We can conclude that reamers with pyramidal active parts have certain advantages over

reamers with conical active parts from the point of view of resistance to dynamic loads.
When tested in soils containing pebbles and boulders (at Navoi), a welded pyramidal
reamer 400 mm in diameter lasted 177 h -- almost 2.5 times longer than a conical one.

CUTTING CURVED BOREHOLES WITH PNEUMATIC PUNCHES

K. S. Gurkov and G. A. Tkachenko

Experimental models of pneumatic punches for cutting curved boreholes in soils have
been developed and tested; they are based on displacement of the line of action of the
percussive impulses relative to the center of gravity of the machine [1-3].
Further improvements to these devices have made it important to study the interaction
of the pneumatic punch with the soil as it moves in a curved trajectory. To cause such mo-
tion, there must be enough friction between the casing of the pneumatic punch and the walls
of the borehole to resist the forces of recoil; the friction depends on the geometrical shape
and size of the machine, the curvature of the borehole, and the properties of the soil.
Investigations made at the IGD SO AN SSSR have revealed that during the forward stroke
of the striker, a gap exists between the front end of the pneumatic punch and the face of
the borehole. We will therefore regard the pnet-,atic punch as a rigid straight circular
cylinder with length 2Z and diameter d, moving ahead along a preformed curved borehole, and
the ground as an elasticoplastic medium with properties characterized by the elastic defor-
mation ~ and the pressure p acting on unit area of the side surface of the pneumatic punch.
We will assume that the pressure p is uniformly distributed over the areas of contact be-
tween the side surface of the pneumatic punch and the soil.
Let us consider the simplest case of curvilinear motion of the pneumatic punch -- ro-
tation about an axis lying in a plane passing through its center of gravity perpendicular
to its longitudinal axis. To start with, we do not take account of the influence of elastic
deformations of the soil on the cross-sectional dimensions of the borehole cavity. In this
case the pneumatic punch touches the walls Of the borehole along a line (Fig. i) consisting
of semicircles abb', cgc', and ehe' and straight lines be, b'e'.
The cross section of the borehole cavity can be regarded as consisting of three parts:
a semicircle with diameter d, a rectangle with height d and width equal to the difference
between segments ob and oc, and an ellipse of which the major axis is equal to d while the
minor axis is equal to twice the difference between the lengths of segments ob and ao. As
the radius of the circle described by the pneumatic punch varies from R = 0 to R = | the
width of the rectangle changes from Z to zero, and the minor semiaxis of the ellipse from
zero to d/2. The other dimensions of the cross section of the borehole cavity are indepen-
dent of the radius of the circle described by the pen,mmtic punch. Figure 2 is a plot of the
areas of the parts of the cross section of the borehole formed by an IP4603 pneumatic punch
vs the radius of turn R.
If there is elastic deformation 6, contact between the side surface of the pneumatic
punch and the soil occurs over areas (Fig. 3) determined by the dimensions of the pneumatic
punch and also by the dimensions
L, = l - Yl" - .2R,5 - 6', (i)

'., , , -' (2)

L~ = 2u -- ~. (3)

Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (IGD SO AN SSSR),
Novosibirsk. Translated from Fiziko-Tekhnicheskie Problemy Razrabotki Poleznykh Iskopaemykh,
No. 2, pp. 108-iii, March-April, 1981. Original article submitted October 18, 1978.

184 0038-5581/81/1702-0184507.50 9 1982 Plenum Publishing Corporation

 ,~/-: - ~ _ _ _ ~,~.
;cm~
"~176 I~ " I
,ooL
0 4 8 R, m

Fig. I Fig. 2

Fig. i. Scheme of calculations.

Fig. 2. Areas of cross section of borehole vs radius of
turn of IP4603 pneumatic punch, i) Elliptical part; 2)
semicircular part; 3) rectangular part; 4) total cross
section.

Fig. 3. Scheme of calculations.

In Eqs. (1)-(3), 6 a is small and can be neglected. Without incurring large errors we can
also regard section F s as a plane rectangle. Then the dependences of the areas of the sec-
tions on ~ are given by

F,-- (z-v 2.:: 2 Fo,

(4)

F, = 417d6.

The quantities AFx and AF= are determined by the dimensions of the pneumatic punch and
the borehole, and if necessary can be obtained by means of geometrical constructions.
From Eq. (4) it follows that the frictional force Ps acting on area 2Fs is independent
of the curvature of the borehole and is given by

P~ = 8pkl?d6,
where k is the coefficient of friction between steel and the soil.
Obviously the pneumatic punch can form boreholes of any curvature provided that

P, >i Po, (5)

where Po is the recoil force.

185
 If inequality (5) is not satisfied, the radius of curvature of the borehole formed by
the pneumatic punch cannot be less than a limiting value, which can be determined by solving
for R:

/ , ~,/

where Fmi n is the necessary total area of contact between the pneumatic punch and the soil,
according to the condition of sufficient frictional force.
If the motion does not involve back-sllppage, the velocity v of the pneumatic punch is

S,V (6)
v = kc-v-,
where k c is the coefficient of correlation b e t w e e n t h e e n e r g y o f a s i n g l e b l o w and t h e v o l u m e
o f t h e b o r e h o l e c a v i t y f o r m e d by t h e b l o w ; N, p o w e r o f t h e p n e u m a t i c p u n c h ; S, d i s t a n c e
c o v e r e d by t h e c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y o f t h e p n e - m ~ t i c p u n c h ( o v e r w h i c h t h e v e l o c i t y i s d e t e r -
m i n e d ) ; and V, v o l u m e o f t h e b o r e h o l e c a v i t y t h u s f o r m e d .
L e t us d e t e r m i n e t h e v o l u m e o f t h e b o r e h o l e c a v i t y b y means o f t h e s e c o n d t h e o r e m o f
Guldin [Pappus] [4]. We a r b i t r a r i l y d i v i d e t h e b o r e h o l e c a v i t y i n t o t h r e e p a r t s f o r m e d by
rotation of the semicircle, the rectangle, and t h e e l l i p s e , together constituting the cross
section of the borehole.
Rotation of the semicircle gives the volume

VI = Tn d ' ( R - - O . 2 t 2 d ) a,

where a is the central angle at the vertex on the axis of rotation subtended by an arc of
length S.
Rotation of the rectangle forms the volume

V2 = dl 2 ? .

The expression for the volume V, formed by rotating the ellipse is very cumbersome. To
simplify it, we replace the ellipse by a semicircle with diameter d. (Calculations show
t h a t if the length of the pneumatic punch is nine times greater than its diameter, the error
in the total volume of the borehole cavity formed by the punch will then not exceed 0.1%.)
Then
2~d 2
V3 = T ( R + 0.212d) ~z.

The total volume V of the borehole cavity is

V = V: + V., + Va
=
;'d2 Ra + dl'
4 T =" (7)

Putting (7) into (6) and making some simple transformations we get
4SN
(8)
v = kc nd=S + d['= "

When t h e pneumatic punch moves along a circular trajectory of radius R, expression

(8) takes the form
4RN
v = kr r,d2R + dl~.

We can draw the following conclusions.

a) A pne-m~tic punch can form boreholes of any curvature provided t h a t

8pklYd6 >1 Po.

186
 b) If condition (a) is not satisfied, the maximum curvature of the borehole is de-
termined by the area of contact between the casing of the pneumatic punch and the soil.
c) The velocity of the pneumatic punch along its curvilinear trajectory is deter-
mined by its power, the dimensions of its casing, and the curvature of the borehole, and also
depends on the coefficient of correlation between the energy of a single blow and the volume
of the cavity formed by the blow.

LITERATURE CITED

io A. D. Kostylev et al., "Device for forming boreholes in the soil," Inventor's

Certificate No. 354,085, Byull. Izobret., No. 30 (1972).
2. A. D. Kostylev et al., "Percussive device for forming boreholes in the soil,"
Inventor's Certificate No. 368,377, Byull. Izobret., No. 9 (1973).
3. A. D. Kostylev et al., "Device for imparting a given direction in the soil to a
pneumatic punch," Inventor's Certificate No. 223,639, Byull. Izobret., No. 24 (1968).
4. G. M. Fikhtengol'ts, Course of Differential and Integral Calculus [in Russian],
Vol. 2, Nauka, Moscow (1969).

187