Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
OBJECTIVES
Prepare
poly(dimethylsiloxane)
(PDMS)
samples
to
study
the
proper9es
of
rubbers
Study
the
thermodynamic
principles
related
to
the
entropic
nature
of
rubber
elas9city
2
RUBBER
DEFORMATION
High
segmental
mobility
3
CROSSLINK
POLYMER
BEHAVIOR
Schema9c
of
Modulus
vs.
Temperature
for
Crosslinked
Polymers
and
Linear
Polymers
4
THERMODYNAMICS
ASPECTS
OF
RUBBER
DEFORMATION
Change
in
Internal
Energy
Helmholtz
Free
Energy
(F)
Change
in
Helmholtz
Free
Energy
Force
5
STATISTICAL
ASPECTS
OF
RUBBER
DEFORMATION
• Simpler
terms:
6
STATISTICAL
ASPECTS
OF
RUBBER
DEFORMATION
(CONTINUED)
7
TASKS
•
Prepare
silicone
rubber
samples
8
PERFORMING
NANOIMPRINT
9
NANOIMPRINT
USING
PDMS
MASK
Replica9ng
nanopaWerns
with
a
cheaper
process
Master
with
nanopa\ern
Replica
of
master
with
nanopa\ern
Prepared
by
opXcal
or
electron
Prepared
with
so`
lithography
beam
lithography
ie
using
PDMS
mask
and
hardening
liquid
Expensive
Cheaper
10
PREPARATION
OF
PDMS
MOULD
Materials
Sylgard
184
elastomer
and
crosslinker
(Dow
Corning)
Procedure
Mixed
10:1
and
8:1
weight
ra9os
(elastomer:
crosslinker)
Poured
into
moulds
Degassed
under
vacuum
Cured
in
oven
at
150
oC
for
15
min
11
NANOIMPRINTING
PROCEDURE
Master
Remove
cross-‐linked
PDMS
from
master
Replica
of
master
PDMS
mask
12
REPLICA
OF
NANOPATTERN
13
LIMITATIONS
OF
SOFT
LITHOGRAPHY
• Uneven
contact
with
SU-‐8
bead
leads
to
defects
in
replicated
paWern
• Deforma9on
of
PDMS
causes
slight
differences
in
nanopaWern
• Reflec9on
from
different
surfaces
makes
it
difficult
to
compare
paWerns
using
an
op9cal
microscope
14
MEASURING
SWELLING
OF
PDMS
IN
TETRAHYDROFURAN
(THF)
SOLVENT
15
SWELLING
EQUILIBRIUM
Network
crosslink
density
can
be
determined
from
swelling
equilibrium
Using
the
Flory-‐Rehner
equa9on:
-‐[ln(1
–
v2)
+
v2
+
Xv22
=
V1v[v21/3
–
(v2/2)]
§ X
=
polymer-‐solvent
interacXon
parameter
§ v1
=
molar
volume
of
solvent
§ v2
=
volume
fracXon
of
polymer
in
the
swollen
network
§ v
=
network
crosslink
density
16
MATERIALS
Tetrahydrofuran
(THF)
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
PDMS
Pipet
Glass
beaker
Tweezers
Balance
17
PROCEDURE
FOR
SWELLING
EXPERIMENT
Cut
a
small
por9on
of
PDMS
(~4
mm3)
Recorded
ini9al
mass
Placed
PDMS
in
4
mL
THF
Dried
PDMS
and
measured
mass
at
9me=
15min,
30min,
and
40min
18
SWELLING
EXPERIMENT
DATA
Star9ng
mass
=
.0324g
45
40
Saturated
mass
~=
.0655g
35
Corresponds
to
a
Shear
modulus
30
(G)
of
2.73
MPa
Time
(min)
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Mass (g)
19
DISCUSSION
Possible
sources
of
error:
• Drying
step
before
measurement
• EvaporaXon
• Insufficient
Xme
• Value
of
Chi
Recommenda9on:
• Set
up
this
experiment
at
the
beginning
of
the
lab
session
20
MEASURING
STRESS
VS.
STRETCH
VALUES
FOR
SILICONE
RUBBER
21
STRETCH
FORCES
We
can
relate
the
entropic
force
required
to
stretch
to
the
stretch
ra9o
λ
We can then connect engineering stress, σ, to (λ – 1/ λ2)
They’re related by G, the shear modulus, which is nkT/V
22
MATERIALS
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
PDMS
• In
10:1
and
8:1
raXos
of
polymer:linking
agent
Micrometer
Rubber
bands
Masses
of
760g
and
1525g
Tes9ng
apparatus
23
PROCEDURE
FOR
STRESS
VS.
STRETCH
24
STRESS
VS.
STRETCH
DATA
1.6
1.4
1.2
Grey:
10
Stress,
σ
1
to
1
0.8
λ
–
1/λ2
Shear
modulus:
8:1
=>
G
=
2.154
MPa
25
IDEAL
BEHAVIOR
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
Grey:
ideal
case
Stress,
σ
1.2
1
Yellow:
8
0.8
to
1
0.6
sample
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
λ
26
DISCUSSION
Modulus
matches
from
our
different
tests
Possible
sources
of
error:
• Bands
snapped
at
1525g
Recommenda9on:
• Smaller
increments
of
stress/mass
27
RELATING
EXTENSION
AND
TEMPERATURE
OF
RUBBER
28
TEMPERATURE
Extension
and
temperature
of
a
rubber
under
uniaxial
stress
29
MATERIALS
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
PDMS
• In
10:1
raXo
of
polymer:linking
agent
Micrometer
Rubber
bands
760g
weight
Apparatus
in
tube
to
allow
the
hea9ng
to
rest
on
top
30
PROCEDURE
FOR
TEMPERATURE
EXTENSION
RELATION
Hanged
constant
weight
of
760g
31
TEMPERATURE
EXTENSION
DATA
70
60
Shear
Modulus
(MPa)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
32
DISCUSSION
Confirm
rela9on
of
extension
and
temperature
of
a
rubber
Possible
sources
of
error:
• Temperature
was
uneven
• Weight
was
caught
by
fricXon
against
tube
Recommenda9on:
• More
Xme
to
heat
to
temperatures
• Hang
weight
enXrely
verXcal
33
CONCLUSIONS
§ Nanoprin9ng
is
a
valid
method
for
reproduc9on
of
a
nano-‐scale
paWern
§ Connec9on
between
theore9cal
first
principles
and
physical
tes9ng
done
in
lab
§ Shear
Modulus
by
two
methods
§ G
=
~2.2
Mpa
34
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
•
Dr.
Agathe
Robisson
•
Jonathan
Phillip
Singer
•
Franklin
Hobbs
•
David
Bono
35
REFERENCES
“Module
J:
Rubbers
as
Entropic
Springs:
Example
of
a
Silicone
Rubber,”
Lab
Handouts,
Course
3.014
Materials
Laboratory,
Massachuse\s
InsXtute
of
Technology,
(2012).
[posted
on
Stellar]
36
THANK
YOU
QUESTIONS?
37