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HFF
29,12 Importance of convective heat
transfer in flow of non-Newtonian
nanofluid featuring Brownian and
4624 thermophoretic diffusions
Received 23 January 2019 Waqar Azeem Khan
Revised 5 May 2019
Accepted 11 May 2019
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Beijing Institute of Technology,
Beijing, China
Mehboob Ali
Department of Mathematics, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
Muhammad Waqas
NUTECH School of Applied Sciences and Humanities,
National University of Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
M. Shahzad
Department of Mathematics, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
F. Sultan
Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan, and
M. Irfan
Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Abstract
Purpose – This paper aims to address the flow of Sisko nanofluid by an unsteady curved surface. Non-
uniform heat source/sink is considered for heat transfer analysis.
Design/methodology/approach – Numerical solutions are constructed using bvp4c procedure.
Findings – Pressure profile inside boundary region is increased when A and K are enhanced.
Originality/value – No such analysis is yet presented.
Keywords Non-Newtonian nanofluid, Brownian and thermophoretic diffusions, Curved stretching,
Non-uniform heat sink/source, Curved Surface, Sisko fluid, Nano fluid
Paper type Research paper

Nomenclature
(r, s) = Curvilinear coordinates;
(a, n, b) = Material constants;
p = The pressure;
International Journal of Numerical
Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow
Vol. 29 No. 12, 2019
pp. 4624-4641
© Emerald Publishing Limited This project was funded by the postdoctoral international exchange program for incoming
0961-5539
DOI 10.1108/HFF-01-2019-0066 postdoctoral students, at the Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
t = Cauchy stress tensor; Importance of
a1 = Thermal diffusivity; convective
(u, v) = Velocity components;
B0 = Applied magnetic field;
heat transfer
R = Radius of curvature;
k = Thermal conductivity;
T = Temperature of fluid;
rf = Fluid density; 4625
Tf = Temperature at wall;
T1 = Ambient temperature;
C = Nanoparticle volume friction;
Cf = Concentration at wall;
C1 = Ambient concentration;
DB = Brownian diffusion coefficient;
DT = Thermophoresis diffusion coefficient;
a = Constant;
a1 = Thermal diffusivity;
h = dimensionless variable;
C = stream function;
P = dimensionless pressure;
Rd = radiation parameter;
f = dimensionless velocity;
u = dimensionless temperature;
f = dimensionless concentration;
d = unsteadiness parameter;
M = Magnetic parameter;
Nt = thermophoresis parameter;
Nb = Brownian motion parameter;
Sc = Generalized Schmidt number;
K = Dimensionless radius of curvature;
Pr = Generalized Prandtl number;
A = Material parameter of the Sisko fluid;
tw = surface shear stress;
qw = surface heat flux;
qm = The wall heat flux;
Cf = skin friction coefficient;
Nus = local Nusselt number;
Shs = local Sherwood number; and
Rea, Reb = Local Reynolds numbers.

1. Introduction
Certainly, in the current world, thermal management (TM) is a challenging and critical factor in
light of ever-increasing consumption of energy. More specifically, nanotechnology (NT) have
fascinated great interest in the scientific community because of its promise of better heat
extraction from inevitable thermal sources. Mixing nanoparticles (NPs) with the liquids that
have an intensive magnitude was newly approach that develop a new field of research for
bioengineering and heat transportation appliance. Moreover, NPs in the conventional liquid are
not influenced through gravitational force (GF) and do not degenerate. Khan and Khan (2014)
deliberated colloidal analysis for Oldroyd-B fluid with heat sink-source aspects.
HFF Ellahi et al. (2015) analyzed the appliance of NPs for vertical cone. Khan and Khan (2015, 2016)
29,12 considered aspects of nanofluids (NFs) by using different non-Newtonian fluid relations. Waqas
et al. (2016) inspected radiative heat transfer for nonlinear mechanism. Khan et al. (2016b)
analytically analyzed the appliance of NPs Burgers fluid with zero flux relation. Shirvan et al.
(2017a) studied the properties of NFs by considering a square cavity. Ahmad et al. (2017)
inspected the characteristics of time-dependent Sisko NF by considering Lorentz force aspects.
4626 Ellahi et al. (2017) presented the appliance of von Kármán swirling flow for nano-ferroliquid.
Waqas et al. (2017b) explored features of slendering surface by considering aspects of Brownian
moment. Khan et al. (2017a) deliberated appliance of gyrotactic microorganisms and radiation
for Burgers NFs. Shirvan et al. (2017b) analyzed propertied of the solar cavity in the presence of
radiation phenomenon. Recent investigations elaborating NPs impact subjected to distinct flow
aspects are reported in Khan et al. (2017b), Waqas et al. (2017a), Sohail et al. (2017), Hsiao (2017),
Hassan et al. (2018), Waqas et al. (2018), Akbarzadeh et al. (2018), Irfan et al. (2018), Gireesha et al.
(2018), Shehzad et al. (2018), Khan et al. (2018a), Zeeshan et al. (2018a), Khan et al. (2019b), Alamri
et al. (2019), Ali et al. (2019), Waqas et al. (2019) and Abbas et al. (2019).
The word catalysis refers to the process of loosening the bonds by which chemical
complexes are held together. The catalytic reaction systems occur through homogeneous/
heterogeneous reaction network. Heterogeneous reaction system occurs in series and takes place
at the surface, while the homogeneous reactions take place throughout in the same phase and a
reaction occurs in partially parallel. In heterogeneous reactions, reactants are in different phase
space e.g. reaction between gaseous and liquid reactants. There are number of applications of
chemical reactions such as fog formation, chemical processing instrument design, food
processing, groves of fruit trees and hydrometallurgical industry. Hayat et al. (2016) presented
an analytical solution for an Oldroyd-B fluid in the presence of modified flux theory and
chemical phenomenon. Khan et al. (2016a) considered the appliance of chemical processes three-
dimensional flow of non-Newtonian fluid. Hayat et al. (2017) analytically investigated properties
of third-grade fluid in presence of chemical phenomenon. Khan et al. (2017c) reported features of
magneto NPs for generalized Burgers fluid with chemical processes. Khan et al. (2018b)
deliberated mechanisms of entropy generation for radiative NFs considering aspects of
activation energy. Few recent advancement about chemical processes are presented in Zeeshan
et al. (2018b), Irfan et al. (2019a, 2019b), Imtiaz et al. (2019) and Khan et al. (2019a, 2019b).
The goal of the present article is to scrutinize the properties of time-dependent flow of Sisko
NF by considering the curvilinear coordinate system. More specifically, novel characteristics of
Brownian movement and Lorentz forces aspects are addressed in the current article. Thermal
radiation is considered. Nonlinear system of PDEs are reduced to ordinary one through non-
dimensional variables. The bvp4c scheme is adopted for the proposed problem. Moreover, an
important physical parameter involved in this study are discussed through graphs.

2. Statement
We modeled here an incompressible radiative flow of Sisko nanoliquid for a curved surface.
Physical description of the current problem is shown in Figure 1. More especially, colloidal
analysis of Sisko nanoliquid is permeated through a uniform magnetic field. Radiation aspects
are taken into account for mathematical modeling of Sisko nanoliquid. Transportation of heat-
mass are analyzed by using convective heat-mass transfer phenomenon. Additionally, Sisko
nanoliquid features are elaborated considering thermophoretic and Brownian moment aspects.
By using overhead assumptions, the system of equation are through governs the following
expressions:
 @
 @u Importance of
ðr þ RÞ v þ R ¼ 0; (1)
@r @s convective
u2 1 @p heat transfer
¼ ; (2)
r þ R r f @r

@u @u Ru @u uv 1 R @p 4627
þv þ þ ¼
@t @r r þ R @s r þ R r f r þ R @s
2
 #
a @ 4 2 @u u
þ  ðr þ RÞ  
r ðr þ RÞ @r @r r þ R
2
f
2
 n #
b @ 4 2 @u u s B20
þ  ð r þ R Þ    u; (3)
r f ðr þ RÞ @r @r r þ R
2 rf

  "  2 #
@T @T Ru @T k @2T 1 @T @T @C DT @T
þv þ ¼ þ þ t DB þ
@t @r r þ R @s ð r cÞ f @r 2 r þ R @r @r @r T1 @r

1 @
 ðr þ RÞ qr ; (4)
ðr þ RÞ @r

   
@C @C Ru @C @2C 1 @C DT @ 2 T 1 @T
þv þ ¼ DB þ þ þ ; (5)
@t @r r þ R @s @r2 r þ R @r T1 @r2 r þ R @r

with conditions:
as @T  
u ¼ Uw ðs; tÞ ¼ ; v ¼ 0;  k ¼ hf Tf  T ;
1  at @r
@C  
DB ¼ h f C  C f at r ¼ 0; (6)
@r

Figure 1.
Flow geometry
HFF @u
u ! 0; ! 0; T ! T1 ; C ! C1 as r ! 1; (7)
29,12 @r
where:

16s * T1
3
@T
qr ¼  ; (8)
3k * @r
4628
Invoking equation (8) into equation (4), we get:
  
@T @T Ru @T k 16s * T1
3
@2T 1 @T
þv þ ¼ 1þ þ
@t @r r þ R @s ð r cÞ f 3kk* @r2 r þ R @r
"  2 #
@T @C DT @T
þ t DB þ (9)
@r @r T1 @r
Applying:
  
0 Uw R nþ1
1 2n 1n 0
u ¼ Uw f ð h Þ; v ¼  Reb þ h f ðh Þ ;
rþR nþ1 1þn
nþ1
1 T  T1 C  C1
W ¼ sUw Reb f ð h Þ; u ð h Þ ¼ ; f ðh Þ ¼ ;
Tf  T1 C f  C1

r a2 s2 r 1
p¼ P ð h Þ; h ¼ Rebnþ1 ;
2
(10)
ð1  a t Þ s

Equation (1) is satisfied trivially while equations (2) and (3) takes the form:
0
@P f2
¼ ; (11)
@h h þ K
  
2K K 2n 00 1 0 K 0
P¼ ff þ ff  f2
h þK h þK nþ1 h þK h þK
" #
000 1 0 1 00
þA f  f þ f
ð h þ KÞ 2 h þ K
 n1 !
00 1 0 000 11 0
00
þn f  f f þ f  f
h þK ð h þ K Þ2 h þK
 n   
2 00 1 0 0 0 2n 00
þ f  f  Mf  d f þ hf ;
h þK h þK nþ1
(12)

By using transformation equation (10) and eliminating pressure between equations (11) and
(12), governing physical problem can be reduced on:
 " #  
00 
000 0 2 000 1 00 1 0 2n K 0 00 Importance of
A f þ f  f þ f þ ff þ f f
h þK ð h þ K Þ2 ð h þ K Þ3 nþ1 h þK convective
heat transfer

 #
K 00 0 K 0 2K 0 00 2K 0
þ ff þ f 2
 ff  f f  f2
ð h þ KÞ 2
ð h þ KÞ 2 h þK ðh þ KÞ 2

 n1 ! 4629
1 0 00 0000 1 00 1 0
þn f  f  f þ f  f
h þK ð h þ K Þ2 ð h þ K Þ3
0 !2
 n2
1 0 00 000 1 00 1 0
þ nðn  1Þ f  f  @f  f þ f
h þK h þK ðh þ KÞ2

 n1 !
00 1 0 1 000 1 00 1 0
þ 2n f  f f  f þ f
h þK h þK ð h þ KÞ 2
ð h þ KÞ 3

   
00 1 0 d 0 2  n 00 2  n 000 3 00
M f þ f  f þ hf  d hf þ f ¼ 0;
h þK h þK nþ1 nþ1 nþ1
(13)

 

00 1 0 K 2n 0 0 0 0
u þ u þ Pr Nr f u þ Pr Nr Nb u f þ Nt u 2
h þK h þK nþ1
 
2n 0
 Pr Nrd h u ¼ 0; (14)
nþ1

   
00 1 0 ScK 2n 0 Nt 00 1 0
f þ f þ ff þ u þ u
h þK h þK nþ1 Nb h þK
 
2n 0
d h f ¼ 0; (15)
nþ1

0 0 0 
f ð0Þ ¼ 0; f ð0Þ ¼ 1; u ð0Þ ¼  g 1 ½1  u ð0Þ; f ð0Þ ¼  g 2 1  f ð0Þ ; (16)

0 00
f ð1Þ ¼ 0; f ð1Þ ¼ 0; u ð1Þ ¼ 0; f ð1Þ ¼ 0; (17)
HFF The dimensional parameters are:
29,12 2
Uw s r f U 2n sn r f Renþ1 s B20 R 1
Rea ¼ ; Reb ¼ w ;A¼ b ;M ¼ ð1  atÞ; K ¼ Rebnþ1 ;
a b Rea ð r cÞ f sð1  atÞ

a 3Rd kk* k sUw nþ1

2 sUw nþ1
2
4630 d ¼ ; Nr ¼ ; Rd ¼ * 3 ; a 1 ¼ ; Pr ¼ Reb ; Sc ¼ Reb ;
a 4 þ 3Rd 4s T1 ð r cp Þ f a1 DB

ð r cÞp DB ðCw  C1 Þ ð r cÞp DT ðTw  T1 Þ

Nb ¼ ; Nt ¼ : (18)
ð r cÞf a1 ð r cÞf a1 T1

Mathematical relation for skin friction coefficient, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are:
 
tw @u u 
Cf 5 1 ; with t w 5 m   ; (19)
r
2 f U w
2 @r ð r þ R r50
Þ

  
qm s 16s * T1
3
@T 
Nus ¼ ; with qm ¼ k 1 þ ; (20)
kðTw  T1 Þ 3kk* @r r¼0


qw s @C 
Shs ¼ ; with qw ¼  : (21)
DB ðCw  C1 Þ @r r¼0

The expression of skin friction coefficient, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers in dimensionless
form can be expressed as:
  n
1 nþ11 00 1 0 00 1 0
Reb Cf ¼ A f ð0Þ  f ð0Þ þ f ð0Þ  f ð0Þ ; (22)
2 K K

 1 1 0  1 0
Reb nþ1 Nus ¼  u ð0Þ; Reb nþ1 Shs ¼  f ð0Þ: (23)
Nr

3. Solution of methodology of proposed problem

Numerical algorithm (MATLAB tool bvp4c) is taken into account for computations of
nonlinear systems. The modeled system is altered into a set of first-order ODEs and
MATLAB software bvp4c is used to solve the physical problem. More especially,
consequences of sundry variables such as time-dependent parameter d , generalized Schmidt
number Sc, Brownian motion parameter Nb, magnetic parameter M, thermophoresis
parameter Nt, radius of curvature K, generalized Prandtl number Pr and material parameter
of Sisko fluid A on velocity f 0 ( h ), temperature u ( h ) and concentration f ( h ) are analyzed
through Figures 2-17.
Influence of A versus f 0 ( h ) is reported through Figures 2(a) and 2(b). Clearly, f 0 ( h )
intensifies when A is augmented. Figures 3(a) and 3(b) reveal features of d against f 0 ( h ).
These Figures suggests that f 0 ( h ) deteriorates for larger d . Effect of K against f 0 ( h ) is
 Importance of
convective
heat transfer

4631

Figure 2.
f 0 ( h ) via A for n < 1
and n > 1

Figure 3.
f 0 ( h ) via d for n < 1
and n > 1

expressed through Figures 4(a) and 4(b) for n < 1 and n > 1. Increasing K yields f 0 ( h )
increment. More especially, one can detect from these that non-dimensional radius of
curvature K significantly affect the velocity of NF. Figures 5(a) and 5(b) are drawn to
visualize how M affect the velocity of Sisko nanoliquid. These Figures elucidate that f 0 ( h )
suppressed on rising M. In fact, M is the ratio of electromagnetic force to viscous force, and
consequently, larger M yields greater hydromagnetic forces, which deteriorate the liquid
flow. Additionally, we can use a magnetic field as a barrier to control the motion of the
liquid.
Figures 6 (a) and 6(b) disclose the behavior of P( h ) under the influence of A and K for
n < 1 and n > 1. Here, P( h ) is a rising function for both physical parameters, namely, A and
K. Additionally, one can detect that for larger estimation of K, and the curved surface
becomes a planner. Figures 7(a) and7(b) reflect the impact of d and M on P( h ). One can
perceive from these Figures that an augmentation in d and M causes a reduction in P( h ).
Figures 8(a)-8(b) and 9(a)-9(b) highlight the behavior of d and g 1 for u ( h ). These Figures
elaborate on assisting behavior on u ( h ) for g 1 while the opposite trend is detected for d .
That is, higher g 1 estimations augments u ( h ). The physical reason behind this trend of g is
HFF
29,12

4632

Figure 4.
f 0 ( h ) via K for n < 1
and n > 1

Figure 5.
f 0 ( h ) via M for n < 1
and n > 1

Figure 6.
P( h ) via A for n < 1
and K for n < 1
 Importance of
convective
heat transfer

4633

Figure 7.
P( h ) via d for n < 1
and M for n < 1

Figure 8.
u ( h ) via d for n < 1
and n > 1

Figure 9.
u ( h ) via g 1 for n < 1
and n > 1
HFF
29,12

4634

Figure 10.
u ( h ) via Pr for n < 1
and n > 1

Figure 11.
u ( h ) via Nr for n < 1
and n > 1

Figure 12.
u ( h ) via Nt for n < 1
and n > 1
 Importance of
convective
heat transfer

4635

Figure 13.
u ( h ) via Nb for n < 1
and n > 1

Figure 14.
f ( h ) via g 2 for n < 1
and n > 1

Figure 15.
f ( h ) via Sc for n < 1
and n > 1
HFF that less resistance is faced by the thermal wall, which causes an enhancement in convective
29,12 heat transfer to the fluid.
In fact, an upsurge in g 1 produces more heat because less resistance is faced by a thermal
wall, and consequently, an augmentation in u ( h ) occurs. Figures 10(a)-10(b) and 11(a)-11(b)
exhibit Nr and Pr variation versus u ( h ). Clearly, u ( h ) deteriorates subject to larger Nr and
Pr. Figures 12(a)-12(b) and 13(a)-13(b) clarify the features of Nt and Nb on u ( h ). We can
4636 perceive from these Figures that an augmentation in Nt and Nb causes u ( h ) to rise. In fact,
the random motion of NPs rises with the augmentation Nb. Therefore, as we intensify Nb
kinetic energy of nanoparticle enhances due to which u ( h ) rises.
Figures 14(a) and 14(b) captures the influence of g 2 on f ( h ). Here, we noted that for larger
values of g 2 the f ( h ) is augmented. Figures 15(a) and(b) describe Sc influence on f ( h ). Here,
f ( h ) f ð h Þ deteriorates subjected to higher Sc. Figures 16(a)-16(b) and 17(a)-17(b) are
designed to visualize the features of Nt and Nb on f ( h ). Clearly, f ( h ) augments subject to
larger Nt while the reverse trend is detected for Nb. In fact, an upsurge in Nt moves the NPs
from a heated surface to cold surface. Consequently, f ( h ) intensifies.

Figure 16.
f ( h ) via Nb for n < 1
and n > 1

Figure 17.
f ( h ) via Nt for n < 1
and n > 1
Table I is prepared to make a comparison of previously published literature with the existing Importance of
problem. From Table I, we found an outstanding agreement between the results. Tables 1 II and III
nþ1 convective
1
highlight features 1 for drag force at surface and heat-mass transportation rates (2 Reb Cf , Nus,

Shs). Here, 12 Reb nþ1 Cf is augmented subjected to larger d , M, A estimations, whereas it deteriorates
heat transfer
when K is intensified. Table III is prepared to interpret the impact of physical parameters on heat-
mass transportation rates (Nus, Shs). We observed from Table III that transportation rates of heat
and mass are decline for larger K, Nr and Nt and rises for d and Pr. More especially, we observed
that g 1, Nb and g 2 have opposite effects on heat-mass transports rates. 4637

4. Conclusions
We have the following key observations:
 Velocity of Sisko liquid f 0 ( h ) retards the flow via larger magnetic parameter.
 Velocity is an increasing function of K.
 Increments in K rises P( h ).
 Temperature of Sisko liquid [u ( h )] boosts via larger A* and B*.
 Concentration of Sisko liquid [ f ( h )] enhances for larger Nt.

Comparison with previous results

1 1
 Renþ1 Cf
2 b
K Rosca and Pop (2015) Present results

5 1.15076 1.154643
10 1.07172 1.072514
Table I.
20 1.03501 1.035219
20 1.02315 1.023286 Comparison of our
40 1.01729 1.017392 results with the
50 1.01380 1.01388 previous published
100 1.00687 1.006897 literature

1
1 
d K M A  Reb nþ1 Cf
2
1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 4.499911
1.3 – – – 4.583695
1.5 – – – 4.63355
1.7 2.5 – – 4.339279
 3.0 – – 4.11013
 3.5 – – 3.945452
 – 1.2 – 4.796589
Table II.
 – 1.4 – 4.901313
 – 1.8 – 5.092752 Surface drag force
1

 – – 2Reb Cf via different

1 nþ1

2.4 5.285194
 – – 2.8 5.864484 estimation of various
 – – 3.2 6.430014 physical parameters
HFF 1 1
 
29,12 d K Nt Nr Pr Nb g1 g2 Reb ðnþ1Þ Nu
s Reb ðnþ1Þ Sh
s

1.0 2.0 0.2 2.5 2.7 0.2 1.0 1.0 0.260467 0.694718
1.4 0.275104 0.715932
1.8 0.285804 0.732811
2.2 2.2 0.293683 0.745347
4638 2.4 0.293377 0.744288
2.6 0.293132 0.743414
0.3 0.290659 0.735787
0.5 0.283727 0.718076
0.8 0.273344 0.700686
2.6 0.273361 0.545454
2.7 0.263834 0.543872
2.8 0.254952 0.542382
2.8 0.285547 0.542382
2.9 0.286122 0.540977
3.0 0.286661 0.539655
0.4 0.277869 0.67416
Table III. 0.6 0.270718 0.717568
0.8 0.263541 0.739188
Heat-mass transfer
1.2 0.318515 0.531666
rates (Nus, Shs) via 1.3 0.333263 0.527213
different estimation 1.4 0.346825 0.523602
of various physical 1.5 0.28321 0.738244
parameters 2.0 0.281777 0.898816

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with heat generation”, Results Phys, Vol. 7, pp. 2489-2496.
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Corresponding author 4641

Waqar Azeem Khan can be contacted at: waqar_qau85@yahoo.com

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