Journal of Molecular Liquids 222 (2016) 181–187

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Journal of Molecular Liquids

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/molliq

On model of Burgers fluid subject to magneto nanoparticles and

convective conditions
Tasawar Hayat a,b, Muhammad Waqas a,⁎, Sabir Ali Shehzad c, Ahmed Alsaedi b
a
Department of Mathematics, Quaid-I-Azam University 45320, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
b
Nonlinear Analysis and Applied Mathematics (NAAM) Research Group, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80257, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
c
Department of Mathematics, Comsats Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Here modeling and analysis are developed to characterize the boundary layer flow of Burgers nanofluid in the
Received 14 May 2016 presence of Robin's type condition at the stretching surface. Considered nanofluid model consists of Brownian
Received in revised form 22 June 2016 motion and thermophoresis effects. The flow analysis is considered under the action of applied magnetic field.
Accepted 25 June 2016
Similarity variables are selected to convert the dimensional nonlinear equations into dimensionless expressions.
Available online 27 June 2016
The governing dimensionless problems are solved through the implementation of homotopic procedure. The var-
Keywords:
iations in dimensionless temperature and nanoparticle concentration profiles corresponding to embedded phys-
Magnetic field ical parameters are displayed and evaluated. The physical quantities of interest are examined through numerical
Burgers nanofluid data for various values of thermophoresis, Brownian motion, Prandtl number, Schmidt number and Biot num-
Robin's type conditions bers. Comparison of f′′(0) and θ′(0) in a limiting case is presented for the verification of present derived solutions.
© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Hayat et al. [16] studied the impact of thermophoresis in stretched

At present the cooling of electronic equipments plays a major role in
industrial processes but smaller thermal conductivity base fluids like oil,
water, ethylene glycol has many limitations. Such limitations can be
controlled by developing the new heat transfer fluids that have higher
thermal efficiency. These liquids can be developed by adding the small
size solid particles into base fluid. The submersion of solid particles al-
ters the thermophysical capability of host liquids. These liquids not nat-
urally occurred but can be developed in the laboratory. The thermal
performance of these liquids has major impact on the heat transfer co-
efficient between the heat transfer medium and surface. The thermal
conductivity of nanoliquids is much higher than the ordinary base
fluid and has no further deficiency like erosion, pressure drop and sed-
imentation due to small size of nanoelements. No doubt the nanofluids
have tremendous practical implementation in transportation, cooling of
electronic equipments, nuclear systems cooling, biomedication, heat ex-
changer and many others [1–15].
There is continuous increasing focus of recent scientists and re-
searchers in the flow problems of non-Newtonian fluids due to their ex-
tensive applications in industry and engineering. The production of food
materials, paper and plastic involve the non-Newtonian fluid over a
moving surface. Various recent scientists and engineers have interest
to characterize the properties of non-Newtonian liquids. For instance
⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mw_qau88@yahoo.com (M. Waqas).
flow of Maxwell fluid via convective condition and Joule heating. MHD
unsteady flow of pseudoplastic nanofluid induced by a thin film with
heat generation is reported by Lin et al. [17]. Stagnation point flow of
hydromagnetic viscous liquid with slip condition and homogeneous-
heterogeneous reactions is studied by Abbas et al. [18]. Mabood et al.
[19] examined MHD flow of viscous liquid in presence of transpiration.
They also reported the interaction of chemical reaction in this attempt.
Malvandi et al. [20] analyzed the time-dependent stagnation point
flow of viscous nanofluid in presence of slip condition.
It is now well established fact that non-Newtonian materials in view
of their diverse rheological properties cannot be examined by one con-
stitutive relation between shear stress and deformation rate. Thus gen-
erally the non-Newtonian liquids are categories in three sections
namely (1) differential type (2) rate type and (3) integral type. Much at-
tention in the past has been focused to the subclasses of differential type
materials. Rate type materials are less focused. In rate type materials the
stress components through velocity components explicitly are not pos-
sible for two and three dimensional flows. Here we consider Burgers
fluid. The model of Burgers fluid is subclass of rate type materials. The
relaxation and retardation effects can only be predicted by rate type liq-
uids. Rate type liquid is particularly valuable for polymers. The Burgers
fluid model has been effectively used to portray the reaction of asphalt
and asphalt concrete [21] and also used to model the geological struc-
tures such as olivine rocks [22]. Several researchers utilized this model
under different aspects and conditions. For instance exact solution for
some simple flows of Burgers fluid through Fourier transform technique

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.06.087
0167-7322/© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
182 T. Hayat et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids 222 (2016) 181–187

is presented by Hayat et al. [23]. Hayat [24] also developed exact so- in which the Cauchy stress T and extra stress S tensor are defined as
lutions to rotating flows of Burgers fluid. Exact solution for an un-
steady flow of a generalized Burgers fluid induced by an T¼−pI þ S; ð3Þ
accelerating plate is reported by Zheng et al. [25]. Liu et al. [26] ex-  ! 
amined MHD flow and heat transfer of generalized Burgers fluid δ δ2 δ
1 þ λ1 þ λ2 2 S¼μ 1 þ λ3 A1 ; ð4Þ
due to an exponential accelerating plate with radiation effect. Khan δt δt δt
et al. [27] studied non-linear radiative flow of three-dimensional
Burgers nanofluid with new mass flux effect. Cattaneo-Christov where p denotes the pressure, I the identity tensor, μ the dynamic
heat flux model for flow of variable thermal conductivity generalized viscosity, δtδ is the covariant differentiation, (λ 1 , λ 3 ) are relaxation
Burgers fluid is addressed by Waqas et al. [28]. and retardation times respectively whereas λ2 is the material pa-
The study of convective heat transfer is of incredible importance in rameter of Burgers fluid. The first Rivlin Ericksen tensor A 1 is de-
the processes where high temperature is evoked such as, nuclear plants, fined as
gas turbines, and storage of thermal energy and so forth. The convective
tr
boundary conditions are considered to define the linear convective heat A1 ¼ gradVþðgradVÞ ; ð5Þ
exchange condition for algebraic entities. No doubt convective bound-
ary conditions are more practical in various industrial and engineering where tr indicates the matrix transpose and the velocity field V is
processes for instance transpiration cooling process, material drying, given by
etc. The practical importance of convective boundary conditions has
V¼½uðx; yÞ; vðx; yÞ; 0: ð6Þ
compelled many researchers to investigate and report their findings
on this topic. The idea of convective boundary condition was given by
Aziz [29]. He discussed the boundary layer flow of viscous fluid over a The definition of δtδ is
flat plate subject to convective surface condition. Influence of convec-
δai ∂ai
tive surface condition in MHD mixed convection flow from vertical sur- ¼ þ ur ai;r −ui;r ar : ð7Þ
δt ∂t
face in a porous medium is reported by Makinde and Aziz [30]. Thermal
radiative mixed convection stagnation point flow of Maxwell fluid to- By adopting the procedure of [51] and then employing the boundary
wards a surface with convective boundary condition is addressed by layer assumptions [52] we have the following governing equations of
Hayat et al. [31]. Hayat et al. [32] analyzed MHD stagnation point flow magnetonano Burgers fluid:
of Jeffrey fluid by a radially stretching surface with viscous dissipation,
Joule heating and convective condition. Shehzad et al. [33] studied the ∂u ∂v
flow and heat transfer characteristics of micropolar fluid over an un- þ ¼ 0; ð8Þ
∂x ∂y
steady stretching sheet with convective boundary condition. Hayat et
!
al. [34,35] examined the impact of radial magnetic field on the peristal- ∂u ∂u ∂ u ∂ u
2
∂ u
2 2

tic flow of Carreau-Yasuda and Carreau liquids in a channel with wall u þ v þ λ1 u2 2 þ v2 2 þ 2uv
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x∂y
properties and convective conditions respectively.
Literature survey indicates that much attention in the past has been "    
3 2 2 2 2 2
3
∂ u ∂ u∂u ∂u∂ v ∂v ∂ u ∂v∂ u ∂u ∂ u
given to study the boundary layer flows in the presence of temperature þλ2 u3 ∂ u þ v3 þ u2 − þ2 þ 3v2 þ
∂x3 ∂y3 ∂x2 ∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂x∂x∂y ∂y ∂y2 ∂y∂x∂y
convective condition. However to the best of our knowledge no attempt
for MHD rate type fluid is yet presented for the simultaneous effects of    2 #
3 3 2 2 2
convective heat and mass conditions at the surface. This study intro- þ3uv u
∂ u
þv
∂ u
þ 2uv
∂u∂ u
þ
∂v∂ u
þ
∂v ∂ u ∂u ∂ v
− ð9Þ
∂x2 ∂y ∂x∂y2 ∂y ∂x
2 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y∂x∂y ∂y∂x∂y
duces attempt in the literature. Even such conditions have not been uti-
lized yet in flow analysis without nanoparticles. Thus the present
" 2 !#
communication discusses the flow of Burgers nanofluid over a ∂ u
3
∂ u
3 2 2
∂ u ∂u ∂ u ∂u ∂ v
¼ν þ λ 3 u þ v − −
stretching surface. The convective boundary conditions through tem- ∂y2 ∂x∂y2 ∂y3 ∂x ∂y2 ∂y ∂y2
perature and concentration are employed at the surface. The governing
dimensionless nonlinear ordinary differential equations are computed ( 2 2
)!
σ B20 ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂ u ∂ u
by employing a modern technique namely the homotopy analysis − u−λ1 v þ λ2 u −v þ uv þ v2 2 ;
ρf ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x∂y ∂y
method (HAM) [36–50]. Results are displayed in the form of convergent
series. Graphs of various involved physical parameters are sketched for 2
"  2 #
∂T ∂T ∂ T ∂C ∂T DT ∂T
the velocity, temperature and concentration fields. The physical quanti- u þv ¼ α 2 þ τ DB þ ; ð10Þ
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y T ∞ ∂y
ties of interest namely the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are
computed numerically and interpreted.
2 2
∂C ∂C ∂ C DT ∂ T
u þv ¼ DB 2 þ : ð11Þ
2. Governing problems ∂x ∂y ∂y T ∞ ∂y2

We assumed the laminar flow of Burgers nanofluid over a moving The boundary conditions for the present analysis are:
sheet. The magnetic field of strength B0 is applied normal to the flow di-
∂T   ∂C  
rection. We utilized the Robin's condition at the stretching sheet. We u ¼ uw ðxÞ ¼ cx; v ¼ 0; −k ¼ h1 T f −T ; −DB ¼ h2 C f −C at y ¼ 0;
also considered that the surface of sheet is heated with hot liquid with ∂y ∂y
temperature Tf and concentration Cf. The fundamental equations u→0; T→T ∞ ; C→C ∞ as y→∞;
governing the flow are ð12Þ

where u and v are the velocity components parallel to the x and y-

divV¼0; ð1Þ
directions, respectively, ρf the density of fluid, ν the kinematic vis-
cosity, σ the electrical conductivity, B0 the applied magnetic field, α
dv the thermal diffusivity, k the thermal conductivity, uw the stretching
ρ ¼ divT; ð2Þ
dt velocity, c the dimensional constant having dimension 1/T, τ the heat
 T. Hayat et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids 222 (2016) 181–187 183

capacity ratio, (DB, DT) the Brownian and thermophoresis diffusion

coefficients, (h1 , h2 ) the convective heat and mass transfer coeffi-
cients respectively, (Tf , C f ) the temperature and concentration of
fluid respectively and (T ∞ , C ∞ ) the ambient fluid temperature and
concentration respectively.
Eqs. (9)–(12) can be transformed into the system of dimensionless
expressions by employing the following variables:

rffiffiffi
c 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffi
η¼y ; u ¼ cxf ðηÞ; v ¼ − cν f ðηÞ;
ν ð13Þ
T−T ∞ C−C ∞
θðηÞ ¼ ; ϕðηÞ ¼ :
T f −T ∞ C f −C ∞

The continuity equation is identically satisfied and other equations

have the following forms:
Fig. 2. Influence of β1 on f′.
   
‴ ″ 02 0 ″ 2 ‴ 3 iv 02 ″ 2 002
f þ f f −f þ β1 2f f f − f f þ β2 f f −2 f f f −3f f
    ð14Þ
002 iv 0 ″ 2 ‴
þβ3 f −f f −Ha2 f −β1 f f þ β2 f f ¼ 0;

θ″ þ Prf θ0 þ PrNb ϕ0 θ0 þ PrNt θ02 ¼ 0; ð15Þ

Nt ″
ϕ″ þ Scf ϕ0 þ θ ¼ 0; ð16Þ
Nb

0
f ¼ 0; f ¼ 1; θ0 ¼ −γ1 ð1−θðηÞÞ; ϕ0 ¼ −γ2 ð1−ϕðηÞÞ at η ¼ 0;
0 ð17Þ
f →0; θ→0; ϕ→0 at η→∞;

where prime signifies the differentiation with respect to η. Here the

non-Newtonian parameters β1, β2 and β3, magnetic parameter Ha,
Prandtl number Pr, Biot numbers γ1 and γ2, Brownian motion parame-
ter Nb, thermophoretic parameter Nt and Schmidt number Sc are de-
fined by. Fig. 3. Influence of β2 on f′.

rffiffiffiffi
σB20 ν h1 ν 3. Convergence analysis
β1 ¼ λ1 c; β2 ¼ λ2 c2 ; β3 ¼ λ3 c; Ha2 ¼ ; Pr ¼ ; γ1 ¼
ρf c α k α
rffiffiffiffi     ð18Þ
h2 ν τDB C f −C ∞ τDT T f −T ∞ ν The governing dimensionless expressions (14–16) corresponding to
γ2 ¼ ; Nb ¼ ; Nt ¼ ; Sc ¼ :
DB α ν T ∞ν DB boundary conditions (17) are solved using homotopic technique.
Homotopic technique involves the auxiliary parameters ℏf, ℏθ and ℏϕ
which are used in adjusting and controlling the convergence of solu-
In terms of dimensionless quantities, we have the following expres-
tions. Hence we sketched the ℏ-curves in Fig. 1. It is noted that the ad-
sions of local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers
missible values of ℏf, ℏθ and ℏϕ are −1.85 ≤ ℏf ≤ − 0.25, −1.10 ≤ ℏθ ≤ −
0.10 and −1.05≤ℏϕ ≤ − 0.40.
Nux =Rex ¼ −θ0 ð0Þ; Shx =Rex ¼ −ϕ0 ð0Þ;
1 1
2 2
ð19Þ

where Rex = cx2/ν is the local Reynolds number.

Fig. 1. ℏ−curves for the functions f, θ and ϕ. Fig. 4. Influence of β3 on f′.

184 T. Hayat et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids 222 (2016) 181–187
Fig. 5. Influence of Ha on f′.
Fig. 6. Influence of Pr on θ.
4. Results and discussion
This section reports the salient features of non-Newtonian parame-
ters β1, β2 and β3, magnetic parameter Ha, Prandtl number Pr,
thermopheratic parameter Nt, Brownian motion parameter Nb, Biot
numbers γ1 and γ2 and Schmidt number Sc on the dimensionless veloc-
ity f′(η), temperature θ(η) and concentration ϕ(η). The impacts of β1, β2
and β3 on f′(η) are investigated in Figs. 2–4. We investigated that the ve-
locity f′(η) is retarded when we enhance the values of β1 and β2. On the
contrary we examined that the fluid velocity f′(η) is higher for larger
values of β3 (see Fig. 3). Here relaxation and retardation times occurred
Fig. 7. Influence of Nt on θ.
Fig. 8. Influence of Nb on θ.
Fig. 9. Influence of γ1 on θ.
in the definition of β1 and β3. Due to occurrence of relaxation and retar-
dation times we noticed that f′(η) has quite reverse effects for β1 and β3.
In Fig. 5, we noted that the magnetic parameter Ha corresponds to
smaller velocity f′(η). The fluid velocity for hydrodynamic case is stron-
ger in comparison to hydromagnetic situation. The Lorentz force that
appeared in magnetic parameter becomes stronger with an increase in
Ha. In fact the stronger Lorentz force decays the velocity f′(η).
The curves of θ(η) for values of Prandtl number are presented in
Fig. 6. This Fig. illustrates that the temperature and its related boundary
layer thickness reduce for larger Prandtl number. The thermal
Fig. 10. Influence of Sc on ϕ.
 T. Hayat et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids 222 (2016) 181–187 185

Table 1
Convergence of series solutions for different orders of approximations when β1 =β2 =0.2,
β3 = 0.1, Ha = 0.1, Nt = Nb = 0.3, Pr = 1.2, Sc = 1.3, γ1 = γ2 = 0.2, ℏf = − 1.0 and
ℏθ =ℏϕ = −1.2.

Order of approximations −f′′(0) −θ′(0) −ϕ′(0)

1 1.0150 0.15533 0.14056

5 1.0216 0.14937 0.13294
10 1.0216 0.14902 0.13216
13 1.0216 0.14901 0.13213
20 1.0216 0.14901 0.13213
30 1.0216 0.14901 0.13213

Table 2
Impacts of Nt, Nb, Pr, γ1 and γ2 on Nusselt number (Nu/Re1/2
x ) when β1 =β2 =0.2, β3 =0.1,
Ha=0.1 and Sc=1.3.

Nt Nb Pr γ1 γ2 −θ′(0)

Fig. 11. Influence of Nt on ϕ. 0.0 0.3 1.2 0.1508

0.2 0.1497
0.4 0.1484
0.3 0.4 0.1485
0.6 0.1473
0.8 0.1462
0.3 1.4 0.1526
1.6 0.1554
1.8 0.1578
1.2 0.3 0.1972
0.5 0.2647
0.7 0.3090
0.2 0.3 0.1485
0.5 0.1478
0.7 0.1472

surface temperature case is recovered by setting γ1 =0. The increasing

Fig. 12. Influence of Nb on ϕ.
diffusivity of larger Prandtl fluid is much weaker and it corresponds to
smaller temperature. The role of thermophoretic parameter on θ(η) is
visualized in Fig. 7. The thermophoretic parameter is due to involve-
ment of nanoparticles. The fluid conductivity is increased rapidly with
an increase in thermophoretic parameter due to which higher temper-
ature is noticed in Fig. 7. The variations in θ(η) for various values of
Brownian motion parameter are addressed in Fig. 8. It is revealed that
θ(η) and thermal boundary layer boost up when we give rise to
Brownian motion parameter. Fig. 9 elucidates the change in curves of
θ(η) corresponding to multiple values of Biot number γ1. The constant
values of γ1 lead to higher temperature profile. The heat transfer coeffi-
cient becomes stronger for larger γ1 and it corresponds to an enhance-
ment in θ(η).
Impact of Schimdt number on concentration ϕ(η) is displayed in Fig.
10. From this figure, we observed that ϕ(η) decays for larger Schimdt
number. Weaker Brownian diffusion coefficient occurs for higher
Schmidt number that retards the concentration ϕ(η) and boundary
layer thickness. The concentration ϕ(η) for values of thermophoretic
parameter and Brownian motion parameter are examined in Figs. 11
and 12. Here concentration ϕ(η) is enhanced when the values of
thermophoretic parameter are larger but it decays for larger Brownian
motion parameter. Fig. 13 is made to analyze the impact of Biot number
γ2 on concentration. We visualized that the concentration is higher for
larger γ2.
Table 3
Impacts of Nt, Nb, Pr, γ2 and Sc on Sherwood number (Sh/Re1/2
x ) when β1 = β2 = 0.2,
β3 =0.1, Ha=0.1 and γ1 =0.2.

Nt Nb Pr γ1 γ2 Sc −ϕ′(0)

0.0 0.3 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1543

0.2 0.1395
0.4 0.1250
0.3 0.4 0.1378
0.6 0.1435
0.8 0.1464
0.3 1.4 0.1314
1.6 0.1307
1.8 0.1301
1.2 0.3 0.1251
0.5 0.1154
0.7 0.1089
0.2 0.3 0.1781
0.5 0.2468
0.7 0.2957
0.2 1.4 0.1352
1.5 0.1378
1.6 0.1401
Fig. 13. Influence of γ2 on ϕ.
186 T. Hayat et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids 222 (2016) 181–187

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