Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 31 (2021) 17–25

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/CJChE

Article

Modeling and numerical analysis of nanoliquid (titanium oxide,

graphene oxide) flow viscous fluid with second order velocity slip and
entropy generation
M. Ijaz Khan 1, Seifedine Kadry 2, Yuming Chu 3,4,*, M. Waqas 5
1
Department of Mathematics, Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
2
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
3
Department of Mathematics, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
4
Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling and Analysis in Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
5
NUTECH School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, National University of Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The prime objective of the present communication is to examine the entropy-optimized second order
Received 9 May 2020 velocity slip Darcy–Forchheimer hybrid nanofluid flow of viscous material between two rotating disks.
Received in revised form 16 August 2020 Electrical conducting flow is considered and saturated through Darcy–Forchheimer relation. Both the disks
Accepted 18 August 2020
are rotating with different angular frequencies and stretches with different rates. Here graphene oxide and
Available online 29 August 2020
titanium dioxide are considered for hybrid nanoparticles and water as a continuous phase liquid. Joule heat-
ing, heat generation/absorption and viscous dissipation effects are incorporated in the mathematical mod-
Keywords:
eling of energy expression. Furthermore, binary chemical reaction with activation energy is considered. The
Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium
Titanium dioxide and graphene oxide
total entropy rate is calculated in the presence of heat transfer irreversibility, fluid friction irreversibility,
nanoparticles Joule heating irreversibility, porosity irreversibility and chemical reaction irreversibility through thermo-
Second order velocity slip dynamics second law. The nonlinear governing equations are first converted into ordinary differential
Convective boundary condition equations through implementation of appropriate similarity transformations and then numerical solutions
Activation energy are calculated through Built-in-Shooting method. Characteristics of sundry flow variables on the entropy
Heat generation/absorption generation rate, velocity, concentration, Bejan number, temperature are discussed graphically for both gra-
phene oxide and titanium dioxide hybrid nanoparticles. The engineering interest like skin friction coeffi-
cient and Nusselt number are computed numerically and presented through tables. It is noticed from the
obtained results that entropy generation rate and Bejan number have similar effects versus diffusion param-
eter. Also entropy generation rate is more against the higher Brinkman number.
Ó 2020 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press Co., Ltd. All
rights reserved.

1. Introduction law characteristics of heat transport through forced convection are

Quality development and the amount of heat energy are two
main constraints in thermal reactions. During such thermal pro-
cesses the energy consumption and useful work are seen through
a tool which is called the entropy. The entropy is determined
through second law of thermodynamics. According to this law,
there must be some energy losses which results in decreasing
the efficiency of the system. Such losses of energy are more care-
fully observed through entropy generation. In thermal processes,
the efficiency can be improved by decreasing the entropy. So the
main purpose must be the reduction of entropy production. Second
⇑ Corresponding author at: Department of Mathematics, Huzhou University,
Huzhou 313000, China.
E-mail address: chuyuming@zjhu.edu.cn (Y. Chu).
discussed by Bejan [1,2] in terms of four fundamental flow config-
urations: (i) Cross flow, (ii) pipe flow, (iii) entrance region, and (iv)
flat plates. He also discussed in this research article the interplay
between irreversibility subject to heat transport via finite temper-
ature gradients. Entropy generation in the problem of fluid flow
along a flat surface with suction/injection is examined by Reveil-
lere and Baytas [3]. The flow behavior is discussed by an isothermal
porous flat plate. The governing flow expressions are first altered
into ordinary ones which are tackled numerically by using the
Shooting technique along with Fourth-Order-Kutta Method. They
found that the entropy generation is dramatically enhanced on
the wall subject to heat transfer irreversibilities and high fluid fric-
tion. Their obtained results also show that the total entropy gener-
ation number reduces via blowing fluid except for small
dimensionless temperature parameter (c) values and large Prandtl

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2020.08.005
1004-9541/Ó 2020 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
18 M.I. Khan et al. / Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 31 (2021) 17–25

number. Muhammad et al. [4,5] studied the effects of magnetohy- in a boundary layer flow produced by a vertical sheet. They noted
drodynamics (MHD), second order velocity slip, viscous dissipa- that cooling process decreases for decreasing both Brownian motion
tion, mixed convection, activation energy and Darcy–Forchheimer as well as thermophoresis effects. Nield and Kuznetsov [33] studied
medium, thermal radiation on heat transport and entropy opti- the thermal stability of different nanofluids through porous med-
mized fluid flow towards a curved stretched surface. Their ium. Some recent articles on this topic can be found in Refs. [34–40].
obtained results demonstrate that both entropy generation rate The prime interest of the present research work is to investigate
and Bejan number enhance against higher values of heterogeneous the electrical conducting entropy optimized Darcy–Forchheimer
reaction parameter. Besides this, numerous researchers and ana- hybrid nanofluid flow between two rotating disks. The flow is elec-
lyst have focused and discussed the entropy generation rate in trically conducting through applied magnetic field and saturated
fluid flow towards a stretched surface as given in Refs. [6–10]. via Darcy–Forchheimer relation. Here, Darcy–Forchheimer hybrid
In the recent era, the flow analysis due to stretching surfaces nanofluid flow between two rotating disks is discussed first time
caught the attention of researchers for their widespread applica- in the presence of titanium oxide and graphene oxide. The hybrid
tions in technological and engineering processes. Nuclear reactors, nanoparticles i.e., (titanium oxide and graphene oxide) are utilized
rubber production, glass production, drawing of plastic thin films, for increasing the thermal conductivity of base fluid (water),
textile industries, aerodynamics, plasma study, fiber coating and because these hybrid nanoparticles gave better results than the
geothermal sources of energy are the different fields using stretch- traditional nanoparticles. That is why we have used these hybrid
ing flows applications. The combinations of nanometer-sized parti- nanoparticles. Both the disks stretch with different rates and rotate
cles in fluids are used to enhance their thermal characteristics like with different angular frequencies. The activation energy is consid-
heat transfer rate, thermal conductivity and viscosity in the above ered. The nonlinear governing flow expressions is first altered into
processes. They have potential applications in various fields. Crane ordinary ones and solved via Built-in-Shooting method. The impact
[11] initiated the work by studying stretching problems and their of sundry flow parameters on the entropy generation rate, concen-
exact solutions. The boundary layer flow situation with uniform tration, Bejan number, temperature, velocity, Nusselt number and
moving surface is examined by Sakiadis [12]. Khan et al. [13] scruti- skin friction coefficient are discussed graphically.
nized MHD stagnation point flow of non-Newtonian material (Cas-
son fluid) with homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions. They 2. Coordinate System and Modeling
assumed the homogeneous process by first order kinetics in the
ambient fluid and on the wall surface the heterogeneous process is Here steady, incompressible, three-dimensional electrical con-
isothermal cubic autocatalytic kinetics. The study of boundary layer ducting flow of hybrid nanofluid between two stretchable rotating
flow caused by a vertically heated plate in a porous medium with disks is considered. The fluid flow is conducting electrically
suction/injection parameters is done by Ali [14]. Abel et al. [15] scru- through applied magnetic field of strength (B0) and saturated via
tinized the impact of thermal radiation in MHD boundary layer flow Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium. Both the disks are rotating
generated by a moving sheet. Noreen and Nadeem [16] and Nandep- with different angular frequencies (X1, X2) and stretches with dif-
panavar et al. [17] deliberated the effect of heat transfer on stretch- ferent rates (a1, a2). Two types of hybrid nanoparticles i.e., graphene
ing sheet with variable thermal conductivity, partial slip and heat oxide and titanium dioxide are considered and water as a base
source. Chaim [18] and Cortell [19] computationally examined the fluid. Furthermore, viscous dissipation, Ohmic heating and heat
heat transfer phenomenon with linear and nonlinear stretching generation/absorption are taken into account for the modeling of

 2 
respectively. Vyas and Ranjan [20] computed the behaviors of vis- energy equation. Let u ¼ ra1 þ k1 @u þ k2 @@z2u is the radial velocity,
@z
cous dissipation and thermal radiation on the MHD boundary layer
 2 
flow through a non-linear stretching surface. Salem and Fathy [21] v ¼ rX1 þ k3 @u@z
þ k4 @@zv2 the tangential velocity, w = 0 represents
described the impacts of thermal conductivity and variable viscosity the axial component of velocity, T1, T2 the temperatures of lower
in an incompressible stagnation point flow towards a stretching sur- and upper disks and C1, C2 the concentrations of lower and upper
face. The flow of non-Newtonian liquid over a stretching plate sur- disks. The schematic flow pattern is highlighted in Fig. 1.
face with viscous dissipation is analyzed by Chen [22]. Further, the The governing equations are
behavior of various fluids caused by stretching surfaces with various @u u @w
geometries is shown through Refs [23–25]. þ þ ¼ 0; ð1Þ
@r r @z
Recently the nanotechnology has presented new advancements
!
in many technological and industrial processes. Classical methods @u v 2 @u 1 @p lnf @ 2 u 1 @u u @ 2 u
u  þw ¼ þ þ  2þ 2 
of heat transfer in various fluid models are insufficient to fulfill the @r r @z qnf @r qnf @r 2 r @r r @z
ð2Þ
challenges faced in modern times due to the lower thermal proper- rnf 2 mnf
B u  u  Fu2 ;
ties. The mixtures of metals or metal oxides with the base fluids are qnf 0 K 
used to enhance the thermal capacities of coolants [26]. For these
!
novel characteristics of such fluids, they are beneficial in quick heat @ v uv @ v lnf @2 v 1 @v v @2 v
u  þw ¼ þ  þ 
transfer rate in industries such as power generation, thermal heating @r r @z qnf @r2 r @r r2 @z2
ð3Þ
and chemical processes. The enhancement of thermal properties of rnf 2 mnf
B v   v  Fv2;
nanofluids is quite advantageous in nuclear reactors [27]. The use qnf 0 K
of such particles in nuclear systems is economical and provides
!
safety as well, which is seen in Refs [28–30]. More heat produces @w @w 1 @p lnf @ 2 w 1 @w @ 2 w
inside the electronic systems which reduces the efficiency as well u þw ¼ þ þ þ 
@r @z qnf @z qnf @r2 r @r @z2 ð4Þ
as their reliability. These devices are cooled down by the help of mnf
 w  Fw ;
2
nanofluids. Nanofluids are also used in lubrication processes of K
machine parts, refrigerators, cooling processes and power engines !  2  2 !
etc. Buongiorno [31] designed a model consisting of inertia, Brown- @T @T knf @ 2 T 1 @T @ 2 T lnf @u @v
u þw ¼
 þ þ 2 þ
 þ þ
ian diffusion, thermo-phoresis, Magnus impact, diffusion-phoresis, @r @z qcp nf @r 2 r @r @z qcp nf @z @z
ð5Þ
fluid drainage, and gravity. He proposed that Brownian motion rnf 2
2 2 
Q 0

B u þv þ ðT  T 2 Þ;
and thermophoresis are having a more dominating influence. Kuz- qcp nf 0 qcp nf
netsov and Nield [32] computationally analyzed the above effects
 M.I. Khan et al. / Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 31 (2021) 17–25 19

Fig. 1. Schematic flow diagram.

!  n  Table 1
@C @C @ 2 C 1 @C @ 2 C 2 T Ea Mathematical representation of transport properties of base fluid and nanomaterials
u þ w ¼ DB þ þ  kr exp ðC  C 2 Þ;
@r @z @r 2 r @r @z 2 T2 T Properties Nanomaterials
 
ð6Þ Density qnf ¼ qf 1  u þ u qqs f

@u    9

@u  Viscosity lnf ¼ ð1luf Þ2:5
u ¼ ra1 þ k1 @z þ
2
v ¼ rX1 þ k3 @z þ
k2 @@z2u ; ;>>
>
>
k4 @@zv2
2

Electrical conductivity
 
>
> 3u rs
rf 1
@T
w ¼ 0; kf @z ¼ hf ðT 1  T Þ; C ¼ C 1 at z ¼ 0; = rnf 
rf ¼ 1 þ rs
  
 rs 1

@u  
   ð7Þ rf þ2 u

rf

>
u ¼ ra2  k1 @z  k2 @@z2u ; v ¼ r X2  k3 @@zv  k4 @@zv2 ; >


2 2
qcp nf ¼ qcp f 1  u þ u ððqcpp ÞÞs
> Heat capacity qc
>
>
>
; f

w ¼ 0; T ¼ T 2 ; C ! C 2 at z ¼ h: Thermal conductivity knf ks þ2k 2u ðk ks Þ

¼ k þ2kf þ2u kf k
kf s f ð f sÞ
Note that r, #, z denote the cylindrical coordinates, u, v, w the
velocity components, qnf the density, p the pressure, lnf the

0 
dynamic viscosity, T the temperature, knf the thermal conductivity, A1 g 00 þ Re 2fg 0  2f g  A2 A3 ReMg  A1 g  Frg 2 ¼ 0; ð10Þ
B0 the magnetic field strength, cp the specific heat, rnf the electrical
conductivity, mnf the kinematic viscosity, K⁄ the permeability, 0 00
A2 P0 ¼ 4Reff  2A1 f  A1 f  Frf ;
2
  ð11Þ
F ¼ rKC1=2
b
coefficient of non-uniform inertia, Cb the drag force, Q0
Br    
the coefficient of heat generation/absorption, T2 the temperature 002 02
A5 h00 þ 2RePrA4 f h0 þ f þ g 02 þ A3 ReMBr f þ g 2 þ b RePrh ¼ 0;
ð1  u  Þ2:5
of upper disk, C the concentration, j the Boltzmann constant, n
(1 < n < 1) the fitted rate constant, DB the diffusion, exp the expo- ð12Þ
nential function, kr the reaction rate, Ea the activation energy coef-  
ficient, k1, k2, k3, k4 the first and second order slip coefficient for E
/00 þ 2ReScf 0  k1 Scð1þÞn exp ¼ 0; ð13Þ
velocity components u and v and hf coefficient of heat transport. 1 þ dh
The z = 0 represents the lower disk surface and h is the distance 9
0 00 000
between the disks. Table 1 represents the mathematical represen- f ð0Þ ¼ 0; f ð0Þ ¼ A1 þ L1 f ð0Þ þ L2 f ð0Þ; >
>
>
=
tations of transport properties of nanomaterials and base fluid. In g ð0Þ ¼ 1 þ L3 g 0 ð0Þ þ L4 g 00 ð0Þ; h0 ð0Þ ¼ Bð1  hð0ÞÞ; /ð0Þ ¼ 1;
Table 1, the subscripts f, nf, s highlight the base fluid, nanomateri- 0
f ð1Þ ¼ 0; f ð1Þ ¼ A2  L1 f ð0Þ  L2 f ð0Þ;
00 000
>
>
>
als, nano-solid particles and u⁄ the nanoparticles volume fraction. ;
g ð1Þ ¼ X  L3 g 0 ð0Þ  L4 g 00 ð0Þ; hð1Þ ¼ 0; /ð1Þ ¼ 0:
Considering [41]:
9 ð14Þ
0
u ¼ r X1 f ðnÞ; v ¼ rX1 g ðnÞ; w ¼ 2hX1 f ðnÞ; hðnÞ ¼ TTT 2
1 T 2
;=
  ð8Þ where
p ¼ qf X1 mf PðnÞ þ 12 r2
e ; /ðnÞ ¼ CCC 2
; n ¼ hz : ;
h2 1 C 2 1
A1 ¼  ; ð15Þ
We arrive ð1  u  Þ2:5 1  u þ u qqs
  f

000 00 02 0 0 02
A1 f þ Re 2ff  f þ g 2  A2 A3 ReMf  eA2  A1 bf  Frf ¼ 0;
1
A2 ¼  ; ð16Þ
ð9Þ
1  u þ u qqs
f
20 M.I. Khan et al. / Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 31 (2021) 17–25

 
3u rrs  1 4. Engineering Curiosity
A3 ¼ 1 þ   f  ; ð17Þ
rs
r þ 2  u rrs  1 4.1. Skin friction coefficient
f f

! In dimensional form, (Cf1, Cf2) are defined as

qcp s
A4 ¼ 1u þu
 ;  
ð18Þ
qcp f sw jz¼0 sw jz¼h
Cf 1 ¼ 2
; Cf 2 ¼ ; ð24Þ

 qf ðrX1 Þ qf ðrX1 Þ2
knf ks þ 2kf  2u kf  ks
A5 ¼ ¼
: ð19Þ where sw highlights the total shear stress and defined as
kf ks þ 2kf þ 2u kf  ks qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
    sw ¼ s2zr þ s2z : ð25Þ
and A1 ¼ Xa11 ; A2 ¼ Xa23 highlight the stretching rates parameters
 
v Also, szr and szh are addressed as
for lower and upper disks, b ¼ K  Xf 1 the porosity parameter,
   
@u  lf rX1 f 00 ð0Þ @u lf rX1 g 0 ð0Þ
Fr Cb1 non-uniform inertia coefficient of porous medium, szr ¼ lnf  ¼ s z ¼ lnf  ¼ ;
K 2 @z  ð1  u Þ h 2:5 @z  ð1  u Þ2:5 h
    z¼0 z¼0
r B2
X ¼ XX21 the rotation parameter, M ¼ qff X01 the magnetic parame- ð26Þ
   2

Þ2
ter, Ec ¼ cpððrTX11T 2Þ
the Eckert number, Re ¼ Xm1 h the Reynold num- Finally, we arrive

   f

ber, L3 ¼ kh3 ; L4 ¼ hk42 are first and second order slip parameters h
i1=2 9
2
;>
00
  C f 1 Rer ¼ ð1u1 Þ2:5 f ð0Þ þ ðg 0 ð0ÞÞ2
=
respectively in tangential direction, b ¼ X Qq0c h
i ð27Þ
the heat source/  1=2 >
1 ð p Þf
;;
00 2
  C f 2 Rer ¼ ð1u1 Þ2:5 f ð1Þ þ ðg 0 ð1ÞÞ2


sink parameter, L1 ¼ kh1 ; L2 ¼ hk22 are first and second order slip  
  in which Rer ¼ rXm1 h signifies the local Reynold number.
h h
parameters respectively in radial direction, B ¼ kf the Biot num- f

  f
m
ber, Pr ¼ af the Prandtl number, Br(= Pr . Ec) the Brinkman num- 4.2. Nusselt number
 f   
m
ber, Sc ¼ DfB the Schmidt number, d ¼ T 1TT 2
the temperature
  2
In dimensional form, (Nux1, Nux2) is addressed as
difference parameter, E ¼ jT 2 the activation energy parameter
Ea  
 
 2 2 hqw  hqw 
and k1 ¼ krmh the chemical reaction parameter. Nux1 ¼  Nux2 ¼  ; ð28Þ
f kf ðT 1  T 2 Þ  kf ðT 1  T 2 Þ
z¼0 z¼h
Eliminating e from Eq. (9), we have

000  where qw is defined as
iv 00 00 0 00
A1 f þ Re 2ff þ 2gg 0  A2 A3 ReMf  A1 bf  2Frf f ¼ 0: ð20Þ @T 

qw ¼ knf ¼  ðT 1 T
@z z¼0 h
2Þ
knf h0 ð0Þ;
 g ð29Þ
qw ¼ knf @T  ¼  1 2 knf h0 ð1Þ:
ð T T Þ
@z z¼h h
3. Modeling of Entropy
The dimensionless form is
It is defined as in the dimensional form
Nux1 ¼ A5 h0 ð0Þ; Nux2 ¼ A5 h0 ð1Þ ð30Þ
 2 !
knf @T lnf @u2 @ v 2 rnf

SG ¼ þ þ þ B u þv
2 2 2
þ
T 22 @z T2 @z @z T2 0
|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl
ffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl}
|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl
ffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl} |fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl} 5. Results and Discussion
Thermal conduction irreversibility viscous dissipation irreversibility Joule heating irreversibility
   2
RD @C @T RD @C lnf
2 2  Here mathematical modeling is presented for the entropy opti-
þ þ u þv ;
T 2 @z @z C 2 @z KT2 mized electrical conducting Darcy–Forchheimer hybrid nanomate-
|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl} |fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl}
mass diffusion irreversibility mass diffusion irreversibility rial flow between two stretchable and rotating disks, where the
ð21Þ disks rotate with different angular frequencies and stretching
rates. Second order velocity slip is imposed at the boundary of both
or
disks. The governing flow expressions are converted into ordinary
Br    
002 02 differential equations through implementation of appropriate sim-
NG ¼ a1 A5 h02 þ f þ g 02 þ A3 MReBr f þ g 2 þ
ð1  u  Þ2:5 ilarity transformations. Numerical results are found out for the
  velocity, skin friction coefficient, temperature, Nusselt number,
02
BrRe f þ g 2 a2 concentration, Bejan number and entropy generation via built-in-
þ Lh0 /0 þ L /02 : ð22Þ
ð1  u Þ2:5 a1 Shooting technique. Impacts of sundry flow variables are discussed
graphically subject to both hybrid nanoparticles i.e., Graphene
The Bejan number is Oxide (GO) and Titanium dioxide (TiO2). Table 1 is portrayed for
Heat and mass transfer irreversibility the transport characteristics of hybrid nanomaterials i.e., thermal
Be ¼ ; ð23Þ conductivity, heat capacity, electrical conductivity, viscosity and
Total irreversibility
        density. In Table 1, the subscripts f stands for the continuous phase
l ðr X 1 Þ2
liquid or base fluid, nf for the nanomaterials, u⁄ stands for the
2
where N G ¼ k SðGTh1 T T2
2Þ
; a1 ¼ ðT 1TT 2Þ
; Br ¼ k ðf T 1 T 2Þ
; L ¼ RDðCk1 C 2 Þ
 f
 2 f f
nanoparticles volume fraction and s nano-solid particles. Table 2
and a2 ¼ ðC 1CC
2
2Þ
indicate the entropy generation rate, temperature is revealed the numerical values of specific heat (cp), electrical con-
difference parameter, Brinkman number, diffusion parameter and ductivity (r), thermal conductivity (k) and density (q) of the hybrid
concentration difference parameter. Note that R represents the nanoparticles i.e., titanium oxide (TiO2), graphene oxide (GO) and
gas constant. base fluid water. Table 3 scrutinize the computational analysis of
 M.I. Khan et al. / Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 31 (2021) 17–25 21

Table 2 tion. It is also noticed from Table 4, that the heat transfer rate at
Numerical values of specific heat, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and upper disk upsurges for both hybrid nanoparticles subject to rising
density
magnetic parameter, nanoparticles volume fraction and Reynolds
Physical Water Titanium oxide Graphene oxide number. The results for titanium oxide at upper disk are more than
properties (H2O) (TiO2) (GO) the graphene oxide. In graphs the solid line represents the impact
cp/Jkg1 K 4179 686.2 717 of titanium oxide and dotted line highlights the behavior of gra-
r/lm1 0.05 2.6106 1.1105 phene oxide. Table 5 is plotted for the comparative analysis of pre-
1 1
k/Wm K 0.613 8.9538 5000
q/kgm3 997.1 4250 1800
sent results with Stewartson [42] and Imtiaz et al. [43] and found
very good agreement.
The numerical solutions of ordinary differential Eqs. (9)–(13)
with boundary conditions (Eq. (14)) are obtained through Built-
Table 3 in-Shooting method. Our main purpose here is to investigate the
Analysis of skin friction coefficient versus magnetic parameter, Reynolds number and contributions of various pertinent flow variables i.e., first order slip
nanoparticles volume fraction for both titanium oxide and graphene oxide hybrid
parameter, Darcy–Forchheimer number, second order slip parame-
nanoparticles
ter, magnetic parameter, thermal Biot number, activation parame-
Cf1 Cf2 ter, Brinkman number and chemical reaction parameter on the
M Re u⁄ (GO) (TiO2) (GO) (TiO2) temperature, Nusselt number, velocity field, skin friction coeffi-
1.0 0.5 0.4 9.43 9.46 8.05 8.11 cient, entropy generation rate, concentration and Bejan number.
2.0 9.45 9.53 8.08 8.18 For this purpose, Figs. 2–18 are portrayed to investigate the behav-
3.0 9.48 9.61 8.10 8.26 iors of sundry variables. Figs. 2 and 3 depict the impact of first
1.0 0.2 0.4 9.43 9.44 8.03 8.06
order slip parameter (L1 = 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5) on (f0 (n)) and (f(n))
0.6 9.43 9.47 8.06 8.14
1.0 9.43 9.49 8.09 8.21
respectively. Here dual behavior of (f0 (n)) is remarked for higher
1.0 0.5 0.1 3.43 3.43 2.95 2.96 values of first order slip parameter for both titanium oxide (TiO2)
0.2 4.60 4.61 3.94 3.97 and graphene oxide hybrid nanoparticles (see Fig. 2). Near the
0.3 6.42 6.43 5.49 5.53 lower disk the magnitude of (f0 (n)) decreases and boosts near the
upper disk surface. Fig. 3 portrays how the first order slip variable
affects (f(n)). It can be examined from Fig. 3 that an increment in
skin friction coefficients i.e., where Cf1 for the lower disk and Cf2 for first order slip variable results the magnitude of fluid velocity
the upper disk subject to both hybrid nanoparticles (TiO2 and GO). diminishes in the presence of both (TiO2) and (GO). Figs. 4 and 5
It is remarked from Table 3, that magnitude of skin friction coeffi- display the salient characteristics of second order slip parameter
cients increases for higher estimations of Reynolds number, (L2 =  0.3, 0.5, 0.7,  0.9) on (f0 (n)) and (f(n)) respectively in
nanoparticle volume fraction and magnetic parameter. It is noticed radial direction. One can examine that magnitude of (f0 (n))
that the results for titanium oxide is more prominent than the gra- decreases versus larger second order slip parameter for both
phene oxide. Table 4 shows the computational representation of (TiO2) and (GO) near the lower disk surface and increases closed
Nusselt number or heat transfer rates i.e., where Nux1 for the lower to the surface of upper disk (see Fig. 4). Also the magnitude of (f
disk and Nux2 for the upper disk subject to both hybrid nanoparti- (n)) diminishes against larger second order slip variable (Fig. 5).
cles (TiO2 and GO). The magnitude of heat transfer rate at lower Fig. 6 elucidates the influence of velocity field under the variation
disk decreases for higher values of Reynolds number and magnetic of Darcy-Forchheimer number (Fr = 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6). Here velocity
parameter while boosts versus larger nanoparticles volume frac- field shows dual behavior against higher Darcy-Forchheimer num-
ber for both titanium oxide and graphene oxide. Near the lower
disk surface the magnitude of velocity field declines and then
Table 4 upsurges closed to the upper disk surface. Figs. 7 and 8 elucidates
Analysis of Nusselt number versus magnetic parameter, Reynolds number and the impact of first order slip parameter (L3 = 0.7, 1.0, 1.3, 1.6) and
nanoparticles volume fraction for both titanium oxide and graphene oxide hybrid second order slip parameter (L4 =  0.5, 0.8, 1.1, 1.4) on (g
nanoparticles
(n)) in tangential direction respectively. Here (g(n)) is an increasing
Nux1 Nux2 function of (L3). Also magnitude of (g(n)) displays dual impact
M Re u⁄ (GO) (TiO2) (GO) (TiO2) against larger second order slip parameter in tangential direction.
1.0 0.5 0.4 2.257 0.858 6.133 4.793 Near the lower disk the magnitude of (g(n)) increases and
2.0 2.254 0.851 6.152 4.850 decreases closed to the surface of upper disk for larger estimations
3.0 2.252 0.844 6.176 4.905 of (L4). Fig. 9 highlights the influence of rotation parameter
1.0 0.2 0.4 2.262 0.867 6.093 4.721 (X = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6) on tangential component of velocity. Clearly,
0.6 2.255 0.855 6.146 4.816
(g(n)) is an increasing function of rotation parameter. One can jus-
1.0 2.247 0.843 6.199 4.912
1.0 0.5 0.1 0.224 0.187 1.700 1.673 tify this phenomenon with the fact that due to the higher angular
0.2 0.411 0.290 2.354 2.255 frequency of lower disk, more rotation occurs in the working fluid
0.3 0.826 0.468 3.497 3.176 and consequently there is a rise in magnitude of tangential compo-
nent of velocity.

Table 5
Comparative analysis of present results with Stewartson [42] and Imtiaz et al. [43] when M = b = Fr and Re = 1

X f00 (0)[42] g0 (0) [42] f00 (0) [43] g0 (0) [43] f00 (0) Present  g0 (0) Present
1.0 0.06666 2.00095 0.06666 2.00095 0.06666 2.00095
0.8 0.08394 1.80259 0.08394 1.80259 0.08399 1.80259
0.3 0.10395 1.30442 0.10395 1.30442 0.10395 1.30443
0.0 0.09997 1.00428 0.09997 1.00428 0.09997 1.00428
0.5 0.06663 0.50261 0.06663 0.50261 0.0667 0.50261
22 M.I. Khan et al. / Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 31 (2021) 17–25

Fig. 2. f0 (n) versus n for L1 with 0.3 (blue line), 0.5 (brown line), 1.0 (purple line) and Fig. 6. f0 (n) versus n for Fr with 1.0 (blue line), 1.2 (brown line), 1.4 (purple line) and
1.5 (green line). 1.6 (green line).

Fig. 7. g(n) versus n for L3 with 0.7 (blue line), 1.0 (brown line), 1.3 (purple line) and
Fig. 3. f(n) versus n for L1 with 0.3 (blue line), 0.5 (brown line), 1.0 (purple line) and
1.5 (green line). 1.6 (green line).

Fig. 8. g(n) versus n for L4 with 0.5 (blue line), 0.8 (brown line),  1.1 (purple
Fig. 4. f0 (n) versus n for L2 with  0.3 (blue line), 0.5 (brown line), 0.7 (purple
line) and  1.4 (green line).
line) and  0.9 (green line).

Fig. 5. f(n) versus n for L2 with 0.3 (blue line), 0.5 (brown line), 0.7 (purple line) Fig. 9. g(n) versus n for X with 0.0 (blue line), 0.2 (brown line), 0.4 (purple line) and
and  0.9 (green line). 0.6 (green line).
 M.I. Khan et al. / Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 31 (2021) 17–25 23

Fig. 10. h(n) versus n for M with 0.1 (blue line), 0.5 (brown line), 1.0 (purple line) Fig. 14. /(n) versus n for E with 0.0 (blue line), 0.5 (brown line), 1.0 (purple line) and
and 1.5 (green line). 1.5 (green line).

Fig. 11. h(n) versus n for B1 with 0.0 (blue line), 0.4 (brown line), 0.8 (purple line)
and 1.2 (green line). Fig. 15. NG(n) versus n for L1 with 0.2 (blue line), 0.25 (brown line), 0.3 (purple line)
and 0.35 (green line).

Fig. 12. h(n) versus n for Br with 0.0 (blue line), 0.5 (brown line), 1.0 (purple line)
Fig. 16. Be versus n for L1 with 0.7 (blue line), 0.75 (brown line), 0.8 (purple line) and
and 1.5 (green line).
0.85 (green line).

Fig. 13. /(n) versus n for k1 with 0.0 (blue line), 0.4 (brown line), 0.8 (purple line) Fig. 17. NG(n) versus n for Br with 0.0 (blue line), 0.4 (brown line), 0.8 (purple line)
and 1.2 (green line). and 1.2 (green line).
24 M.I. Khan et al. / Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 31 (2021) 17–25
Fig. 18. Be versus n for Br with 0.0 (blue line), 0.4 (brown line), 0.8 (purple line) and
1.2 (green line).
Figs. 10–12 elucidate the variation of temperature distribution
for various pertinent flow variables like magnetic parameter, ther-
mal Biot number and Brinkman number. Fig. 10 is sketched for ris-
ing estimations of magnetic parameter (M = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5).
Mathematically, it is the ratio of electromagnetic force and viscous
force. It is remarked from Fig. 10 that for rising values of magnetic
parameter, the magnitude of temperature distribution is signifi-
cantly increases, because Lorentz force inside the working fluid
increases which provides more resistance to the motion of material
particles. Fig. 11 describes the feature of thermal Biot number
(B1 = 0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2) on temperature distribution. Here Fig. 11, give
the increasing behavior subject to the rising estimations of thermal
Biot number. In addition, the behavior of graphene oxide is more
than the titanium oxide. Fig. 12 depict the salient aspects of Brink-
man number (Br = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5) on temperature distribution.
Same behavior is noticed for Brinkman number (like behavior of
thermal Biot number).
Features of chemical reaction, activation energy parameter, first
order slip parameter and Brinkman number on the concentration
field, entropy generation rate and Bejan number are sketched in
Figs. 13 to 18. Fig. 13 depicts the effects of chemical reaction param-
eter (k1 = 0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2) on concentration field. An increment in
chemical reaction parameter, the magnitude of concentration field
increases. Fig. 14 is scrutinized to investigate the influence of activa-
tion energy parameter (E = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5) on the concentration
field. Clearly, the concentration field is an increasing function of acti-
vation energy variable. Figs. 15 and 16 exhibit the attributes of first
order slip parameter (L1 = 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35) on NG and Be. Here
entropy generation rate boosts up when an enhancement occurs in
first order slip parameter. In fact for increasing estimations (L1),
the deformation is partially transferred to the fluid and thus conse-
quently the entropy generation rate boosts. It is also noticed that
impact of graphene oxide is more than the titanium oxide. Fig. 16
depicts the variation in Bejan number for varying first order slip
parameter (L1 = 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 0.85). An enhancement in (L1) corre-
spond to higher Bejan number. It is also noticed that impact of gra-
phene oxide is more than the titanium oxide. Figs. 17 and 18 depict
the curves of entropy generation and (Be) for rising estimations of
Brinkman number. The curves of entropy generation rate increases
versus higher Brinkman number (Br = 0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2). Fig. 18 is plot-
ted to explore the effect of Brinkman number (Br = 0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2)
on Bejan number. Here, Bejan number is a decreasing function of
Brinkman number. Physically, for higher Brinkman number the
thermal conductivity declines and consequently the graph of Bejan
number decreases.
6. Conclusions
The prime interest of the present communication is to examine
the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) entropy optimized Darcy–
Forchheimer hybrid nanoliquid flow between two stretchable
and rotating disk surfaces. The flow is saturated through Darcy–
Forchheimer porous medium and electrically conducting via
applied magnetic field of strength B0. Here, two different type of
hybrid nanoparticles are considered i.e., titanium oxide and gra-
phene oxide and water as a continuous phase liquid or base liquid.
Heat generation/absorption, Joule heating and viscous dissipation
effects are utilized in the modeling of energy equation. Further-
more, binary chemical reaction with Arrhenius activation energy
is accounted. Total entropy generation rate which depends on five
different type of irreversibilities i.e., fluid friction irreversibility,
heat transfer irreversibility, porosity irreversibility, chemical reac-
tion irreversibility and Joule heating irreversibility is calculated via
second law of thermodynamics. The system of ordinary differential
equations is solved numerically with the help Built-in-Shooting
method. Influences of pertinent flow parameters on the entropy
generation rate, concentration, velocity, Bejan number, tempera-
ture are discussed for both titanium oxide and graphene oxide.
the engineering quantities like surface drag force and Nusselt num-
ber are discussed numerically in the presence of magnetic param-
eter, Reynolds number and nanoparticles volume fraction. Some
fruitful results are summarized as:
 Dual behavior (f0 (n)) is remarked for higher values of first order
slip parameter for both titanium oxide (TiO2) and graphene
oxide hybrid nanoparticles.
 The behavior of graphene oxide is more dominant on the veloc-
ity of fluid particles than the titanium oxide.
 The magnitude of velocity field declines near the surface of
lower disk for higher values of Darcy-Forchheimer number
while increases closed to the surface of upper disk.
 (g(n)) is an increasing function of rotation parameter.
 Temperature distribution is more against rising values of mag-
netic parameter, thermal Biot number and Brinkman number.
 Concentration field boosts versus larger activation parameter.
 Entropy generation rate and Bejan number show contrast
impact versus Brinkman number.
 The magnitude of surface drag force at both the disk surfaces
increases versus Reynolds number and magnetic parameter.
 Magnitude of heat transfer rate at both disk surfaces boosts
against nanoparticles volume fraction.
Acknowledgements
The research was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11971142, 11871202, 61673169,
11701176, 11626101, and 11601485).
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