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HFF
29,11
4430
Received 10 January 2019
Revised 20 April 2019
Accepted 25 April 2019
International Journal of Numerical
Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow
Vol. 29 No. 11, 2019
pp. 4430-4444
© Emerald Publishing Limited
0961-5539
DOI 10.1108/HFF-01-2019-0031
Simulation of Fe3O4-H2O
nanoliquid in a triangular
enclosure subjected to Cattaneo–
Christov theory of heat conduction
A.S. Dogonchi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aliabad Katoul Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran
Muhammad Waqas and M. Mudassar Gulzar
NUTECH School of Applied Sciences and Humanities,
National University of Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
M. Hashemi-Tilehnoee and Seyyed Masoud Seyyedi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aliabad Katoul Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran, and
D.D. Ganji
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this research is to describe the importance of the Cattaneo–Christov theory of
heat conduction in a triangular enclosure with a semi-circular heater. Analysis subjected to Fe3O4-H2O
nanofluid is reported. Viscosity dependent on magnetic field is taken into consideration to simulate ferrofluid
viscosity. Besides, heat generation and shape factor of nanoparticles are also considered.
Design/methodology/approach – The well-known control volume finite element method is used for
simulations.
Findings – The outcomes reveal that the magnetic field can be introduced to the system as a controlling
element.
Originality/value – No such analysis exists in the literature.
Keywords CVFEM, Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model, MFD, Fe3O4-water nanofluid,
Semi-circular heater
Paper type Research paper
1. Introduction
Heat transportation phenomena has fascinated substantial numbers of the recent researchers
owing to its functional variety and utilization in engineering and industrial projects for
example electronic mechanisms and nuclear reactors and chilling, power generation, energy
production and so on. Transportation of heat subjected to Fourier’s formula (Fourier, 1822) is
described comprehensively during the previous few centuries. Energy equation of parabolic
form is yielded through Fourier’s formula, which indicates that the entire system is promptly
influenced through the preliminary disruption. To overwhelm this complexity, Cattaneo (1948)
established thermal relaxation expression in the well-known Fourier’s formula, which implies Cattaneo–
that transportation of heat is analogous to the proliferation of thermal waves with standard Christov
speed. Cattaneo’s expression corresponds to hyperbolic nature of energy expression. Christov
(2009) revisited analysis of (Cattaneo, 1948) by substituting usual derivative with Oldroyd’s
theory of heat
type derivative. Tibullo and Zampoli (2011) established uniqueness results by formulating conduction
incompressible flow problems. Significance of revised Fourier formula to elaborate the slip flow
characteristics of viscoelastic material toward moving sheet is reported by Han et al. (2014).
They concluded that the liquid velocity is instituted into mathematical relation of liquid 4431
temperature and the heat flux, which reveals that heat flux is associated with both thermal
gradient and the liquid velocity. Furthermore, they showed that larger estimations of Prandtl
number correspond to thinner thermal layer. A specific flow regarding incompressible heat
conduction utilizing revised Formula is addressed by Tibullo and Zampoli (2011). The aim of
their studies was to examine the authenticity of revised Fourier formula. A comparative
analysis for flow of viscoelastic liquid subjected to revised Fourier formula is reported by
Hayat et al. (2016). Heat transportation rate at surface is larger for growing estimations of
thermal relaxation variable for both liquids and a reduction in thickness of thermal layer is also
witnessed. Impact of revised Fourier formula on flow and heat transport of radiated nanoliquid
towards expanding surface subjected to magnetic field was explored by Dogonchi and Ganji
(2018). Liu et al. (2017) elaborated heat conduction subjected to revised fractional Fourier model.
Magneto-hydrodynamic nanofluid flow among parallel sheets subjected to revised Fourier
model was modeled by Dogonchi and Ganji (2017). Further attempts on revised Fourier model
are mentioned in Waqas et al. (2017), Zubair et al. (2018), Waqas et al. (2018), Zubair et al. (2018),
Waqas et al. (2019).
Lower conductivity of normal liquids is among main obstacles to rise the heat
transportation rate in heat transfer applications such as electronic devices. There are many
methods to defeat this constraint. The combination of normal fluid and nanoscale metallic
particles called nanofluid is one of these methods. On the other hand, nowadays the analysis of
natural convection in engineering systems as one of the fascinating subjects has been
considered by researchers. Many research have been done on nanofluid and also on natural
convection using normal fluid and nanofluid subjects. Mahian et al. (2013) examined the
thermodynamics second relation for hydromagnetic TiO2-H2O nanoliquid in an annulus.
Sheremet et al., (2017), Sheremet et al. (2017) explored nanoliquid flow and natural convection
heat transportation via porous cavity subjected to thermal dispersion and Brownian and
thermophoretic diffusions. Zhang et al. (2017) scrutinized the thin film nanofluid flow and its
heat transport resulting from an expanding surface subject to different concentration, velocity
slip and magnetic field aspects. Sun et al. (2011) explored simultaneous convection (forced or
natural) in a square lid-driven cavity in frames of small triangular fin. Dogonchi et al. (2018)
addressed free convection of Cu-H2O–based nanoliquid subjected to triangular cavity with
semi-circular wall. Bondareva et al. (2016) modeled hydromagnetic nanoliquid natural
convection considering inclined porous cavity. Tayebi et al. (2017) have examined nanofluid
natural convective flow in an annular region considering confocal elliptic cylinders. Ghalambaz
et al. (2017) formulated Al2O3-H2O mixed convective nanofluid considering square cavity.
Alsabery et al. (2018) analyzed the phase change heat transportation in a cavity that was heated
from beneath in the presence of nanoparticles. Natural convective nanoliquid radiated flow in
an annulus is investigated by Dogonchi et al. (2019). Recent investigations subject to
nanoparticles and heat transportation are given in Hayat et al. (2017), Tamoor et al. (2017),
Dogonchi et al. (2018), Tamoor and Zaman (2018), Sheikholeslami (2018), Dogonchi et al. (2018),
Sheikholeslami et al. (2018), Dogonchi et al. (2018), Kumar et al. (2018), Dogonchi et al. (2018),
Waqas et al. (2019), Waqas et al. (2019), Seyyedi et al. (2019), Chamkha et al. (2019).
HFF This paper numerically investigates the natural convective Fe3O4-H2O nanoliquid in a
29,11 triangular enclosure subjected to semi-circular heater. Revised Fourier formula is introduced
for heat transportation analysis. Heat generation impact is present. The control volume
finite element method (CVFEM; Waqas et al., 2016; Dogonchi et al., 2018; Sheikholeslami and
Rokni, 2018; Li et al., 2018; Dogonchi, 2019) is taken into account for simulations. The
effectiveness of impressive variables on flow and heat transportation features are
4432 scrutinized and elaborated.

2. Problem statement
Here heat generation concept is introduced to model the Fe3O4-H2O nanoliquid natural
convection in a triangular enclosure. Revised Fourier formula is taken into account for
description of energy expression. Dissipation factor is not accounted. Geometry of
considered model is presented in Figure. 1. We have the following expressions in view of
considered assumptions:
@u @v
þ ¼ 0; (1)
@x @y

 !
@u @u @p @2u @2u  
r nf u þ v ¼  þ m nf þ 2 þ s nf By Bx v  B2y u ; (2)
@x @y @x @x2 @y

 !
@v @v @p @2v @2v
r nf u þ v ¼  þ m nf þ þ r nf b nf gðT  Tc Þ
@x @y @y @x2 @y2
 
þ s nf By Bx u  B2x v ; (3)


  @T @T
r Cp nf u þv ¼ r:q þ Q0 ðT  Tc Þ; (4)
@x @y

Figure 1.
(a) Physical model
and coordinate
system (b) grid
distribution
where Bx = B0 cos g , By = B0 sin g Cattaneo–
Heat flux (q) subjected to revised Fourier theory of heat conduction is elaborated as: Christov
  theory of heat
q þ « V:rq  q:rV þ ðr:VÞq ¼ knf rT: (5)
conduction
Solving Eqs. (4) and (5), we have:
0 1 4433
@u @T @v @T @v @T


@T @T
 B u @x @x þ v @y @y þ u @x @y þ C
B C
u þv þ «B C¼
@x @y @ @u @T @2T 2@ T
2 2 A
2@ T
v þ 2uv þu þ v (6)
@y @x @x@y @x2 @y2
!
k @2T @2T Q0
 nf þ 2 þ  ðT  Tc Þ;
r Cp nf @x2 @y r Cp nf

where r nf, ( r Cp)nf, b nf, s nf and knf subjected to nanoparticle shapes characteristics are
expressed as follows:
r nf ¼ ð1  f Þ r f þ f r s ; (7)
     
r Cp nf
¼ ð1  f Þ r Cp f þ f r Cp s ; (8)

ð b Þnf ¼ ð1  f Þ b f þ fb s ; (9)

 
3 ss fs  1 f
s nf
¼ 1 þ s    ; (10)
sf s
þ 2  ss  1 f
sf sf

 
knf ks þ ðm  1Þkf  ðm  1Þ f kf  ks
¼   : (11)
kf ks þ ðm  1Þkf þ f kf  ks

Here, m signifies shape factor. Figure. 2 describes shape factor regarding distinct particle
shapes.
Viscosity dependent on magnetic field is (Wang et al., 2016):
 
m nf ¼ 3:1B þ 0:035B2 þ 4263:02 f  27886:4807 f 2 þ 316:0629 e0:02T (12)

Thermo-physical aspects for nanoliquid are exhibited in Table I.

Particle Shapes Spherical Cylinder Platelet

Figure 2.
Shape factor values
for various
m 3 4.8 5.7 nanoparticle shapes
HFF The components of velocity acquired from stream function along with vorticity are
29,11 interpreted as follows:
@c @c @v @u
u¼ ; v¼ ; v¼  : (13)
@y @x @x @y
Defining (Dogonchi et al., 2019):
4434
x y v L2 c uL vL T  Tc
X¼ ; Y ¼ ; X¼ ; W¼ ; U¼ ; V¼ ; u ¼ : (14)
L L af af af af Th  Tc

Eventually, the governing equations reduce to dimensionless form:


@W @X @W @X m nf = m f @2X @2X b nf @u
 ¼ Pr þ þ RaPr
@Y @X @X @Y r nf = r f @X 2 @Y 2 bf @X

 (15)
s nf =s f 2 0 2 @U 0 0 @U 0 2 @V 0 0 @V
þ Ha Pr B y þ Bx By Bx  Bx By ;
r nf = r 0
f @Y @X @X @Y1
@U @ u @V @ u @V @ u
@W @ u @W @ u B U @X @X þ V @Y @Y þ U @X @Y þ C
B C
 þ gB C¼
@Y @X @X @Y @ @U @ u @2u @ 2
u @ 2 A
u
V þ 2UV þU 2
þV 2
(16)
@Y @X @X@Y @X 2 @Y 2


k =k @2u @2u Hs
 nf f  þ þ    u;
r Cp nf = r Cp f @X 2 @Y 2 r Cp nf = r Cp f

@2W @2W
þ ¼ X; (17)
@X 2 @Y 2
with conditions:
u ¼ 0 on outer wall
u ¼ 1 on inner wall (18)
W ¼ 0 on all walls
where Pr =  f/af and Ra = g b f(Th – Tc)L3/af f.
The Nusselt numbers (local and average) are defined as:
ð
knf @ u 1 p
Nuloc: ¼ ; Nuave: ¼ Nuloc: d z (19)
kf @n p 0
where n illustrates direction normal.

Table I.
r (kg/m3) Cp(J/kg K) k(W/m K)
Thermo-physical
properties of water Fe3O4 5200 670 6
and nanoparticles Pure water 997.1 4179 0.613
3. Computational scheme and validation Cattaneo–
Here, CVFEM is implemented to compute Eqs. (15)-(17). Authentication of FORTRAN code is Christov
elaborated in Table II. To achieve mesh individuality, numerous mesh sizes are scrutinized
via Table III. It is noticed that a grid of 51  151 should be selected for current problem.
theory of heat
conduction
4. Analysis of results
Importance of involved parameters for illustration, Rayleigh and Hartmann numbers 4435
(Ra, Ha), relaxation parameter ( g ), heat source/sink parameter (Hs), aspect ratio (AR),
nanoparticles shape factor (m) and nanofluid volume fraction ( f ) on ferroliquid
natural convection in a triangular enclosure with a semi-circular heater is deliberated
in this segment. Platelet-shaped nanoparticles produce more heat transport rate in
comparison with other nanoparticles shapes (Table IV). Therefore we utilized platelet
shape in our computations.
Figures. 3-5 interpret the characteristics of Ra, Ha and Hs versus isotherms (left) and
streamlines (right) when AR = 0.5. According to these figures, we can conclude that raising
Ra causes fluid flow to move rapidly in the enclosure. A positive correlation between Ra and
intensity of natural convection (|W|max) is found. Considering Figure. 3, for example, at

Table II.
Ra Present work Khanafer et al. (2003) De Vahl Davis (1962) Comparison between
103 1.1307 1.118 1.118 present results and
104 2.2674 2.245 2.243 other works for the
105 4.5851 4.522 4.519 average Nusselt
106 8.8341 8.826 8.799 number (Nuavg)

Table III.
Grid dimension Impact of grid size on
(radial direction  angular direction) Nuavg the average nusselt
31  131 4.019307 number (Nuavg) when
41  141 4.025123 Ra = 105, Hs = 2,
51  151 4.030736 Ha = 50, g = 0.1, f =
61  161 4.038177 4 per cent and m = 5.7

Ra m Nuave. ( f = 2%) Nuave. ( f = 4%)

103 3 2.127388 2.239470

4.8 2.169300 2.323898
5.7 2.186300 2.358040
104 3 2.156155 2.266252
Table IV.
4.8 2.197674 2.350006
5.7 2.214519 2.383889 Impact of m on
105 3 3.287433 3.363132 average Nusselt
4.8 3.326211 3.440386 number when
5.7 3.341908 3.471518 Ha = 50 and Hs = 2
HFF
29,11

4436

Figure 3.
Effects of Ha and Ra
on isotherms (left)
and streamlines
(right) contours when
f = 2 per cent,
Hs = 2

5 4 3
Ha = 0 we have jWjRa¼10 max ¼ 20:1163 > jWjRa¼10
max ¼ 4:29563 >jWjRa¼10
max ¼ 0:390403. In
fact, the core convective is seen at lower part of the system at lower Ra. But when Ra raises
the buoyancy force in the system raises so that it causes the core convective to move
towards the higher part of the enclosure. To regulate natural convection intensity in the
system, we can introduce the magnetic field to the system. Since the variation of magnetic
field causes Lorentz force to vary and Lorentz force yields additional resistance to
transportation phenomena. Considering Figure. 3, for example, at Ra = 105 we have
jWjHa¼0
max ¼ 20:1163 > jWjmax
Ha¼50
¼ 5:00314. So, magnetic field can be introduced to fluid flow
and heat transport applications as controlling element. It can be also concluded that heat
source parameter can amplify the natural convection intensity in the system. Furthermore,
the isotherms are more uniform at low Ra in comparison to the higher one. By raising Ra, the
buoyancy force in the system goes up so that it causes isotherms to have non-uniform shape.
Magnetic field can turn the appearance of isotherms from non-uniform shape to uniform one.
Since the strength of buoyancy force in the system can suppress by introducing magnetic
field to the system.
Figures 6 and 7 portray the influences of g , Ra and AR on isotherms (left) and
streamlines (right). As already mentioned, the buoyancy force in the system amplifies
 Cattaneo–
Christov
theory of heat
conduction

4437

Figure 4.
Effects of Ha and Ra
on isotherms (left)
and streamlines
(right) contours when
f = 2 per cent,
Hs = 0

as Rayleigh number ascends. So it can be detected that |W|max and natural

convection intensity within enclosure ascends with rising Rayleigh number. As also
seen, by ascending g , the system needs more time to transmit heat from one
particle to another one. So by raising thermal relaxation parameter, the plume-like
isotherm cannot be easily formed and consequently the isotherms are more parallel
to each other, especially in the case of higher Ra. From these figures, one can detect
that by ascending AR the nanofluid flow will have less space to move within
enclosure. So for higher values of AR, the probability of throat section formation
ascends, and consequently it causes main core convective to change from one-core
convective to double-core convective. While for lower values of AR, the nanofluid
flow can transfer effortlessly in the enclosure. In this situation, the plume-like
isotherm can be easily designed. Furthermore, |W|max the strength of natural
convection has a negative correlation with AR. At Ra = 105, for example, we have
jWjAR¼0:3
max ¼ 7:5506 > jWjAR¼0:4
max ¼ 6:45149 >jWjAR¼0:5
max ¼ 5:00314.
Figures 8 and 9 portray the impacts of impressive parameters, e.g. Ra, Hs, Ha, AR, g and
f , against Nuave (average Nusselt number). A correlation regarding Nuave. subjected to
involved parameters for AR = 0.5 is achieved as follows:
HFF
29,11

4438

Figure 5.
Effects of Ha and Ra
on isotherms (left) and
streamlines (right)
contours when f = 2
per cent, Hs = 2

Nuave: ¼ 3:13214 þ 4:39246  105  Ra  0:048064  Ha þ 6:99633  f

þ 4:26842  g  0:17168  Hs  7:25434  107  Ra  Ha
þ 7:23498  105  Ra  g þ 8:46175  107  Ra  Hs
 0:11905  Ha  g þ 2:87804  1011  Ra2 þ 6:62962  104  Ha2

with R2 = 0.9959. From these figures, it can be deduced that Nuave is an ascending fuction of
Ra, f and g , while it has a negative correlation with Ha and Hs. Hence, it can be said
that Nuave ascends with ascending Rayleigh number, thermal relaxation parameter
and nanoliquid volume fraction whereas it descends with ascending Ha and Hs. In
fact, when Ra raises, the buoyancy force in system raises and consequently the
convection mode of heat transport will be dominant mode. In the case of lower Ra, the
results are vice versa. It means that conduction mode of heat transport is prevailing
approach of heat transport for lower values of Ra in which the buoyancy force is
weak. Introducing magnetic field to the system can suppress the buoyancy force. The
impact of the magnetic field is more considerable for larger estimations of Ra. Because
in the case of lower Ra, the buoyancy force is already weak. It can be also concluded
 Cattaneo–
Christov
theory of heat
conduction

4439

Figure 6.
Effects of g and Ra
on isotherms (left)
and streamlines
(right) contours when
f = 2 per cent,
Ha = 25, Hs = 2

Figure 7.
Effects of AR and Ra
on isotherms (left)
and streamlines
(right) contours when
f = 2 per cent,
Hs = 2 and Ha = 50
HFF that at larger estimations of Ra, the lower values of AR provides more heat transfer
29,11 rate. So, at higher values of Ra, one can apply lower values of AR to have more heat
transfer rate in heat transfer applications.

5. Conclusions
Here, effectiveness of the Cattaneo–Christov theory of heat conduction in a triangular
4440 enclosure with semi-circular heater is interpreted. Viscosity dependent on magnetic field,
Fe3O4-H2O nanofluid and heat source/sink are considered for modeling. The well-known
CVFEM is used for simulations. The impacts of various parameters appearing in formulated
problem have been studied for flow and heat transportation features. The outcomes express
that Nuave is a boosting function of Rayleigh number and relaxation parameter. The
outcomes also reveal that the magnetic field can be introduced to the system as a controlling
element.

Figure 8.
Effects of Ha, Hs, Ra,
f and g on average
Nusselt number
 Cattaneo–
Christov
theory of heat
conduction

4441

Figure 8.

Figure 9.
Effect of AR on
average Nusselt
number when
f = 2 per cent and
Hs = 2
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Corresponding author
Muhammad Waqas can be contacted at: mw_qau88@yahoo.com

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