Introduction

In fluid dynamics, a stagnation point is a point in a flow field where the local velocity of the
fluid is zero. Stagnation points exist at the surface of objects in the flow field, where the fluid
is brought to rest by the object. The Bernoulli equation shows that the static pressure is
highest when the velocity is zero and hence static pressure is at its maximum value at
stagnation points. This static pressure is called the stagnation pressure.

A nanofluid is a fluid containing nanometer-sized particles, called nanoparticles. These fluids

are engineered colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in a base fluid.[1][2] The nanoparticles
used in nanofluids are typically made of metals, oxides, carbides, or carbon nanotubes.
Common base fluids include water, ethylene glycol and oil.

Gbadeyan, J. A et al [1] investigates about the combination of variable viscosity and thermal
conductivity, nonlinear radiation and non-Darcian porous medium on a limited layer of MHD
Casson nanofluid flow over a sheet with heating and velocity slip. Galerkin weighted residual
method (GWRM) is used to solve set of equations. Results that are obtained are having
dimensionless velocity, temperature and fraction of nano particle volume.

Khan, A. et al [2] investigated about the unsteadiness casson nano fluid over an isothermal
sheet with Newtonian heating. Sodium aliginate is taken as an example of casson nao fluid.
Porosity and MHD effects are taken. Results that are obtained stated that there are effects of
thermal radiation and heat generation. Laplace transform method is used.

Makkar, V et al [3] researched about the casson nano fluid with presence of viscous and
ohmic dissioation used to study the stability of MHD limited layer towards non-linear
stretching sheet. Main purpose is to study different parameters of fluids. RKF method is used
to solve the equations.

Parvin, S. et al [4] present about the new techniques of mathematical modeling of casson
nanofluid. The model is subjected to some parameters of physical and it inclined to the effect
of magnetic field. Partial differential equations converted into ordinary differential equations
by selecting suitable similarity transformations.

Kala, B. S. et al [5] studied about casson nanofluid in Non-Decay porous medium with
magnet field in an inclined stretching sheet. By uses of similarity variable transformed
equations of momentum, energy and mass concentration into non-dimensionless ordinary
differential equations.

Raza, J. et al [6] discovered numerically about different solutions to generate the results
of MHD flow casson nano fluid in channel of lenient. Shooting method is used for
numerical investigation.
Khanafer, K., and Vafai, K. [7] calculated about the importance and uses of solar thermal
systems in nanofluids. In past yeaes, they present their research in thermal energy storage
systems, solar stills etc. Results are obtained about using of solar energy systems of
nanofluids.

Awais, M. et al [8] discovers about the heat-and-mass transfer effect on the casson nano-
fluid MHD flow through the porous medium because of the stretching layer that underlies
the Lorentz force and the heat production and absorption effect. Both types of velocity’s
profile are first computed by the method of RK. After that, mathematical model is
developed into mathematic equations, it solved by shooting technique. Results for both
numerical and streaming solutions are obtained.

Bretado-de los Rios et al [9] stated about applications of nanofluids, like solar energies. They
used nanofluids as an alternative fluid to enhance energies of efficiencies of thermal. Their
main purpose is to highlight how nanofluids are efficient and give great results in
economical.

Said, Z. et al [10] stated that, in nanofluids is used as based fluids in solar thermal. They
focused on to summarize at different temperature level, they discussed about the numerical
and experimental studies of it. Also they discussed about different forces on this system.
Results show that it enhance the effectiveness.

Sabir, Z. et al [11] studied about the experiment conducted on phases of casson naofluid
passing through stretching sheet, with the effectiveness of chemical reaction and
microorganism of gyrotactic. PDEs converted into ODEs. The technique of shooting method
is used.

Jamshed, W. et al [12] studied about the casson nonofluid analysis with MHD, viscous
dissipation, heating, thermal radiation, factors, that have effects on accelerating sheet. Used,
Keller box method to solve system of ODEs that are converted from PDEs by using similar
transformation.

Basha, H. T., and Sivaraj, R. [13] studied to conduct the result about analysis of stability and
solutions of casson nanofluid over a stretching and shrinking and stagnation point. The model
of Buongiorno nanofluid is used to study behavior of casson nanofluid. Results show that
velocity and temperature show behavior different in natures.

Deivanayaki, M. et al [14] studied about the impact of casson nanofluid over a stretching
sheet with inclined magnetic field. Results are given show that the impact of casson nanofluid
along with magnetic field improve the fluid velocity.

Sahoo, A., and Nandkeolyar, R. [15] stated about the detailed analysis of entropy generation
on the flow of casson nanofluid conducted electrically with the influence of other parameters
like radiation etc. The method of quasi-linearization is used.
Izadi, M., and Assad, M. E. H. [16] focuses on how to restored energy from solar thermal by
using devices. They thought about this due to some reasons like damages to our earth’s
atmosphere and its ecosystem. They investigated they are ver useful for solar.

Harun, M. A. et al [17] considered or inspected that as nanofluids have property about better
thermal conductivity, and are widely used in application of heat transfer. So they used
nanocellulose as base fluid, and the effect of its thermophysical properties examined by them.

Shan, Y. et al [18] stated that as absurdness of heat transfer and light for solar energy are
abilities that nanofluids have. In their work Fe3O4 nanofluid used by them in first time as a
bubbly convective flow in decomposable for group of solar steam. Their work opens up about
an economic and efficient way for moving solar vapor generation.

Naga Santoshi et al [19] studied about Casson and carreau nano fluid statistical research
related to convective borders. By using self-similarity parameters. modified, flow equations
into non-linear ODEs system Solutions. Results that are conducted show impact of variables
on characteristics of friction factors

and as well as flow.

Mandal, I. C.et al [20] extant under the influence of boundary conditions of convective
around or along a sheet that is stretched is the work at nanofluid flow of MHD prandtl. ODEs
are concluded after using suitable transformation in PDEs, then RK method is used to solve a
system. Results show about velocity’s improvement in it.

Naqvi, S. M. R. S. et al [21] discussed that as blood is an example of casson nano fluid. So

there are advantages of casson nano fluid in medical terms and applications. They studied
about the metallic Nano size particles with electrically conducted casson nanofluid in the
presence of magnetic force and thermal radiation. Results are carried out in different patients
parameters.

Abo-Dahab, S. M.et al [22] studied about aspects of thermophysical of viscoelastic fluid flow
arranged in a nonlinearized stretching sheet. Here viscoelasticity is characterized as casson
nano fluid represented in momentum equation. Flow charecterstics is study under the
influence of magnetic force. Then nanosized particles are used in casson fluid to study the
effectiveness of Brownian motion and thermophoretic forces.

Wong, K. V. et al [23] stated that nanofluids are extension of nano particles in fluids. It
shows properties and advantage of nano particles concentration. They focused on how
important nanofluids can involued in present and future applications.

Khan, M. I. et al [24] addressed about MHD stagnation flow of casson nano fluid towards a
stretching sheet. Discussed about the reaction of both homogenous and heterogeneous along
with the effect of homogeneous heat is to being subjected to electromagnet force. Shooting
method is used to solve the problems.
Verma, V. K., and Mondal, S. [25] present about the methods which are useable for casson
nano fluids by studying different research over last decades. The study helps about to know
the important of controlling parameters of casson nanofluid flow. Comparisons of old
methods give a result that show some old methods are still stable like shooting method, RK
method etc.

Raza, J. [26] has calculated about the correspondence practice solutions of non-
newtonian fluid has importance in science and engineering. Currently many researchers
study on fluid of non-newtonian over sheet. Under some of conditions of fluid flowness,
they considered new technique for the numerical solutions of some fluids.

Siddiqui, A., and Shankar, B. [27] studied that in absorbent medium, flow of MHD and heat
transfer of non-Newtonian fluid over a stretching sheet in, Casson nano fluid is consuming as
non-newtonian fluid. Governing differential equations system of non-linear is changed by
partial differential equations, after all of that it explained by the method of Keller.

Kumar, A., and Subudhi, S. [28] stated that as Nanofluids are the best fluids to stable the
productivity of a system as it has a strength to change transfer of conventional heat. They
discussed about the future and recent uses of nanofluids. Many engineering applications are

related to nanofluid.

Ali Lund, L. et al [29] studied about the casson nano fluid over unstable thermal radiation.
Navier-stokes is derived for momentum for non-newtonian fluid with parameters
symmetrical. PDE’s are transformed into BVPs or in ODEs by using similarity
transformation,shooting method and procedure of RK.

Zoli, L., Sciti, D., and Sani [30] used ZrB2 as nanofluid to study its effectiveness on solar
energy. Their work present, about optical spectra of ZrB2 nanoparticles. They proved that
optical properties of ZrB2 nanofluids absorbed direct solar energy.

Mustafa, M., & Khan, J. A. [31] studied about casson nanofluid flow with MHD and transfer
of heat over non linearly stretching sheet. It is scattered with non-linear temperature and
some physically models are also related to it. Fourth-fifth-order-Runge-Kutta integration
along with shooting technique is used to solve mathematical equations.

Moindal, I. C et al [32] they used casson nanofluid as a model for study the behavior of non-
Newtonian fluid. They study it over the exponentially stretching sheet along with magnetic
field. In the presence of heat flux results are carried out. Equations are solved numerically by
using suitable transformation.

Mustafa, M. et al [33] they discussed about the flow of casson nanofluids in the region of
stagnation point over a stretching sheet. They study about some properties of transfer of heat
and dissipation of viscosity. Homotopy analysis method (HAM) is used to solve equations.
Wakif, A. [34] computed mathematical analysis of stable connective flow of
magnetohydrodynamic of radiative Casson nano fluids moving along a nonlinear stretching
sheet. Equations are solved numerically by using new methods of GDQLLM algorithm and
generalized differential quadrature.

Lund, L. A.et al [35] they create a system for MHD flow for electrical casson nano fluid on
exponentially stretching sheets by the effect of concentration slip having velocity, along with
boundary condition. Main assumption is to study the characteristics of heat flow, and stable
analysis. Shooting method and three-stage Lobatto IIIa formula are used to solve equations.

Rao, A. S. et al [36] studied theoretically about combination of magnetohydrodynamic, heat,

momentum and mass transfer in casson nanofluid flow from a sphere with condition of
convective under the magnetic field. In the presence of conditions of heat and mass transfer
in the system are incorporated by the effect of Brownian similar PDEs by using non-
similarity transformations.

Rehman, K. U. et al [37] they conducted an experiment to get information about the use of
casson nano fluid over a solid body. Casson nanofuild is achieved by solid body’s rotation
with angular frequency to be constant. Von Kamran’s scheme is used to understand the
effects of nanosized particles.

Al-Mamun et al [38] They set a system in which they used a type of Non-Newtonian fluid
flow which is casson nanofluid with the absorption of radiation and thermopheresis through
heat and mass conduction over a stretching sheet along with the effectiveness of magnetic
field. Equations which are time dependent used to establish to solve fluid flow.

Oyelakin, I. S.et al [39] explained about that by combining the effect of Dufour and Soret on
heat and mass transfer with thermal radiation and heat production in casson nanofluid stream.
They used the method of spectral relaxation. They got the result that indicated that fluid flow,
temperatures and concentration profiles are highly affected by the unsteadiness of flow,
parameters of casson and magnetic and the slip of velocity.

Kamran A. et al [40] stated about the study of casson nano fluid over a stretching sheet by
using the technique of Keller box with the effectiveness of magnetic field and joule heating, it
converts ordinary differential equations into nonlinear partial differential by using similarity
transformations.