CHAPTER 4

WO RK, E NERGY
AND POWE R

Prepared by: Ismashahrina bt Ismail

 Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Define work, energy and power and state their SI unit.

1

Define renewable and non renewable energy.

2

Explain advantages of renewable energy.

3

List types of energy .

4
Solve the calculation problem using the formula work, energy and
5 power.
State Principle of Conservation of Energy
6

7 Calculate the efficiency in mechanical system.

 WORK

The work done, W is defined as the

product of the force and the
distance moved in the direction of
the force.

The unit of Newton metre (Nm) or

Joule (J).

Work is a scalar quantity.

E Q U AT I O N O F W O R K

𝑾= 𝑭𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
If 𝜽=𝟎,𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟎=𝟏
𝑺𝒐 , 𝑾 = 𝑭𝒔
s = displacement (m)
F = force (N)
= Angle between force and the
direction of motion.
 WORK OR NOT??
No Indicate whether or not the following represent
examples of work. Work
  done?

A teacher applies a force to a wall and becomes

exhausted.
  Explanation: NO
1. While there is a force, the force does not cause a
displacement of any object.

A weightlifter lifts a barbell above her head.

Explanation:
2. There is a force applied to the barbell and the force YES
causes a displacement of the barbell.
No Indicate whether or not the following represent
Work
examples of work.
done?
 
A waiter carries a tray full of meals across a dining room
at a constant speed.
Explanation:
3. There is an upward force applied to the tray but the tray NO
moves horizontally. Upward forces do not cause
horizontal displacement.
A rolling marble hits a note card and moves it across a
table.
4. Explanation: YES
The marble applies a force to the note card to move it
across the table. This is work.
 EXAMPLE 1

A force of 50 N acts on the block at the angle shown in the diagram. The block
moves a horizontal distance of
3.0 m. Calculate the work being done by the force.

Answer:
Work done, W = F × s × cos θ
W = 50 × 3.0 × cos30o = 129.9J
 EXAMPLE 2

Siti mops the floor by applying a force of 7N at an angle of 60o to

the floor. How much work has she done after mopping a total
distance of 6 m?

Answer:

Work done, W = F × s × cos θ

W = 7 × 6 × cos 60o = 21 J
 EXAMPLE 3

Diagram above shows a 10N force is pulling a metal. If the distance travelled by the metal block is 2m, find the work done by the pulling force. The force is in the same direction of the motion. Work done by the pulling force.

Answer:

W = F × s = (10)(2) = 20J
 EXAMPLE 4

A waiter walks a distance of 8 m holding a tray of food that weighs 9 N.

How much work has the waiter done on the tray?

Answer:
Work done, W = F × s × cos θ
W = 9 × 8 × cos90= 0J
 EXAMPLE 5

Diagram A: Diagram B: Diagram C:

W = 100 x 5 x cos0 = 500 J W = 100 x 5 x cos30 = 433 J W = 147.15x5 x cos0 = 735.75 J
 EXAMPLE 6

An intern pushes a 78 kg patient on a 16 kg gurney, producing an

acceleration of 0.6m/s2. How much work does the intern do by pushing
the patient and gurney through a distance of 2.5m? Assume the gurney
moves without friction.

Answer:

𝐹 =ma 𝑊 = Fd
𝑊)=(56.4 )(2.5)
𝐹 =(78 +16 )(0.6
𝑊 =𝟏𝟒𝟏 𝐉
 EXAMPLE 7

A car with a mass 2500 kg moves with a constant velocity of 48 km/h. The car
suddenly brakes and stops within 13 m. What is
a) The work done to stop the car?
Answer:
Initial velocity, u = =13.3 m/s
Final velocity, v = 0ms-1
Work done = Change in kinetic energy
mv2 - mu2
-2
(-ve sign indicates that the kinetic energy is decreasing)
 E X A M P L E 7 ( C O N T. . )

A car with a mass 2500 kg moves with a constant velocity of 48 km/h. The car
suddenly brakes and stops within 13 m. What is
b)The force applied on the brakes?
Answer:

F
F

F
 WORK DONE AGAINST THE
F O R C E O F G R AV I T Y

𝑊 =𝑚𝑔h
Where

W = Work done (J)

m = mass (kg)
g = gravity (m/s2)
h = height of the object from its original position (m)
 EXAMPLE 8

Badrul runs up a staircase of 35 steps. Each step is 15 cm in height. Given that

Badrul's mass is 45kg, find the work done by Badrul to reach the top of the
staircase.
Answer:

In this case, Badrul does work to overcome the gravity. Badrul's mass = 45kg
Vertical height of the motion, h = 35 × 0.15
Gravitational field strength, g = 9.81 ms-2
Work done, W =?

W = mgh = (45)(9.81)(35 × 0.15)

= 2317.6J
 Energy

Renewable Energy

Non Renewable Energy

Renewable Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that
Energy are replenished constantly.

Non A non-renewable energy comes from sources that will

Renewable eventually run out.
Energy
Renewable Examples: solar energy, wind energy, hydropower,
Energy geothermal energy, biomass energy.

Non
Renewable Example: carbon-based fossil fuel.
Energy
 ADVANTAGES OF
RENEWABLE ENERGY
1)Renewable energy won’t run out.
Renewable energy technologies use resources straight from the
environment to generate power.

2) Maintenance requirements are lower.

In most cases, renewable energy technologies require less overall
maintenance than generators that use traditional fuel sources.
3) Renewables save money.
Using renewable energy can help you save money long term. Not
only will you save on maintenance costs, but on operating costs as
well.

4) Renewable energy has numerous health and environmental

benefits.
Renewable energy generation sources emit little to no greenhouse
gases or pollutants into the air.
 ENERGY
1 Definition: the capacity to do work.
SI Unit: Joule (J)

Energy has many different forms and can be converted from one
2 form to other. For example, an electrical motor converts electrical
energy to kinetic energy.

Work is done when energy is converted from one form to other. For
3 example, chemical energy in petrol is converted to heat energy which in turn
operates the engine to enable it to move.
I N S O M E P H Y S I C S C A L C U L AT I O N S , T H E A M O U N T O F E N E R G Y I S E Q U A L T O W O R K W E
H AV E D O N E .

Gravitational
Potential Energy

Electrical
Kinetic Energy
Energy

Forms of energy

Solar Energy Thermal Energy

Chemical
Energy
 Kinetic Energy

1 Definition: the energy possessed by an object due to its motion.

2 The kinetic energy of a moving object depends on its mass and

speed.

3 Formula: Ek = , where m = mass (kg),

v = speed of object (m/s)
 Kinetic Energy

 The greater the mass or velocity of a moving object,

the more kinetic energy it has.
 EXAMPLE 9

How much kinetic energy does an object have if its mass is 5.0 kg and it is
moving at a speed of 4.0 m/s?

Answer:
 EXAMPLE 10

An 8 kg bowling ball is moving at 3.5 m/s. What is its kinetic energy?

Answer:
 E X A M P L E 11

A truck is moving with a velocity of 12.6 km/h. If the mass of the truck is 7000
kg, calculate the kinetic energy possessed by the truck.

Answer:
 Potential Energy

1 Definition: the energy possessed by an object due to its position or state.

2 Potential energy can be classified into gravitational potential

energy and elastic potential energy.

Formula: Ep =, where m = mass (kg),

3 g = gravity(m/s2)
h = height (m)
 EXAMPLE 12

What is the gravitational potential energy for a 4 kg object that is lifted 5 m?

Answer:

 
 EXAMPLE 13

The mass of the rock is 122 kg. It had 400 J of potential energy when it rolled
down the hill. Calculate the height.

Answer:
 EXAMPLE 14

A 1500 J of work is needed to raise an object vertically. If the mass of the object
is 3.5 kg, calculate the height that can be reached by the object.

Answer:

Ep  mgh
Ep
h 
mg

Ep  mgh
𝐡=𝟒𝟑.𝟔𝟗 𝐦
 Principle of Conservation Of Energy
The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be
1 created or destroyed, but can be converted from one form to
another.

2 The total amount of energy in a closed system remain constant.

3

 EXAMPLE 15

Diagram below shows a coconut is falling from a certain height to the ground.

At which position, P, Q or R, the coconut has the highest gravitational potential

energy?
Answer:

At position P
 EXAMPLE 16

During a basketball game, a 1.0 kg ball gets thrown vertically in the air. It’s
momentarily stationary at a height of 5.0 m and then falls back down. What is
the ball’s speed when it hits the floor?
Answer:

,
 EXAMPLE 17

If you jump out of an airplane at 2000 m height and fall 1000 m before opening your parachute.
What is your speed (neglecting air resistance) when you open your parachute?

Answer:
,
,

,
 EXAMPLE 17 (CONT…)

 
 Power
1 Definition: the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.

2 The SI unit: Watt (W) or Joule per Second (J/s).

3 Power is scalar quantity.

4 1 watt = 1J/s
1hp = 746 Watt
 Formula
1 W
P=
t Where

W : Work done (J)

F×s t : time (s)
2 P=
t F :Force (N)
s : distance (m)
v : velocity (m/s)
3
P= F × v m
g
h
: mass (kg)
: gravity (m/s2)
:height (m)

mgh
4 P=
t
 EXAMPLE 18

You’re riding a toboggan down an icy run to a frozen lake, and you accelerate
the 80 kg combination of you and the toboggan from 1ms-1 to 2 ms-1 in 2 s.
How much power does that require?
Answer:

 
 EXAMPLE 19

A crane lifts a heavy bucket to a height of 2.5m from the ground in 3.5s.
a) Calculate the power generated by the crane in lifting the bucket in 840kg.
b)Explain why the power generated by the crane is actually higher than the
value calculated in (a). [Given g = 9.81m/s2]

Answer:

b)This is because besides lifting the bucket, work also done to overcome frictional forces between
the cable and the pulley and others part of crane.
 
 EXAMPLE 20

A person in a wheelchair is moving up a ramp. The force required to keep the

wheelchair moving at a constant speed up the ramp is 156.3 N. The ramp is 5 m
long. Calculate the power exerted by the person in the wheelchair if it takes her
10 s to travel up the ramp.

Answer:

 
 EXAMPLE 21

An escalator is used to move 15 passengers in every 88 s from the ground floor

to the first floor which is 5 m in height. If the average mass of a passenger is 64
kg, determine the power required by the escalator to move the passengers in 88
s.

Answer:
 Efficiency in Mechanical System
1 Comparison of the useful work energy provided by a machine or system to
the work energy applied to the machine or system.

Machines are devices that make our work easier. Machines require
2
energy to work. This energy is called the input.

3 A machine transforms this input into other forms of energy to perform

useful works.

However, the useful work obtained is not equal to the input as there is
4 energy lost in this process. This loss is mainly due to work done against
frictional forces and takes the form of heat.
 Formula

Work Output
2 Efficiency = ×100 %
Work Input

3 Efficiency =
 EXAMPLE 22

A petrol engine has a work output of 96 kJ per minute. What is the power if the
engine efficiency is 20%?

Answer:

20% = (1600/Pin)×100%

Power input, Pin = 160000/20

= 8000 Watt
 EXAMPLE 23

= 49%

An electrical motor has an input power of 120W. It lifts a 20kg load to a

vertical height of 1.5m in 5s. What is the efficiency of the electrical motor?
Given g = 9.81m/s2
Answer:

Input power=120W
Useful output power ,

Efficiency =
=
=49
 EXAMPLE 24

= 49%

A motor rated 100 W has been operating for 150 s. If the efficiency of the motor
is 75%, how much work is done by the motor?

Answer:

Efficiency =
75% =
Woutput = 11250J
 EXAMPLE 25

= 49%

A crane moved a 200 kg hot tub from the ground to the top of the hotel, 53 m
above the ground. If the crane used 200000 J of energy, how efficient was the
crane?
Answer:

Efficiency =
=
=52%
Exercises
THANK YOU!!!