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Newtonian
Newtonian heat and mass heat and mass
conditions impact in thermally conditions

radiated Maxwell nanofluid

Darcy–Forchheimer flow 2809

with heat generation Received 29 November 2018

Revised 30 December 2018
Accepted 1 January 2019
Muhammad Waqas and M. Mudassar Gulzar
NUTECH School of Applied Sciences and Humanities,
National University of Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Waqar Azeem Khan
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
Muhammad Ijaz Khan
Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, and
Niaz B. Khan
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,
National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

Abstract
Purpose – This paper aims to elaborate the characteristics of magneto-Maxwell nanoliquid toward moving
radiated surface. Flow analysis subject to Darcy–Forchheimer concept is studied. Newtonian heat/mass
conditions and heat source aspects are taken into account for modeling. Apposite transformations are
introduced for non-dimensionalization process.
Design/methodology/approach – Optimal homotopy analysis method is implemented to compute
convergent solutions of nonlinear ordinary differential equations.
Findings – Temperature field increments when thermophoresis, heat generation and Brownian movement
parameters are increased, whereas reverse situation is noticed for larger Prandtl number. The results also
witness that concentration distribution has opposite characteristics for larger thermophoresis and Brownian
movement parameters. Furthermore, the presented analysis reduces to traditional Darcy relation in the
absence of local inertia coefficient.
Originality/value – As per the authors’ knowledge, no such analysis has been yet reported.
Keywords Darcy–Forchheimer flow, Heat generation, Newtonian heat and mass conditions,
Maxwell nanoliquid, Radiated surface
Paper type Research paper

Nomenclature
u, v = components of velocity;
International Journal of Numerical
x, y = space coordinates; Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow
rf = base liquid density; Vol. 29 No. 8, 2019
pp. 2809-2821

= kinematic viscosity; © Emerald Publishing Limited
0961-5539
a = thermal diffusivity; DOI 10.1108/HFF-11-2018-0695
HFF m = dynamic viscosity;
29,8 k = thermal conductivity;
( r c)f = liquid heat capacity;
t = heat capacity ratio;
K = porous medium permeability;
Cb = drag coefficient;
= relaxation time;
2810 l1
= coefficient of heat (absorption, generation);
Q0
Cb
= drag coefficient per unit length;
uw(x) = stretching velocity;
hc = mass transfer coefficient;
c = stretching rate;
ht = heat transfer coefficient;
DB = Brownian movement coefficient;
s = electrical conductivity;
B0 = magnetic field strength;
R = thermal radiation variable;
T1 = ambient fluid temperature;
s* = Stefan–Boltzmann constant;
T = temperature;
k* = mean absorption coefficient;
DT = thermophoresis diffusion coefficient;
C = concentration;
Fr = local inertia coefficient;
d = heat source variable;
b = Deborah number;
g1 = thermal conjugate number;
Nt = thermophoretic variable;
g2 = solutal conjugate number;
Nb = Brownian motion variable;
Ha = Hartman number;
Sc = Schmidt number;
1
Nux Rex 12 = Nusselt number;

Shx Rex 2 = Sherwood number;
Rex = Reynolds numbers;
f = dimensionless velocity;
u = dimensionless temperature;
f = dimensionless concentration;
hf,, 
 hu , 
hf = auxiliary variables;
h = dimensionless variable; and
C1 = ambient fluid concentration.

1. Introduction
Modern advancements in nanotechnology produces novel and innovative type heat
transfer fluids (HTF) termed nanofluids modeled by adjourning nanoparticles having
size 1-100 nm in the carrier HTF. Such fluids meaningfully rise transportation rates of
heat and have utilizations in electrical, nuclear and chemical industries, drilling, higher-
powered lasers and power generation. No doubt such fluids possesses higher
conductivity in comparison to base fluids (Dinarvand et al., 2015). For better utilization
of such innovative liquids in engineering demands is their longer time constancy. Newtonian
(Sharma and Gupta, 2016) revealed that nanofluid preparation secure for long-lasting is heat and mass
amongst leading technological problems and evaluated the earlier researches on
formulation and approaches regarding nanofluid stability. Radiation and stratifications
conditions
characteristics for Jeffrey nanoliquid stretching flow subjected to heat sink/source are
evaluated by (Ramzan et al., 2017). (Hsiao, 2017) elaborated dissipation importance in
magneto-micropolar nanoliquid stretching flow. Effectiveness of CNTs-H2O
hydromagnetic nanofluid subjected to radiation and convective conditions between 2811
stretched rotating disks is described by (Jyothi et al., 2018). (Hassan et al., 2018)
formulated nanoliquid flow toward wavy surface subjected to porous medium
characteristics. Features of radiated magneto nanoliquid stretched flow considering
slip aspect is scrutinized by (Mahanthesh et al., 2018). (Sandeep et al., 2018) inspected
heat transportation features of magnetohydrodynamics nanoliquid by vertical plate.
Gyrotactic microorganism impact in magneto-Oldroyd-B nanoliquid stretched flow is
visualized by (Waqas et al., 2018b). Shehzad et al. (2018) disclosed non-Darcy
nanoliquid Poiseuille flow subjected to irreversibility characteristics. Further studies
covering nanoparticles contribution subjected to distinct configurations are cited
(Waqas et al., 2017b; Shirvan et al., 2017; Irfan et al., 2017; Khan et al., 2018; Ellahi et al.,
2018; Hayat et al., 2018a; Alshomrani et al., 2018; Alamri et al., 2019; Waqas et al., 2018a;
Dogonchi et al., 2019).
Heat transportation subjected to radiation mechanism has a meaningful impact on
higher temperature regime. Predominantly, numerous real-world engineering
procedures transpire at higher temperature. Accordingly, radiation mechanism has
valuable contribution in pertinent equipments design. Besides, in numerous relevant
utilizations, which hinge on geometry and surface properties, heat transportation via
radiation mechanism is equal to convection heat transportation. For its utilizations in
numerous technical fields, several researchers have scrutinized radiation induced
flows. (Olajuwon et al., 2014) elaborated porous medium effectiveness in micropolar
liquid radiated flow subjected to Hall current aspect. Variable fluid characteristics of
radiated Carreau material are evaluated by Waqas et al. (2017a). Marinca and Marinca
(2018) formulated generalized viscoelastic radiated flow subjected to variable
conductivity, magnetic field and heat generation. Okuyade et al. (2018) computed
perturbation solutions for chemically reacted radiating flow considering suction,
Dufour–Soret and mixed convection. Outcome for hydromagnetic viscous liquid
radiated flow considering variable fluid characteristics and entropy generation is
disclosed by Khan et al. (2019).
Here, Darcy–Forchheimer radiated flow subjected to magnetohydrodynamics is
formulated. The rate type Maxwell liquid model is taken into account for analysis. Brownian
motion, Newtonian (heat, mass) conditions, heat generation and thermophoresis aspects are
also accounted. The nonlinear modeled systems are computed using homotopy
methodology (Liao, 2010; Hayat et al., 2013; Ellahi et al., 2013; Alsaedi et al., 2013; Hayat
et al., 2014; Hayat et al., 2015a, 2015b; Waqas et al., 2016; Hayat et al., 2016a, 2016b; Waqas
et al., 2016a, 2016b; Hayat et al., 2017; Irfan et al., 2018; Zubair et al., 2018; Qayyum et al.,
2018; Hayat et al., 2018b; Sadiq et al., 2017; Farooq et al., 2018). Physical importance of
involved variables in modeled problem is interpreted via graphs.

2. Modeling
We scrutinize Darcy–Forchheimer magneto-Maxwell nanoliquid toward moving radiated
surface. Formulation is based on Brownian motion, heat source and thermophoresis. The
HFF idea of Newtonian conditions (heat, mass) is introduced. The governing problems in view of
29,8 aforesaid assumptions are (Hayat et al., 2018):
@u @v
þ ¼ 0; (1)
@x @y
!
2812 @u @u @2u @2v @2u @2u

u þ v þ l 1 u2 2 þ v2 2 þ 2uv ¼
 u  Fu2
@x @y @x @y @x@y @y2 K
  (2)
s B0 2 @u
 u þ l 1v ;
rf @y
"  2 #
@T @T @ 2 T 16s
T13
@2T @C @T DT @T
u þv ¼a 2 þ
þ t DB þ
@x @y @y 3k ð r cÞf @y2 @y @y T1 @y
Q0
þ ðT  T1 Þ; (3)
ð cÞ f
r

@C @C @ 2 C DT @ 2 T
u þv ¼ DB 2 þ ; (4)
@x @y @y T1 @y2

@T @C
u ¼ uw ðxÞ ¼ cx; v ¼ 0; ¼ ht T; ¼ hc C at y ¼ 0;
@y @y (5)
u ! 0; T ! T1 ; C ! C1 when y ! 1:
Considering (Qayyum et al., 2018):
rffiffiffi
c 0 pffiffiffiffiffi
h ¼ y ; u ¼ cxf ð h Þ; v ¼  c
f ð h Þ;


(6)
T  T1 C  C1
u ðh Þ ¼ ; f ðh Þ ¼ ;
T1 C1
one has:
000 00
 0 00 000
 0 0
f þ ff þ b 2ff f  f 2 f  l f  ð1 þ Fr Þ f 2  Ha2 ðf 0  b ff 00 Þ ¼ 0; (7)
 
4 00 0
1 þ R u þ Pr f u 0 þ Pr Nb f 0 u 0 þ Pr Ntu 2 þ Pr d u ¼ 0; (8)
3

Nt 00
f 00 þ Scf f 0 þ u ¼ 0; (9)
Nb
0 0  
f ¼ 0; f ¼ 1; u ¼  g 1 1 þ u ð h Þ ;
 
f 0 ¼  g 2 1 þ f ð h Þ at h ¼ 0; (10)
 0
f ! 0; u ! 0; f ! 0 as h ! 1: (11) Newtonian
heat and mass
Non-dimensional form of variables occurring in equations (7)-(10) are given below: conditions

s B20 4s
T13
t DT ðT1 Þ
l ¼ ; b ¼ l 1 c; Ha2 ¼ ; R¼

; Nt ¼ ;
Kc rf c kk T1


t DB ðC1 Þ Q
2813
Pr ¼ ; Nb ¼ ; d ¼ ; Sc ¼ ; (12)
a
ð r cÞ f c DB
rffiffiffi rffiffiffi


Cb x Cb *
g 1 ¼ ht ; g 2 ¼ hc ; Fr ¼ pffiffiffiffi ; Cb ¼ :
c c K x
 
1 1
Expression of Nusselt and Sherwood numbers Nux Rex 2 ; Nux Rex 2 in dimensional form
is:
  
xqw 16s
T1 3
@T
Nux ¼ ; qw ¼  k þ ; (13)
kðT  T1 Þ 3k
@y y¼0

 
xqm @C
Shx ¼ ; qm ¼ DB : (14)
DB ðC  C1 Þ @y y¼0

From equations (13) and (14), one obtains:

  0
!
1 4 ðu ð0ÞÞ
Nux Rex 2 5 1þ R ; (15)
3 ð1 þ u ð0ÞÞ

0
!
1 ð w ð0ÞÞ
Shx Rex 2 ¼ ; (16)
ð1 þ w ð0ÞÞ
2
where Rex ¼ cx
:

Results
The nonlinear problems (7-9) subjected to boundary conditions (10 and 11) are analytically
tackled using optimal homotopy analysis method. Optimal estimations for hf, hu and h f are
developed via minimization approach (Liao, 2010). We observed hf = 0.461976, hu =
0.941348, h f = 0.171739 and « tm ¼ 0:707994: Figure 1 elaborates residual error plots
versus f, u and f . Furthermore, Table I reveals squared residual error using optimal
estimations of convergence control variables at m = 2. Here, squared residual error
decreases with higher-order approximations. The presented research is compared with
Sadiq et al., 2017, through Table II. Here, decent agreement is noticed.
Figure 2 explains R curves on u ( h ). Larger R estimations increase u ( h ). Increment in R in
relationship with lower coefficient of mean absorption augments the material temperature.
Contribution of Nt versus u ( h ) is divulged in Figure 3. In fact Nt assists to rise the thickness
of boundary-layer associated with u ( h ). In fact, sturdier thermophoretic force pushes the
HFF
29,8

2814
Figure 1.
Total residue errors
for f, u and f

m «m
f «m
u «m
f

2 0.0117381 0.0760894 0.620166

4 0.00282004 0.0503333 0.434344
6 0.000847084 0.0391755 0.355972
Table I. 8 0.000327043 0.0323147 0.311087
10 0.000158466 0.0275435 0.281067
Individual averaged
12 0.0000907612 0.0240129 0.259137
squared residual 14 0.0000580688 0.0212925 0.242199
errors for f, u and f 16 0.0000399675 0.0191321 0.228606
using optimal values 18 0.0000289405 0.0173751 0.217384
of auxiliary variables 20 0.0000217555 0.0159177 0.207915

Table II.
Comparative  f00 (0)  f00 (0)
outcomes of – f” (0)
l Sadiq et al., 2017 Present
with Sadiq et al., 0.0 1.00000 1.00000
2017, for distinct l 0.5 1.01980 1.01980
estimations when 1.0 1.11803 1.11803
Fr = 0 = b = Ha

Figure 2.
R against u ( h )
 Newtonian
heat and mass
conditions

2815
Figure 3.
Nt against u ( h )

Figure 4.
Pr against u ( h )

Figure 5.
Nb against u ( h )

Figure 6.
g 1 against u ( h )
HFF
29,8

2816

Figure 7.
d against u ( h )

Figure 8.
g 2 against f ( h )

Figure 9.
Nt against f ( h )

Figure 10.
Nb against f ( h )
 Newtonian
heat and mass
conditions

2817

Figure 11.
Sc against f ( h )

Figure 12.
Nt and Nb against
Nux Rex 0:5

Figure 13.
d and R against
Nux Rex 0:5

Figure 14.
g 2 and Sc against
Shx Rex 0:5
HFF particles toward ambient fluid from hot sheet and accordingly influences larger amount of
29,8 fluid. Owing to this motive, thermal boundary-layer develops with an augmentation in Nt.
Figure 4 describes Pr influence on u ( h ). Here u ( h ) diminishes subjected to higher Pr. A rise
in Pr yields weaker diffusivity. No doubt materials with weaker diffusivity have less
temperature. Characteristics of Nb, g 1 and d against u ( h ) are visualized in Figure 5-7. As
expected, u ( h ) rises for higher Nb, g 1 and d estimations. Figure 8 exhibits g 2 variation
2818 versus f ( h ). Clearly f ( h ) augments subject to larger g 2. Such increment in f ( h ) is
noticed because coefficient of mass transfer increases when g 2 is increased. Consequently,
f ( h ) rises. Influence of Nt on f ( h ) is elaborated via Figure 9. Here, f ( h ) rises. An upsurge
in Nt moves the nanoparticles faraway from surface and develops a particle free-layer in
sheet vicinity. However reverse scenario for Nb against f ( h ) is witnessed through
Figure 10. Figure 11 highlights Sc impact on f ( h ). This Figure elaborates reduction in
f ( h ) subjected to Sc In fact coefficient of Brownian movement diminishes when Sc is
increased. Thus, f ( h ) reduces.
 Figures 12 and 13 report Nt, Nb, d and R impacts versus
1 1
Nusselt number Nux Rex 2 : Here, Nux Rex 2 is increased subjected to larger R estimations
whereas it decayswhen Nt, Nb and d are increased. Variations of g 2 and Sc versus
1 1
Sherwood number Shx Rex 2 are plotted in Figure 14. Clearly Shx Rex 2 increases for higher
Sc estimations while it portrays opposite behavior for g 2.

Conclusions
This research scrutinizes magnetic field influence in Maxwell nanoliquid stretching flow by
radiated surface. Non-Darcy porous medium, thermophoresis, heat source and Brownian
movement are taken into account for modeling and analysis. This researchleads to following
outcomes:
 Temperature field (u ( h )) boostssubjected to Nt, d and Nb however it diminishes
when Pr is increased.
 Impacts of Nb and Nt are reverseagainst f .
 Concentration field ( f ( h )) is decreasing function of Sc whereas it has opposite
influence for larger g 2.
1
 Reverse features of Nux Rex 2 is found for R in comparison to Nt, Nb and d .
1
 Schmidt (Sc) number hasless ( f ( h )) and larger Shx Rex 2 :
 The outcomes for well-known Darcy relation can be recovered by putting Fr = 0.

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Corresponding author
Muhammad Waqas can be contacted at: mw_qau88@yahoo.com

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