Chinese Journal of Physics 55 (2017) 318–330

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Chinese Journal of Physics

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cjph

Magnetohydrodynamic flow of burgers fluid with heat source

and power law heat flux
T. Hayat a,b, M. Waqas a,∗, M. Ijaz Khan a, A. Alsaedi b, S.A. Shehzad c
a
Department of Mathematics, Quaid-I-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
b
Nonlinear Analysis and Applied Mathematics (NAAM) Research Group, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz
University, P. O. Box 80257, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
c
Department of Mathematics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal, 57000, Pakistan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Here magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) two-dimensional (2D) flow of an incompressible Burg-
Received 1 October 2016 ers material bounded by a permeable stretched surface is addressed. The boundary layer
Revised 11 February 2017
flow equations are modelled. Heat transfer is discussed for power law heat flux at the sur-
Accepted 11 February 2017
face and heat source. Convergent series solutions are constructed. Clarification of different
Available online 17 February 2017
emerging variables is presented through graphs of velocity, temperature and local Nusselt
Keywords: number. The present solutions are matched with the available published work in a limiting
MHD case.
Burgers fluid © 2017 The Physical Society of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Published by Elsevier B.V.
Heat source
All rights reserved.
Power law heat flux

1. Introduction

Non-Newtonian materials at present are attracted much by the recent investigators. These materials are significant in
numerous physiological, industrial and engineering procedures for instance pharmaceuticals, synthetic fiber, plastic manu-
facture, glass blowing, food processing and paper production etc. Distinct features of all these materials in such demands
cannot be foreseen by one fluid model. Therefore numerous constitutive relationships for such materials have been recom-
mended [1–11]. Burgers liquid is one of the subclasses of rate type materials. Rate type liquids are particularly valuable for
polymers. Few analysis associated with Burgers materials can be seen through [12–18].
Investigations on stretched flows accompanied with heat transfer in an inactive liquid determined via a continual stretch-
ing sheet is a topic of great interest. It is because of its significance in engineering and industrial demands. Such demands
include heat treating of materials fabricated in an expulsion and casting procedure of materials. Further cooling of extend-
ing sheets is expected to guarantee the best feature of the material and needs enthusiastic control of temperature. Analysis
presented by Crane [19] is utilized by several researchers (for detail see [20–25] and many studies therein). Further the phe-
nomenon of heat generation/absorption plays significant role in adjusting the heat transfer rate. No doubt exact modeling
of this phenomenon is relatively challenging, some straightforward mathematical models explain its average characteris-
tics for different physical circumstances [26] and [27]. Few representative investigations related with the phenomenon of
heat generation/absorption can be found in the attempts [28–32]. The characteristics of suction/injection properties are very
well discussed in the refs. [33] and [34] as these render many immeasurable quantities from ambient fluid to immediate

∗
Corresponding author:
E-mail addresses: mwaqas@math.qau.edu.pk (M. Waqas), mikhan@math.qau.edu.pk (M.I. Khan), ali_qau70@yahoo.com (S.A. Shehzad).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjph.2017.02.004
0577-9073/© 2017 The Physical Society of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 T. Hayat et al. / Chinese Journal of Physics 55 (2017) 318–330 319

Nomenclature

u, v velocity components
x, y space coordinates
T fluid temperature
T∞ ambient temperature
uw stretching velocity
k thermal conductivity
cp specific heat
λ1 relaxation time
λ2 material parameter of Burgers fluid
λ3 retardation time
S extra stress tensor
A1 first Rivlin-Ericksen tensor
D
Dt upper convected derivative
σ electrical conductivity
B0 magnetic field strength
ν kinematic viscosity
μ dynamic viscosity
Q heat absorption/generation parameter
ρ fluid density
c positive constant
vw suction/injection velocity
qw heat flux
V velocity
B temperature coefficient
p pressure
α thermal diffusivity
η dimensionless space variable
f dimensionless velocity
θ dimensionless temperature
β 1, β 3 Deborah numbers
β2 viscoelastic parameter of Burgers fluid
Ha Hartman number
Pr Prandtl number
δ heat generation parameter
S suction parameter
Rex local Reynolds number
Nux local Nusselt number

neighborhood of the surface and finds applications in design of thrust bearing, radial diffusers and thermal oil recovery as
well as chemical processes.
No doubt stretched flows in presence of magnetic field has precise demands in engineering, chemistry and physics.
Specific examples include nuclear reactors, plasma studies, MHD generator, oil exploration and geothermal energy extraction.
Several researchers investigated the characteristics of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). For instance analysis of chemically
reactive MHD viscous material in the presence of stratifications and dissipation effects is presented by Zaib and Shafie [35].
Ganga et al. [36] addressed MHD radiative stretched flow of nanomaterial towards vertical surface with dissipation and
Joule heating effects. Effectiveness of MHD in unsteady stretched flow of micropolar material is reported by Sandeep and
Sulochana [37]. Turkyilmazoglu [38] presented the effectiveness of magnetohydrodynamic fluid flow and heat transfer due
to two-three dimensional permeable and deforming (stretching/shrinking) bodies. Further analysis related with MHD can be
found in [39–42] and many studies therein.
It is well-known fact that nonlinear flows always yield nonlinear systems. In order to solve such systems, several analyti-
cal and numerical techniques have been presented. For instance, the time dependent flow of viscous liquid over a stretchable
cylinder is reported by Munawar et al. [43]. They adopted both homotopic and numeric procedures for the solution of non-
linear systems. Turkyilmazoglu [44] determined the correct range of physical parameters in the approximation solutions of
nonlinear equations by Adomian decomposition method. Application of the exponential rational function method for the so-
lution of scalar Qiao and the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equations is reported by Bekir et al. [45]. In the aforesaid investigations
it is noted that the techniques used in [43–45] are valid only for weakly nonlinear systems. Therefore we aimed to employ
homotopic approach [46] which is valid for both weak and strong nonlinear systems. Besides this the homotopic approach
320 T. Hayat et al. / Chinese Journal of Physics 55 (2017) 318–330

has several advantages over the other techniques. For instance (i) the HAM does not require any small/large parameters in
the problem. (ii) HAM gives us a way to certify the convergence of the established series solutions. (iii) HAM is effective in
providing incredible flexibility in the developing equation type of linear functions of solutions [21].
This article communicates the MHD two-dimensional flow of Burgers material in the presence of heat source and power
law heat flux. The flow is due to a stretched surface. This research article is designed as follows. Constitutive expressions
are specified in section two. Problem formulation is modeled in section three. Section four includes the development of the
series solutions by homotopy analysis method (HAM) [47–59]. Analysis of arising influential variables is also presented in
Section four. Finally the observations are provided in the section five.

2. Constitutive equations

The expressions for steady flow of an incompressible Burgers fluid in presence of heat absorption/generation are

div V = 0, (1)

ρ ai = −∇ p + div S, (2)

Q
(V · ∇ )T = α∇ 2 T + (T − T∞ ), (3)
ρ cp
   
D D2 D
1 + λ1 + λ2 2 S = μ 1 + λ3 A1 . (4)
Dt Dt Dt

Here V denotes the velocity, T the fluid temperature, ρ the fluid density, p the pressure, α the thermal diffusivity, Q heat
absorption/generation parameter, T∞ the ambient fluid temperature, cp the specific heat of fluid at constant temperature, S
∗
the extra stress tensor, A1 = (∇ V ) + (∇ V ) the first Rivlin–Ericksen tensor, μ the dynamic viscosity, λ1 the relaxation time,
λ3 the retardation time, λ2 the material parameter of Burgers fluid and the upper convected derivative Dt D
is defined by

Dai ∂ ai
= + ur ai,r − ui,r ai , (5)
Dt ∂t
The velocity, temperature and stress fields for two-dimensional flow are

V = [u(x, y ), v(x, y ), 0], T = T (x, y ), S = S(x, y ) (6)

Fig. 1. Physical configuration.

 T. Hayat et al. / Chinese Journal of Physics 55 (2017) 318–330 321

Fig. 2. -curve for f  (0).

The relevant equations for the problem under consideration are

∂ u ∂v
+ = 0, (7)
∂x ∂y
 
∂u ∂u 2∂ u
2
2∂ u
2
∂ 2u
u +v + λ1 u +v + 2uv
∂x ∂y ∂ x2 ∂ y2 ∂ x∂ y
⎡ 3 ∂3u
⎤
u ∂ x3 + v3 ∂ y3 + u2 ∂ x2 ∂ x − ∂ y ∂ x2 + 2 ∂v
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂2u
3 2 2
u u u u v
∂ x ∂ x∂ y
⎢ ∂2u ∂u ∂2u
⎥
+ λ2 ⎣+ 3v2 ∂v + 3uv(u ∂ 2 u + v ∂ u 2 )⎦
3 3
2 +
∂∂yu ∂∂y2 u ∂∂vy ∂∂x2∂uy ∂v ∂ 2 u ∂ x∂ ∂uy ∂ 2 v
∂ x∂ y
+ 2 u v ∂ y ∂ x 2 + ∂ x ∂ y 2 + ∂ y ∂ x∂ y − ∂ y ∂ x∂ y
 2  
1 ∂p ∂ u ∂ 2u ∂ 3u ∂ 3u ∂ u ∂ 2u ∂ u ∂ 2v
=− +ν + + λ u + v − −
ρ ∂x ∂ x2 ∂ y2 3
∂ x∂ y 2 ∂ y3 ∂ x ∂ y2 ∂ y ∂ y2
  
σ B20 ∂u ∂v ∂ u ∂u ∂u ∂ 2u 2∂ u
2
− u + λ1 v + λ2 u −v + uv +u , (8)
ρ ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂ x∂ y ∂ y2
 2 
∂T ∂T ∂ T ∂ 2T Q
u +v =α + + (T − T∞ ), (9)
∂x ∂y ∂ x2 ∂ y2 ρ cp
where ν = μ
ρ is the kinematic viscosity. The boundary layer analysis reduced Eqs. (8) and (9) in the forms:
 
∂u ∂u 2∂ u
2
2∂ u
2
∂ 2u
u +v + λ1 u +v + 2uv
∂x ∂y ∂ x2 ∂ y2 ∂ x∂ y
⎡ 3 ∂3u
⎤
u ∂ x3 + v3 ∂∂ yu3 + u2 ∂∂ xu2 ∂∂ ux − ∂∂ uy ∂∂ xv2 + 2 ∂v ∂2u
3 2 2

∂ x ∂ x∂ y
⎢ ∂2u ∂u ∂2u
⎥
+ λ2 ⎣+ 3v2 ∂v + 3uv(u ∂ 2 u + v ∂ u 2 )⎦
3 3
2 +
∂∂yu ∂∂y2 u ∂∂vy ∂∂x2∂uy ∂v ∂ 2 u ∂ x∂ ∂uy ∂ 2 v
∂ x∂ y
+ 2 u v ∂ y ∂ x 2 + ∂ x ∂ y 2 + ∂ y ∂ x∂ y − ∂ y ∂ x∂ y
 2  
∂ u ∂ 3u ∂ 3u ∂ u ∂ 2u ∂ u ∂ 2v
=ν + λ3 u +v 3 − −
∂ y2 ∂ x∂ y 2 ∂y ∂ x ∂ y2 ∂ y ∂ y2
  
σ B20 ∂u ∂v ∂ u ∂u ∂u ∂ 2u 2∂ u
2
− u + λ1 v + λ2 u −v + uv +u , (10)
ρ ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂ x∂ y ∂ y2
∂T ∂T ∂ 2T Q
u +v =α 2 + (T − T∞ ). (11)
∂x ∂y ∂y ρ cp
3. Statement

We study the two-dimensional (2D) flow of an incompressible Burgers material towards moving permeable surface with
heat source and power law heat flux. The region y ≥ 0 is occupied by an incompressible MHD liquid. Uniform magnetic
322 T. Hayat et al. / Chinese Journal of Physics 55 (2017) 318–330

Fig. 3. -curve for θ  (0).

Fig. 4. Impact of β 1 on f .

field is accounted. A Cartesian coordinate system is selected in such a way that x-axis is along the stretched surface. Here
y-axis is selected normal to the x-axis (see Fig. 1). The subjected boundary conditions for variable heat flux are imposed as
follows:
∂T
u = uw (x ) = cx, v = vw , = Bx2 at y = 0,
∂x
u → 0, T → T∞ as y → ∞. (12)
where c denotes the rate of stretching velocity and B the temperature coefficient. Using
 
c √ v
η=y , u = cx f  (η ), v = − cv f  (η ), T = T∞ + x2 θ (η ), (13)
ν c
the mathematical problems are reduced in the structure given below:
   
f  + f f  − f 2 + β1 2 f f  f  − f 2 f  + β2 f 3 f iv − 2 f f 2 f  − 3 f 2 f 2
 

+ β3 f 2 − f f iv − Ha2 f  − β1 f f  + β2 f 2 f  = 0, (14)

θ  + Pr f θ  − 2 Pr f  θ + δθ = 0, (15)

 
f = S, f = 1, θ  = −1 at η = 0, f = 0, θ = 0 as η → ∞, (16)
where prime signifies differentiation with respect to η, β 1 and β 3 the Deborah numbers, β 2 the viscoelastic parameter of
the Burgers fluid, Ha the Hartman number, Pr the Prandtl number, δ the heat generation parameter and S( > 0) the suction
 T. Hayat et al. / Chinese Journal of Physics 55 (2017) 318–330 323

Fig. 5. Impact of β 2 on f .

Fig. 6. Impact of β 3 on f .

parameter. The values of these parameters are

v
β1 = λ1 c, β2 = λ2 c2 , β3 = λ3 c, S = − √ w ,
cν
νQ μ c σ B 2
δ= , Pr =
p
, Ha2 = 0
. (17)
kc k ρc
Definition of local Nusselt number Nux is
 
xqw ∂T
Nux = , qw = −k , (18)
k(T − T∞ ) ∂y y=0

which in dimensionless variables becomes

1 1
Nux / Rex2 = , (19)
θ (0 )
with Rex = uw (x )x/ν as the local Reynolds number.

4. Solution expressions

The initial guesses and auxiliary linear operators for homotopic solutions are:
f 0 ( η ) = S + 1 − e −η , θ0 ( η ) = e −η , (20)

L f = f  − f  , Lθ = θ  − θ , (21)
324 T. Hayat et al. / Chinese Journal of Physics 55 (2017) 318–330

Fig. 7. Impact of S on f .

with

L f (C1 + C2 eη + C3 e−η ) = 0, Lθ (C4 eη + C5 e−η ) = 0, (22)

where Ci (i = 1 − 5 ) indicate the arbitrary constants.
The corresponding problems at the zeroth order are represented as follows:
   
(1 − p)L f fˆ(η; p) − f0 (η ) = p h̄ f N f fˆ(η; p), θˆ (η, p) , (23)

   
(1 − p)Lθ θˆ (η; p) − θ (η ) = p h̄θ Nθ fˆ(η; p), θˆ (η, p) , (24)

fˆ(0; p) = S, fˆ (0; p) = 1, fˆ (∞; p) = 0, θˆ  (0, p) = −1, θˆ (∞, p) = 0, (25)

 2
∂ 3 fˆ(η; p) ˆ ∂ 2 fˆ(η; p) ∂ fˆ(η; p)
N f [ fˆ(η; p)] = + f ( η ; p ) −
∂η3 ∂η2 ∂η
  2 ∂ 3 fˆ(η; p) 
∂ fˆ(η; p) ∂ fˆ(η; p)
2
+ β1 2 f (η; p)
ˆ − f (η ; p )
ˆ
∂η ∂η2 ∂η3
  2 2 
∂ ˆ(η; p)
f ∂ ˆ(η; p)
f
 2  ∂ 2 fˆ(η; p) 2
+ β2 −2 fˆ(η; p) − 3 fˆ(η; p)
∂η ∂η2 ∂η2
 2 
∂ 2 fˆ(η; p) ∂ 4 ˆ
f ( η ; p ) ∂ fˆ(η; p)
+ β3 − fˆ(η; p) − Ha2
∂η 2 ∂η 4 ∂η
∂ fˆ(η; p) ∂ 2 fˆ(η; p)   ∂ f (η ; p )
2 3 ˆ
+ Ha2 β1 − Ha2 β2 fˆ(η; p) , (26)
∂η ∂η 2 ∂η3

∂ 2 θˆ (η; p) ∂ θˆ (η; p)
Nθ [ fˆ(η; p), θˆ (η; p)] = + Pr fˆ(η; p)
∂η 2 ∂η
∂ f (η ; p ) ˆ
ˆ
− 2 Pr θ (η; p) + δ θˆ (η; p). (27)
∂η
Here p is an embedding parameter and f and θ the non-zero auxiliary parameters.
The resulting problems at mth order deformation are constructed in the forms:

L f [ fm (η ) − χm fm−1 (η )] = h̄ f Rmf (η ), (28)

Lθ [θm (η ) − χm θm−1 (η )] = h̄θ Rm

θ ( η ), (29)
 T. Hayat et al. / Chinese Journal of Physics 55 (2017) 318–330 325

Fig. 8. Impact of Ha on f .

Fig. 9. Impact of Pr on θ .

fm (0 ) = fm (0 ) = fm (∞ ) = 0, θm (0 ) = θm (∞ ) = 0, (30)


m −1  
Rmf (η ) = fm−1 (η ) + fm−1−k fk − fm −1−k fk
k=0
 

m −1 
k 
k

+ β1 2 fm−1−k f k−l f l − fm−1−k fk−l f 
l
k=0 l=0 l=0
⎡ ⎤

k 
l 
k
−1 ⎢ fm−1−k l=0 fk−l p=0 fl−p f p − 2 fm−1−k fk−l fk ⎥

m
+β2 ⎢ l=0 ⎥
⎣ k 
l ⎦
k=0 −3 fm−1−k fk−l f 
l−p p
f 
l=0 p=0
 

m −1 
m −1 
m −1
 
+ β3 f 
m−1−k fk − fm−1−k fk + Ha2 β1 fm−1−k fk
k=0 k=0 k=0


k 
l
− H a2 β2 fk−l fl−p f p − H a2 fm −1 (η ) (31)
l=0 p=0
326 T. Hayat et al. / Chinese Journal of Physics 55 (2017) 318–330

Fig. 10. Impact of δ on θ .


m −1 
m −1
 θm −1−k fk − 2 Pr θm−1−k fk + δθm−1 ,
θ (η ) = θm−1 + Pr
Rm (32)
k=0 k=0

0, m ≤ 1,
χm = (33)
1, m > 1.

The general solution expressions now are

fm (η ) = fm∗ (η ) + C1 + C2 eη + C3 e−η , (34)

θm (η ) = θm∗ (η ) + C4 eη + C5 e−η . (35)

∗ and θ ∗ .
Here special solutions are denoted by fm m

4.1. Convergence of the derived solutions

Main motto of this subsection is to show the convergence of obtained series solutions. Hence we have plotted the -
curves in the Figs. 2 and 3 for permissible values of auxiliary parameters f and θ ensuring the convergence of solution
expressions. Interval of convergence for f and θ are found from −1.35 ≤ h̄ f ≤ −0.45 and −1.35 ≤ h̄θ ≤ −0.40. Obviously
the series solutions converge in the whole region of η (0 < η < ∞) when h̄ f = −0.6 and h̄θ = −0.8.

4.2. Discussion

This subsection has been organized for the influences of different variables β 1 , β 2 , β 3 , S and Ha on velocity profile f (η)
and Pr, δ and S on temperature profile respectively. For such intention we designed Figs. 4–11 for different parameters of
the velocity and the thermal fields. Influence of Deborah numbers β 1 , β 2 and β 3 on f are portrayed in the Figs. 4–6. It is
noted that higher values of β 1 and β 2 diminish in the dimensionless velocity and the thickness of momentum boundary
layer. However the characteristics of β 3 on velocity is opposite to that of β 1 and β 2 . Fig. 7 disclosed that an intensification
in S shows decrease in the velocity and thickness of boundary layer. As expected the boundary layer thickness is decreased
by suction. Impact of Hartman number Ha on velocity distribution is illustrated in Fig. 8. Velocity field f (η) diminishes
for larger Ha. Physically, Lorentz force rises when the strength of the magnetic field is augmented. More confrontation is
presented to the motion of material. Hence velocity of fluid decreases. Impact of Pr on θ is delineated in Fig. 9. Clearly an
intensification in Prandtl number results in weaker thermal diffusivity. There is a reduction in temperature and thickness of
thermal boundary layer due to weaker thermal diffusivity. Actually materials with less Prandtl number possesses larger ther-
mal diffusivity and higher Prandtl fluids possesses small thermal diffusivity. Fig. 10 indicates the behavior of heat generation
parameter δ on the temperature profile. It is noticed that temperature and thickness of thermal boundary layer are boosted
via a larger δ . Clearly heat generation parameter contributes additional heat to the material that results in an increment in
the temperature and thickness of thermal boundary layer. Fig. 11 displays the characteristics of suction parameter S on θ (η).
Here S( > 0) reduces the temperature field.
1
Figs. 12–14 show the impact of different parameters on Nusselt number Nux / Rex2 . Fig. 12 illustrates the behaviors of
1 1
Pr and δ on Nux / Rex2 . As expected Nux / Rex2 boosts for larger Pr however it decays via δ . Characteristics of S and β 3 on
 T. Hayat et al. / Chinese Journal of Physics 55 (2017) 318–330 327

Fig. 11. Impact of S on θ .

Fig. 12. Impacts of Pr and δ on Nux Re−1

x
/2
.

Table 1
Convergence of homotopic solutions for β1 = β2 =
0.2, β3 = 0.1, S = 0.5, Ha = δ = 0.2, Pr = 0.7,
h̄ f = −0.6 and h̄θ = −0.8.

Order of approximation − f  (0 ) −θ  (0 )

1 1.2993 1.4733
5 1.6467 1.6164
8 1.6585 1.6254
10 1.6586 1.6266
11 1.6586 1.6269
15 1.6586 1.6273
16 1.6586 1.6273
20 1.6586 1.6273
30 1.6586 1.6273

1 1
Nux / Rex2 are shown in Fig. 13. It is found that Nusselt number Nux / Rex2 enhances for larger S and β 3 . Impacts of β 1 and
1 1
β 2 on Nusselt number Nux / Rex are disclosed in Fig. 14. It is found that Nux / Rex2 reduces for larger β 1 and β 2 .
2

Table 1 shows the convergence of the series solutions for different order of approximations. It is noted that 11th and
16th orders of deformation are enough for the velocity and temperature respectively. Table 2 ensures the validity of present
results for f  (0) in a limiting sense with the work done by Abel [60]. Here reasonable agreement is noted.
328 T. Hayat et al. / Chinese Journal of Physics 55 (2017) 318–330

Fig. 13. Impacts of S and β 3 on Nux Re−1

x
/2
.

Fig. 14. Impacts of β 1 and β 2 on Nux Re−1

x
/2
.

Table 2
Comparison of numerical values of f  (0) for different values
of β 1 when β2 = 0 = β3 = S = Ha2 .

− f  (0 ) − f  (0 )

β1 Abel al. [60] Present

0.0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0
0.2 1.051948 1.051889
0.4 1.101850 1.101903
0.6 1.150163 1.150137
0.8 1.196692 1.196711
1.2 1.285257 1.285363
1.6 1.368641 1.368758
2.0 1.447617 1.447651

5. Concluding remarks

The aim here was to study the MHD flow of Burgers material over stretched surface with heat source and power law
heat flux. Following points leads to the significant interpretations of the presented analysis.

• Influences of β 1 and β 2 on velocity profile are opposite to β 3 .

• Suction parameter decays both the velocity and temperature.
• Magnetic field decays the velocity and thickness of momentum boundary layer.
• Both temperature and thickness of thermal boundary layer are diminished when Prandtl number Pr enhances.
• Impacts of Pr, δ , S, β 3 on local Nusselt number are similar in a qualitative sense.
 T. Hayat et al. / Chinese Journal of Physics 55 (2017) 318–330 329

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