Exact Solution of MHD Electro-Osmotic Flow of Jeffrey Fluid in

Convergent Geometry

Mubbashar Nazeer1, Farooq Hussain2, M. M. Ghafar3

Department of Mathematics, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Government College University

Faisalabad Chiniot Campus, 35400, Pakistan

Department of Mathematical Sciences (FBAS) BUITEMS, Quetta 87300, Pakistan

Department of Mathematica, Riphah International University Faisalabad Campus, 38000

Pakistan

(Corresponding Author: mubbasharnazeer@gcuf.edu.pk (Mubbashar Nazeer))

Abstract: The multiphase flow of Jeffery fluid under the impact of Electro-
Magnetohydrodynamic is examined in this analysis. The nanoparticles of Hafnium metal are
mixed up in the base fluid along with the impact of elector osmotic parameter having high
significance in the present decade. Two explanatory models namely particulate phase and
fluid phase are considered for a convergent geometry having numerous usages in practical
life especially in modern technologies like microfluidic devices, chemical analysis, soil
analysis and in other industries. The governing PDES are converted into ODEs by using the
dimensionless quantiles and then find the exact solution with the help of Mathematica
software. The impact of substantial parameters from different aspects is showed graphically
with necessary discussion keeping in view its physical aspects. The streamlines are also
drawn to enlighten their physical importance regarding the flow behavior. This model
emphasis on the importance of diverse geometries used widely in medical and engineering
walks to incorporated fluid in complicated places like in species separation, biomedical lab-
on-a-chip devices, DNA sequences and to stimulated drugs in diverse veins, and colliers etc.

Keywords: Jeffrey Fluid; Multiphase Flow; Electro-magneto hydrodynamics; Nano-fluid;

Exact solution.

1. Introduction

The last few years study of non-Newtonian fluids has increased due to a substantial variety of
engineering, industrial and commercial manufacturing applications. Cosmetic products, oils,
clay coating, soaps, gels, blood, shampoos, paints and many more are the examples of Non-

1
Newtonian fluids. Numerous models of non-Newtonian fluids include Jeffrey, 2 nd grade, 4th
grade, Maxwell, Williamson, power law, generalized Burgers, Burgers and Casson models.
The Jeffrey fluid is amongst the most important materials characterizing relaxation and
retardation times. In Jeffery fluid tensor, there are two parameters 1 and 2, in which 1
represents retardation time and 2 is a ratio between 1 to relaxation time. Nazeer et al [1]
recently considered Jeffrey fluid mixed up with Hafnium (Hf) nanoparticle to reduce the
multiphase flow on Non-Newtonian fluid in a horizontal channel with heat transfer property.
Radiative heat flux along the magnetic field considered and also per wall considered under
the influence of heat effect. Three contrasting granular flows are derived. The impression of
most notable parameters on velocity and temperature are viewed graphically. It is observed
that more energy to the system ultimately decrease the friction force along with viscosity.
Ponalagusamy and Manchi [2] used pulsatile flow of Jeffrey fluid mined with nanoparticle of
blood cell in an artery to investigate the combined effect of electric and magnetic field and
external periodic body acceleration periodically taken under consideration. Governing
equations are simplified by using dimensional analysis. The impact of some involving
parameters on velocity profile, skin friction and hardens to flow are graphically and
discussed. It is worth fully mentioned that the enhancement in the electric field intensity
effects a reduction in the skin friction. Nisar et al [3] used scratching surface in the presence
of uniform heat source and first order chemical reaction to execute an analysis for steady free
convective electrically conducted Jeffrey fluid and mass transfer properties considered. To
convert the complex PDE’s into non-linear ODE’s self-semi-transformation used. The
favorable results indicated both the interaction parameter and Hartmann number helped to
increase the velocity profile. Gireesha et al [4] investigated in a nonlinear really e permeable
stretching sheet in the presence of porous medium, the effect of temperature and space
dependent heat absorption on three dimensional MHD Jeffrey fluid. A uniform magnetic field
over and electrically conducting fluid is taken into account. The governing PDE’s are
transferred into ODE’s by using problem formulation. A complete parametric study
accomplished to scout the impact of various parameters on the velocity, particles
concentration and temperature profile. It is founded that magnetic field vanquished the
velocity. Vaidya et al [5] used a non-Newtonian fluid in a tapered asymmetric channel,
having variable transport characteristic to investigate the MHD peristaltic flow. The famous
perturbation technique implemented/applied to obtained the solution of momentum and
energy equations respectively. The graphs predicted that viscosity variations played a central

2
role in regularity the fluid velocity. Abbas et al [6] studied hemodynamic Nanofluid under the
effect of an external magnetic field. The thermal chemical reaction also is taken into account.
Different kinds of diseases in the human body can be easily targeted by the magnetic field
effect. Mathematical formulation and numerical and analytical simulation used and Jeffery
viscoelastic latest model used to excite non-Newtonian properties.

This study makes sure that Nano-fluids play a major role in technological, biomedical and
industrial processes. The term Nano comes from the Latin word that signifies gnome.
Titanium dioxide (Titania, TiO2), silica dioxide (silica, SiO2), silver (Ag), bimetallic, gold
(Au), Iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), Mercury (Hg), Copper (Cu) and gadolinium (Gd) are the
examples of Nano-particles. Moreover, due to the unique feature of corrosion resistance and
neutrons absorption, the hafnium particles are extremely demanding and important in the
nuclear reactor. The pattern of research in this sense was influenced by that particular
character. The research trend was influenced in this sense by that unique character. A bridge
among molecular or nuclear structures and bulk materials was developed with nanoparticles
correlated with Hafnium particles which was eventually related to medical science as supply
agents for drugs and anticancer. A fluid that contains nanometer-sized particles is called
Nano-fluid. Nano-fluids are used widely in everyday life for example chiller, automotive
application, industrial cooling, in grinding, cooling of microchips, domestic refrigerator,
nuclear reactors, imaging, drug delivery, and sensing. Nazeer et al [7] recently the effect of
different physical parameters and non-dimensional parameters have been discuss by using
Riga plate over Eyring-Powell fluid. Porous medium is defined by using the Darcy-
Forchheimer model. It is observed that radiation parameter and accurate number are directly
proportional to temperature field. Muruganandam et al [8] investigated experimentally about
the performance of heat exchanger. At lower temperature, the Nano particles of fluid medium
of natural Glay is always found in mixed condition. In the present study natural Glay Nano
particles are taken under concentration, for this the hot medium artificial created by the use of
high capacity water heater. It is founded that mass flow rate of hot fluid medium remained
same but cold medium is different in almost every experiment. The proficiency of Glay Nano
particles is compare with normal temperature water and heat exchanged results. Hakeem et
al. [9] introduced for the first time a comparative examine on fluids under the influence of
non-magnetized nanoparticles. Magnetized tiny sized particles have greater effect on velocity
and temperature profile of the fluid in comparison to non-magnetized nanoparticles. Yadav
[10] investigated the impact of unsteady internal heating and chemical reaction on a

3
longitudinal convective role use a porous medium which is saturated by Nanofluid. The use
of non-uniform heating in read the temperature and nanoparticle concentration which in turn
impact the stability extensively. The program two phase mathematical model is used to
handle this problem. The chemical parameter decrease the size of convection cell on the other
hand internal heating parameter increased it. Sun et al [11] have experimentally investigated
the heat transfer and flow properties of Nano-fluid under the impact of magnetic field. The
heat transfer capacity of base fluid with minute-sized magnetized particles increased in
vertical tube under the impact of uniform magnet. Raza et al [12] studied that under the
magnetic field effect nanoparticle of copper in water have been entertained in a porous
channel. By using suitable transformation coupled non-linear ODE's are considered shooting
techniques that are entertained for computations. Multiple solutions were obtained to
interconnect various parameters.

In everyday life, multi-phase flows of dispersions have considerable importance in industry

and mechanical engineering. Multi-phase flows of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid are of
importance. Some natural flows are just a liquid flow that contain multiple forms of solids or
air particles. Floods, granular flow and avalanche etc. are the most common natural flows.
Multi-phase flows cover a variety of difficulties such as soot, propellant burning, droplets and
sprays, smoke formation, charring, bubbles in liquids, slurries, sedimentation, rain and
suspended grain dust. Nazeer et al [13] used steep channel to conduct an analysis of
multiphase flow of 3rd grade fluid. Suspended with Hafnium (HF) and crystal particles in the
bi-phase flow, a magnetic field in transvers direction is considered. Regular perturbation
technique is used to solve higher order nonlinear differential equation. Furthermore, a
numerical solution is too gained. On comparing Newtonian and non-Newtonian multiphase
fluid and founded that Hafnium particles are more beneficial than crystal particles. It is
viewed that Hartmann and Froude numbers act inversely to the velocity field. Chatterjee et al
[14] presented experimental and numerical study of gas/liquid bi-phase flow inside spiral and
straight micro channel. For both channels it is founded that centrifugal force influenced a lot
on dynamics of Taylor bubble in spiral channel. Numerical simulations indicated
hydrophobicity off channel wall on that Taylor bubble formation. A relative study is
presented the effect of two-phase and Uniphase flow on vorticity. Reza-E-Rabbi et al [15] use
nano-size particles along with the radiative Casson and Maxwell fluids to analyze
hydrodynamic multiphase behavior, also nonlinear chemical reaction is considered. The study
finally showed the impressions of numerous pertinent parameters that are showed pictorially

4
along with tabular analysis on fluid fields. The purpose is to draw a differentiation between
Casson and Maxwell fluids on various flow fields. By the analysis of stream lines and
isotherm a comparative study between two fluids is conducted. Various comparisons
observed during this valuable analyzed study. Ellahi et al [16] investigated two-phase
Couette-poiseuille flow in the presence of the magnetic field of couple stress fluid, inserted
axial pressure with the uniform movement of the upper plate, taking the heat effect at the
wall. Observations showed a decline in velocity when the Hartman number enhanced. It
inertial particles with Newtonian and non-Newtonian base fluid may be used to analyze bi-
phase flow.

The last few years have seen that magnetic field plays an important role in the branch of fluid
mechanics due to its various properties to improve the thermophysical characteristic of the
fluid. It is used in magnetic Resonance Imaging system, electric generators, electric
transformers, electric motors and electromagnetic wave propagation. MHD is a branch of
science in which we study the features of the magnetic field through liquid conduction.
Magneto-hydrodynamics can also be used for a variety of magnetic drugs that target cancer
infections and are useful for flow regulation as well. Mohyud-Din et al [17] observed the
flow of a water-based Nanofluid in a channel having non-parallel stretched and MHD nature
of flow is considered. The equations governing the flow are transferred into the linear system.
It is observed that the temperature profile reduced than in nanoparticle volume fraction
increased. And also nanoparticle volume helps to reduce the temperature of the channel and
enhance the heat transfer rate at the wall. Sheikholeslami et al [18] By using “kkl” the
influence of magnetic field on free convection of aluminum oxide water is observed and also
Brownian motion along with Nanofluid is also entertained Runge-Kutta method is used to
solve the equations and observe the result that shear stress enhances with rise of suction
parameter and other. Seyedi et al [19] used MHD having Eyring-Powell Flow in a channel to
view the mass shift and unsteady heat and also radiation heat absorption, chemical radiation
taken in consideration. The governing solved by high accuracy spectral method with based on
the classical Galerkin approach. Effect of various parameters on velocity temperature are
investigated. The result of calculation indicated that enhancing squeezing number ultimately
gave higher temperature. Mehraz and Cafsi [20] studied numerically Fe3O4/ water Nanofluid
flow and heat exchange behavior into horizontal channel under influence of magnetic field.
Finite volume method is used along with the time splitting algorithm to solve basic equations.
The results are were represented by many parameters. When magnetic field applied, it

5
indicated are clear change in isotherms the streamlines and the heat exchange rate. When
suspended nanoparticles increased overall heat exchange is enhanced and similar results were
viewed for magnetic field strength.

The aim of this study is to ease the fluid flow pattern in the convergent and diverse shape
geometries. Since in medical, engineering and industry there are lot such targets where
passage of fluid in very narrow and diverse shape objects a hurdle is to invent beneficial
gadgets for the service of mankind. As in the medical science the target therapy is a useful
tool to pour medicine through complicated capillaries is required. This present study is useful
for the flow pattern in diverse and complicated objects.

2. Mathematically Model:

In this study, consider multiphase Jeffery fluid flow suspended with 40 percent Hafnium (Hf)

particles in the converge geometry. It's also supposed that   

Vˆf  uˆ f ˆ , ˆ , 0 , 0 
 and

  
Vˆp  uˆ p ˆ , ˆ , 0 , 0 
 are the velocities profile of fluid and particle phases respectively and

the fluid flow is supposed to maneuver by converge geometry. Furthermore, the fluid
additionally undergoes the impacts of static transverse magnetic field along with the electro
kinetic body force in the axial direction. A link defining in channel mathematically with the
corresponding physical diagram is shown below in Figures 1:
Geometry 1:

  ˆ  11 ˆ 


 a  b 1  cos   ; When  ,
H (ˆ )      7 7


 0.5a; Othwewise.
(1)

6
 Figure 1. Physical sketch of converge geometry.

The governing equations are split into two sections to solve the problem.

2.1 Fluid Phase Equations

The fluid phase equation is based on the law of conservation of mass,

.Vˆf  0.
(2)

The fluid phase equation is based on the law of conservation of linear momentum,

D Vˆf  C
 

 f  C    C. pˆ  .S  SC Vˆp  Vˆf  o2uˆ f   f g   2 E .
Dt 1  1 (3)

Where, the stress tensor “S” is defined by [13].

s
S (r  2 r ),
1  1 (4)

r  L + LT , (5)
dr
r  .
dt (6)
2.2 Particle Phase Equations

The particle phase equation is based on the law of conservation of mass,

7
 .Vˆp  0.
(7)

The particle phase equation is based on the law of conservation of linear momentum,

D Vˆf
fC
Dt

 C . pˆ  CS Vˆf  Vˆp . 
(8)

The components form of above governing equations (2), (3), (7) and (8) may be represented
as

uˆ f vˆ f
  0,
ˆ ˆ (9)

 uˆ f vˆ f  pˆ s   2uˆ f  2vˆ f  

f  C  uˆ f  vˆ f    C ˆ   C  2  2  
 ˆ ˆ   1  1  
ˆ ˆ  
2 ˆ 2 ˆ

       
+CS  uˆ p  uˆ f   o2uˆ f   2  2  E . 
ˆ ˆ 
   (10)

uˆ p vˆ p
  0,
ˆ ˆ (11)
 uˆ vˆ  pˆ
f C uˆ p p  vˆ p p   C  CS  uˆ f  uˆ p  .
 ˆ ˆ  ˆ (12)

2.3 Boundary Conditions

The following boundary conditions are taken into consideration to solve the aforementioned
problem

uˆ f  uˆ f At the wall ; When ˆ  H (ˆ ),

(i) (13)

uˆ f  uˆ f At the wall ; When ˆ   H (ˆ ).

(ii) (14)

We are now introducing the following non-dimensional quantities to normalize the governing
equations:

8
 ˆ ˆ uˆ uˆ vˆ vˆ H 
 , = , u f = f , u p = p , v f = f , v p = p , h= , 
 a Uo Uo U o U o a 
 
apˆ b ˆ
 
ˆ a  E 
p= , = ,  = ,  = , = , U HS = , 
U o s a  aU o  U o s 
2no  
m=aez , M=aBo . 
BoT '
s 
. (15)

By using Eq. (15) in Eqs. (9)- (14), we obtained the following dimensionless equations:

u f v f
 0,
  (16)

  p 1  u f CS  u p  u f  a
2 2
 M2   m 2 U HS
 .   uf  . ,
 () 1  1 2  C s   C     C
(17)

u p v p
  0,
  (18)

 s p
=S  u f  u p  .
a  (19)

Similarly, the dimensionless form of above boundary conditions are given below:

uf  0 ; When   h(),
(i) (20)
uf  0 ; When   h().
(ii) (21)

The dimensionless form of Eq. (1) obtained as:

a   1  cos    ; When 0.5    

h ( )  
 0.5; Othwewise. (22)

After a few basic manipulation the mathematical expression for electro-osmotic potential

function  ) , given in Equation (19), can eventually achieved

9
 cosh(m)
  .
cosh(mh) (23)

By using the Eq. (23) in Eq. (17), we get

 1   uf  M2 
2
a 2 CS  u p  u f   m 2 U HS  cosh( m) p
1   . 2   uf     .
      C    C s    C  cosh(mh) 
(24)

The velocity of the particle can be denoted as by using the Eq. (19)
   p
up= u f  s  .
 aS   (25)
By using the Eq. (25) in Eq. (24), we get
2u f
 A1u f  A2 P  A3 cosh(m).
2 (26)
Where,

M2  acS  1 m 2U HS 1 p
A1  ; A2  1   ; A3  ; P .
 1   1  c   S   1   1  c  cosh  mh  1 
 1  c  1    1  1   
     
(27)
This is visible Eq. (26) is a second order ODE that can be resolved with the assistance of Eqs.
(20) and (21). Afterward fluid phase velocity is defined as

 1
 2

 
u fluid    Sech  h A1   PA4  cosh  hm  A5   cosh  A1   sinh  A1  



 1
 2

 
   Sech  h A1   PA4  cosh  hm  A5   cosh  A1   sinh  A1  
 

 A4 P  A5 cosh  m  . 

 (28)

Where,

A2 A3
A4   , A5  .
A1 m  A1
2
(29)

10
By using Eq. (28) in Eq. (25), we obtain the velocity of particle phase which is defined as

 1
 2


uParticle    Sech  h A1   PA4  cosh  hm  A5   cosh  A1   sinh  A1  



 1
 2

 
   Sech  h A1   PA4  cosh  hm  A5   cosh  A1   sinh  A1  
 

   
 A4 P  A5 cosh  m    s  P. 
 a S   (30)
The volumetric flow rate is now obtained for fluid and particle phases as follows:

h
Q f   u f d ,
0 (31)

h
Q p   u p d .
0 (32)

(33)
The total volumetric flow rate is now obtained as

Q  Q f  Qp ,
(33)

sinh  hm  A5  PA4  cosh  hm  A5  tanh  h A1  hP  s 

Q  hPA4    
m A1 aS 


 tanh  h A1    sinh hm cosh  hm  tanh  h A1   
 PA4  h    A5       .
 A1   m A1  
    (34)
The most vital feature of the examined fluid, Pressure gradient, we obtained after simplifying
above Eq. (26) for P as below

P

aS mQ A1  2sinh  hm  A1 A5  2m cosh  hm  A5 tanh  h A1 
.


m 2ahS A1 A4  h A1  s  2aS A4 tanh  h A1   (35)

3. Results and Discussion

11
This portion of study put light on some very potent parameters that are incredibly significant
in the motion of a multi-phase fluid in a diverse and convergent geometry. These parameters
are Helmholtz-Smoluchowski parameterU HS, electro-osmotic parameter m, Jeffery parameter

1 , particle concentration C and Hartmann number M. because of the diverse shape and

configuration of the concerned geometry velocity parameter behave quite differently. In

figure 2-6 the velocities of fluid and particle are sketched for Jeffery parameter, fluid
velocity, Hartmann number, electro-osmotic parameter and Helmholtz-Smoluchowski
parameter U HS . Because of Bernoulli’s principle of fluid dynamics in the diverse convergent
geometry velocity acts totally different. Figure 2 shows the effect of Jeffery parameter on the
velocity profile of fluid and particle phase. The Jeffery parameter support the fluid and
particle phases of the flow. A continuous up rise in the fluid and particle phase of the velocity

profile is seen as we enhance the value of the Jeffery parameter

1 . A little up rise has been

seen in both fluid and particle phase of the velocity as we increase the value of the parameter
of nanoparticle concentration C and this can be viewed in the figure 3. When number of
particles in the base fluid increased the velocity of the flow disturbed this is because of the
concentrated effect, thickness of the fluid increased as the increment in the particles
enhanced. When the fluid is going to thick with the enhancement of the particles the
resistance among the particles became more and more. As magnetic field influence the
motion of the fluid and the suspended particles transversely so when we enhance the value of
Hartmann number a gradual increase in the velocity profile of both the cases can be observed
in figure 4. The effect of the M is more prominent at the peak values the peak value
drastically decreases with enhanced value of M. This is because of the Lorentz force which
always act opposite the flow pattern if the magnetic field put an influence in the transverse
direction as in the present problem. This type of opposite forces slows down the fluid velocity
as observed. A very opposite behavior of the electro-osmotic parameter m can be seen in
figure 5. This valuable parameter influenced a lot of impact on the fluid its slight but
beneficial support in the motion of the fluid make it a unique parameter. When the value of
m increases a little down fall is observed in the velocity profile of both phases.
Electroosmotic flow that involves in displacing one fluid to another is mostly encountered in
numerous fluidic applications. This nonpareil pattern of enhancement in velocity is prompted
by the electro-kinetic term present in the governing equation. Figure 6 shows a very rapid
decrease is viewed in the velocity profile of particle and fluid phase when a little increment is

12
made in the value of Helmholtz-Smoluchowski parameter. This parameter influenced a lot in
the convergent geometry rather than in divergent cases. One of the most prominent attributes
which narrates the pattern of the fluid flow can be viewed through the streamlines. To serve
this aspect streamlines are plotted in the figures 7-11 for different values of Jeffery
parameter, particle concentration, electro-osmotic parameter, Helmholtz-Smoluchowski
parameter, Hartmann number. Figure 7 showed that streamlines against the Jeffery parameter
when the value of this parameter decreased the line became dense and expanded for high

value of the
1 for both the phases. On the other hand, the value of particle concentration

parameter on the streamlines showed a very minor fluctuation in the behave that is almost
negligible. This is because high concentration did not impact on the fluid flow behavior but
only slow down the velocity profiles a bit. This can be viewed in figure 8. Now the pattern of
the streamlines against the Hartmann is observed in figure 9. A virtual decline in the
velocities of both the phases is checked when the value of Hartmann number M is enhanced.
It is observed that high value of the M put an obstruction in path of flow. As the previous
Literature indicated that the magnetic field lines oppose any sort of fluidic flow therefore the
increasing value of M decrease the streamlines in the convergent geometry under
consideration. In figure 10 streamlines are plotted against the electro-osmotic parameter. It is
observed that the impression of the electro-osmotic parameter in this concerned geometry is
not notable as no disturbance in the flow pattern observed when some increment made in the
value of m. To analyze the flow pattern for Helmholtz-Smoluchowski parameter, the
streamlines are constructed in figure 11. It is disclosed that streamline do not alter upon

fluctuating
U HS . It’s worthful to mention that all observations are in accordance with the

physical intention.

4. Conclusions

The expressions for the velocity of fluid and particle phases are idiomatically gained in the
bi-phase flow of Hafnium particles and Jeffery fluid with electro-osmotic effect. The flow is
observed through a divergent geometry for various parameters. The impact of magnetic fields
and electro kinetic are considered. The impression of potent parameters like that Hartmann
number M, Helmholtz-Smoluchowski parameter U HS, Jeffery fluid parameter λ 1, particle
concentration C, electro-osmotic parameter m in a convergent geometry have been showed
and viewed graphically. The most valuable observations enlisted as under:

13
 Velocities of both phases are losing its strength for different values of Hartmann
number M in the concerned geometry.
 A manifest increase in the velocity of both phases is noted in the convergent geometry
for merely the various values of U HS and m.
 Variations have been observed in the case of Jeffery parameter when the Jeffery
parameter increases the velocity of both the phases increases.
 Reduction in the streamlines for the parameter m merely observed in the geometry.
 It is noticed that the strengthen the M emergence of extra streamlines occurs.
 In the case of U HS flow pattern remained unchanged.

14
 F lu id V e lo c ity

75 1 1 .0

70 1 2 .0
1 3 .0
65
ufluid

1 4 .0
60

55

50

45
0 .0 0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0

P a rtic le V e lo c ity

75 1 1 .0
1 2 .0
70
1 3 .0
uParticle

65 4 .0
1

60

55

50

45
0 .0 0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0

Figure 2. Effects of Jeffrey parameters

1 on the velocity profile.

15
 F lu id V e lo c it y

C 0 .1
70
C 0 .2
65 C 0 .3
C 0 .4
ufluid

60

55

50

45
0 .0 0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0

P a r t i c le V e lo c i t y
75
C 0 .1
70 C 0 .2
C 0 .3
uParticle

65
C 0 .4
60

55

50

45
0 .0 0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0

Figure 3. Effects of fluid velocity “C” parameters on the velocity profile.

16
 F lu id V e lo c ity
80
M 1 0 .0
75
M 1 2 .0
70 M 1 3 .0
M 1 4 .0
ufluid

65

60

55

50

45
0 .0 0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0

P a rtic le V e lo c ity

80 M 1 0 .0
M 1 2 .0
75
M 1 4 .0
uParticle

70
M 1 6 .0
65

60

55

50

45
0 .0 0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0

Figure 4. Effects of Hartmann numbers on the velocity profile.

17
 F lu id V e lo c ity

m 5 .0
70 m 1 0 .0

65 m 1 5 .0
m 2 0 .0
ufluid

60

55

50

45
0 .0 0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0

P a rtic le V e lo c ity
75
m 5 .0
70 m 1 0 .0
m 1 5 .0
uParticle

65
m 2 0 .0
60

55

50

45
0 .0 0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0

Figure 5. Effects of electro-osmotic parameter on the velocity profile.

18
 F lu id V e lo c ity
75
U HS 5 .0
70
U HS 2 0 .0
65 U HS 3 5 .0
U 5 0 .0
ufluid

60 HS

55

50

45

40
0 .0 0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0

P a r tic le V e lo c ity
75
U HS 5 .0
70 U HS 2 0 .0
65 U HS 3 5 .0
uParticle

U HS 5 0 .0
60

55

50

45

40
0 .0 0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0

Figure 6. Effects of Helmholtz-Smoluchowski parameter U HSon the velocity profile.

19
Figure 7. Stream lines for 1  2 and 1  3 .

20
Figure 8. Stream lines for C=0.1 and C=0.4.

21
Figure 9. Stream lines for M=2 and M=2.

22
Figure 10. Stream lines for m=2 and m=5.

23
Figure 11. Stream lines for UHS=2 and UHS=5.

24
Nomenclature
Vf fluid-phase velocity vector Greek symbols
Vp Particle-phase velocity vector f Density of the fluid
ú , v́ , ẃ Velocity components (m/s) λ Wavelength
UHS Helmholtz–Smoluchowski parameter 𝛆 Dielectric permittivity
m Electro-osmotic parameter  zeta potential
1 Jeffrey Parameter ∂ Partial differential
M Hartmann number δ Wave number(long wavelength)
Bo Magnetic field e net electric charge density
KB Boltzmann constant σ electrical conductivity

E External applied electrical field β volumetric thermal expansion
coefficient
C Nanoparticle Concentration μs Viscosity of the Jeffrey fluid
S shear stress  Dimensional electric potential
Qf Volumetric flow rate of fluid phase  Non-dimensional electric potential
Volumetric flow rate of particle  Dimensional stream function
Qp
phase
ṕ Dimensional pressure field  Non-dimensional stream function
 Dimensional Cartesian coordinate
p Non-dimensional pressure field variables
T` Temperature  Non-dimensional Cartesian
coordinate variables
a Channel’s width
b Wave amplitude
e Elementary charge
no bulk ionic concentration
z Valence of ions
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