Thermodynamics

(BITS F111)
Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 Tutorials
Chapter 7: SLOT for Control Volume

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 2 22 June 2023

P1
Atmospheric air at -45°C, 60 kPa enters the front diffuser of a jet
engine, shown below, with a velocity of 900 km/h and a frontal
area of 1 m2. After the adiabatic diffuser process, the velocity is
20 m/s. Assuming the process to be reversible and specific heats
as constant, find the diffuser exit temperature and the maximum
pressure possible. Represent the process on P-v and T-s diagram.
(Ans: 𝑇𝑒 = 259.1 𝐾, 𝑃𝑒 = 93.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎)

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 3 22 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

P2
A flow of 2 kg/s saturated vapour R-410a at 500 kPa is heated at
constant pressure to 60°C. The heat is supplied by a heat pump
that receives heat from the ambient at 300 K and work input, as
shown below. Assume everything is reversible and find the rate of
work input.
(Ans: Wሶ hp = 2.74 kW, as work input to heat pump)

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 4 22 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

P3
A steam turbine in a power plant receives 4 kg/s steam at 3000
kPa, 500°C. Twenty-five percent of the flow is extracted at 1000
kPa to a feed-water heater, and the remainder flows out at 200
kPa. If the expansion through the turbine is reversible and
adiabatic, find the two exit temperatures and the turbine power
output.
(Ans: 𝑇2 = 330.6℃; 𝑇3 = 140.7℃; 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 = 2458 𝑘𝑊)

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 5 22 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

P4
An adiabatic air turbine receives 1 kg/s air at 1500 K, 1.6 MPa
and 2 kg/s air at 400 kPa, T2 in a setup similar to that of figure
shown below with an exit flow at 100 kPa. What should the
temperature T2 be so that the entire process can be reversible?
(Ans:𝑇2 = 1071.8 𝐾, 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴. 7 ;
𝑇2 = 1009.4 𝐾, 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑝. ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡)

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 6 22 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

P5
Air in a tank is at 300 kPa, 400 K with a volume of 2 m3. A valve
on the tank is opened to let some air escape to the ambient to a
final inside pressure of 200 kPa. At the same time, the tank is
heated, so the air remaining has a constant temperature. What is
the mass average value of the entropy leaving, assuming this to
be an internally reversible process?
(Ans: 𝑠𝑒 = 6.898 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾)

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 7 27 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

P6
An insulated 2 m3 tank is to be charged with R-134a from a line
flowing the refrigerant at 3 MPa. The tank is initially evacuated,
and the valve is closed when the pressure inside the tank reaches
3 MPa. The line is supplied by an insulated compressor that takes
in R-134a at 5°C, quality of 96.5 %, and compresses it to 3 MPa
in a reversible process. Calculate the total work input to the
compressor to charge the tank.
(Ans: 𝑊𝑇 = 12295 𝑘𝐽)

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 8 27 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

P7
An irrigation pump takes water from a river at 10°C, 100 kPa and
pumps it up to an open canal at a 100 m higher elevation. The
pipe diameter in and out of the pump is 0.1 m and the motor
driving the pump is 5 hp. Neglect kinetic energies and friction,
find the maximum possible mass flow rate.
(Ans: 𝑚ሶ = 3.8 𝑚/𝑠)

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 9 27 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

P8
A flow of 4 kg/s ammonia goes through a device in a polytropic
process with an inlet state of 150 kPa, -20°C and an exit state of
400 kPa, 80°C. Find the polytropic exponent n, the specific work,
and the heat transfer.
(Ans: 𝑛 = 1.538; 𝑤 = −140 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ; 𝑞 = 73.8 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔)

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 10 27 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

P9
A compressor in a commercial refrigerator receives R-410a at -25
°C and x = 1. The exit is at 2000 kPa, 80 °C. Neglect kinetic
energies and find the specific entropy generation.
(Ans: 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.0644 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾)

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 11 27 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 to be continued.....

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 12 27 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 Homework problems.....

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 18 22 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Q1
A highly cooled compressor brings a hydrogen (H2) gas flow at
300 K, 100 kPa up to a pressure of 800 kPa in an isothermal
process. Find the specific work assuming a reversible process.
(Ans: 𝑤𝑐𝑣 = −2572.9 𝑘𝐽/𝐾)

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 14 22 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Q2
Nitrogen (N2) gas flowing in a pipe at 500 kPa, 200°C, and at a
velocity of 10 m/s, should be expanded in a nozzle to produce a
velocity of 300 m/s. Assume nitrogen as an ideal gas with
constant specific heats, determine the exit pressure and cross-
sectional area of the nozzle if the mass flow rate is 0.15 kg/s and
the expansion is reversible and adiabatic.
(Ans: 𝑃𝑒 = 357.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎; 𝐴𝑒 = 1.78 × 10−4 𝑚2 )

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 15 22 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Q3
A diffuser is a steady-state device in which a fluid flowing at high
velocity is decelerated such that the pressure increases in the
process. Air at 120 kPa, 30⁰C enters a diffuser with a velocity of
200 m/s and exits with a velocity of 20 m/s. Assuming the
process is reversible and adiabatic, what are the exit temperature
and pressure of the air? Show the process in P-v and T-s
diagrams.
(Ans: 𝑇𝑒 = 323𝐾, 𝑃𝑒 = 149.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎)

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 16 22 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Q4
A small turbine delivers 150 kW and is supplied with steam at
700⁰C, 2 MPa. The exhaust passes through a heat exchanger
where the pressure is 10 kPa and exits as saturated liquid.
Assume the turbine is reversible and adiabatic. Find the specific
turbine work, and the heat transfer in the heat exchanger. Show
the process in P-v and T-s diagrams.
𝑘𝐽
(Ans: 𝑤𝑇 = 1397 , 𝑄ሶ = −250 𝑘𝑊)
𝑘𝑔

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 17 27 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Q5
A flow of 5 kg/s water at 100 kPa, 20⁰C should be delivered as
steam at 1000 kPa, 350⁰C to some application. We have a heat
source at constant 500⁰C. If the process should be reversible, how
much heat transfer should we have?
(Ans: 𝑄ሶ = 27𝑘𝑊 )

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 18 27 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Q6
A steady flow expander has helium entering at 800 kPa, 300⁰C,
and it exits at 120 kPa with a mass flow rate of 0.2 kg/s. Assume
a reversible polytropic process with n = 1.3, and find the power
output of the expander.
(Ans: 𝑊ሶ = 365.8 𝑘𝑊 )

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 19 27 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Q7
A large supply line has a steady flow of R-410a at 1000 kPa,
60⁰C. It is used in three different adiabatic devices, as shown
below: a throttle flow, an ideal nozzle, and an ideal turbine. All
the exit flows are at 300 kPa. Find the exit temperature and
specific entropy generation for each device and the exit velocity
of the nozzle.
(Ans: CV as throttle: Te=47.9°C; sgen=0.2 kJ/kg-K
CV as nozzle: Te=4.6°C; sgen=0; Ve=279.2 m/s
CV as turbine: Te=4.6°C; sgen=0)

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 20 29 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Q8
A can of volume 0.2 m3 is empty and filled with carbon dioxide
from a line at 3000 kPa, 60⁰C. The process is adiabatic and stops
when the can is full. Use Table (B.3) to find the final temperature
and the entropy generation.
(Ans: 𝑇2 = 129.6℃, 1𝑆ሶ 2, 𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 1.64 𝑘𝐽/𝐾)

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 21 29 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Q9
A compressor is used to bring saturated water vapor at 1 MPa up
to 17.5 MPa, where the actual exit temperature is 650⁰C. Find the
isentropic compressor efficiency, and the entropy generation.
𝑘𝐽
(Ans:c=85%; 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.1492 )
𝑘𝑔−𝐾

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 22 29 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Q10
A tank contains 1 kg of carbon dioxide at 6 MPa, 60°C and it is
connected to a turbine with an exhaust at 1004.5 kPa. The carbon
dioxide flows out of the tank and through the turbine to a final
state in the tank of saturated vapour is reached. If the process is
adiabatic and reversible, find the final mass in the tank and the
turbine work output.
(Ans: 𝑚2 = 0.4249 𝑘𝑔; 𝑊𝑜/𝑝 = 29.57 𝑘𝐽)

Instructor: Dr. Jeevan Jaidi 23 29 June 2023

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus