International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1264–1271

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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt

CVFEM simulation for nanofluid migration in a porous medium using

Darcy model
M. Sheikholeslami a,⇑, S.A. Shehzad b,⇑
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshiravni University of Technology, Babol, Iran
b
Department of Mathematics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Water based nanofluid with CuO nanoparticles heat transfer augmentation inside a porous enclosure is
Received 21 December 2017 studied. Porous media is simulated by Darcy model. Control volume based finite element method
Received in revised form 19 February 2018 (CVFEM) is employed to reach the numerical results. Impact of Hartmann number ðHaÞ, nanofluid volume
Accepted 19 February 2018
fraction ð/Þ, radiation parameter ðRdÞ and Rayleigh number ðRaÞ on nanofluid heat transfer characteristics
Available online 24 February 2018
were demonstrated. A good correlation for Nuav e is offered for this problem. Results depict that shape of
isotherms become more complex with augment of buoyancy forces. Average Nusselt number enhances
Keywords:
with considering thermal radiation while it decreases with rise of Hartmann number.
Darcy model
Nanofluid
Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Magnetohydrodynamic
Free convection
Control volume based finite element
method

1. Introduction convection through a porous medium by means of powerful

Nanofluid is the homogeneous mixture of base fluid and nano-
size particles. Conventional base fluids used included oil, ethylene
and water having poor thermal conductivity. It is evident that
incorporating nanoparticles in the base fluid enhance the thermal
conductivity of the working nanofluid significantly thus enhances
the heat transfer rate. Haq et al. [1] utilized finite element method
to investigate nanofluid thermal management over a trapezoidal
cavity. They found that temperature increases with an increase of
partially heated domain. Prasannakumara et al. [2] investigated
magnetic field effect on nanofluid radiative heat transfer over a
plate. They found that the Nusselt and Sherwood number are high
in case of nonlinear stretching sheet than linear. Sheikholeslami
and Shehzad [3] utilized the non-equilibrium model for nanofluid
convective heat transfer in a porous cavity in presence of magnetic
field. Haq et al. [4] simulated nanofluid heat transfer in a partially
heated rhombus. They found that cold square cylinder resist the
influence of heat transfer in the entire domain of the cavity. Sheik-
holeslami and Sadoughi [5] reported nanofluid convective flow in
existence of melting surface. Sheikholeslami and Seyednezhad [6]
investigated the electric field influence on nanofluid natural
⇑ Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: mohsen.sheikholeslami@nit.ac.ir, mohsen.sheikholeslami@
yahoo.com (M. Sheikholeslami), salishehzad@yahoo.com (S.A. Shehzad).
numerical approach.
Kumar et al. [7] studied the Marangoni convection effect on
nanofluid treatment in existence of heat source sink. Influence of
radiation mode was examined by Hayat et al. [8]. Haq et al. [9] sim-
ulated the ferrofluid flow between two plates. They employed sim-
ilarity transformation to find the final ordinary equations.
Sheikholeslami and Rokni [10] reported the impact of thermal radi-
ation on nanofluid behavior in a porous channel in existence of
Coulomb force. Kumar et al. [11] investigated viscous dissipation
and Joule heating effects on nanofluid radiative heat transfer. They
reported that Oldroyd B nanofluid profile increases with increase of
these parameters. Rudraswamy et al. [12] investigated 3D nano-
fluid flow over a bidirectionally moving plate in existence of mag-
netic field. Soomro et al. [13] presented the passive method for
nanoparticle migration over a stretching plate. Usman et al. [14]
investigated water based nanofluid heat transfer in a channel by
means of analytical method. They proved that shrinking channels
have greater skin friction values than stretching channels. Takhar
et al. [15] presented the transient magnetohydrodynamic flow over
a stretching surface in existence of impulsive motion. Alavi et al.
[16] utilized hybrid method for analyzing transient flow over a
staggered tube. Recently various new numerical methods have
been presented by researchers [17–25].
This main goal of this article is to present application of CVFEM
for impact of Lorentz forces on nanofluid free convection through a

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.02.080
0017-9310/Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 M. Sheikholeslami, S.A. Shehzad / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1264–1271 1265

Nomenclature

T fluid temperature b thermal expansion coefficient

Ha Hartmann number q fluid density
B magnetic induction X&w dimensionless vorticity & stream function
Ra Rayleigh number H dimensionless temperature
Y,X vertical and horizontal space coordinates
V,U vertical and horizontal dimensionless velocity Subscripts
Rd radiation parameter loc local
Nu Nusselt number nf nanofluid
f base fluid
Greek symbols
r electrical conductivity
l dynamic viscosity

porous medium by means of Darcy model. Influences of radiation 2. Problem definition

parameter, Hartmann number, nanofluid volume fraction and Ray-
leigh number on hydrothermal characteristics of nanofluid are The formula of elliptic outer cylinder is:
illustrated. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
b¼ 1  e2  a ð1Þ

Fig. 1. (a) Geometry and the boundary conditions with (b) a sample triangular element and its corresponding control volume.
1266 M. Sheikholeslami, S.A. Shehzad / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1264–1271

! ! !
Fig. 1 demonstrates the geometry and sample element of this ðru þ V  B Þrnf ¼ I ð5Þ
article. The sinusoidal wall has constant heat flux condition.
!
r I ¼0 ð6Þ
3. Governing formulation and CVFEM
Darcy model is employed in above equations. According to
3.1. Governing equations above equations, electric field is negligible. Therefore, the above
formulas are changed to:
Two dimensional steady MHD nanofluid flows in a permeable @u @ v
media is studied. The governing formulas are [26]: þ ¼0 ð7Þ
@x @y
@u @ v
þ ¼0 ð2Þ
@x @y K rnf B20 K @p
ðþv cos c sin c  u sin cÞ 
2
u¼ ð8Þ
  l !
lnf lnf @x
! !
qnf !
g þ I  B  rp ¼
nf
V ð3Þ
K K @p rnf KB20 ðqbÞnf K
  ðv cos2 c þ u sin c cos cÞ þ g ðT  T c Þ ¼ v
knf ! lnf @y lnf lnf
r2 T ¼ ð V  rÞT ð4Þ
ðqC p Þnf ð9Þ

Table 1
The coefficient values of CuO  Water nanofluid.

Coefficient values CuO-Water

a1 26.593310846
a2 0.403818333
a3 –33.3516805
a4 1.915825591
a5 6.42185846658E02
a6 48.40336955
a7 9.787756683
a8 190.245610009
a9 10.9285386565
a10 0.72009983664

Table 2
Thermo physical properties of water and nanoparticles.

q Cp k b  105 dp r
(kg/m3) (J/kg K) (W/m k) (K1) (nm) (X m)1
Water 997.1 4179 0.613 21 – 0.05
CuO 6500 540 18 29 45 1010
Fig. 2. Comparison of the temperature on axial midline between the present results
and numerical results obtained by Khanafer et al. [28] for Gr ¼ 104 , / ¼ 0:1 and
Pr ¼ 6:2ðCu  WaterÞ.
Table 3
The values of shape factor of different shapes of nanoparticles.

m Spherical 3 Table 5
Average Nusselt number versus at different Grashof number under various strengths
of the magnetic field at Pr = 0.733.

Platelet 5.7 Ha Gr ¼ 2  104 Gr ¼ 2  105

Present Rudraiah et al. [29] Present Rudraiah et al. [29]
0 2.5665 2.5188 5.093205 4.9198
Cylinder 4.8 10 2.26626 2.2234 4.9047 4.8053
50 1.09954 1.0856 2.67911 2.8442
Brick 3.7 100 1.02218 1.011 1.46048 1.4317

Table 6
Effect of shape of nanoparticles on Nusselt number when
Rd ¼ 0:8; Ra ¼ 600; / ¼ 0:04.

Table 4 Ha
Comparison of the average Nusselt number Nuav e for different grid resolution at
0 20
Ra ¼ 103 , Rd ¼ 0:8; Ha ¼ 20 and / ¼ 0:04.
Spherical 3.450134 1.488385
Mesh size in radial direction  angular direction Brick 3.463566 1.506007
61  181 71  211 81  241 91  271 101  301 Cylinder 3.485081 1.533698
1.54566 1.54774 1.55634 1.55711 1.55905 Platelet 3.503015 1.556347
 M. Sheikholeslami, S.A. Shehzad / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1264–1271 1267

3
6

0.75
7
0.5

0 .4
0.3
6

0.1
5

0.05
4

2
1

Fig. 3. Influence of nanofluid volume fraction on streamlines (left) and isotherms (right) contours (nanofluid (/ ¼ 0:04) (––) and pure fluid (/ ¼ 0) (- - -)) when
Ra ¼ 600; Ha ¼ 20; Rd ¼ 0:8.

1.8
2 1.7
1.5 1.6
1 1.5
0.5 1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
a=0

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

2.1
1.9
1.8
1.6
0.07 1.4
0.06 1.2
0.05 1
0.04 0.8
Ha=20

0.03 0.7
0.02 0.6
0.01 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

Fig. 4. Effect of Hartmann number on streamlines (left) and isotherms (right) when Ra ¼ 100; Rd ¼ 0:8.
1268 M. Sheikholeslami, S.A. Shehzad / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1264–1271

1.4
1.3
1.2
3.5 1.1
3 1
2.5 0.9
2 0.8
1.5 0.7
a=0

1 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

2.1
2
1.8
0.14 1.7
0.12 1.5
0.1 1.3
0.08 1.1
Ha=20

0.06 0.9
0.04 0.7
0.02 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

Fig. 5. Effect of Hartmann number on streamlines (left) and isotherms (right) when Ra ¼ 200; Rd ¼ 0:8.
  !
@T @T knf @2T @2T 1 Tables 1 and 2 illustrate the details of nanofluid.knf is defined
v þu ¼ þ 
@y @x ðqC p Þnf @x2 @y2 ðqC p Þnf as:
" #
knf ðkf  kp Þm/ þ ðkp  kf Þ/ þ mkf þ kp þ kf
@qr 4re @T 4 4 3 4 ¼ ð16Þ
 ; qr ¼  ; T ffi 4T c T  3T c ð10Þ kf mkf þ ðkf  kp Þ/ þ kf þ kp
@y 3bR @y
Table 3 illustrated various shape factors.
ðqC p Þnf ; ðqbÞnf , qnf and rnf are defined as: Dimensionless quantities are introduced as:
ðqC p Þnf ¼ ðqC p Þs / þ ðqC p Þf ð1  /Þ ð11Þ
T  Tc q00 L
W ¼ w=anf ; h ¼ ; DT ¼ ; ðY; XÞ ¼ ðy; xÞ=L ð17Þ
ðqbÞnf ¼ ðqbÞs / þ ð1  /ÞðqbÞf ð12Þ DT kf

qnf ¼ qs / þ qf ð1  /Þ ð13Þ So according to above definitions we have:

  "
rs @2W @2W @2W @2W
rnf 3 1  r / A6
ðsin cÞ þ 2 ðcos cÞðsin cÞ
2
1 ¼  f  ð14Þ þ ¼  Ha
rf rs @X 2
@Y 2 A5 @Y 2 @X@Y
1 / þ 2 þ rs
rf rf #
@2W A3 A2 @h
lnf are calculated via KKL model: þ 2 ðcos2 cÞ  Ra ð18Þ
@X A4 A5 @X
kBrownian lf
leff ¼ lstatic þ lBrownian ¼ lstatic þ  kBrownian !
kf Prf  1 ! 2
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi @h @ W @ W @h @2h 4 knf @ h
jb T 0  þ ¼ þ 1þ Rd ð19Þ
¼ 5  104 g 0 ð/; T; dp Þ/qf cp;f g ð/; dp ; TÞ ¼ LnðTÞ @Y @X @Y @X @X 2 3 kf @Y 2
d p qp
r KB20 gKðqbÞf LDT
 ða1 þ a3 Lnð/Þ þ a4 Lnðdp ÞLnð/Þ þ a2 Lnðdp Þ þ a5 Lnðdp Þ Þ
2 where Ha ¼ fl and Ra ¼ l f af are the Hartmann and Rayleigh
f

2
þ ða6 þ a10 Lnðdp Þ þ a8 Lnð/Þ þ a7 Lnðdp Þ þ a9 Lnð/Þ lnðdp ÞÞ numbers for the porous medium. Rd ¼ 4re T 3c =ðbR kf Þ is radiation
ð15Þ parameter. Also Ai ði ¼ 1 . . . 6Þ are constants parameters which are
obtained as:
 M. Sheikholeslami, S.A. Shehzad / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1264–1271 1269

0.95
0.9
0.8
6.7 0.7
6 0.6
5 0.5
4 0.45
0.4
Ha=0

3
2 0.35
1 0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05

2.1
1.9
1.8
0.4
1.6
0.35
1.4
0.3
1.2
0.25
1
0.2
Ha=20

0.8
0.15
0.6
0.1
0.05
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

Fig. 6. Effect of Hartmann number on streamlines (left) and isotherms (right) when Ra ¼ 600; Rd ¼ 0:8.

qnf ðqbÞnf lnf ðqC P Þnf 4. Grid independency and verification

A1 ¼ ;A ¼ ;A ¼ ;A ¼ ;
qf 3 ðqbÞf 5 lf 2 ðqC P Þf
knf rnf Results should independent of grid size. So, different meshes
A4 ¼ ; A6 ¼ ð20Þ should be examined. For instants, as depicted in Table 4, a
kf rf
mesh size of 81  241 can be considered. The accuracy of cur-
Also, boundary conditions can be defined as: rent code for nanofluid free convection heat transfer has been
depicted in Fig. 2 ([28]). The accuracy of this CVFEM code is
@h
¼ 1:0 on sinusoidal wall ð21Þ good for MHD according to Table 5 [29]. According to Table 5,
@n
our code can be used for simulating magnetic field effect on
natural convection.
h ¼ 0:0 on elliptic wall

W ¼ 0:0 on all walls

5. Results and discussion
Nuloc and Nuav e are defined as:
 1 !  Free convection of H2O based nanofluid in a semi annulus por-
1 4 knf knf ous cavity is simulated considering Darcy model. Influences of
Nuloc ¼ 1þ Rd ð22Þ
h 3 kf kf thermal radiation and Lorentz forces are taken into account.
Results are depicted for various amounts of Rayleigh number
Z s (Ra ¼ 100; 200 and 600), Radiation parameter (Rd ¼ 0 to 0:8), vol-
1
Nuav e ¼ Nuloc ds ð23Þ ume fraction of nanofluid (/ = 0 to 0:04), and Hartmann number
S 0
(Ha ¼ 0 to 20).
Table 6 demonstrates the roles of shape factor on heat transfer
3.2. CVFEM rate. As depicted in this table, Platelet shape nanoparticles has
highest heat transfer rate in comparison with other shapes of
In order to estimate scalars, we utilized Liner interpolation in CuO nanoparticles. This shape of nanoparticles is selected for fur-
triangular element (Fig. 1(b)). A Gauss-Seidel tool is employed to ther investigation. Effect of dispersing CuO into water is demon-
solve the final answer after discretization [27]. strated in Fig. 3. Nu decreases with augment of nanofluid volume
1270 M. Sheikholeslami, S.A. Shehzad / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1264–1271

Ha 10, 0.04 Ra 350, 0.04

Rd 0.4, 0.04

Ha 10, 0.04 Ra 350, 0.04

Rd 0.4, 0.04

Fig. 7. Influences of the Ra; Ha; Rd on average Nusselt number.

fraction. Furthermore, the working fluid velocity enhances by add-
ing nanoparticles. Isotherms and streamlines have been shown for
various active parameters in Figs. 4–6. As Hartmann number aug-
ments, isotherms become parallel to each other and center of the
main cell shift downward. This is due to existence of Lorentz
forces. As buoyancy forces enhances, isotherms become more com-
plex and convective heat transfer enhances. At Ra = 600, a thermal
plume generates near the symmetry line. Applying magnetic field
makes conduction mode stronger. So, thermal plume disappears
in existence of high Lorentz forces.
Fig. 7 depicts the influences of the Ra; Ha; Rd on average Nusselt
number. The formula for Nuav e respect to important parameters is:
 M. Sheikholeslami, S.A. Shehzad / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1264–1271

Nuav e ¼ 0:83 þ 1:07Rd þ 0:23Ra  0:27Ha þ 0:08RdRa
   2 2
 0:052RdHa  0:05Ra Ha þ 0:44Rd  0:012Ra
þ 0:11Ha2 ð24Þ
where Ra ¼ 0:01Re; Ha ¼ 0:01Ha. Rayleigh number and radiation
parameter have direct relationship with heat transfer rate. This is
because of decrement of temperature boundary layer thickness near
the hot wall by increasing these parameters. Increasing Hartmann
number makes Nusselt number to decrease, because temperature
gradient reduces by applying magnetic field.
6. Conclusions
Free convection of water based nanofluid in a porous medium is
examined in existence of thermal radiation effect. Impact of Brow-
nian motion and shape factor on properties of nanofluid is taken
into consideration. Innovative numerical method is applied to
solve this problem. Roles of shape of nanoparticles, Rayleigh num-
ber, radiation parameter, Hartmann number and nanofluid volume
fraction on nanofluid behavior are illustrated. Results prove that
heat transfer rate improves with rise of Rd; Ra while it decreases
with rise of Ha.
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest
for this submission.
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