Practising Modern English For Life Sciences Students Caiet Exercitii-1

Raul Pașcalău - Practising Modern English for Life Sciences students
UNIT 1
PRESENT SIMPLE vs PRESENT SIMPLE CONTINUOUS
PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPPLE CONTINOUS
S+ VERB ( III PERS.SG. + S+ TO BE + VB + ING

S/ES) TO BE
We put ES for verbs ending in : I AM
o, x, ss, sh, ch, consonant + y. YOU ARE
Example HE/SHE/IT IS
The student goes every day to the WE ARE
university YOU ARE
THEY ARE
Example
The student is going now at the
university
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Key words
PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPPLE CONTINOUS
Always, every, often, seldom, Now, right now, at the moment,

generally, usually,
EXERCISES
PRESENT SIMPLE
1. Complete the sentence using present simple: The process of

photosynthesis _____ energy from the sun to produce food for plants.
(to convert)
2. Fill in the blank: The cell membrane _____ the contents of the cell
from the outside environment. (to separate)
3. Choose the correct verb form: The heart (pumps/pump) blood
throughout the body.
4. Complete the sentence: The study of genetics __________ the
inheritance of traits and characteristics. (to involve)
5. Fill in the blank: The process of mitosis _________ the replication of
cells. (to ensure)
6. Choose the correct verb form: The lungs (exchange/exchanges)
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
7. Complete the sentence: The study of ecology _________the
interactions between organisms and their environment. (to
investigate)
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8. Fill in the blank: The process of natural selection _________the

survival of the fittest. (to promote)
9. Choose the correct verb form: The brain (coordinates/coordinate) the
body's functions.
10. Complete the sentence: The study of evolution _____ the changes in
species over time. (to trace)
11. Complete the following sentence with the present simple form of the
verb in parentheses: I______ (to walk) to work every day.
12. Put the verb in parentheses in the present simple form: They _____
(to play) soccer every Saturday.
13. Choose the correct present simple form of the verb to fill in the
blank: My parents ________ (cook/cooks) dinner every night.
14. Rewrite the following sentence in the present simple: I am going to
the store.
15. Fill in the blank with the present simple form of the verb in
parentheses: I ________ (not like) spicy food.
16. Put the verb in parentheses in the present simple form: She
____(study) English every day.
17. Choose the correct present simple form of the verb to fill in the
blank: The cat ________ (sleep/sleeps) in the sun.
18. Rewrite the following sentence in the present simple: I am going to
the gym. ________
19. Complete the following sentence with the present simple form of the
verb in parentheses: He _____ (to work) as a doctor.
20. Fill in the blank with the present simple form of the verb in
parentheses: They _______ (not watch) reality TV shows.
21. Fill in the gaps with the present simple forms of the verbs into the
brackets:
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a. The cell membrane ________(to control) the movement of molecules

in and out of the cell.
b. Photosynthesis ________( to convert) light energy into chemical
energy in plants.
c. DNA replication_______(to be ) necessary for cell division to occur.
d. Enzymes ________( to catalyze) chemical reactions in the body.
e. Oxygen _____(to be) transported through the bloodstream by
hemoglobin.
f. The nervous system _____(to send) and receives signals in the body.
g. The endocrine system_______( to regulate) hormones in the body.
h. The immune system ______( to defend) the body against pathogens.
i. The lungs______( to exchange) oxygen and carbon dioxide during
respiration.
PRESENT SIMPLE CONTINOUS
1. Put the verb in parentheses in the present continuous form: "The sun
_____ ( to shine) brightly today."
2. Write a sentence using the present continuous form of the verb "to
play": "My brother _______ (play) video games right now."
3. Complete the following sentence: "She ______ (to cook) dinner for
her family tonight."
4. Put the verb in parentheses in the present continuous form: "They
_______ (to study) for their exams this week."
walk": "I _______ (walk) to the store to buy some groceries."
6. Complete the following sentence: "He _______(to write) a letter to
his friend right now."
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7. Put the verb in parentheses in the present continuous form: "The dog
______ (to bark) at the mailman again."
read": "She ________ (read) a book in the park on her lunch break."
9. Complete the following sentence: "They _______ (to travel) to New
York City for the weekend."
10. Complete the sentence: The cells ______ ( to divide) during the
process of mitosis.
11. Fill in the blank: The enzymes _______ (to catalyze) chemical
reactions in the body.
12. Choose the correct verb form: The muscles _______ (to contract) to
produce movement.
13. Complete the sentence: The DNA ______ ( to replicate) during the
process of cell division.
14. Fill in the blank: The white blood cells _______ (to fight) off
invading pathogens.
15. Choose the correct verb form: The heart ______(to beat ) to pump
blood throughout the body.
16. Complete the sentence: The bacteria _______ (to grow) rapidly in a
warm and moist environment.
17. Fill in the blank: The hormones _____ (to regulate) various bodily
functions.
18. Choose the correct verb form: The neurons _____ ( to transmit)
electrical signals throughout the brain and body.
19. Complete the sentence: The plants ______ (to absorb) nutrients from
the soil through their roots.
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PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS
1. Fill in the blank with the appropriate verb and tense : "Plants _____
their food through photosynthesis."
2. Complete the sentence: "Scientists ________research on how to
combat climate change."
3. Rewrite the following sentence using the present simple continuous
tense: "The earth gets warmer due to human activities."
4. Match the following vocabulary words with their definitions:
➢ Life sciences
➢ Breeding
➢ Yields
5. Write a sentence using the present simple continuous tense with the
following vocabulary words: "living organism " and "environment".
6. Choose the correct verb form to complete the sentence "The human
population _______ at an alarming rate." (a) is growing (b) grows
following vocabulary words: "environmental challenges" and
"impact".
8. Complete the sentence: "Scientists _____ experiments to understand
the effects of pollution on marine life."
tense: "Biodiversity decreases due to human activities."
10. Write a sentence using the present simple with the following
vocabulary words: "genetics" and "crucial role".
11. Fill in the blank with the appropriate verb and tense: "Animals _____
their food through hunting or foraging."
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12. Complete the sentence with the appropriate verb and tense: "The
earth's climate _____ to change due to human activities."
13. Rewrite the following sentence using the present simple tense: "The
ozone layer is being depleted by human activities."
following vocabulary words: "environmental conservation" and
"ecosystems".
15. Choose the correct verb form to complete the sentence
"The human impact on the environment _____ to increase." (a)
continues (b) continue.
following vocabulary words: "soil erosion" and "occurring".
17. Complete the sentence: "Researchers _____ studies to understand the
effects of habitat loss on wildlife populations."
tense: "Ecosystems are being destroyed by human activities."
19. Write a sentence using the present simple with the following
vocabulary words: "biodiversity" and "is essential".
20. Complete the following sentences using the correct form of the verb
in parentheses:
I ______(to watch) TV every night before bed. (present simple)
He_______(to watch) a movie right now. (present continuous)
21. Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb in parentheses:
They______ (to visit) their grandparents every weekend. (present
simple)
She _______ (to visit) her friend in the hospital. (present continuous)
in parentheses:
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He________ (to play) the guitar every day. (present simple).

I _________(to play) a game on my phone. (present continuous).
We_______ (to study) for our exams every day. (present simple)
She ______(to study) for her final exam right now. (present
continuous)
in parentheses:
I ________(to cook) dinner for my family every night. (present simple)
He_________ (to cook) breakfast for us. (present continuous)
25. Translate into Romanian the following text:
Life sciences refer to the study of living organisms and their interactions
with each other and their environment. This field encompasses a wide
range of disciplines, including biology, genetics, biochemistry, and
medicine. The knowledge and technologies developed through life
sciences have important applications in society, such as in the areas of
healthcare, agriculture, and environmental conservation.
Advances in life sciences have led to improved medical treatments, a
better understanding of disease processes, and the development of new
crop strains to improve food production.
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UNIT 2
THE NOUN -PLURAL OF NOUNS
1. Complete the sentence with the appropriate noun: "Reducing _____

emissions is crucial in the fight against climate change."
2. Match the following nouns with their definitions:
➢ Carbon
➢ Climate
➢ Deforestation
➢ Biodiversity
➢ Habitat
➢ Renewable
➢ Pollution
➢ Conservation
➢ Recycling
➢ Waste
3. Write a sentence using the noun "drought" with the following
vocabulary words: "water scarcity".
4. Choose the correct noun to complete the sentence "_____ is the
gradual destruction of the earth's natural resources." (a) Climate
change (b) Deforestation
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5. Write a sentence using the noun "emission" with the following

vocabulary words: "greenhouse gases"
6. Complete the sentence with an appropriate noun: "_____ is the
preservation of natural resources and ecosystems."
7. Rewrite the following sentence using the noun "recycling": "The
process of converting waste materials into new products is called
recycling."
8. Write a sentence using the noun "pollution" with the following
vocabulary words: "air quality".
9. Write a sentence using the noun "renewable energy" with the
following vocabulary words: "sustainability"
10. Write a sentence using the noun "ecosystem" with the following
vocabulary words: "biodiversity"
11. Write a sentence using the noun "sustainability" with the following
vocabulary words: "forest management"
12. Fill in the blank:
"_____ is the study of the natural world and the impact of human
activities on it."
13. Complete the sentence:
"Air _____ is a major environmental problem that affects human
health and the health of ecosystems."
14. Write a sentence using the noun "biodiversity" with the following
vocabulary words: "loss" and "consequence".
15. Choose the correct noun to complete the sentence:
"_____ change is one of the most pressing environmental issues of
our time." (a) Climate (b) Renewable energy
16. Write a sentence using the noun "deforestation" with the following
vocabulary words: "cause" and "effect".
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"_____ management is the practice of using natural resources in a
sustainable way."
18. Rewrite the following sentence using the noun "sustainability":
"The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
19. Write a sentence using the noun "air pollution" with the following
vocabulary words: "health" and "risk"
20. Fill in the blank:
"_____ are the organisms that make up the Earth's ecosystems."
"_____ is the process of protecting and preserving natural resources
for future generations."
22. Rewrite the following sentence using a noun:
"The increase in global temperatures is caused by human activities."
23. Write the plural form of the following nouns:
apple, branch, plant, fruit, cause, effect,
24. Write the plural form of the following nouns, which have irregular
forms:
Man, woman, foot, tooth, goose, child,
25. Identify the nouns in the following sentences and write their plural
forms:
➢ The dog barked at the mailman.
➢ The cats were playing with a ball of yarn.
➢ The teacher gave the students a test.
26. Write a sentence using each of the following nouns in its singular
form: mice, geese, deer,
27. Write the plural form of the following nouns related to life sciences:
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➢ cell:
➢ virus:
➢ bacterium:
➢ gene:
28. Write the singular form of the following nouns related to life
sciences:
➢ cells:
➢ viruses:
➢ bacteria:
➢ genes:
29. Identify the nouns in the following sentences and write their plural
forms:
➢ The researcher studied the effects of different hormones on the cells.
➢ The virus caused a severe outbreak of the disease.
30. The bacteria in the soil were essential for plant growth. Write a
sentence using each of the following nouns in its plural form related
to life sciences:
➢ organ:
➢ neuron:.
➢ chromosome:
31. Identify three nouns related to life sciences that have irregular plural
forms and write them in both singular and plural forms.
➢ fungus:
➢ cactus:
➢ organism:
The environment plays a vital role in the well-being of humanity. A
healthy environment is essential for maintaining physical and mental
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health, as well as for supporting economic development and social

progress. The environment provides vital resources such as clean air,
water, and food, and it also plays a key role in regulating the earth's
climate.
Environmental issues such as pollution, deforestation, and climate
change can have significant negative impacts on human health and the
economy. Therefore, protecting the environment is crucial for ensuring
the sustainable development of society.
Human activity has a huge impact on the environment, and addressing
environmental issues requires a collective effort from individuals,
governments, and businesses. This includes reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, conserving natural resources, and protecting biodiversity.
Sustainable practices such as recycling, energy efficiency, and
renewable energy are also important for preserving the environment for
future generations.
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UNIT 3
THE FUTURE SIMPLE
1. Complete the following sentence using the correct form of the verb in
parentheses: I _________(to go) to the store later.
They_________ (to visit) their grandparents next weekend.
parentheses:
He __________(to play) the guitar at the concert tomorrow.
We __________( to study) for our exams tomorrow night.
parentheses:
I_________ (to cook) a special meal for my family next Sunday.
He__________ (to meet) his friend at the park tomorrow.
parentheses:
They __________(to travel) to France next month.
She _________(to start) her new job in two weeks.
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9. Fill in the blank: "By 2050, global temperatures _____ to have risen by 2
degrees Celsius."
10. Complete the sentence: "In the future, renewable energy _____ to
replace fossil fuels as the primary source of energy."
11. Rewrite the following sentence using the future simple tense: "Sea levels
are rising due to climate change."
12. Write a sentence using the future simple tense with the following
vocabulary words: "sea level rise" and "will continue"
13. Choose the correct verb form to complete the sentence "By 2100, the
Arctic _____ to be ice-free during the summer months." (a) will (b) shall
14. Write a sentence using the future simple tense with the following
vocabulary words: "carbon capture" and "will become"
15. Complete the sentence: "In the future, governments _____ to implement
policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions."
16. Rewrite the following sentence replacing the future simple tense with “
to be going to” : "Climate change will cause more frequent and severe
heatwaves."
17. Write sentences using the future simple or the future with “ to be going
to” with the following words: climate changes, melting, pollution, impact,
effects, glaciers, ice cap, flooding, deforestation.
18. Complete the following sentences using "going to" and the verb in
parentheses
➢ We are _____ (reduce) our carbon footprint by driving less and using
public transportation more.
➢ The government is _____ (implement) new policies to promote the
use of renewable energy.
➢ I'm _____ (plant) more trees in my backyard to absorb carbon
dioxide.
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➢ They are _____ (develop) new technologies to capture and store

carbon emissions.
19. Change the following sentences from present tense to future tense using
"going to":
➢ We recycle as much as we can.
➢ The government implements policies to combat climate change.
➢ We are going to recycle as much as we can.
➢ The government is going to implement policies to combat climate
change.
20. Create a sentence using "going to" and vocabulary related to climate
change:
21. Continue the dialogue between two people discussing a future plan to
address climate change:
Person 1: "We need to do something about climate change. The weather is
getting worse every year."
Person 2: "I agree……………
22. Create a sentence using "going to" and vocabulary related to climate
change.
Climate change is one of the most pressing environmental issues facing
humanity today. The burning of fossil fuels and other human activities have
led to an increase in greenhouse gases, which trap heat in the atmosphere
and cause global temperatures to rise. This warming of the planet is
resulting in a range of impacts, including sea level rise, more intense storms
and heatwaves, and changes to precipitation patterns. These changes can
have significant consequences for human health, agriculture, water
resources, and coastal communities.
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The vital role of humanity in addressing climate change is to reduce

emissions of greenhouse gases and adapt to the inevitable changes that are
already happening. This includes transitioning to clean energy sources, such
as wind and solar power, and increasing energy efficiency. It also involves
reducing deforestation, promoting reforestation and afforestation, and
investing in carbon capture technologies.
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UNIT 4
THE ADJECTIVE- COMPARISON DEGREES
1. Compare the yield of three different types of corn: hybrid, heirloom, and
GMO. Use the comparative form of the adjective (e.g. "hybrid corn has a
higher yield than heirloom corn")
2. Compare the size of three different types of fruits: apples, pears, and
oranges. Use the superlative form of the adjective (e.g. "oranges are the
largest of the three fruits")
3. Compare the flavor of three different types of tomatoes: cherry,
heirloom, and beefsteak. Use the comparative and superlative forms of the
adjective (e.g. "heirloom tomatoes have the best flavor, while cherry
tomatoes are more flavorful than beefsteak tomatoes")
4. Compare the resistance of three different types of crops to pests: cotton,
soybeans, and corn. Use the comparative and superlative forms of the
adjective (e.g. "soybeans are the most resistant to pests, while cotton is more
resistant than corn")
5. Compare the growth rate of three different types of plants: bamboo, oak,
and birch. Use the comparative and superlative forms of the adjective (e.g.
"bamboo has the fastest growth rate, while oak grows slower than birch.")
6. Describe three different types of soil: clay, sandy, and loamy. Use
descriptive adjectives to describe the texture and composition of each type of
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soil (e.g. "clay soil is dense and heavy, sandy soil is loose and gritty, loamy
soil is rich and fertile")
7. Describe the appearance of three different types of fruits: apples, pears,
and oranges. Use descriptive adjectives to describe the color, shape, and
texture of each type of fruit (e.g. "apples are round and red with a smooth
skin, pears are elongated and green with a rough texture, oranges are round
and bright orange with a dimpled skin")
8. Describe the taste of three different types of cheeses: cheddar, gouda, and
brie. Use descriptive adjectives to describe the flavor and texture of each
type of cheese (e.g. "cheddar is sharp and tangy with a crumbly texture,
gouda is nutty and buttery with a smooth texture, brie is rich and creamy
with a soft rind")
9. Describe the aroma of three different types of herbs: basil, mint, and
thyme. Use descriptive adjectives to describe the scent of each type of herb
(e.g. "basil has a strong and pungent aroma, mint has a refreshing and minty
scent, thyme has a earthy and woody aroma.")
10. Describe the characteristics of three different types of flowers: roses,
lilies, and daisies. Use descriptive adjectives to describe the color, shape, and
size of each type of flower (e.g. "Roses are large and have a velvety petals
with a rich red color, lilies are tall and have a elegant white trumpet-shaped
flowers, daisies are small and have a bright yellow petals with a white
center.")
11. Fill in the blanks with the suitable form of the following adjectives:
Clear, red, old, sleek, snow-capped, hearty, fragrant, gusting, aged,
black.
➢ The _____ sky was a deep shade of blue.
➢ The _____ apple was crisp and juicy.
➢ The _____ flower had a strong and sweet scent.
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➢ The _____ cheese was tangy and crumbly.

➢ The _____ wind blew through the trees.
➢ The _____ soil was rich and fertile.
➢ The _____ horse had a shiny coat and strong legs.
➢ The _____ soup was hot and spicy.
➢ The _____ mountain had a majestic peak.
➢ The _____ book had a worn cover and yellowed pages.
12. Fill in the blank with the appropriate adjective:
➢ The __________ crops were damaged by the storm.
➢ The __________ soil is perfect for growing vegetables.
➢ The __________ farmer uses sustainable methods to raise his cattle.
➢ The __________ harvest yielded a bountiful crop this year.
➢ The __________ irrigation system helped the crops thrive during the
dry season.
➢ The __________ pesticides were used to protect the crops from pests.
➢ The __________ tractors were used to plow the fields.
➢ The __________ farmers market had a variety of fresh, locally grown
produce.
➢ The __________ greenhouse allowed for year-round cultivation.
➢ The __________ yield was significantly higher than last year due to
improved farming practices.
13. Fill in the blanks choosing the suitable words and using the indicated
forms of adjective comparison degrees:
Resilient, productive, efficient, high, accurate, resistant, good,
➢ The crop yield of this new seed variety is ______________ the
traditional one. (comparative adjective)
➢ The advanced irrigation system in the farm increases water efficiency
by _____________ . (superlative adjective)
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➢ The precision farming technology is ____________ the traditional

methods. (comparative adjective)
➢ The sustainable farming practices in this region are ______________
environmentally friendly. (superlative adjective)
➢ The genetically modified crops are ______________ to pests than
the non-modified ones. (comparative adjective)
➢ The mechanization in the farm leads to _____________ labor usage.
(superlative adjective)
➢ The yield from organic farming is _______________ from
conventional farming, but the taste is _____________. (comparative
adjective, superlative adjective)
➢ The yield per acre of high-density planting is ________________
traditional method. (comparative adjective)
➢ The modern breeding techniques results in _____________
livestock. (superlative adjective)
➢ The agroforestry systems are ____________________ to climate
change than monoculture systems. (comparative adjective)
Modern agriculture is extremely important for society for several
reasons.
Firstly, agriculture is the primary source of food for the global
population. With the world's population projected to reach nearly 10
billion by 2050, modern agriculture will be essential for meeting the food
needs of the growing population. Advances in modern agriculture, such
as precision farming and genetic engineering, can increase crop yields
and improve food security.
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Secondly, agriculture is a significant contributor to the global economy.

The agricultural sector provides employment and income for millions of
people and is a major source of exports for many countries.
Thirdly, modern agriculture can also have important environmental
benefits. Advancements such as precision farming and conservation
tillage can reduce the use of water, fertilizer, and pesticides, which can
help to conserve resources and protect the environment. Additionally,
sustainable farming practices such as agroforestry, crop rotation, and
cover cropping can improve soil health, reduce erosion, and increase
biodiversity.
Lastly, modern agriculture also plays a crucial role in rural
development. It can provide economic opportunities, access to education,
and access to healthcare for those who lives in rural areas.
In short, modern agriculture is essential for feeding the world's
population, supporting economic growth and providing environmental
benefits, and it also plays a crucial role in rural development.
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UNIT 5
PAST SIMPLE vs PAST SIMPLE CONTINUOUS
PAST SIMPLE
1. Complete the following sentence with the past simple form of the
verb in parentheses: I _____ (to walk) to school yesterday.
2. Put the verb in parentheses in the past simple form: They _____ (to
play) tennis last weekend.
3. Choose the correct past simple form of the verb to fill in the blank:
My parents _____ (cook/cooked) dinner last night.
4. Rewrite the following sentence in the past simple: I am going to the
store.
5. Fill in the blank with the past simple form of the verb in parentheses:
I _____ (not like) spicy food yesterday.
6. Put the verb in parentheses in the past simple form: She _____ (to
study) English yesterday.
7. Choose the correct past simple form of the verb to fill in the blank:
The cat _____ (sleep/slept) in the sun yesterday.
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8. Rewrite the following sentence in the past simple: I am going to the

gym.
9. Complete the following sentence with the past simple form of the
verb in parentheses: He _____ (to work) as a doctor yesterday.
10. Fill in the blank with the past simple form of the verb in parentheses:
They _____ (not watch) reality TV shows yesterday.
Remember that past simple is used to talk about completed actions that
happened in the past, and it's formed by adding -ed to regular verbs or
by using the second form of irregular verbs.
11. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the Past simple:
➢ Charles Darwin__________ (to propose) the theory of evolution by
natural selection in 1859.
➢ Louis Pasteur ________(to discover) that microorganisms caused
fermentation and disease in the 19th century.
➢ In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick _______ (to discover) the
double helix structure of DNA.
➢ The first successful human organ transplant ______ (to be)
performed in 1954.
➢ In the 20th century, the development of antibiotics greatly ________
( to improve) the treatment of bacterial infections.
➢ In 1828, Friedrich Wöhler _______( to synthesize) the organic
compound urea, disproving the belief that organic compounds could only
come from living organisms.
➢ In the 19th century, the cell theory ______ (to be) developed by
scientists such as Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.
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➢ In the early 20th century, scientists such as Thomas Hunt Morgan

and Gregor Mendel ______ ( to conduct) research that led to the
development of genetics.
➢ In the 1970s, Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe _____ ( to
develop) in-vitro fertilization (IVF) as a means of assisted reproduction.
➢ In the 1980s, scientists ___________ (to discover) the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which causes AIDS.
PAST SIMPLE CONTINOUS
1. Complete the following sentence with the past simple continuous

form of the verb in parentheses: I _____ (to walk) to school when you
called me.
2. Put the verb in parentheses in the past simple continuous form: They
_____ (to play) tennis when I arrived.
3. Choose the correct past simple continuous form of the verb to fill in
the blank: My parents _____ (cook/were cooking) dinner when I got
home.
4. Rewrite the following sentence in the past simple continuous: I am
going to the store.
5. Fill in the blank with the past simple continuous form of the verb in
parentheses: I _____ (not like) spicy food while I was eating.
6. Put the verb in parentheses in the past simple continuous form: She
_____ (to study) English when her friends called her.
7. Choose the correct past simple continuous form of the verb to fill in
the blank: The cat _____ (sleep/was sleeping) in the sun when I
opened the window.
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8. Rewrite the following sentence in the past simple continuous: I am

going to the gym.
9. Complete the following sentence with the past simple continuous
form of the verb in parentheses: He _____ (to work) as a doctor when
I saw him.
10. Fill in the blank with the past simple continuous form of the verb in
parentheses: They _____ (not watch) reality TV shows while they
were waiting.
PAST SIMPLE vs PAST SIMPLE CONTINUOUS

11. Fill in the blank with the appropriate tense. (Past Simple or Past
Simple Continuous):
➢ The chef ________ (to prepare) a delicious meal for the guests.
➢ While the baker ________ (to knead) the dough, the cook ________
(chop) vegetables for the soup.
➢ The scientists ________ (to discover) a new way to preserve fruits.
➢ The food researcher ________ (to study) the chemical reactions in the
oven while the pastry chef______________(to bake) the cakes.
➢ The nutritionist ________ (to recommend) a balanced diet for the
athletes.
➢ The food engineer ________ (to develop) new packaging materials
while the microbiologist__________________(to examine ) the
bacteria in the fermentation process.
➢ The food technologist ________ (to invent) a new recipe for a low-
calorie snack.
➢ The taste testers ________ (to evaluate) the new flavours while the lab
assistants ________ (to measure) the pH levels in the samples.
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➢ The sous chef ________ (to oversee) the kitchen staff during the
dinner rush.
➢ The food scientist ________ (to research) the nutritional properties of
different grains while the butcher ________ (to cut) the meat for the
stew.
➢ The food critic ________ (to review) the restaurant's menu in the
newspaper.
➢ The food stylist ________ (to arrange) the dishes for the photoshoot
while the chef ________ (to plate) the final dishes for the customers.
➢ The food photographer ________ (to capture) the beautiful
presentation of the dishes.
➢ The dietitian ________ (to consult) with the restaurant owner while
the kitchen assistant ________ (peel) the vegetables.
➢ The food historian ________ (to trace) the origins of a traditional
dish.
➢ The food safety inspector ________ (to inspect) the kitchen while the
chef ________ (to season) the dishes.
➢ The food writer ________ (to write) an article about the latest food
trends.
➢ The food marketer ________ (to promote) the new product while the
food scientist ________ (to test) the shelf life of the product.
Food safety is important for society for several reasons.
Firstly, food safety is essential for protecting public health. Consuming
contaminated food can lead to serious illnesses such as food poisoning,
which can cause symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhoea, and even death
in severe cases. Food safety measures such as regular testing,
27
inspections, and recalls can help to prevent the spread of foodborne

illnesses and protect the health of consumers.
Secondly, food safety is important for maintaining consumer trust in the
food system. When food safety incidents occur, it can lead to a loss of
confidence in the food industry, which can have negative economic
impacts on farmers, processors, and retailers. Ensuring that food is safe
can help to build and maintain consumer trust in the food system.
Thirdly, food safety is important for protecting the reputation and
competitiveness of the food industry. Food safety incidents can lead to
costly recalls, legal action, and damage to a company's reputation. By
ensuring that food is safe, companies can protect their reputation and
competitiveness.
Lastly, food safety is also important for international trade. Many
countries have strict food safety regulations and only import food that
meets their standards. If a country's food safety standards are not met, it
can lead to restrictions on trade, which can have negative economic
impacts on countries that rely on exporting food.
In short, food safety is essential for protecting public health,
maintaining consumer trust in the food system, protecting the reputation
and competitiveness of the food industry, and also important for
international trade.
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UNIT 6
THE PRONOUN – FORMS
1. Fill in the blank with appropriate possessive pronouns like: its, their,
my, our, its, their, his, her, your, our.
➢ The cow is_____calf.
➢ The farmers are proud of _______(their) harvest.
➢ I will borrow ________friend's tractor for the day.
➢ The community garden is ________ source of fresh produce.
➢ The market is ________ (its) busiest on weekends.
➢ The new irrigation system is ____ solution to the water shortage.
➢ The policies that benefit small-scale farmers are _____ top
priority.
➢ The distribution of local produce is ______ responsibility.
➢ The sustainable farming practices are ____ contribution to rural
development.
➢ The education and training programs are _____key to promoting
rural development.
➢ The farmer's market is ________main source of income for the
community.
➢ The small-scale farmers rely on ________community for support.
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➢ The precision agriculture technology is ________most important

aspect for the farm's success.
➢ The education and training programs are ______way to help the
farmers improve their skills.
➢ The farm animals are ________livelihood.
➢ The rural development policies are ______way to support the
local economy.
➢ The distribution of local produce is _______way to promote
healthy eating.
2. Fill in the blank with appropriate demonstrative pronouns like: that,
the ones, this one, that one, these ones, this one, that one, these ones,
this one, those ones.
➢ This field is the one ________ the farmer is planning to plant next.
➢ Those cows over there are ________that produce the best quality
milk.
➢ These fruits in the basket are ______that are ready to be harvested.
➢ That irrigation system over there is _____that is going to be installed
next week.
➢ These policies here are _______that we are discussing to support
sustainable farming.
➢ This community garden is________ that provides fresh produce to
the local area.
➢ That equipment over there is_______ that they need to fix.
➢ These methods are______ that we are going to implement for
precision agriculture.
➢ This land is the one_______ we are going to use for the new farm.
➢ Those farmers are________ that are benefiting from the new policies.
30

Sustainable rural development is important for society for several
reasons.
Firstly, sustainable rural development is crucial for ensuring food
security. Many rural areas are the primary source of food production,
and sustainable development in these areas can improve agricultural
productivity and increase the resilience of food systems to climate
change and other environmental challenges.
Secondly, sustainable rural development can promote economic growth
and reduce poverty. Many rural areas are characterized by low levels of
economic development and high levels of poverty. Sustainable
development in these areas can create jobs, increase incomes, and
improve access to services such as healthcare and education.
Thirdly, sustainable rural development can also help to protect the
environment. Many rural areas are home to important ecosystems and
biodiversity, and sustainable development can help to conserve these
resources while also promoting economic growth.
Additionally, sustainable rural development can also help to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, by promoting sustainable agriculture and
forestry practices.
Lastly, sustainable rural development is important for social cohesion
and cultural preservation. Many rural communities have unique cultures
and traditions that can be lost as populations migrate to urban areas. By
promoting sustainable development in rural areas, these communities
can be preserved and their residents can continue to live in a way that is
meaningful to them.
In short, sustainable rural development is essential for ensuring food
security, promoting economic growth and reducing poverty, protecting
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the environment, and preserving social cohesion and cultural

preservation. It is important for society as a whole.
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UNIT 7
PRESENT PERFECT vs PAST PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT
1. Put the verbs in the brackets into Present Perfect.
➢ Scientists ________ (to discover) many new species of
microorganisms in recent years.
➢ The human genome ___________(to be ) fully sequenced.
➢ Researchers __________ (to develop) many new treatments for
cancer.
➢ The study of genetics _______ greatly ______ (to advance) our
understanding of inheritance and genetic disorders.
➢ We ________ (to learn ) a lot about the human brain and its
functions through neuroscience research.
➢ Scientists ________ ( to make ) significant progress in understanding
the causes of heart disease.
➢ The study of epigenetics __________ (to reveal ) how environmental
factors can affect gene expression.
➢ Scientists ________ ( to develop ) many new techniques for studying
cells and molecular biology.
➢ There _________(to be) many advances in the field of reproductive
medicine.
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➢ The study of biodiversity _________ (to increase) our knowledge of

the different species and ecosystems on Earth.
2. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in
parentheses:
➢ I __________ (to eat) dinner already.
➢ They __________ (to visit) three countries this year.
➢ We __________ (not/to see) each other in a while.
3. Write a sentence using the present perfect with the following words:
➢ ever, never, just, since, yet, already;
4. Write a short paragraph about something you have done recently using
the present perfect.
5. Write a short dialogue between two people using the present perfect,
as in the model:
Person 1: Have you seen the new movie yet?
Person 2: No, I haven't. Have you?
Person 1: Yes, I have. I saw it last night.
6. Rewrite the following sentences in the present perfect:
➢ I played soccer yesterday.
➢ They arrived at the party at 8 PM.
➢ He finished his homework an hour ago.
PAST PERFECT
parentheses:
➢ By the time I __________ (to arrive), the party __________
(already/to start).
➢ I __________ (not/to understand) the question until my teacher
__________ (to explain) it to me.
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➢ She __________ (to finish) her work before she __________ (to go)
home.
2. Write a sentence using the Past Perfect with the following words:
➢ already, just, when
3. Write a short paragraph about something you did before a past event
using the Past Perfect.
4. Write a short dialogue between two people using the Past Perfect, as
in the model :
Person 1: Had you ever been to New York City before your trip last
summer?
Person 2: No, I hadn't. But I had always wanted to go.
5. Rewrite the following sentences in the past perfect:
➢ I arrived at the party at 8 PM.
➢ They finished their work before they went home.
➢ He understood the question after his teacher explained it to him.
Ecosystems are incredibly important for society for several reasons:
Firstly, ecosystems provide a wide range of essential services that
support human well-being. These services include providing clean air
and water, pollination of crops, pest control, soil formation, and climate
regulation. The loss of these services can have significant negative
impacts on human health, the economy, and the environment.
Secondly, ecosystems are a source of biodiversity, and biodiversity is
important for human survival. Biodiversity provides a wide range of
benefits, including food, medicine, and cultural values. It also plays a
crucial role in maintaining the resilience of ecosystems, which helps to
protect them from disturbances such as natural disasters.
35
Thirdly, ecosystems are also a source of recreation and tourism. Many

people visit natural areas for recreational activities such as hiking,
camping, and wildlife watching, and these activities can provide
significant economic benefits to local communities.
Fourthly, ecosystems are important for the preservation of cultural
heritage. Many cultures have a deep spiritual connection to the natural
world, and the preservation of ecosystems is essential for preserving
these cultural traditions and practices.
Lastly, Ecosystems also play a crucial role in mitigating the impacts of
climate change. Healthy ecosystems can store carbon, reduce the risk of
flooding, and protect coastal communities from sea-level rise.
In summary, ecosystems are incredibly important for society in providing
essential services, preserving biodiversity, promoting recreation and
tourism, preserving cultural heritage, and mitigating the impacts of
climate change.
36
UNIT 8
THE MODALS
1. Fill in the blank with the appropriate modal verb: "We _____ use
genetic engineering to improve crop yields."
2. Complete the sentence: "_____, scientists should be able to create
new medicines using biotechnology."
3. Rewrite the following sentence using a modal: "It is possible to use
biotechnology to create new vaccines."
4. Give the meaning of each Modal verb bellow:
➢ Should
➢ Could
➢ Must
➢ May
➢ Will
5. Write a sentence using the modal "should" with the following
vocabulary words: "ethical considerations"
6. Choose the correct modal to complete the sentence
➢ "_____, we need to consider the potential risks of genetic
modification." (a) Will (b) Should
37
7. Write a sentence using the modal "could" with the following

vocabulary words: "gene therapy".
➢ "_____, biotechnology has the potential to revolutionize
medicine."
9. Rewrite the following sentence using the modal "must":
➢ "It is important to regulate biotechnology research."
10. Write a sentence using the modal "may" with the following
vocabulary words: "genetic engineering".
11. Fill in the blank: "Farmers _____ use selective breeding to improve
the quality of their livestock."
12. Rewrite the following sentence using a modal: "It is possible to use
zootechnics to increase the productivity of farms."
13. Write a sentence using the modal "should" with the following
vocabulary words: "animal welfare".
14. Choose the correct modal to complete the sentence "_____, we need
to consider the environmental impact of factory farming." (a) Will (b)
Should
15. Write a sentence using the modal "could" with the following
vocabulary words: "artificial insemination".
16. Complete the sentence: "_____, zootechnics has the potential to
improve the efficiency of food production."
17. Rewrite the following sentence using the modal "must": "It is
important to regulate the use of hormones in animal breeding."
18. Write a sentence using the modal "may" with the following
vocabulary words: "cloning".
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19. Translate the following text into Romanian:

Animal biotechnologies can be important for society for several reasons:
Firstly, animal biotechnologies can improve animal health and welfare. For
example, genetic engineering can be used to create animals that are more
resistant to diseases, which can reduce the need for antibiotics and other
treatments. Biotechnologies can also be used to improve the conditions in
which animals are raised, such as by reducing stress and increasing comfort.
Secondly, animal biotechnologies can improve food production. For
example, genetic engineering can be used to create animals that produce
more milk, eggs, or meat. Biotechnologies can also be used to create animals
that are more efficient at converting feed into food, which can help to reduce
the environmental impact of animal agriculture.
Thirdly, animal biotechnologies can also be used for medical research.
Many human diseases have animal models that can be used to study the
disease and develop new treatments. Biotechnologies can be used to create
animals that are more similar to humans in terms of the disease, which can
improve the accuracy of the research.
Lastly, animal biotechnologies can also be used to preserve endangered
species and improve conservation efforts. Biotechnologies such as assisted
reproduction and gene editing can be used to help endangered species
recover and recover their populations.
In summary, animal biotechnologies can be important for society in
improving animal health and welfare, improving food production, advancing
medical research and preserving endangered species.
39
UNIT 9
PRESENT CONDITIONAL vs PAST CONDITIONAL
1. Fill in the blanks with the suitable verbs into Present Conditional
➢ The farmer___________ ( to have ) a successful crop.
➢ The harvest ___________( to be) bountiful.
➢ With a soil well-fertilized, the plants ________ (to grow) strong and
healthy.
➢ With a severe control of the pests, the crops_______(not / to be )
damaged.
➢ Having an irrigation system which functions properly, the
crops___________ (to have ) enough water to thrive.
2. Fill in the blanks with the suitable verbs into Past Conditional:
➢ I _________ (to go) to the party last night, but I had a lot of work to do.
➢ She ________(to take ) the bus, but her car was available.
➢ He ________ (to join) the team, but he wasn't feeling well.
➢ They _______( to go) on vacation, but they didn't have enough money.
➢ I __________(to call) you, but I lost your number.
➢ We ________( to have) a picnic, but it rained.
➢ The _______ (to harvest) the crops earlier, but the weather delayed the
growth.
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➢ The landscaper ________( to plant) more flowers, but the soil was too dry.
➢ The gardeners _________ ( to prune) the trees, but they were too tall to
reach.
➢ The crew ______ ( to mow) the lawn, but the equipment broke down.
➢ The contractor ________ ( to install) a sprinkler system, but the budget was
cut.
➢ The property manager _________( to add ) a pond, but the zoning laws did
not allow it.
Sustainable landscape cropping is an important practice for society as it
helps to ensure a stable food supply while also preserving natural resources
and reducing negative environmental impact. It can include practices such
as crop rotation, reduced use of chemicals and pesticides, and conservation
of biodiversity. Additionally, sustainable landscape cropping can also help
to mitigate the effects of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and increasing carbon sequestration in soil. Overall, sustainable
landscape cropping can contribute to a more resilient and sustainable food
system and society.
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UNIT 10
THE NUMERAL
1. Fill in the blank with the appropriate numeral: "A forest ecosystem
typically has _____ layers of vegetation."
2. Complete the sentence: "_____ percent of the world's forests have
been destroyed by human activities."
3. Rewrite the following sentence using a numeral: "Approximately
____________ of the earth's land surface is covered by forests."
4. Write in letters the following numerals:
➢ 25
➢2
➢ 3.5
➢5
➢ 33
➢ 89
➢ 100
➢ 871
➢ 1984
➢ 2022
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5. Write a sentence using the numeral "10" with the following

vocabulary words: "species of trees"
6. Choose the correct numeral to complete the sentence "_____ years is
the average lifespan of a mature tree." (a) 100 (b) 50
vocabulary words: "layers of canopy".
8. Complete the sentence: "_____ percent of the world's oxygen is
produced by forests."
vocabulary words: "types of forest"
10. Fill in the blank using an ordinal numeral: "In a sustainable forestry
management plan, _____ step is to conduct a forest inventory."
11. Complete the sentence using an ordinal numeral: "_____ most
important aspect of reforestation is selecting the appropriate tree
species."
12. Rewrite the following sentence using an ordinal numeral: " One step
in creating a sustainable logging plan is to conduct an environmental
impact assessment."
13. Write in letters the following numerals:
➢ 1st
➢ 2nd
➢ 3rd
➢ 4th
➢ 11th
➢ 21st
➢ 87th
14. Write a sentence using the ordinal numeral "last" with the following
vocabulary words: "step in the process of afforestation”.
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15. Choose the correct ordinal numeral to complete the sentence "_____
step in the process of sustainable forest management is to create a
management plan." (a) Third (b) Fourth
16. Write a sentence using the ordinal numeral "next" with the following
vocabulary words: "step in the process of reforestation"
17. Complete the sentence: "_____ step in the process of sustainable
logging is to implement a monitoring and evaluation program."
18. Rewrite the following sentence using the ordinal numeral "second":
"One of the most important steps in creating a sustainable logging
plan is to develop a harvest schedule."
19. Write a sentence using the ordinal numeral "previous" with the
following vocabulary words: "step in the process of afforestation".
Sustainable forestry management is a practice that aims to maintain the
ecological, economic, and social benefits of forests while also preserving
their biodiversity and resilience. This can include practices such as
selective logging, reforestation, and protection of old-growth forests.
Additionally, sustainable forestry management can also involve the use
of certification systems, such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC),
which ensure that products derived from forests are harvested in an
environmentally responsible and socially beneficial way.
Sustainable forestry management is important for society in multiple
ways. Forests play a vital role in the global ecosystem by providing
habitat for a wide variety of plant and animal species, regulating water
cycles, and storing carbon. They also provide a wide range of benefits to
human communities, including lumber and paper products, recreation,
and traditional cultural practices. By managing forests sustainably, we
44
can ensure that these benefits are maintained and passed on to future
generations.
45
UNIT 11
THE ADVERB
1. Fill in the blank with the appropriate adverb: "Climate change is

happening _____ due to human activities."
2. Complete the sentence using an adverb: "_____, the effects of climate
change are becoming more severe."
3. Rewrite the following sentence using an adverb: "Climate change is
causing rising sea levels."
4. Find the definitions of the following adverbs:
➢ Rapidly
➢ Clearly
➢ Dramatically
➢ Seriously
➢ Urgently
5. Write a sentence using the adverb "significantly" with one of the
following vocabulary words: "global warming" “ biodiversity”, “
green deal”.
6. Choose the correct adverb to complete the sentence "_____, we need
to reduce carbon emissions." (a) Gradually (b) Urgently
46
7. Write a sentence using the adverb "alarmingly" with the following

vocabulary words: "ice melt".
8. Complete the sentence using an adverb: "_____, the impact of
climate change on biodiversity is becoming more apparent."
9. Rewrite the following sentence using the adverb "unfortunately":
"Climate change is causing extreme weather events."
10. Make sentences with the each of the following nouns: grasslands,
wetlands, coral reef, tropical rain forests, biodiversity. For each
sentence use at least one adverb.
11. Write a sentence using the adverb "consistently" with the following
vocabulary words: "climate patterns".
12. Fill in the blank: "Biodiversity is important _____ for the survival of
all species."
13. Complete the sentence: "_____, the loss of biodiversity can have
severe consequences for the planet."
14. Rewrite the following sentence using an adverb: "Biodiversity is
essential for the health of ecosystems."
15. Write a sentence using the adverb "gradually" with the following
vocabulary words: "habitat loss"
16. Choose the correct adverb to complete the sentence "_____, the
population of certain species is declining." (a) Alarmingly (b)
Gradually
17. Write a sentence using the adverb "dramatically" with the following
vocabulary words: "species extinction"
18. Complete the sentence: "_____, the loss of biodiversity affects human
well-being."
19. Rewrite the following sentence using the adverb "unfortunately":
"The loss of biodiversity is a major problem."
47
20. Write a sentence using the adverb "significantly" with the following
vocabulary words: "ecosystem services".
Biodiversity, or the variety of life on Earth, is important for society in
many ways.
First, biodiversity plays a critical role in maintaining the health and
resilience of ecosystems, which provide a wide range of services to
human communities, such as air and water purification, pollination of
crops, and control of pests and diseases.
Second, biodiversity is also a source of inspiration and cultural value,
with many cultures around the world having deep spiritual, religious, or
recreational connections to nature.
Third, Biodiversity also has a great economic value, many products and
services that humans rely on come from biodiversity such as food,
medicine, fibre, and genetic resources.
Fourth, biodiversity provides a scientific research opportunities and
helps to understand the complexity and interconnections of the Earth's
systems.
However, human activities are causing rapid loss of biodiversity and
ecosystems worldwide. Therefore, it is important for society to take
action to protect and conserve biodiversity through measures such as
protected area creation, sustainable resource management, and reducing
pollution and habitat destruction. By preserving biodiversity, we can
ensure that the benefits it provides to society are maintained for future
generations.
The Green Deal for society is a comprehensive plan that aims to
transform the European Union into a fair and prosperous society, with a
48
modern, resource-efficient and competitive economy where there are no

net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050.
49
UNIT 12
IF CLAUSES – TYPE I
parentheses:
➢ If the farmers __________ (to plant) the crops early, they
__________ (to harvest) them before the rainy season.
➢ If the temperature __________ (not/to rise), the plants __________
(not/to grow) as well.
➢ If the soil __________ (to have) enough nutrients, the crops
__________ (to yield) a good harvest.
2. Write a sentence using an if clause type I with the following words:
➢ land measurement:
➢ cadastre:
➢ GIS
➢ UAV
3. Write a short paragraph about a hypothetical situation related to land
management, rural endowment, mapping, using if clauses type I.
4. Write a short dialogue between two people using if clauses type I:
Person 1: What will happen if we don't have a proper mapping system?
Person 2: If we ___________________
50
5. Continue the following sentence using an if clause type I:

➢ If the measurements are not correct______________
parentheses:
➢ If the farmers __________ (to use) the right pesticides, they
__________ (to prevent) crop damage.
➢ If the weather __________ (to remain) dry, the irrigation systems
__________ (have to) be used more frequently.
➢ If the soil __________ (not/to get) enough rest, the land __________
(not/to recover) from the last crop.
7. Write a sentence using an if clause type I with the following words:
➢ boundaries:
➢ land ownership:
➢ maps:
➢ drones:
➢ rural land management:
8. Write a short dialogue between two people using if clauses type I:
Person 1: What will happen if we don't use boundaries?
Person 2: If we don't ___________________
Land management is the process of taking care of land resources to ensure
that they are used in a sustainable and efficient way. It involves a wide range
of activities, such as crop and forest management, soil conservation, and
restoration of degraded land.
For society, sustainable land management is important because it helps to
ensure a stable food supply, protect biodiversity, and reduce the impacts of
climate change. Proper land management can also help to mitigate natural
disasters, such as floods and droughts.
51
Additionally, sustainable land management can also have significant

economic benefits. It can increase the productivity of land and improve the
livelihoods of farmers and rural communities. It can also help to protect the
natural resources that underpin many industries, such as tourism,
recreation, and timber production.
The European Green Deal includes several measures related to land
management, such as:
Developing sustainable land-use policies and practices to protect
biodiversity, reduce soil erosion, and increase carbon sequestration in soils.
Promoting sustainable forest management that preserves biodiversity,
reduces the risk of forest fires, and increases carbon sequestration in trees.
Supporting the restoration of degraded land and wetlands, which can help to
improve water quality, reduce flood risk, and support biodiversity.
An endowment of land management for society refers to a donation or grant
of land or financial resources specifically for the purpose of managing and
maintaining the land for the benefit of the community. This can include
preserving natural resources, promoting conservation and sustainability, or
providing recreational and educational opportunities. The management of
the endowment is typically overseen by a board or organization, and the
land may be open to the public or used for specific purposes such as farming
or research.
52
UNIT 13
IF CLAUSES – TYPE II
1. Fill in the blank with the appropriate verb : "If the earth's ozone layer
_____, the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface
would increase."
2. Complete the sentence: "If scientists had not discovered the structure
of DNA in the past, _____".
3. Rewrite the following sentence using the second conditional
structure: "If we continue to pollute the ocean, marine life will
suffer."
4. Write a sentence for each word, using an if clause type II:
➢ farming
➢ cover crops
➢ rural strategic planning
➢ agricultural practices
➢ rural development
5. Choose the correct word to complete the sentence "If the population
of bees _____, the amount of pollination would decrease." (a)
increase (b) decreases.
53
6. Write a sentence using the second conditional structure with the

following vocabulary words: "global warming" and "natural
resources".
7. Complete the sentence: "If we took no action to reduce carbon
emissions, ___________________________."
structure: "If we continue to deplete our natural resources, we will
face environmental problems."
following vocabulary words: "biodiversity" and "habitat destruction".
10. Fill in the blank: "If the human population _____, the demand for
resources would increase."
11. Complete the sentence: "If we had not developed new technologies to
conserve energy, _____"
structure: "If we continue to overfish, the ocean's ecosystem will
collapse."
following vocabulary words: "deforestation" and "species
extinction".
14. Choose the correct word to complete the sentence "If we reduced the
amount of plastic waste, _____ continue to harm marine life." (a) it
will (b) this would (c) it would (d) this will.
following vocabulary words: "agriculture" and " economic growth".
16. Complete the sentence: "If we had not invested in renewable energy
sources, _____".
54

structure: "If we don't start taking action on climate change, the
planet will face severe consequences."
following vocabulary words: "genetic modification" and "food
security ".
Agriculture and rural development strategic planning is the process of
creating a comprehensive plan for the sustainable development of
agricultural and rural areas within a society. The goal of this type of
planning is to improve the economic, social, and environmental well-being
of rural communities by addressing issues such as poverty, unemployment,
food security, and environmental degradation.
The planning process typically involves a number of steps, including:
1. Identifying key issues and challenges facing the agricultural and
rural sector
2. Conducting a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the
sector, including its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats
3. Setting clear and measurable goals and objectives for the sector
4. Developing a range of policy and program options to address the
identified issues and achieve the set goals and objectives
5. Identifying and assessing the potential impacts of the policy and
program options
6. Prioritizing the policy and program options and selecting the most
appropriate ones
7. Developing an implementation plan and identifying the resources
needed to put the plan into action
8. Monitoring and evaluating the plan's progress over time
55
The ultimate goal of agriculture and rural development strategic planning is

to ensure that the agricultural and rural sector can meet the needs of current
and future generations while preserving natural resources and promoting
economic growth.
56
UNIT 14
IF CLAUSES – TYPE III
1. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb:
➢ If the farmers __________ (to plant) the crops early, they
__________ (to harvest) them before the rainy season.
➢ If the temperature __________ (not/to rise), the plants __________
(not/to grow) as well.
➢ If the soil __________ (to have) enough nutrients, the crops
__________ (to yield) a good harvest.
2. Write a sentence using an if clause type III with the following words:
➢ enough water:
➢ fertilized:
➢ enough sunlight:
➢ life sciences career:
➢ life sciences engineering:
➢ career:
➢ professionals:
3. Write a short paragraph about a hypothetical situation using if clauses
type III.
4. Write a short dialogue between two people using if clauses type III,
starting from the sentence bellow:
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Person 1: What would have happened if we hadn't watered the crops

regularly?
Person 2: If we hadn't watered the crops regularly____________
5. Rewrite the following sentence using an if clause type III:
➢ If it trained, the farmers would not water the crops.
6. Rewrite the sentences below using IF clauses Type III
➢ If the cells were genetically modified to produce more insulin,
diabetes patients would require less medication.
➢ If scientists were able to successfully engineer bacteria to break
down plastic waste, it would greatly reduce pollution in our oceans.
➢ If researchers were able to develop a way to use stem cells for
regenerating damaged heart tissue, it could greatly improve the
survival rate of heart attack patients.
➢ If engineers were able to design a more efficient way to capture and
store solar energy, it could greatly reduce the world's dependence on
fossil fuels.
➢ If medical professionals were able to identify the genetic markers for
certain diseases, it would greatly improve the ability to diagnose and
treat those conditions.
7. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verb using IF clauses Type III
and then make all the changes accordingly:
➢ If the temperature _____ below freezing, the water in the pipes will
freeze.
➢ If the patient _____ the prescribed medication, their symptoms will
improve.
➢ If the researchers _____ the correct formula, they will be able to
create a new drug.
58
➢ If the engineers _____ the design flaw, the bridge will be able to
withstand the weight of the traffic.
➢ If the scientists _____ the correct genetic sequence, they will be able
to create a new strain of crop that is resistant to pests.
Life science engineering is a field of engineering that applies
engineering principles and techniques to the life sciences, such as
biology, biotechnology, and medicine. This field is interdisciplinary
and draws on concepts from engineering, biology, chemistry, and
physics to design and develop new technologies and products that
improve human health and well-being.
Some examples of how life science engineering is used to benefit
society include:
1. Biomedical devices and equipment: Engineers in this field
design and develop medical devices and equipment such as artificial
organs, prosthetics, and diagnostic tools.
2. Biomanufacturing: Life science engineers use engineering
principles to optimize the production of biopharmaceuticals and
other biological products.
3. Biomedical imaging: Engineers in this field develop new
imaging technologies that allow doctors to better diagnose and treat
diseases.
4. Biomedical informatics: Engineers in this field develop
software and algorithms to analyse large amounts of biomedical
data, which can help improve medical research and decision-making.
5. Biomedical robotics: Engineers in this field develop robotic
systems that can assist in surgeries and other medical procedures.
59
Life science engineering is helping in developing new technologies

and products that improve human health and well-being and also
helping to provide sustainable solutions for the society.
60
UNIT 15
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS vs PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
parentheses:
➢ I __________ (to study) for the exam all week.
➢ They __________ (to play) tennis for an hour already.
➢ We __________ (not/to work) on the project for very long.
2. Write a sentence using the present perfect continuous with the
following words:
➢ for:
➢ since:
➢ lately:
3. Write a short paragraph about something you have been doing
recently using the present perfect continuous.
4. Write a short dialogue between two people using the present perfect
continuous:
Person 1: How long have you been waiting for me?
61
Person 2: I have _________________

5. Rewrite the following sentences in the present perfect continuous:
➢ I study for the exam every day.
➢ They play tennis twice a week.
➢ He works on the project every day.
parentheses:
➢ The researchers __________ (to study) the effects of the new drug for
several months.
➢ The culture __________ (to grow) for a week now.
➢ The patient __________ (not/to respond) well to the treatment
because he __________ (to ignore) the doctor's advice.
7. Write a short dialogue between two people using the present perfect
continuous:
Person 1: How long have you been working on that project?
Person 2: I have __________________
8. Rewrite the following sentences in the present perfect continuous:
➢ The researchers were studying the effects of the new drug for several
months.
➢ The patient was not responding well to the treatment since he was
ignoring the doctor's advice.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

parentheses:
➢ By the time the researchers __________ (to arrive), the culture
__________ (to grow) for three days.
62
➢ The patient __________ (not/to respond) to the treatment because he

__________ (to ignore) the doctor's advice.
➢ The scientists __________ (to analyse) the sample for several hours
before they __________ (to discover) the new protein.
10. Write a sentence using the past perfect continuous with the following
word:
➢ for:
➢ since:
➢ before:
11. Write a short dialogue between two people using the past perfect
continuous:
Person 1: What were you doing when I came in?
Person 2: I had been examining the ______________
12. Rewrite the following sentences in the past perfect continuous:
➢ The researchers were growing the culture for three days.
➢ The patient was ignoring the doctor's advice for a week.
➢ The scientists were analysing the sample for several hours.
Water management refers to the process of planning, developing, and
implementing policies, programs, and projects to manage and conserve
water resources for the benefit of society. This can include managing the
quantity, quality, and distribution of water for different uses such as
drinking, irrigation, industry, and recreation.
Some examples of water management practices that can benefit society
include:
1. Water conservation: This can include measures such as using water-
efficient appliances and irrigation systems, promoting water-saving
63
habits among individuals, and implementing regulations to limit

water use in certain industries.
2. Water treatment and purification: Technologies and processes that
can remove pollutants and contaminants from water, making it safe
for drinking and other uses.
3. Watershed management: This involves protecting and managing the
land and water resources within a specific watershed to improve
water quality and quantity, prevent soil erosion, and protect aquatic
ecosystems.
4. Flood control: This includes building structures such as dams and
levees to prevent flooding and protect communities from the damage
caused by heavy rain or melting snow.
5. Irrigation: The use of water for agriculture can be optimized using
efficient irrigation systems, precision agriculture, and drought
management strategies, to improve crop yields and reduce water
waste.
Effective water management is crucial for meeting the water needs of a
growing population, maintaining ecosystem health, and ensuring sustainable
economic development. It involves cooperation between governments,
industries, and communities, and often requires balancing competing
demands for water resources.
64
UNIT 16
INDIRECT SPEECH
1. Write a short conversation in direct speech, then rewrite it in indirect

speech.
Example: Direct: "I'm going to the store," said John.
Indirect: John said that he was going to the store.
2. Write a short paragraph in direct speech, then rewrite it in indirect
speech.
Example: Direct: "I love pizza," said Jane. "It's my favorite food."
Indirect: Jane said that she loved pizza and that it was her favorite food.
3. Write a short story in direct speech, then rewrite it in indirect speech.
Example: Direct: "I can't believe you did that!" said John. "You're fired!"
Indirect: John said that he couldn't believe what the other person did and
that they were fired.
4. Practice listening to a conversation and retelling it in indirect speech.
5. Try reading a news article or a book and rewriting the direct speech
in indirect speech.
6. Rewrite the next sentences in Indirect speech :
"I'm going to the gym," said Sarah. "I need to stay in shape."
"I'm so excited for the weekend," said Jack. "I'm going camping with
my friends."
65

Air pollution is a major environmental problem that can have negative
impacts on human health and the environment. It is caused by the release
of pollutants into the air, such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides,
sulphur dioxide, and greenhouse gases. These pollutants can come from
a variety of sources, including transportation, industrial activities, power
generation, and agriculture.
Air pollution can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory
and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and premature death. It can also
harm plants and animals and contribute to climate change.
There are several strategies that can be used to reduce air pollution and
its impacts on society, including:
1. Emissions controls
2. Clean energy
3. Public transportation
4. Land-use planning
5. Public education and awareness.
It is important to note that air pollution is a global problem, so it requires
international cooperation and agreements to address the issue. Air pollution
control is a complex and challenging task that requires a multi-disciplinary
approach, involving government, industry, and the public.
66
UNIT 17
THE CONJUNCTIONS
8. Fill in the blank with the suitable conjunction: "Air pollution _____
water pollution are major environmental problems."
9. Complete the sentence: "_____ the air is clean, we can breathe easy
and stay healthy."
10. Rewrite the following sentence using a conjunction: "Air pollution
causes respiratory problems and it also affects the climate."
11. Write a sentence using the conjunction "yet" with the following
vocabulary words: "clean water" and "scarcity"
12. Choose the correct conjunction to complete the sentence "Air
pollution affects human health _____ the environment." (a) and (b)
but
13. Write a sentence using the conjunction "because" with the following
vocabulary words: "industrial waste" and "water pollution"
14. Complete the sentence: "_____ clean air and clean water are
essential for our survival."
15. Rewrite the following sentence using the conjunction "so": "Water
scarcity is a major problem and it is affecting many communities."
67
16. Write a sentence using the conjunction "or" with the following
vocabulary words: "air pollution" and "water pollution".
Rural tourism can play an important role in the development of rural
communities and can have several benefits for society.
Rural tourism can provide an alternative sustainable source of income for
the rural communities, it can also help to preserve traditional culture and
heritage and can contribute to the conservation of the natural resources of
the area. However, it is important to implement and plan sustainable and
responsible rural tourism practices to avoid negative impacts on the
environment, culture and local communities.
The effects of rural tourism can be both positive and negative, depending on
how it is planned and managed.
Positive effects of rural tourism include:
1. Economic benefits: Rural tourism can provide new economic
opportunities for local communities, such as jobs in the tourism
industry and increased income for farmers and other rural
businesses.
2. Preservation of cultural heritage: Rural tourism can help to preserve
traditional cultures, customs, and lifestyles by providing a source of
income for local communities and promoting awareness of the area's
cultural heritage.
3. Environmental conservation: Rural tourism can help to protect the
environment by promoting sustainable practices and raising
awareness of the importance of conservation.
4. Social development: Rural tourism can help to improve the social
and economic well-being of local communities by providing jobs,
income, and opportunities for education and training.
68
5. Improved infrastructure: Rural tourism can lead to the development

of new infrastructure such as roads, accommodation, and other
facilities.
Negative effects of rural tourism include:
1. Overcrowding and overuse of resources: Uncontrolled tourism can
lead to overcrowding in popular areas, putting pressure on local
infrastructure and natural resources.
2. Loss of authenticity: Tourism can lead to the commercialization of
traditional cultures and customs, and the loss of authenticity of local
experiences.
3. Displacement of local residents: Some rural tourism development
projects can lead to the displacement of local residents and the loss
of their land and homes.
4. Environmental degradation: Unsustainable tourism practices can
lead to environmental degradation, such as soil erosion, pollution,
and the destruction of natural habitats.
5. Dependence on tourism: Rural communities may become too
dependent on tourism, which can be affected by factors such as
weather, global economic conditions, and pandemics.
It is important to have a well-planned and sustainable approach to rural
tourism development that takes into account the needs and aspirations of
local communities, and balances economic development with the protection
of cultural heritage and the environment.
69
UNIT 18
THE ARTICLE
1. Fill in the blank: "_____ water is essential for human survival."

2. Complete the sentence: "To conserve _____ water, we should reduce
our water usage and fix any leaks in our plumbing."
3. Rewrite the following sentence using an article: "Water pollution is a
major environmental problem that affects both human health and the
health of aquatic ecosystems."
4. Write a sentence using the article "the" with the following vocabulary
words: " carbon farming".
5. Choose the correct article to complete the sentence "_____ water
scarcity is a growing problem in many parts of the world." (a) The
(b) A
6. Write a sentence using the article "a/an" or “the” with the following
vocabulary words: "importance of carbon sequestration",
“standalone solution to climate change”.
7. Complete the sentence: "_____ water cycle is a natural process that
involves the movement of water between the earth's surface,
atmosphere and oceans."
70
8. Rewrite the following sentence using the article "that": "Water is a

precious resource that is essential for life."
9. Write a sentence using the article "this" with the following
vocabulary words: "groundwater depletion", “ conservation tillage”.
Carbon farming is a set of land management practices that sequester carbon
in the soil, plants, and trees. It is considered an important strategy for
reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the effects of climate
change.
Carbon farming practices can include:
1. Agroforestry: The integration of trees into agricultural landscapes,
which can help to sequester carbon in the soil and in the biomass of
the trees.
2. Conservation tillage: This involves using tillage practices that
minimize disturbance to the soil, which can help to increase the
amount of carbon stored in the soil.
3. Cover cropping: This involves planting a cover crop between main
crop harvests, which can help to protect the soil, increase soil
organic matter, and sequester carbon.
4. Livestock management: This includes practices such as rotational
grazing and reducing herd sizes, which can help to improve soil
health, increase carbon sequestration, and reduce methane emissions
from livestock.
5. Biochar: The addition of biochar (charcoal made from plant
material) to the soil can increase soil carbon sequestration while
providing other benefits such as improving soil fertility and water
retention.
71
The implementation of carbon farming practices can provide a range of

benefits for society, including:
1. Climate change mitigation: Carbon farming can help to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions by sequestering carbon in the soil and
vegetation.
2. Food security: Carbon farming practices can improve soil health and
productivity, which can help to increase crop yields and improve
food security.
3. Biodiversity conservation: Carbon farming practices can help to
protect and restore natural habitats, which can support a diversity of
plant and animal life.
4. Economic benefits: Carbon farming can provide new economic
opportunities for farmers and rural communities, such as carbon
offset credits and the potential for new revenue streams from the sale
of biochar and other products.
5. Adaptation to climate change: Carbon farming can improve soil
health and water retention, which can help farmers to adapt to
changing weather patterns and water availability.
Overall, carbon farming is an important strategy for addressing climate
change and its impacts on society, while also providing a range of co-
benefits such as improved food security, biodiversity conservation, and
economic development.
72
UNIT 19
THE SYNTAX
1. Write a short paragraph, paying attention to sentence structure and

grammar. Make sure each sentence has a subject and a verb, and that
the sentences flow logically.
2. Write a short story, paying attention to the proper use of punctuation,
such as commas, semicolons, and periods.
3. Practice using different sentence structures, such as compound and
complex sentences, in your writing.
4. Write a descriptive passage, using descriptive adjectives and adverbs
to add detail to your writing.
5. Practice writing in different tenses, such as past, present and future,
and pay attention to the verb conjugation and the agreement with the
subject.
6. Practice writing in passive voice and active voice and understand
when to use each one.
7. Practice identifying and correcting common grammar mistakes, such
as subject-verb agreement and pronoun-antecedent agreement.
73
8. Read a text and try to identify the different parts of speech and their
function, also try to identify the main clause and the dependent
clauses.
9. Practice writing a formal and informal letter and pay attention to the
tone and the language used.
10. Try to write a text using different figures of speech, such as simile,
metaphor, and personification.
Plant genetic engineering refers to the use of biotechnology techniques to
alter the genetic makeup of plants in order to improve their characteristics
and performance. This can include introducing new genes to improve crop
yields, resistance to pests and diseases, tolerance to environmental stress,
and nutritional content.
Some examples of how plant genetic engineering can benefit society include:
1. Increased crop yields: Genetic engineering can be used to improve
the growth and productivity of crops, helping to meet the food needs
of a growing population.
2. Pest and disease resistance: Genetic engineering can be used to
introduce genes that confer resistance to pests and diseases, reducing
the need for pesticides and increasing crop yields.
3. Tolerance to environmental stress: Genetic engineering can be used
to introduce genes that confer tolerance to environmental stress such
as drought, high salinity, and extreme temperatures, increasing crop
yields and reducing the need for irrigation and other water-related
resources.
4. Nutritional enhancement: Genetic engineering can be used to
improve the nutritional content of crops, such as increasing the levels
of vitamins and minerals in foods.
74
5. Bioremediation: Genetic engineering can be used to create plants

that can clean up contaminated soil and water by absorbing
pollutants into their tissues.
6. Bioenergy: Genetic engineering can be used to create plants that are
more efficient at converting sunlight into energy, which can be used
to generate electricity or produce biofuels.
Plant genetic engineering is a rapidly evolving field with the potential to
bring significant benefits to society, such as increasing food security,
reducing the need for pesticides and water usage, and improving the
nutritional content of foods. However, it is important to ensure that the
development and use of genetically engineered plants is guided by sound
scientific principles and done in an environmentally responsible way, taking
into account potential risks and public concerns.
75
UNIT 20
BRITISH ENGLISV vs AMERICAN ENGLISH
1. Vocabulary: Make a list of words that are commonly used in British

English but not in American English (e.g. "lorry" in British English
and "truck" in American English), and vice versa. Practice using
them in sentences.
2. Grammar: Compare the use of "have got" and "have" in British
English and "have" in American English. Practice using them in
different tenses.
3. Pronunciation: Listen to recordings of British and American English
speakers and practice imitating their accents. Pay attention to
differences in vowel sounds, such as the "a" sound in "dance" (which
is pronounced differently in British and American English)
4. Reading and Listening: Read or Listen to news or literature in both
varieties of English, compare and contrast the variations.
5. Spelling: Look at a list of words that have different spellings in
British and American English (e.g. "colour" in British English and
"color" in American English) and practice spelling them correctly.
76
6. Idioms: Learn some idioms and colloquial expressions that are

commonly used in British and American English. Practice using them
in conversations or writing.
7. Movies and TV shows: Watch movies or TV shows in both British
and American English and pay attention to the differences in dialogue
and pronunciation.
8. Practice Speaking: Find a conversation partner who is a native
speaker of the variety of English you want to practice, and practice
speaking with them.
9. Take a British or American English online course or find a tutor who
can help you focus on specific areas of difficulty and correct your
accent.
Urban landscape design refers to the planning and design of outdoor
spaces in urban areas, such as parks, plazas, gardens, and other
green spaces. The goal of urban landscape design is to create
functional and aesthetically pleasing spaces that enhance the quality
of life for the people who live and work in the area. It can also
include features such as seating, lighting, and water features, as well
as the incorporation of native plants and other elements that promote
biodiversity and ecological sustainability. Urban landscape design
can also play a role in addressing issues such as heat island effect,
stormwater management, and air quality.
77

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Raul Pașcalău - Practising Modern English for Life Sciences students

PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPPLE CONTINOUS

S+ VERB ( III PERS.SG. + S+ TO BE + VB + ING

PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPPLE CONTINOUS

Always, every, often, seldom, Now, right now, at the moment,

1. Complete the sentence using present simple: The process of

8. Fill in the blank: The process of natural selection _________the

a. The cell membrane ________(to control) the movement of molecules

PRESENT SIMPLE CONTINOUS

PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT SIMPLE

He________ (to play) the guitar every day. (present simple).

1. Complete the sentence with the appropriate noun: "Reducing _____

5. Write a sentence using the noun "emission" with the following

17. Complete the sentence:

health, as well as for supporting economic development and social

➢ They are _____ (develop) new technologies to capture and store

The vital role of humanity in addressing climate change is to reduce

➢ The _____ cheese was tangy and crumbly.

➢ The precision farming technology is ____________ the traditional

Secondly, agriculture is a significant contributor to the global economy.

PAST SIMPLE vs PAST SIMPLE CONTINUOUS

8. Rewrite the following sentence in the past simple: I am going to the

➢ In the early 20th century, scientists such as Thomas Hunt Morgan

PAST SIMPLE CONTINOUS

1. Complete the following sentence with the past simple continuous

8. Rewrite the following sentence in the past simple continuous: I am

PAST SIMPLE vs PAST SIMPLE CONTINUOUS

inspections, and recalls can help to prevent the spread of foodborne

➢ The precision agriculture technology is ________most important

3. Translate into Romanian the following text:

the environment, and preserving social cohesion and cultural

➢ The study of biodiversity _________ (to increase) our knowledge of

Thirdly, ecosystems are also a source of recreation and tourism. Many

7. Write a sentence using the modal "could" with the following

19. Translate the following text into Romanian:

5. Write a sentence using the numeral "10" with the following

1. Fill in the blank with the appropriate adverb: "Climate change is

7. Write a sentence using the adverb "alarmingly" with the following

modern, resource-efficient and competitive economy where there are no

5. Continue the following sentence using an if clause type I:

Additionally, sustainable land management can also have significant

6. Write a sentence using the second conditional structure with the

17. Rewrite the following sentence using the second conditional

The ultimate goal of agriculture and rural development strategic planning is

Person 1: What would have happened if we hadn't watered the crops

Life science engineering is helping in developing new technologies

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Person 2: I have _________________

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

➢ The patient __________ (not/to respond) to the treatment because he

habits among individuals, and implementing regulations to limit

1. Write a short conversation in direct speech, then rewrite it in indirect

7. Translate the following text into Romanian:

5. Improved infrastructure: Rural tourism can lead to the development

1. Fill in the blank: "_____ water is essential for human survival."

8. Rewrite the following sentence using the article "that": "Water is a

The implementation of carbon farming practices can provide a range of

1. Write a short paragraph, paying attention to sentence structure and

5. Bioremediation: Genetic engineering can be used to create plants

1. Vocabulary: Make a list of words that are commonly used in British

6. Idioms: Learn some idioms and colloquial expressions that are

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