r /

Chapter

4
t CONVERGENCY
Inclination between two meridians at given latitude is called convergency. It
is max at poles i.e. equal to d'long and is zero at equator and therefore varies as
Sin oflatitude.

Earth Convergency(0) = Difference in Longitude(0 ) x Sine

of Latitude(0)
Unlike the formula for departure distance, which is accurate only when the
two points are at the same latitude, in the case of earth convergency the two points
may be at different latitudes, and the formula for calculating earth convergency
then becomes:

Earth Convergency(0 ) = Difference in Longitude(0 ) x Sine

of Mean Latitude(0)

Conversion Angle : Angular diff. between G/C and R/L is called conversion angle.
Conversion angle is a function of convergency and is maximum at poles.
Conversion Angle = ½ Convergency

110'

CONVl!RUDNANGlEW

43
 AAI{f I · ~_:.:~:;..vt(;A
::;.;.JlON
;;....._ . . - - - - - ----- ------
CONVERGENc:Y
. E.anh am~•ergenCT' t,eo,·een we f"O sho,rn in figu .
1
f.duude 3{f'X /8/f' X . , ; , !JI}). '< "• If the difference ~ 'een G/C bearings is I SO°, both points are at eqtlaior:
<h Tl,e g,-ea, rink nrl _...-.,.1 al C • 07oYTJ' mea,u.-.d al O · . e.g. 2700- 090° = 1800
~!f,~' rird, trad ""dw>g«I by 4"" due w oh< ron•·crg,ncy' I 10,,,
mendLW and the ()4(f £. (ii)
04 \
Earth I
Converreocr on Mercaror c;bar1S:
' , .. •. - ... ..,7 I
I
-·-
,_
If the difference between G/C bearings is > 1800, oorb poiTtts are in Nonhern
I. hemisphere. E.g. 245° - 55° = 19()0
• I I
(iii)
Note that aJJ rhumb lines on this projection are shown as straight lines. .t.
ip"eat cirde trad.s (apan from meridians and the equa~r) are shown as cunr
Imes which are concave to the equator, i.e. on the poJar side of the rhumb line.
Eanh conveJ&ency is only correafy shown on this projection at the equat •
AL 7.ero degrees latitude Ean.h com'ergency is zero (the meridian are paralk
a n d this is c.on-ealy portrayed on the chart. At all other latitude Earth meridiz:
COnv~e. but on the Mercator ch.m they are shown as parallel straight lim: 235°
regardless of latitude.
When both
thumb rule: G!C bearings are givt'D, to find the hemisphere apply the following If the difference between G/C bearings is < 180°, both points are in Southern
Hemisphere.e.g. 235° - 065°= 170° - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
{i)
()9{jJ IT IS NECESSARY TO APPLY THE CONVERSION ANGLE AT THE
POSITION WHERE THE GREAT CIRCLE DIRECTION IS MEASURED.
27(11
························································································"· ..... ·······"''""""'"'" ""'""""'""'" """'"' """"""" ' ' "'"''"""'"'""'"'''"""""'"""'"'"""'""'"" ' "'' '''
45
Ii
 I _/
PAK! I · (;fH!P..AL. N>YIGATION
-....... CONVERGENCY
Questions QIO. For northern bemlJphere:
G/C bearing or B from A~ 040" R/L bearing or B from A= 045°
---
(Jr, 1-'J
, of,,;, A ,tM!t I oc: c- GCTI! CA Ill -
roe- Find R/L bearing or A from B, G/C bearing or A from B
---·
TmA fro,n trade
-- I WA atA
--...
I.I~ &..-~
rtfflfl'I l)Jf/!(f]W (,?Cl/14 /)11/1)(/1, (i',()
r -I
~r(Q ;i
W'l.1114

l?!l'{tf'l/
7/MII

11'/'(IJV,/
(/1/t()fJIJ

JOO
on --
I A
7!NJf4 !JIM! !Al11YcfN (ff/,WW
- 1A5 i) R/L bearing of A from B = 225° ii) G/C bearing of A from B = 230"
11,'i()(//j ltll'(YM IJM~ J£Y«J'L
- _ ._
m QJ'I . G/C bearing or P from Q Is 060°. CA= 8" in northern hemisphere. Find
Hlfllf;I J(xN!W WWrJ ()'J!,WW
- 128 (I) R/L bearing or P from Q. (ii) G/C bearing of Q from P
7'/W~ 111/WI r,'too'8 1/,(f(#{
-- 203 (Ill) R/L bearing or Q from P.
/h/Xlf,
r;rl<JJ~
J'frt(J(/W
J'JJ/«tffl

n•tKn
71-'W~
11~WW
1'l/f'OO'L
--
) (/J
287
- (i) R/L bearing of P from Q~ 068°
(ii) 0 /C bearing ofQ from P • 256°
Art!i,
'1t1lfltll, - 1 , ol11t l
- I~ ColW'y OC TII CA IIL oc
(iii)R/L bearing ofQ from P• 248°
G/C bearing of A from B Is 130'' convenlon angle = 6° In southern hemisphere
Tkilt A frotn track rradc I Q1 2.
1..MdWdA l.t,n#iWd~ l.lltilililt. L,;,;,iu,11;, '
lho A
-- -
1tA
1
atl
(I) R/L brg of A from B
R/L brg of B from A
....
(II)
,,.
11.~
~lfOll'N Olll'<XYW WO/fr~ 010"00'0 OW1 247,4•
- - -- (Ill) G/C brK of B from A
41"001,
nn'OO'"'
111l-'OO'W
I l!rOO'W
1'00'§
YDWN
m'OO'W 3W
-
OIO'OO'fion• --
lot.r
..

12'9'
JIO,t'
u•
11A'
I
'l~WN OllfOO'O W-00-N mww
- ™1• 10' 0211' Jf,1
-
-·- -
~-
~0100'Y lflfWW 1#'00'~ 16&WC 2tf.f' JUI ,u• m•
,2,
'l§'OO'N
1J'001§
IO(ffi()'W
l)O'OO'tl
ml'OO'N
li~"W'~
020100'W
IGO"OO'O
-Ot4- r
,...,
"·" - H.J•
,,...
...0104
,...,
27' 2W OH.I'
atroo·~ 1/rY'OfYW 7J"OO'~ IWOO'W 1or 309'' IIA' (i) 124" (ii)304" (iii)298°
18"il0! l?O''OO'll ~Jll()O'~ 1/0"00'U tilt' 40 1 ,a,AJ
2071 W'