Surfaces and Interfaces 23 (2021) 100872

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Surfaces and Interfaces

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Bidirectional Williamson nanofluid flow towards stretchable surface with

modified Darcy’s law
M.Z. Kiyani a, T. Hayat b, c, I. Ahmad a, M. Waqas *, d, A. Alsaedi c
a
Department of Mathematics, The University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan
b
Department of Mathematics, Quaid-I-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
c
Nonlinear Analysis and Applied Mathematics (NAAM) Research Group, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589,
Saudi Arabia
d
NUTECH School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, National University of Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Bidirectional flows of Williamson nanomaterial in porous space is discussed. Nonlinear model contains ther­
Williamson nanofluid mophoresis and Brownian motion. Bidirectional non-linear and time-dependent stretching sheet velocity is
Non-uniform heat source/sink considered. Nanoparticles zero mass flux condition is accounted. Modified Darcy’s law is invoked. Resulting
Bidirectional flow
nonlinear systems are computed by optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM). Numerical values of velocity
Modified Darcy’s law
gradient coefficients and Nusselt and Sherwood numbers via involved pertinent variables are computed and
addressed. Plots and tabulated values lead to physical interpretation. By increasing Williamson parameter and
porosity parameter, bidirectional velcities slow down. While temperature is an increasing function of thermo­
phoresis parameter and space and temperature dependent heat sources. Skin friction coefficients and Nusselt
number are increasing functions of porosity parameter and Prandtl number while Sherwood number decreases
for Brownian motion.

1. Introduction develop heat transport efficiency in liquids. Buongiorno [2] in his

Flows subjected to nanomaterials have become the amazing inspi­
ration of scientists, engineers and technologists. In fact the nano­
materials increase thermal effectiveness of heat transportation
procedure with the inclusion of very small sized particles in base fluid.
Undoubtedly, the oil exploration, hybrid-powered engines, engine and
fuel cells, electronics cooling and solar collectors are fabulous processes
of developing nanotechnologies. Heat transfer due to internal heat
source plays an important role for producing best quality products
which depends on heat transfer rate regarding moving surface and
adjacent nanofluid. In addition the unsteady situation for flows related
to startup procedure and periodic motion has significance in ship pro­
peller and rotor of helicopter etc. For enhancement in thermal transfer
the nanomaterials can be embedded in permeable media. Nuclear re­
actors and solar energy system are the applications in which heat
transfer process occur through porous medium surrounded by nano­
materials. Choi [1] investigated that the mixing of nanomaterials in base
fluids notify striking enhancement in the thermal conductivity. At pre­
sent the researchers are using this idea of nanomaterial as a way to
findings highlighted the two significant belongings for the cause of
remarkable enhancement in heat transportation phenomenon. These are
named as thermophoretic diffusion and Brownian movement of nano­
materials. Hayat et al. [3–5] investigated second grade nanomaterials
stretched flows with MHD and mixed convective thixotropic nanofluid
flow with stratification effects. Alsaedi et al. [6] explored stratified
nanofluid flow due to gyrotactic microoganisms. Related studies about
nanomaterial flows have been given in Refs. [7–15].
Flows with non-Newtonian models are useful in food mixing, anti­
biotics, splatters and genetic and organic liquids, plasma flow and lu­
brications with oils and greases. The pseudoplastic liquids excessively
tackled non-Newtonian model. Flow of such liquids is of great consid­
eration because of enormous industrial applications. Navier Stokes
equations are not appropriate to recognize rheological features. Hence
several rheological representations like Ellis, Carreau’s, Eyring Powell
and Cross models have been suggested. Williamson fluid model out of
such representations is given little attention. Williamson [16] proposed
a rheological model for the flow of pseudoplastic fluids and confirmed it
by experimentation. Nadeem et al. [17] investigated Williamson fluid

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: muhammadwaqas@nutech.edu.pk (M. Waqas).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100872
Received 18 September 2020; Received in revised form 22 November 2020; Accepted 6 December 2020
Available online 31 December 2020
2468-0230/© 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.
M.Z. Kiyani et al. Surfaces and Interfaces 23 (2021) 100872

2. Mathematical analysis

Consider a bidirectional Williamson nanofluid flow by unsteady non-

linear stretching surface embedded in porous medium. Assume that flow
is laminar. Sheet is at z = 0 and the flow exists in the region z > 0. Let
n n
u = us = a(x+y) b(x+y)
1− ct and v = vs = 1− ct be the nonlinear time-dependent
stretching velocities along x − , y− directions respectively and (Ts , Cs ,
T∞ , C∞ ) are the surface temperature and concentration and ambient
temperature and nanoparticles volume fraction respectively. Here
applied electric field is absent and also magnetic Reynold’s number is
insignificant (i.e. small). Further induced electric field and magnetic
field have been ignored. Modified Darcy’s expression is employed. The
non-uniform temperature and space dependent internal heat source/
sink are considered. Nanoparticles zero flux condition is utilized. Flow
configuration is shown in Fig. 1
The governing problems satisfy:
∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + = 0, (1)
Fig. 1. Physical model. ∂x ∂y ∂z
⎡√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅⎤
( )2 ( )2 ⎤
flow by a moving surface. Hayat et al. [18] presented bidirectional flow ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂2 u 1 ∂ ∂u ∂v ⎦ ∂u
+ u + v + w = ν 2 + √̅̅̅ νΓw ⎣ +
of Williamson nanomaterial by moving sheet with chemical reaction. ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z 2 ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ⎥
⎥
Noteworthy investigations on Williamson fluid flow have been reported ⎡√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅⎤
⎥
⎥,
⎥
in Refs. [19–25] ν 1
( )2 ( )2
∂ u ∂ v ⎦
Flows over a stretching sheets with heat transport are of great − ′ u − √̅̅̅ ′ νΓw ⎣ + ⎦u
k 2k ∂z ∂z
importance due to their engineering applications like steel fiber coating,
layering in fluid film condensation and emulsion coating etc. Nasir et al. (2)
[26] explored stagnant flow by permeable stretching/shrinking sheet. ⎡√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅⎤
( )2 ( )2 ⎤
Waqas et al. [27] studied MHD convective flow by a nonlinear stretch­ ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂2 v 1 ∂⎣ ∂u ∂v ⎦ ∂v
+ u + v + w = ν 2 + √̅̅̅ νΓw +
able sheet. Refs. [28–31] are the notable studies regarding flows by ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z 2 ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ⎥
⎥
stretching surfaces. ⎡√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅⎤
⎥
⎥,
Further the flows through porous media is of great importance in ν 1
( )2 ( )2
∂ u ∂ v
⎥
⎦
geothermal energy, material processing, drying processes and fuel cell − ′ v − √̅̅̅ ′ νΓw ⎣ + ⎦v
k 2k ∂z ∂z
technologies etc. Nanoparticles surrounded in a porous medium stands
rich prospective in improving thermal efficacy. The convection heat (3)
transport through porous medium soaked by nanomaterials has leading ( ( ))
status in heat transport procedures, such as, in electronic cooling de­ ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T k ∂2 T ∂C ∂T DT ∂T 2
+u +v +w =( ) + τ D +
vices, and in nuclear reactors, etc. Colangelo et al. [32] investigated
B
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ρCp f ∂z2 ∂z ∂z T∞ ∂z
viscosity, thermal conductivity and stability of specific nanofluids for q′′′
cosmological energy systems. Shit et al. [33] explored convective heat +( ), (4)
ρCp f
transfer flow through porous space. Nield et al. [34] addressed model for
natural convection nanofluid flow through porous media. Ting et al.
∂C ∂C ∂C ∂C ∂2 C DT ∂2 T
[35] analyzed irreversibility of viscous nanomaterial flow in thermal +u +v +w = DB 2 + , (5)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z T∞ ∂z2
porous medium.
Much attention in literature is focused to steady flows. The unsteady ⎫
a(x + y)n b(x + y)n ⎪
features turns out to be attention-grabbing in various problems where u = us (x, y, t) = , v = vs (x, y, t) = ,⎪
⎪
1 − ct 1 − ct ⎪ ⎪
the movement of stretching sheet may initiate spontaneously from rest. ⎬
∂C DT ∂T (6)
Thus Refs. [36–38] explored the unsteady flow analysis by a movable w = 0, T = Ts , DB + = 0 for z = 0, ⎪
⎪
∂z T∞ ∂z ⎪
sheet. Upto our knowledge no one has yet considered the ⎪
⎪
⎭
time-dependent three dimensional Williamson nanofluid flow subject to u→0, v→0, T→T∞ , C→C∞ when z→∞,
porous medium and heat source/sink which would emphasize the nov­
elty of the article. Effects of spatial heat source/sink and temperature where u, v and w characterize velocities along x− , y− and z− directions,
Γw the material parameter, ν the kinematic viscosity, k the permeability
′
dependent internal heat source/sink are considered. System of PDE’s are
converted into ODE’s using suitable transformations. Nonlinear ODE’s parameter, σ the electrical conductivity, {ρ, ρnp } the density of liquid
( )
problems are solved by OHAM (see refs. [39–42]). Results of various (ρ C)
influential parameters are outlined through graphs and tables. Compu­ and nanoparticles respectively, k the thermal conductivity, τ = (npρC) np
f

tational values for velocity gradient coefficients, temperature and con­ the fraction of nanoparticles to liquid effective heat capacity,
centration gradients via involved parameters are added and addressed. ( ( )( )
q′′ = ku(x+y)
s (x,y,t)
Q T T the space and tem­
′ − η
The article is organized as follows. Section one is the introduction part
∗ ∗∗
ν (Ts − ∞ )e +Q (T − ∞ ))
consisting of related literature survey. Section two consist of formula­ perature dependent internal heat generation
tion. Section three deals with the solutions by OHAM. In this section
(q′′ > 0)/absorption(q′′ < 0), Q∗ , Q∗∗ the spatial and temperature
′ ′

individual average residual errors and total average residual errors have
dependent parameters respectively, DB and DT the Brownian and ther­
been computed and plotted. Section four presents the description of
mophoretic diffusion coefficients, c the dimensional constant for time, a
results, plots and tables with physical interpretation. Section five con­
and b the dimensional constants and n the power index. In Eqs. (2) − (3),
tains the concluding remarks.
the last three terms are due to darcian effects while in Eq. (4) the last

2
M.Z. Kiyani et al. Surfaces and Interfaces 23 (2021) 100872

term represents the space and temperature dependent internal heat ⎡ ⎧ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅⎫ ⎤⃒
( )2 ( )2 ⎬ ⃒
generation / absorption. ∂ u ⎨ Γw ∂u ∂v ∂u⎦⃒⃒
τxz = μ ⎣ + √̅̅̅ + , (17)
Employing transformations ∂z ⎩ 2 ∂z ∂z ⎭ ∂z ⃒⃒
z=0
⎤
a(x + y)n ′ a(x + y)n ′ ⎧ ⎫ ⎤⃒
f (η), v = g (η), ⎡ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
u=
1 − ct 1 − ct ⎥ ( )2 ( )2̅ ⃒
⎥ ∂v ⎨ Γ ∂v 1 ∂u ⎬ ∂v⎦⃒⃒
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ( ) ⎥ τyz = μ⎣ + √w̅̅̅ + , (18)
aν n + 1 n − 1 ⎥ ∂z ⎩ 2 ∂z 2 ∂z ⎭ ∂z ⃒⃒
(7)
n− 1
′ ′
w=− (x + y) 2 (f + g) + η(f + g ) , ⎥ ⎥,
1 − ct 2 2 ⎥
z=0
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ⎥ [ ]⃒
a n− 1 T − T∞ C − C∞ ⎦ ∂T ⃒⃒
η=
ν(1 − ct)
(x + y) 2 z, θ(η) =
Ts − T∞
, ϕ(η) =
Cs − C∞ qs = − k , (19)
∂z ⃒z=0

the incompressibility condition is satisfied trivially and Eqs. (2) -(6) are [
∂C ⃒⃒
]⃒
reduced [48] to qm = − DB . (20)
∂z ⃒z=0
( η ) √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅⎫
n+1 (λ)k1∗ ′
f ′′′ + (f +g)f ′′ − At f ′ + f ′′ − n(f ′ )2 − nf ′ g′ − k1∗ f ′ − f (f ′′ )2 +(g′′ )2 ⎪ ⎪
⎬ Dimensionless versions of velocity gradient and local Nusselt and
2 2 2
(√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅) Sherwood numbers are:
λ[ ]− 1 λ ⎪
⎪
+ (f ′′ )2 +(g′′ )2 2 [f ′′ f ′′′ +g′′ g′′′ ]f ′′ + (f ′′ )2 +(g′′ )2 f ′′′ =0 ⎭ [ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅]
2 2 √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ λ
Rexy cfx = f ′′ (0) 1 + (f ′′ (0))2 + (g′′ (0))2 , (21)
(8) 2

( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅⎫ [ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅]
n+1 η ) (λ)k1∗ ′ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ λ
g′′′ + (f +g)g′′ − At g′ + g′′ − n(g′ )2 − nf ′ g′ − k1∗ g′ − g (f ′′ )2 +(g′′ )2 ⎪ ⎪ Rexy cfy = g′′ (0) 1 + (f ′′ (0))2 + (g′′ (0))2 , (22)
2 2 2 ⎬ 2
(√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅) ,
λ[ ]− 1 λ ⎪
⎪ ( )−
+ (f ′′ )2 +(g′′ )2 2 [f ′′ f ′′′ +g′′ g′′′ ]g′′ + (f ′′ )2 +(g′′ )2 g′′′ =0 ⎭
(23)
1/2
2 2 Nuxy Rexy = − θ′ (0),
(9) ( )−
(24)
1/2
Shxy Rexy = − ϕ′ (0),
(n + 1)(f + g) ′ At η
θ′′ + PrNt (θ′ )2 + PrNb θ′ ϕ′ + Pr θ + Q∗ e− η + Q∗∗ θ − Prθ′ with
2 2
= 0, us
Rexy = (x + y) (25)
(10) ν

Nt ′′ (n + 1)(Sc) as the local Reynolds number.

ϕ′′ + θ + (f + g)ϕ′ − Sc(At η)ϕ′ = 0, (11)
Nb 2
3. OHAM analysis
⎫
b
f (0) = 0 = g(0), f (0) = 1 = θ(0), g (0) = γ = , Nb ϕ′ (0) + Nt θ′ (0) = 0 ⎬
′ ′
a OHAM is utilized to develop local similar convergent solutions [42].
⎭
f ′ (∞)→0, g′ (∞)→0, θ(∞)→0, ϕ(∞)→0 The initial estimates (f0 , g0, θ0 , ϕ0 ) and operators (Lf , Lg , Lθ , Lϕ ) are
(12) stated as:
⎫
f0 (η) = 1 − exp( − η), ⎪
with ⎪
⎪
⎪
√̅̅̅ 3n− 1 ⎫ g0 (η) = γ(1 − exp( − η)) ⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎬
Γw 2a3/2 (x + y) 2 ν(1 − ct) c b⎪
⎪ (26)
λ= √̅̅̅ , k ∗
= , A = , γ = ⎪
⎪ θ0 (η) = exp( − η),
1
k′ a(x + y)n− 1
t
a(x + y)n− 1 a⎬ ⎪
ν(1 − ct)3/2 ( ) ⎪
⎪
⎪
Nt ⎪
⎪
τDT (Ts − T∞ ) τDB (Cs − C∞ ) ν ν
⎪
⎪
⎪ ϕ0 (η) = − exp( − η). ⎪
⎭
Nt = , Nb = , Sc = , Pr = . ⎪
⎭ Nb
νT∞ ν DB α
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(13) Lf = D3 − D f , Lg = D3 − D g, Lθ = D2 − 1 θ, Lϕ = D2 − 1 ϕ (27)

Here we depict λ the material parameter, k∗1 the porosity parameter, At with
the unsteadiness parameter, γ the ratio of dimensional constants, Nt the  3 
thermophoresis parameter, Nb the Brownian parameter, Sc the Schmidt X 
 (i−2)η  = 0
number and Pr the Prandtl number. Skin-friction coefficients (cfx , cfy ) L f  Ði e  (28)
and local Nusselt (Nuxy ) and Sherwood numbers (Shxy ) are: i=1
 3 
τxz τyz X 
cfx = , c = , (14)  (i−2)η  = 0
ρu2s fy ρv2s Lg  Ði+3 e  (29)
i=1
(x + y)qs
Nuxy = , (15)  2 
k(Ts − T∞ ) X i 

 (−1)  = 0,
Lθ  Ði+6 e η
 (30)
(x + y)qm i=1
Shxy = , (16)
DB (Cs − C∞ )  2 
X i 

 (−1)  = 0
in which τxz , τyz , qs and qm are defined as [42]: Lφ  Ði+8 e η
 (31)
i=1

where Đi (i = 1 − 10) show the constants.

3
M.Z. Kiyani et al. Surfaces and Interfaces 23 (2021) 100872

Fig. 2. Sum of squared residual errors via order of approximation.

Table 1
Individual residual errors in view of optimal values of auxiliary numbers.
g
N f
eN eN eθN eϕN

2 5.69095 × 4.58213 × 10− 4

3.91676 × 10− 4
6.36802 × 10− 4
Fig. 3. Velocities via Williamson parameter.
10− 4
6 1.34258 × 1.08379 × 10− 6 1.55024 × 10 − 5
5.31621 × 10 − 6

10− 6
8 1.71582 × 1.38249 × 10− 7
6.36239 × 10− 6
1.74769 × 10− 6

10− 7
10 3.01016 × 2.42265 × 10− 8
3.68377 × 10− 6
7.97286 × 10− 7

10− 8
12 5.96135 × 4.79526 × 10− 9
2.77463 × 10− 6 4.69527 × 10− 7

10− 9

3.1. Optimal convergence control variables

The variable ℏ plays significant part in homotopic results about

convergence. To attain appropriate estimates of ℏf , ℏg , ℏθ and ℏϕ the
average sum of squared residual errors suggested by Liao [39] is used.
The errors at Nth order are expressed as:
[ ( )]2
N ( ) N ( )
1 ∑ k ∑ ∑
efN = Nf ̃f j , gj
̃ (32)
k + 1 i=0 j=0 η=iπη j=0 η=iπη

[ ( )]2
N ( ) N ( )
1 ∑ k ∑ ∑
egN = Ng ̃
fj , gj
̃ (33)
k + 1 i=0 j=0 η=iπη j=0 η=iπη

[ ( ( ) )]2
N ( ) N ( ) N ( )
1 ∑ k ∑N ∑ ∑ ∑ Fig. 4. Velocities via porosity parameter.
eθN = Nθ ̃f j , gj
̃ , ̃
θj , ̃j
ϕ
k+1 i=0 j=0 η=iπη j=0 η=iπη j=0 η=iπη j=0 η=iπη

(34) individual values of residual errors under the parametric values.

[ ( ( ) )]2 4. Results and discussion

N ( ) N ( ) N ( )
1 ∑ k ∑N
̃f j
∑ ∑
̃
∑
̃j
eϕN = Nϕ , gj
̃ , θj , ϕ
k+1 i=0
Physical interpretations for velocities (f , g ), temperature(θ) and
j=0 η=iπη j=0 η=iπη j=0 η=iπη j=0 η=iπη ′ ′

(35) concentration(ϕ) via different pertinent parameters have been added in

etN = efN + egN + eθN + eϕN
where etN denotes the sum of all residual errors. Minimize the average
value of total residual errors for optimal convergence control variable.
At 4th order the values of ℏf = − 0.515595, ℏg = − 0.514829, ℏθ = −
0.695123 and ℏϕ = − 0.829445 are calculated and the total error is etN =
1.02277 × 10− 4 . Fig. 2 shows total residual errors plot from 1st order to
12 thorder of approximation when λ = 0.3 = At = k∗1 ,Nt = 0.1 = Q∗ , n =
1.5, Nb = 0.2 = Q∗∗ , Sc = 1.2, Pr = 1.3, γ = 0.9. Table 1 shows
this section. The results are argued when λ = 0.3 = At = k∗1 , Nt = 0.1 =
(36) Q∗ , n = 1.5, Nb = 0.2 = Q∗∗ , Sc = 1.2,Pr = 1.3, γ = 0.9. For the analysis
of behavioral change, we vary the required parameter and fixed other
parameters. Fig. 3 depicts the bidirectional flow regime via Williamson
parameter. The velocities slow down while increasing the value of
Williamson parameter. Physically Williamson parameter is ratio of
relaxation time to specific process time. Fig. 4 depicts the impact of
porosity parameter on flow. It is noticed that porosity parameter resists
the flow and lowers the velocities. In fact fluid transportation rate de­
creases with an enhancement of k∗1 . Here porous medium causes the

4
M.Z. Kiyani et al.
Fig. 5. Velocities via At .
Fig. 6. Temperature via Pr.
resistive force and thus enhancement of thermal efficiency. Fig. 5 pre­
sents impact of unsteadiness variable on velocities(f , g ). It is noticed
′ ′
that fluid velocities increase with higher unsteadiness parameter. In fact
the velocity field is found to increase with an increase in At far from the
wall. Fig. 6 represents the change in temperature for Prandtl number.
Temperature of boundary layer flow diminishes by enlarging Prandtl
number. Fluid’s thermal conductivity decreases which lowers temper­
ature of the fluid. Additionally, an enhancement in Prandtl number
lessens the thickness of thermal boundary layer. Hence heat transfers
sharply which accounts a fall in θ. Fig. 7 indicates the effect of ther­
mophoresis parameter on θ and ϕ. Both θ and ϕ enhance with the
enhancement in thermophoresis. Physically thermophoresis forces grow
with higher thermophoresis parameter. Nanoparticles move from hot to
cold surface and increase concentration. It also leads to temperature
enhancement. Fig. 8 depicts impact of spatial heat source/sink on
temperature. For (Q∗ > 0), temperature enhances for higher heat source.
5
Surfaces and Interfaces 23 (2021) 100872
Fig. 7. θ & ϕ via Nt .
Fig. 8. Temparature via Q∗ .
Higher values of Q∗ deliver more heat to the liquid which results in an
enhancement of θ. Reverse behavior is noticed for heat sink case
(Q∗ < 0). Fig. 9 presents the influence of Q∗∗ . For (Q∗∗ > 0), temperature
increases and it decreases via (Q∗∗ < 0). Fig. 10 witnesses effect of
Brownian parameter on (ϕ). Due to high Brownian motion, the con­
centration decreases. An enhancement in Nb give devaluation of con­
centration. Brownian motion seems owing to presence of nanoparticles
and consequently nanoparticles volume fraction decays. Fig. 11 eluci­
dates Schmidt number (Sc) on ϕ. With enhancement in Schmidt number
the nanoparticles volume-fraction increases. Sc is a ratio of momentum
to mass diffusivities. Clearly ϕ increases via Sc. The consequences of
physical quantities like skin-frictions, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers on
involved pertinent parameters are shown in Figs. 12–14 In Fig. 12, skin-
friction over the sheet increases for higher Williamson fluid and porosity
parameters. It shows that shear stress at sheet is higher for larger λ and
k∗1 . In Fig. 13, the local heat-transfer rate enhances for larger Prandtl
M.Z. Kiyani et al. Surfaces and Interfaces 23 (2021) 100872

Fig. 9. Q∗∗ impact on temperature. Fig. 12. λ & k1 variations on skin-friction.

Fig. 10. ϕ via Nb .

Fig. 13. Pr & Nt variations on Nusselt number.

number while it decays for thermophoresis parameter. Fig. 14 shows

that Sherwood number grows for larger Pr and it decreases for Nb .
Table 2 presents the numerical values of gradient of velocities in both
directions for porosity (k∗1 ) and Williamson (λ) parameters. By
enhancing porosity parameter the velocity gradients on surface along
both orientations increase. Results for λ are similar to that of porosity
1/2
parameter. Table 3 depicts behaviors of Nuxy (Rexy )− and
− 1/2
Shxy (Rexy ) by varying prominent parameters. By increasing Pr the
temperature gradient increases and opposite holds for temperature
dependent heat source parameter. Further concentration gradient de­
creases by enhancing Schmidt number and it enhance via Brownian
Fig. 11. ϕ via Sc. motion.

5. Conclusions

Unsteady bidirectional Williamson nanofluid flow saturating porous

6
M.Z. Kiyani et al. Surfaces and Interfaces 23 (2021) 100872

6. Skin friction coefficients and Nusselt number are increasing func­

tions of porosity parameter and Prandtl number.
7. Sherwood number decreases for Brownian motion.

Declaration of Competing Interest

Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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