can
parameter be
on ve-
forces
locity
seen from are
profile high
Figurecan7.inbeassociation
By seen fromwith
increasing viscous
Figure
λ, velocity Byforces. Theu effects
7. distribution
increasing of the
, velocity
increases. parameter
distribution
While Figure 8 onin-
shows ve-
locity profile can be seen from Figure 7. By increasing , velocity distribution in-
locity
creases.
the profile can
WhileMFigure
influence be seen
on the 8velocity from
shows field Figure
the influence 7. By
function u. By increasing
onincreasing
the velocity , velocity
field
M the distribution
function
velocity . By in-in-
distribution
creases. While Figure 8 shows the influence on the velocity field function . By in-
creases.
creasing
is decreased. While
the Figure be
It velocity
should 8distribution
shows
noted the thatinfluence
isthe change on
decreased. the velocity
It should
in velocity fieldthat
bedistribution
noted function
the . Byinin-
change
is associated
creasing the velocity distribution is decreased. It should be noted that the change in
creasing
with
velocityexternal the velocity
magnetic
distribution fielddistribution
is associatedand with is decreased.
the increase
external in It should
velocity
magnetic be noted
is accredited
field and that the
with
the increase change
increase
in velocityin in
velocity distribution is associated with external magnetic field and the increase in velocity
velocity
Lorentz distribution
force. is associated
is accredited with increase in Lorentz force. with external magnetic field and the increase in velocity
is accredited with increase in Lorentz force.
is accredited with increase in Lorentz force.
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.45
0.45
0.45
f f

0.40
0.40 Da 1
f

0.40 Da 1
0.35 Da Da2 1
0.35 Da 2
0.35 Da Da3 2
0.30 Da 3
0.30 Da 3
0.30

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 y 0.6 0.8 1.0
y
y
Figure 5. Impact of on velocitydistribution.
of Da on
Impact of distribution.
Figure 5.
Figure 5. Impact onvelocity
velocity distribution.
Figure 5. Impact of on velocity distribution.
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
f f

0.5
0.5
f

0.5
0.4 Gr 1
0.4 Gr 1
0.4 Gr Gr2 1
0.3 Gr 2
0.3 Gr Gr3 2
0.3 Gr 3
Gr 3
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 y 0.6 0.8 1.0
y
y
Figure 6. Impact of on velocity distribution.
Figure 6. Impact of on velocity distribution.
Figure 6. Impact of Gr on on
Figure 6. Impact of velocity
velocity distribution.
distribution.
Energies 2021, 14, 7829 10 of 13
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2021, 14, x14,
FORx FOR PEER
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REVIEW 10 13
10 of of 13

0.35
0.35 0.35
0.30
0.30 0.30
0.25
0.25 0.25
f
f

0.20
f

0.3
0.20 0.20
0.3 0.50.3
0.15
0.5 0.70.5
0.15 0.15
0.10 0.7 0.7
0.10 0.10
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 y 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0
y y
Figure
Figure 7. 7. Impact
Impact ofofλ on on velocity
velocity distribution.
distribution.
Figure
Figure 7. Impact
7. Impact of ofon velocity
on velocity distribution.
distribution.

0.4
0.4 0.4

0.3
0.3 0.3
f

0.2
f
f

0.2 0.2

0.1 M 1
0.1 0.1 M M1M 2 1

0.0 M M2M 3 2
0.0 0.00.0 0.2 0.4 M 3M 0.63 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 y 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0
y y
Figure 8. Impact of on velocity distribution.
Figure
Figure
Figure 8. Impact
Impact
8. Impact
8. of M
of of on on velocity
on velocity
velocity distribution.
distribution.
distribution.
Figure 9 illustrates that by increasing , the velocity distribution increases. The
Figure 9 illustrates
illustrates that by byincreasing N,, the
the velocity distribution u increases. TheThe
reason behind this behavior is that the fluid becomes thinner due to higher increases.
Figure
Figure 9 9 illustrates that that
by increasing
increasing , the velocity
velocity distribution
distribution increases.
values The in the
reason
reason
reason behind
behind
behind this
thisthis behavior
behavior
behavior is
is 10 that the
isdisplays
that that
thethe fluid
fluidfluid becomes
becomes
becomes thinner
thinner
thinner due
duedue to higher
totohigher values
values
values inthe
in
radiation parameter. Figure that increasing leads an increase ininthetheve-
the radiation
radiation parameter.
parameter. Figure
Figure 10 displays
10 displays that
that increasing
increasing Pr leads
leads to an increase
to increase
an increase in
in the
radiation
locity parameter.
distribution Figure
. For 10 displays
larger Prandtl thatnumber
increasing values the, leads to an
diffusivity rise and thethe
in the ve- ve-
heat
velocity
locity
locity distribution
distribution
distribution .u.For
For
. Forlarger
largerlarger Prandtl
Prandtl
Prandtl number
numbernumber values
values
values the,
the, diffusivity
the, diffusivity
diffusivity riserise
rise andand
and thethe
the heatheat
heat
diffuses very quickly. Therefore, velocity is affected and increase. Figure 11 illustrates the
diffuses
diffuses
diffuses very
very quickly.
very quickly.
quickly. Therefore,
Therefore,
Therefore, velocity
velocity
velocity is affected
is affected and increase.
and increase.Figure
Figure11 illustrates
illustrates
11 illustrates thethe
fact that the velocity distribution isisdecreases
affected and
when increase. Figure
increases. 11
The solutiontheob-
fact
fact that
fact the
thatthat velocity
thethe velocity
velocity distribution
distribution
distribution u is decreases
isthat when
decreases
is decreases whenRe increases.
when increases. The
increases. solution
TheThe obtained
solution
solution ob-ob-
tained from Equation (13) clearly shows is inversely proportional to the velocity
from
tained Equation
tained
from from (13)
Equation clearly
Equation (13) shows
(13) clearly
clearly that
shows Rethat
shows is that
inversely is isproportional
inversely
inversely to the velocity
proportional
proportional to to
the theprofile
velocity
velocity
profile due to velocity decreasing with . Figure 12 shows that increasing results in
dueprofile
to velocity
profile duedueto in decreasing
to velocity
velocity with Re.with
decreasing
decreasing Figure
with12 shows
. Figure
. Figure that
12 12increasing
showsshowsthatthatS results
increasing
increasing in anresults
increase
results inin-in
an increase the velocity field. Figure 13 shows that velocity decreases when
in the
an an velocity
increase
increase in field.
in
the the Figure
velocity
velocity 13 shows
field.field. that13
Figure
Figure velocity
13
shows shows decreases
θthat that whendecreases
velocity
velocity increases.
ω decreases whenAll
when of thein- in-
creases.
graphs All of the
depicting thegraphs
velocity depicting
profile the velocity
have been profilein
plotted have
3D been
to plotted
achieve a in 3Dvisibility
clear to achieve
creases.
creases.
a clear All All of the
of the graphs
visibility graphs
and better depicting
depicting the velocity
the velocity andprofile profile have been plotted
have been plotted in 3D to achievein 3D to achieve
and a better
clear interpretations
visibility andinterpretations
analysis. analysis.
a clear visibility andand betterbetter interpretations
interpretations andand analysis.
analysis.

0.9
0.9 0.9
0.8
0.8 0.8
0.7
0.7 0.7
0.6
f

0.6 0.6
f
f

0.5
0.5 0.5
0.4 N 1
0.4 0.4 N N1N 2 1
0.3
0.3 0.3 N N2N 3 2

0.0 0.2 0.4 N 3N 0.63 0.8 1.0

0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 y 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0
y y
Figure 9. Impact of on velocity distribution.
Figure
Figure
Figure 9. 9. Impact
9. Impact
Impact of
of Nof on on velocity
on velocity
velocity distribution.
distribution.
distribution.
Energies 2021, 14, 7829 11 of 13
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0.50
0.50
0.45
0.50
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.45
0.45
0.40
f

0.35
0.40 Pr 1
f

0.40
0.35 Pr
Pr 12
f f

0.30
0.35 Pr
Pr 1
23
0.35
0.30 Pr 1
Pr 2
3
0.25
0.30 Pr 2
Pr 3
0.30
0.25 Pr 3
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.25
0.0 0.2 0.4 y 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.25
0.0 0.2 0.4 y 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 Figure
0.6
yFigure 10.10. Impact
0.8
Impact ofof1.0
Pr on velocity
on velocity distribution.
distribution.
y Figure 10. Impact of on velocity distribution.
Figure 10. Impact of on velocity distribution.
0.50 Figure 10. Impact of on velocity distribution.
0.50
0.45
0.50
0.45
0.50
0.40
0.45
0.40
0.45
0.35
0.40
f

0.35
0.40
0.30
f

0.35 Re 0.5
0.30
f f

0.35 Re
Re 0.5
1
0.25
0.30 Re 0.5
0.25 Re 11.5
0.30
0.20 Re 0.5
0.25 Re 1
1.5
0.20 Re 1
0.25 Re 1.5
0.20 0.0 0.2 0.4 Re 1.50.6 0.8 1.0
0.20 0.0 0.2 0.4 y 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 y 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 y Figure
0.6 11. Impact
0.8 of1.0 on velocity distribution.
Figure 11. Impact of Re on on
y Figure 11. Impact of velocity
velocity distribution.
distribution.
Figure 11. Impact of on velocity distribution.
Figure 11. Impact of on velocity distribution.
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.4
f

0.4
0.3
f

0.4
0.3 S 1
f

S 12
f

0.3 S
0.2
0.3 S 1
S 23
0.2 S 1
S 2
3
0.2 S 2
S 30.6
0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 yS 30.6 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 y 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 y Figure
0.6 12.0.8Impact of
1.0 on velocity distribution.
y Figure 12. Impact of on velocity distribution.
Figure
Figure 12.12. Impact
Impact ofofS on on velocity
velocity distribution.
distribution.
0.35
Figure 12. Impact of on velocity distribution.
0.35
0.30
0.35
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.30
0.25
0.30
0.20
0.25
f

0.20
0.25
f

0.15
0.20 w 2
f f

0.15
0.20
0.10 w
w 24
0.15
0.10 w
w 2
4
0.15
0.05 w 2
0.10 w 4
0.05
0.10 w 4
0.0 0.2 0.4 w 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.05
0.0 0.2 0.4 w y 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.05
0.0 0.2 0.4 y 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 y 0.6
Figure 13. 0.8
Impact of1.0 on velocity distribution.
y Figure 13. Impact of on velocity distribution.
Figure 13. Impact of on velocity distribution.
Figure
Figure 13.13. Impact
Impact ofof
ω on on velocity
velocity distribution.
distribution.
Energies 2021, 14, 7829 12 of 13

5. Conclusions
The oscillatory magneto hydrodynamic flow problem of Eyring Powell fluid with
temperature-dependent viscosity (TDV) in a saturated porous channel has been compre-
hensively discussed in this paper. The solutions of the velocity profile and temperature
distribution were satisfactorily obtained using the perturbation method. Different sets of
values have been employed to find the solution of the mathematical model. Finally, it was
observed that:
1. Increasing the radiation parameter and Prandtl number increases the velocity profile.
2. Increase in M and Re lead to a decreasing pattern in the velocity field due to the
existence of the Lorentz force in the flow, thereby generating resistance.
3. Higher radiation parameter and injection parameter values cause increases in the
temperature profile.
4. Temperature decreases when the ω increases.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.A.A.; methodology, W.S.K.; software, M.Y.; validation,

W.S.K., M.A.A.; formal analysis, W.S.K.; investigation, M.Y.; resources, M.Y.; data curation, M.A.A.;
writing—original draft preparation, M.A.A.; writing—review and editing, W.S.K.; visualization, M.Y.;
supervision, M.A.A.; project administration, M.Y.; funding acquisition, M.Y. All authors have read
and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by China National Post-doctoral Program for Innovative Talents
(BX20190242), and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFE0100900
& 2018YFC0309700).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Nomenclature

(Pr) Prandtl number

(ρ) Density
(p) Pressure
(T)
e Temperature
(σ) Electrical conductivity
(B0 ) Magnetic field
(Cp ) Specific heat
(K) Thermal conductivity
(T
e∞ ) Ambient temperature
(q) Radiation heat flux
u, ve)
(e Expression of velocity in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively
(K) Nanoparticles, thermal conductivity
(µ( T )) Fluid viscosity
(θ) Dimensionless temperature of the model
(η) Radiation absorption
(U) viscosity of the nanofluid effective dynamic
(Da) Darcray number
(v0 ) Constant horizontal velocity
(Re) Base fluid thermal expansion coefficient
(M) Dimensionless magnetic parameter
(∝s ) Stagnation speed
(Gr) Darcy number
(N) Radiation parameter
(ω) Frequency of oscillation
(λ1 ) The ratio of relaxation to retardation time
(λ) The real parameter
(A) Dimensionless Eyring Powell fluid parameter
(We) Weissenberg number
(Re) Reynolds number
Energies 2021, 14, 7829 13 of 13

(S) Suction/Injection parameter

(t) Time
(e) Aviation of viscosity with temperature
( α1 ) Convergence parameter
(T0 ) Temperature at initial stage

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