Longitude, Latitude And Datums

T.Ch.Hanuman Rao

World co-ordinate system

The World Geodetic System, Coordinate Systems, & Projections

Geographic: 38 41' 08.73" N 077 08 08.37" W Cartesian: X= 1,109,928m Y= -4,860,097m Z= 3,965,162m UTM: 18 314251mE 4284069mN

Horizontal Datum
Horizontal Datum - A base reference for a coordinate system. It includes the latitude and longitude and orientation of an initial point of origin of an ellipsoid that models the surface of the earth in the region of interest.
Z

Prime Meridian
Y

Satellite Observations of the Earth

ERS-1 depicts the earths shape without water and clouds. This image looks like a sloppily pealed potato, not a smoothly shaped ellipse. Satellite Geodesy has enabled earth scienetists to gain an accurate estimate (+/- 10cm) of the geocentric center of the of the earth. A worldwide horizontal datum requires an accurate estimation of the earths center

European Remote Sensing satellite, ERS-1 from 780Km

Components of Datums

The Ellipsoid
b a Rotate Ellipse in 3 Dimensions:

WGS-84 Ellipsoid Semi-major Axis: a = 6371837 m Semi-minor Axis: b = 6356752.3142 Flattening Ratio: f=(a-b)/a = 1/298.257223563

Horizontal Datums
Regional vs. Global Approach
Global replaces regional datums with a common, accurate standard One system for maps of the entire planet

DoDs Satellite Derived Horizontal Datum

NIMAs (National Imagery And Mapping Agency World Geodetic System) World Geodetic System 1984

WGS -84 is an Earth Centered Earth Fixed Cartesian coordinate system with its origin fixed to +/- 10 cm. An ellipsoid is placed on top of the axis to create a geodetic foundation for various coordinate systems.

Prime Meridian
Y

Impact of Datum Mismatch

Map dated 1989 WGS-84 Map dated 1957 NAD-27 (North American Datum 1927)

15S WC4330

15S WN4430

Impact of Datum Mismatch

10

Gravity - Fitting the Ellipsoid to the Physical Earth

Deviation of Ellipsoid Normal, the vertical Perpendicular to
Ellipsoid Surface

Geoid Vertical Perpendicular to Geoid Surface

Earth Surface Geoid: Surface of Equal Gravitational Potential

Deviation of the vertical

Geoid Separation

Ellipsoid

Coordinate Systems
Cartesian Coordinates: X= 1,109,928m Y= -4,860,097m Z= 3,965,162m Geographic: 38.684N, 077.150W 38 41.145' N, 077 08.135 W 38 41' 08.73" N, 077 08 08.37" W GEOREF: GJNJ5141 UTM: 18 314,251mE 4,284,069mN

DD DM DMS

Cartesian Coordinate Systems

Three dimensional right hand coordinate system with an origin at the center of the earth and the X axis oriented at at the Prime Meridian and the Z at the North Pole
X Axis Coordinate Distance from the Y-Z plane measured parallel to the X-Axis; Y Axis Coordinate Perpendicular distance from the plane of the prime meridian; positive in the eastern hemisphere and negative in the western. Z Axis Coordinate Perpendicular distance from the plane of the equator; positive in the northern Hemisphere negative in the southern
X 0 Long
Z

(X,Y,Z)

Y 90E

Prime Meridian

Geographic Coordinates
Latitude & Longitude are defined by the Prime Meridian and the Equatorial reference planes
Geographic latitude Vertical angle from the equator to the normal of ellipsoid, positive in Northern Hemisphere and negative in the southern Geographic longitude Horizontal angle from the prime meridian Prime positive in the eastern Meridian hemisphere and negative in the western Geodetic height Distance normal from the reference ellipsoid

Observers
Z

Meridian

Latitude
Y

Longitude
X 38 41 08.73 N 077 08 08.37 W

Geographic Coordinates
Rules of thumb for latitude
1 latitude 60 nautical miles 1 latitude 1 nautical mile 1 latitude 30 meters .1 latitude 3 meters . 01latitude 30 centimeters

Dont forget longitude converges Dont forget the base 60 conversion

60 minutes per degree 60 seconds per minute

Geographic Reference System, GEOREF

0 15 90 N 60 N 45 N 0
A B C D E F G H J K M L K J H G F E D C B A L M N P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

90 N

Equator

90 S

90 S
0 Greenwich origin 180

origin 180 combination of two characters.

The earth is divided into 288 quadrangles, each 15O x 15O, identified by an unique

In the matrix, quadrangle NK is placed over the Netherlands.

Mercator projection
is a cylindrical map projection presented by the Flemish geographer and cartographerGerardus Mercator, in 1569. became the standard map projection for nautical purposes because of its ability to represent lines of constant course, known as rhumb lines or loxodromes, as straight segments. ( In navigation, a rhumb line (or loxodrome) is a line crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle, i.e. a path derived from a defined initial bearing. That is, upon taking an initial bearing, one proceeds along the same bearing, without changing the direction as measured relative to true north.) While the linear scale is equal in all directions around any point, thus preserving the angles and the shapes of small objects (which makes the projection conformal), the Mercator projection distorts the size and shape of large objects, as the scale increases from the Equator to the poles, where it becomes infinite.

How to choose projections

Generally, follow the lead of people who make maps of the area you are interested in. Look at maps! State plane is a common projection for all states in the USA UTM is commonly used and is a good choice when the east-west width of area does not cross zone boundaries

UTM projection
Universe Transverse Mercator Conformal projection (shapes are preserved) Cylindrical surface Two standard meridians Zones are 6 degrees of longitude wide Scale distortion is 0.9996 along the central meridian of a zone There is no scale distortion along the standard meridians Scale distortion is 1.00158 at the edge of the zone at the equator (1.6 meters in 1000 meters) Scale distortion gets to unacceptable levels beyond the edges of the zones

UTM zones

Universal Tranverse Mercator

India UTM Zones

Universal Transverse Mercator Grid

Central Meridian

16o
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1,700,000 1,600,000 1,500,000 1,400,000 1,300,000 1,200,000 1,100,000 1,000,000 900,000
800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000

0o 174o Zone 2

400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000

0o 156o

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

168o Zone 3 162o Zone 4

03 508,256mE 0,567,359mN

Equal ARC Standard Projection

Problem: How to make raster data square and seamless over large area ARC Projection shrinks lower latitude pixels and stretches higher latitude pixels to square data Problems printing small scale charts (JNC/GNC) Must re-project ARC data to get around problem

Original Chart to be scanned

Scanning Process

12% Stretch

Digital Chart in ARC projection

Up to 12% Shrink