Results in Physics 9 (2018) 871–878

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Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rinp

Investigation of second grade fluid through temperature dependent thermal T

conductivity and non-Fourier heat flux
⁎
T. Hayata,b, Salman Ahmada, M. Ijaz Khana, , A. Alsaedib, M. Waqasa
a
Department of Mathematics, Quaid-I-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
b
Nonlinear Analysis and Applied Mathematics (NAAM) Research Group, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80257,
Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Here we investigated stagnation point flow of second grade fluid over a stretchable cylinder. Heat transfer is
Second grade fluid characterized by non-Fourier law of heat flux and thermal stratification. Temperature dependent thermal con-
Temperature dependent thermal conductivity ductivity and activation energy are also accounted. Transformations procedure is applying to transform the
Stagnation point flow governing PDE’s into ODE’s. Obtained system of ODE’s are solved analytically by HAM. Influence of flow
Activation energy
variables on velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction and Sherwood number are analyzed. Obtained
Thermal stratification
outcome shows that velocity enhanced through curvature parameter, viscoelastic parameter and velocities ratio
Non-Fourier heat flux
variable. Temperature decays for larger Prandtl number, thermal stratification, thermal relaxation and curvature
parameter. Sherwood number and concentration field show opposite behavior for higher estimation of activation
energy, reaction rate, curvature parameter and Schmidt number.

Introduction
In universe there are various substances having diverse character-
istics. Naver-Stokes theory is incapable to address the properties of
these substances. These materials are called non-Newtonian materials.
Example of non-Newtonian materials personal care products, food
stuffs, certain oils, biological fluids, shampoos and many others.
Therefore various non-Newtonian models are suggested like Maxwell,
Williamson, second grade, third grade, Sutterby, Cross, Casson,
Oldroyed-B, Burgers, micropolar, generalized Burgers, Sisko, Jeffeey
etc. The characteristic of these liquids models are discussed in Refs.
[1–10]. In present work we considered second grade fluid model.
Which predict normal stress effect. Studies associated to second grade
model are mentioned through Refs. [11–17].
Activation energy can be defined as the minimum amount of energy
that is acquire to activate molecules or atoms to a position in which
they can take place physical transport or chemical reaction. Recently,
many researchers and scientists are characterized the flow of binary
chemical reaction with activation energy. It is due to their wide range
applications like cooling of nuclear reacting, chemical engineering
chemical recovery of thermal oil and geothermal reservoirs. Influences
of activation energy and chemical reaction in flow of nanofluid over a
stretchable surface is addressed by Mustafa et al. [18]. Khan et al. [19]
studied stagnation point flow of Cross nanoliquid with activation
energy and nonlinear radiative heat flux. Makinde et al. [20] examined
influence of activation energy in unsteady convective flow. Character-
istics of activation energy in flow of nanomaterial with convective
boundary conditions and chemical reaction is explored by Zeshan et al.
[21]. Shafique et al. [22] using numerical approach to investigate flow
of viscoelastic liquid with activation energy and chemically reactive
species.
Our interest here is to investigate stagnation point flow of second
grade fluid over a stretchable cylinder. Heat transport is analyzed
through non-Fourier flux model and temperature dependent thermal
conductivity. Impacts of activation energy and thermal stratification
are also accounted. By transformations procedure transformed the
governing PDE’s into ODE’s. ODE’s system are tackled by homotopy
analysis method [23–32]. Outcomes of flow variables on temperature,
velocity, concentration, skin friction and Sherwood number are ana-
lyzed and discussed graphically.
Formulation
Stagnation point flow of second grade fluid due to stretchable cy-
linder considered. Heat transport attributes are scrutinized through
temperature dependent thermal conductivity and variable temperature
property (stratification phenomena) at the cylinder surface. Moreover,
activation energy is also accounted. Non-Fourier’s heat model is

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mikhan@math.qau.edu.pk (M.I. Khan).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2018.03.050
Received 20 November 2017; Received in revised form 2 March 2018; Accepted 22 March 2018
Available online 30 March 2018
2211-3797/ © 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0/).
T. Hayat et al. Results in Physics 9 (2018) 871–878

implemented for the consider flow instead of Fourier law of heat con- dT
=
−1
∇ ·q,
duction. The governing flow expressions in vector form are: dt ρcp (13)

where T (x ,r ) stands for temperature, cp specific heat and q heat flux.

Continuity and momentum equations
According to generalized Fourier’s law heat flux we have
For considered flow, the continuity and momentum equations are: ∂q
q + λ⎛ + V ·∇q−q·∇V + (∇ ·V) q⎞ = −k (T ) ∇T ,
∇ ·V = 0, (1) ⎝ ∂t ⎠ (14)

dV here λ indicates thermal relaxation time and k (T ) thermal conductivity.

ρ = ∇·τ , For incompressible flow Eq. (14) reduced to
dt (2)
where V indicates the velocity, ρ density and τ the Cauchy stress tensor. q + λ (V ·∇q−q·∇v) = −k (T ) ∇T . (15)
For second grade material Cauchy stress tensor is defined as
Using Eq. (15) in Eq. (13), one has
τ = −pI + μ A1 + k 0 A2 + k1 A12. (3)
∂T ∂T 1 ∂ ⎛ ∂T λ ⎛ 2 ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂u ∂T
u +v = k (T ) r ⎞− u + v2 2 + u
⎜

where p represents pressure, μ viscosity, k 0 and k1 material constants. ∂x ∂r ρcp r ∂r ⎝ ∂r ⎠ ρcp ⎝ ∂x 2 ∂r ∂x ∂x

The Rivlin-Ericksen tensors Ai (1,2) are [15]: ∂ 2T ∂v ∂T ∂v ∂T ∂u ∂T ⎞
+ 2uv +u +v +v , ⎟

d An − 1 ∂r ∂x ∂x ∂r ∂r ∂r ∂r ∂x ⎠ (16)
An = + An − 1L + LT An − 1, n = 1,2.
dt (4)
with
According to the appropriate condition [17]:
x
k 0 ⩾ 0, μ ⩾ 0, k 0 + k1 = 0. (5) T (x ,R) = Tw (x ) = T0 + a ⎛ ⎞, T (x ,r ) → T∞ as r → ∞.
⎝l⎠ (17)
Invoking Eq. (5) in Eq. (4), one has Temperature dependent thermal conductivity (variable thermal
τ = −pI + μ A1 + k 0 (A2−A12). (6) conductivity) can be defined as [33]:

By using Eq. (6), continuity and momentum equations taken the form k (T ) = k∞ (1 + ∊ θ), (18)

∂ (ru) ∂ (rv ) where θ shows dimensionless temperature, k∞ ambient thermal con-

+ = 0,
∂x ∂r (7) ductivity and ∊ small scalar parameter.
In dimensionless form the temperature equation is
∂u ∂u ∂ 2u 1 ∂u ⎞ k ∂3u ∂3u ∂u ∂2v ∂u ∂u
u +v = ν⎛ 2 + ⎜ + 0 ⎧u 3 + u ⎟
2
− 2
+ (2αη + 1) θ″ + Prfθ′ + 2αθ′ + ∊ {(1 + 2αη)(θ′ 2 + θθ′) + 2αθθ′}
∂x ∂r ⎝ ∂ r r ∂r ⎠ ρ ⎨
⎩ ∂r ∂x ∂r ∂r ∂r ∂x ∂r 2
2 2 −Prγf {f ′ θ′ + fθ″} = 0, (19)
1 ∂u ∂ u ∂v ∂u ∂u ∂u ⎞ ⎫ du (x )
+ ⎛v 2 + u ⎜ − + + ue (x ) e ⎟ ,
r ⎝ ∂r ∂x ∂r ∂r ∂r ∂x ∂r ⎠ ⎬⎭ dx θ (0) = 1−S, θ (∞) = 0, (20)
(8)
with
where Pr = k
μcp
( ) indicates Prandtl number, S (
∞
l (T − T )
= ∞ax 0 ) thermal stra-
u (x ,R) = u w (x ) =
u0 x u x
, v (x ,R) = 0, u (x ,r ) → ue (x ) = ∞ as r → ∞,
tification and γ ( λu
= l0 ) thermal relaxation parameter.
l l
(9) Concentration equation
where u and v represents are velocity components, l characteristic
Mathematically
length, ν kinematic viscosity, R cylinder radius and ue (x ) free stream
n
velocity. dC T −E
= D∇2 C −kr2 ▵C ⎛ ⎞ Exp ⎛ ★ a ⎞,
⎜ ⎟
Implementing the following transformations dt T ⎝ k T⎠ (21)
⎝ ∞⎠
u0 ⎛ r 2−R2
⎞, v = − R u0 ν u x In expended form concentration equation becomes
η= ⎜ ⎟ f (η) u = 0 f ′ (η),
νl ⎝ 2R ⎠ r l l (10) n
∂C ∂C ∂ 2C 1 ∂C ⎞ 2 T −E
Continuity equation verified trivially and momentum equation with u +v = D⎛ 2 + ⎜−kr (C −C∞) ⎛ ⎞ Exp ⎛ ★ a ⎞,
⎟ ⎜ ⎟

∂x ∂r ⎝ ∂r r ∂r ⎠ ⎝ T∞ ⎠ ⎝k T ⎠ (22)
boundary conditions becomes
with
(1 + 2αη) f ‴ + ff ″ + 2αf ″−f ′ 2 + 4Kα (f ′ f ″−ff ‴ )
C (x ,R) = Cw, C (x ,r ) → C∞ as r → ∞, (23)
+ K (2αη + 1)(f ″ 2 + 2f ′ f ‴−ff ⁗ ) + A2 = 0, (11)
here C stands for concentration, kr reaction rate, n fitted rate constant,
f (0) = 0, f ′ (0) = 1, f ′ (∞) = A, (12) Ea activation energy and k★ Boltzmann constant.
where A = u∞( ) denotes velocities ratio, K (= ) viscoelastic para-
u
0
k 0 u0
ρνl
Implementing Eq. (10), the Eq. (22) the following form

E ⎞
meter and α ⎛= νl ⎞ curvature parameter. (1 + 2αη) ϕ″ + 2αϕ′ + Scfϕ′−Scβ (1 + nTc θ) ⎛1− . ⎜ ⎟
u 0 R2 T
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ c + 1⎠
θ (24)
Energy equation
( ) ν
Note that Sc = D represents Schmidt number, Tc = ( Tw − T0
T∞ ) temperature
Mathematically it is defined as ratio, β ( ), reaction rate and E (
k2l
= ur
0
E
= ★a
k T∞ ) activation energy.

872
T. Hayat et al. Results in Physics 9 (2018) 871–878

∂C
Jw = −D ⎡ ⎤ .
⎣ ∂r ⎦r = R (29)

Substituting Eq. (29) in Eq. (28), we get

Sh x
= −ϕ′ (0).
Rex (30)

Solution methodology

The obtained system of nonlinear partial differential equations are

solved analytically by homotopic technique. For such type of solution
appropriate initial guesses are define as
fo (η) = Aη + (1−A)(1−e−η),θ0 (η) = (1−S ) e−η,ϕ0 (η) = e−η, (31)

and linear operator are

∂3 ∂ ∂2 ∂2
Lf = 3
− , Lθ = 2 −1, Lϕ = 2 −1,
∂η ∂η ∂η ∂η (32)

with

Lf (b0 + b1 e−η + b2 e η) = 0, Lθ (b5 e−η + b6 e η) = 0, Lϕ (b7 e−η + b8 e η)

= 0, (33)
Fig. 1. h-Curves for f (η),θ (η) and ϕ (η) . where bi (i = 0,1,…,8) indicate the arbitrary constants.

Physical quantity Convergence analysis

Skin friction Convergence of series solution is depend upon the values of aux-
Mathematically skin friction can be defined as iliary parameter ℏf ,ℏθ and ℏ ϕ . For acceptable values of these parameter
we have captured ℏ−curves in Fig. 1. From Fig. 1 convergence intervals
−2τw are −1.3 ⩽ ℏf ⩽ −0.6,−1.5 ⩽ ℏθ ⩽ −0.7 and −1.2 ⩽ ℏ ϕ ⩽ −0.5. Table 1
Cf = ,
ρu w2 (25) shows that respectively momentum, energy and concentration equa-
tions are converge at 16th, 30th and 25th order of approximations.
here wall shear stress (τw ) at r = R is given by

∂u ∂ 2u ∂ 2v ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂u ⎞ ⎫ Discussion
τw = ⎧μ + k 0 ⎛u 2 + v 2 +
⎜ − . ⎟

⎨
⎩ ∂r ⎝ ∂r ∂r ∂r ∂x r ∂r ⎠ ⎭⎬r = R (26)
Here we focused to describe the influences of different flow vari-
Invoking Eq. (26) in Eq. (25), we get ables on velocity (f ′ (η)) , temperature (θ (η)) , concentration (ϕ (η)) , skin
friction (C fx ) and Sherwood number (Sh x ) . Immersion is specifically
Cf Rex = −2(1 + 3K ) f ″ (0), (27) given to the upshot of viscoelastic parameter (K ) , velocities ratio (A) ,
curvature parameter (α ) , Prandtl number (Pr ) , thermal relaxation (γ ) ,
where Rex represents the local Reynolds number.
Schmidt number (Sc ) , reaction rate (β ) and activation energy (E ) .
Characteristics of viscoelastic parameter (K ) , curvature parameter
Sherwood number (α ) and velocities ratio parameter (A) on velocity (f ′ (η)) is portrayed in
Mathematically it is defined as Figs. 2–4. Fig. 2 captured effect of curvature parameter (α ) on velocity
xJw (f ′ (η)) . It is noted that velocity enhanced for larger curvature parameter
Sh x = , (α ) . For higher estimation of curvature parameter (α ) radius of cylinder
D (Cw−C∞) (28)
is reduced. It offer small resistance to motion of liquid particles and that
where mass flux (Jw ) at r = R is is why velocity increased. Influence of viscoelastic parameter (K ) on

Table 1
Convergence of series solution when α = A = β = E = 0.1,K = S = 0.2,γ = Pr = 1 and Sc = Tc = n = 0.5.
Order of approximation −f ″ (0) −θ′ (0) −ϕ′ (0)

1 −0.82872 −0.98978 −0.73845

4 −0.83919 −1.03530 −0.73229
8 −0.83894 −1.04050 −0.82971
12 −−0.83895 −1.04052 −0.82981
16 −0.83895 −1.04053 −0.82991
20 −0.83895 −1.04054 −0.82992
24 −0.83895 −1.04055 −0.82993
28 −0.83895 −1.04056 −0.82993
32 −0.83895 −1.04056 −0.82993
36 −0.83895 −1.04056 −0.82993

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T. Hayat et al.
Fig. 2. f ′ (η) via α .
Fig. 3. f ′ (η) via K.
velocity (f ′ (η)) is described in Fig. 3. Clearly velocity (f ′ (η)) is in-
creasing function of viscoelastic parameter. Physically for larger esti-
mation of viscoelastic parameter viscosity of fluid reduces and thus
velocity enhanced. Fig. 4 sketched behavior of velocities ratio para-
meter (A) on velocity (f ′ (η)) . Velocity (f ′ (η)) boosts via A.
Influences of viscoelastic parameter (α ) , thermal stratification (S ) ,
thermal relaxation (γ ) , small scalar parameter (∊) and Prandtl number
(Pr ) on temperature (θ (η)) is examined in Figs. 5–9. Fig. 5 revealed
impact of curvature parameter (α ) on temperature (θ (η)) . Temperature
(θ (η)) abate through larger values of curvature parameter (α ) . Fig. 6
shows impact of thermal stratification (S ) on temperature (θ (η)) . It is
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Results in Physics 9 (2018) 871–878
Fig. 4. f ′ (η) via A.
Fig. 5. θ (η) via α .
noticed that temperature (θ (η)) is reduced through thermal stratifica-
tion (S ) . It is due to the reason for higher values of thermal stratification
(S ) convective flow between heated cylinder and ambient fluid is re-
duces. Fig. 7 elucidates characteristics of thermal relaxation (γ ) on
temperature (θ (η)) . For larger values of thermal relaxation (γ ) material
particles required more time to transfer energy to adjacent liquid par-
ticles and therefore temperature decays. Fig. 8 investigates the influ-
ence of ∊ on temperature (θ (η)) . Clearly temperature (θ (η)) show in-
creasing behavior against ∊. Higher values of ∊ correspond to higher
thermal conductivity i.e large amount heat transfer from heated cy-
linder to fluid and so temperature (θ (η)) enhanced. Fig. 9 described
T. Hayat et al.
Fig. 6. θ (η) via S.
Fig. 7. θ (η) via γ .
outcome of temperature (θ (η)) through variation in Prandtl number
(Pr ) . It is noticed that temperature (θ (η)) show decreasing behavior for
larger Prandtl number (Pr ) . Thermal diffusivity reduced for rising es-
timation of Prandtl number (Pr ) . Therefore temperature (θ (η)) decays.
Impacts of curvature parameter (α ) , Schmidt number (Sc ) , reaction
rate (β ) and activation energy (E ) on concentration (ϕ (η)) is described
in Figs. 10–13. Fig. 10 demonstrates effect of curvature parameter (α )
on concentration (ϕ (η)) . Higher estimation of curvature parameter (α )
correspond to lower concentration field (ϕ (η)) . Impact of Schmidt
number Sc on concentration (ϕ (η)) is portrayed in Fig. 11. Concentra-
tion (ϕ (η)) decays through larger Schmidt number (Sc ) . Physically
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Results in Physics 9 (2018) 871–878
Fig. 8. θ (η) via ∊.
Fig. 9. θ (η) via Pr.
Schmidt number is the ratio of momentum to mass diffusivity. Here
mass diffusivity decays for larger Schmidt number and therefore con-
centration field decays. Fig. 12 evaluated behavior of reaction rate (β )
on concentration (ϕ (η)) . It is noticed that concentration (ϕ (η)) decline
through reaction rate (β ) . Larger variation of β correspond to higher
destructive chemical reaction rate which terminates or dissolves effec-
tively specie of liquid. Therefore concentration (ϕ (η)) reduces. Varia-
tion of concentration (ϕ (η)) through activation energy (E ) is explored in
Fig. 13. Concentration (ϕ (η)) boosts via activation energy (E ) . It is due
to the fact that larger values of activation energy (E ) promote
T. Hayat et al.
Fig. 10. ϕ (η) via α .
Fig. 11. ϕ (η) via Sc.
constrictive chemical reaction rate and thus concentration enhanced.
Effects of viscoelastic parameter (K ) , curvature parameter (α ) ,
Schmidt number (Sc ) , activation energy (E ) and reaction rate (β ) on skin
friction (C fx ) and Sherwood number (Sh x ) is evaluated in Figs. 14–16.
Fig. 14 demonstrates influences of curvature parameter (α ) and vis-
coelastic parameter (K ) on skin friction ia portrayed in Fig. 14. Clearly
skin friction (C fx ) is increasing function of both curvature parameter (α )
and viscoelastic parameter (K ) . Variation of Sherwood number (Sh x )
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Results in Physics 9 (2018) 871–878
Fig. 12. ϕ (η) via β .
Fig. 13. ϕ (η) via E.
through various estimation of Schmidt number and curvature para-
meter (α ) is explored in Fig. 15. It is noted that Sherwood number (Sh x )
is enhanced for larger estimation of curvature parameter (α ) as well as
Schmidt number (Sc ) . Fig. 16 explored characteristics of reaction rate
(β ) and activation energy (E ) on Sherwood number (Sh x ) . Sherwood
number boosts via reaction rate (β ) while decays with activation energy
(E ) .
T. Hayat et al.
Fig. 14. C fx via α and K.
Fig. 15. Sh x via α and Sc.
Conclusions
In this paper we addressed stagnation point flow of second grade
material over a stretchable cylinder. The major results are listed below:
• Velocity (f ′ (η)) boosts via curvature parameter (α), viscoelastic
parameter (K ) and velocities ratio parameter (A) .
• Temperature (θ (η)) decays through curvature parameter (α),
thermal stratification (S ) , thermal relaxation (γ ) and Prandtl number
(Pr ) while it enhanced with ∊.
• For larger estimation of curvature parameter (α ) , Schmidt number
(Sc ) and reaction rate (β ) concentration (ϕ (η)) reduce however it is
enhanced for activation energy (E ) .
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Results in Physics 9 (2018) 871–878
Fig. 16. Sh x via E and β .
• Skin friction (C ) shows increasing behavior against curvature
fx
parameter (α ) and viscoelastic parameter (K ) .
• Sherwood number and concentration (ϕ (η)) highlight opposite be-
havior for activation energy (E ) , Schmidt number (Sc ) , curvature
parameter (α ) and reaction rate (β ) .
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