International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202

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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt

MHD mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity filled by a nanofluid with

sinusoidal temperature distribution on the both vertical walls using
Buongiorno’s nanofluid model
Hillal M. Elshehabey a,b,⇑, Sameh E. Ahmed b
a
Mathematics Department and CEMAT, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
b
Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In the present contribution, a numerical investigation is presented to study Buongiorno’s nanofluid model
Received 22 September 2014 for MHD mixed convection of a lid-driven cavity filled with nanofluid. A sinusoidal temperature and
Received in revised form 14 April 2015 nanoparticle volume fraction distributions on both vertical sides is considered where the horizontal walls
Accepted 14 April 2015
are kept adiabatic. The cavity is permeated by an inclined uniform magnetic field and the effects of
Brownian motion and thermophoresis are incorporated into the nanofluids model. An accurate collocated
finite volume method is employed to discretize the governing partial differential equations after convert-
Keywords:
ing them to a non-dimensional form using a suitable transformation variables. Comparisons with previ-
Inclined magnetic field
Nanofluid
ously published work are performed and excellent agreement is obtained. The computation is carried out
Lid-driven cavity for wide ranges of the Hartmann number Ha ð0 6 Ha 6 100Þ, buoyancy ratio Nr ð0:1 6 Nr 6 1Þ, ther-
Finite volume method mophoresis number Nt ð0:1 6 Nt 6 1Þ, Brownian motion parameter Nb ð0:1 6 Nb 6 1Þ, Lewis number
Thermophoresis Le ð1 6 Le 6 10Þ, Prandtl number Pr ð0:054 6 Pr 6 10Þ, inclined magnetic field angle c ð0o 6 c 6 3p=2Þ,
Brownian motion Amplitude e ð0 6 e 6 1:5Þ, phase angle n ð0o 6 n 6 3p=4Þ and Richardson number
Non-uniform heating Ri ð0:001 6 Ri 6 100Þ. The obtained results are presented in terms of the streamlines, isotherms and
nanoparticles volume fraction contours as well as local Nusselt number. Results demonstrate that, the
presence of an inclined magnetic filed in the flow region leads to lose the fluid movement. Also, the fluid
flow is dominated by the movement of the upper wall in the case of the highest values of the buoyancy
ratio.
Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Mixed convection heat transfer and fluid flow in cavities with
moving lid are important subjects of investigation due to their
effect on many engineering applications and nature phenomena
especially with nanofluids and MHD. The most usage of the mixed
convection flow can be found in atmospheric flows, solar energy
storage, heat exchangers, lubrication technologies, drying tech-
nologies and cooling of the electronic devices. On the literature
survey of this subject; MHD mixed convection with joule heating
effect in a lid-driven cavity with a heated semi-circular source
was considered by Rahman et al. [1] where the finite element
method was used in the solution of the normalized governing
equations. It was found that the average Nusselt number can be
⇑ Corresponding author at: Mathematics Department and CEMAT, Instituto
Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Portugal.
E-mail address: hilal.hilal@sci.svu.edu.eg (H.M. Elshehabey).
decreased with the increasing of the Rayleigh number in the pres-
ence of Joule effect. The magnetic field can be a good control
parameter for heat transfer and fluid flow. Grosan et al. [2] per-
formed a numerical investigation for steady magnetohydrody-
namic free convection in a rectangular enclosure filled with a
fluid-saturated porous medium and with internal heat generation.
Their results indicated that, the horizontal magnetic field is most
effective in suppressing the convection flow for a stronger mag-
netic field in comparison with the vertical magnetic field. Öztop
et al. [3] studied the MHD mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity
with corner heater. From which they could recorded that, the tem-
perature distribution inside the cavity mostly stems from the right
side of corner due to impinging air. Also, thermal boundary layer
becomes higher with increasing of Hartmann number and iso-
therms fit with the corner. Hydro-magnetic combined convection
in a lid-driven cavity with sinusoidal boundary conditions on both
sidewalls was investigated by Sivasankaran et al. [4]. Their study
showed; the heat transfer rate increases on increasing the

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.04.039
0017-9310/Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
182 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202

Nomenclature

Symbol Description Greek Symbols

B uniform magnetic field a thermal diffusivity, m2/s
B0 magnitude of the magnetic field B b coefficient of thermal expansion, K1
Bx ; By magnetic field component in x; y-axes c magnetic field inclination angle, degree
DB Brownian diffusion coefficient r electric conductivity, W/m K
DT thermophoretic diffusion coefficient e amplitude
ex ; ey unit vectors along the coordinate axis n phase angle n
F electromagnetic force h dimensionless temperature
g gravitational acceleration, m/s2 # enclosure inclination angle, degree
Gr Grashof number u electric potential
H length of of the cavity, m u solid volume fraction of nanoparticles
Ha Hartmann number / dimensionless solid volume fraction of nanoparticles
J electric current density w stream function, m2/s
k thermal conductivity, W/m K W dimensionless stream function
Kr thermal conductivity ratio X vorticity function
Le Lewis number l dynamic viscosity, kg/m s
Nu local Nusselt number q density, kg/m3
Nua average Nusselt number O Laplace operator (dimensional) O ¼ @ 2 =@x2 þ @ 2 =@y2
Nb Brownian motion parameter . Laplace operator (dimensionless) . ¼ @ 2 =@X 2 þ @ 2 =@Y 2
Nr buoyancy ratio
Nt thermophoresis number Subscripts
P dimensionless pressure c cold wall
p pressure, Pa E east face of the control volume
Pr Prandtl number f pure fluid
Ra Rayleigh number f0 reference fluid
Re Reynold number L left side of the cavity
Ri Richardson number N north face of the control volume
T temperature, K P cell location of the control volume
U non-dimensional velocity component in X-direction R right side of the cavity
Up constant reference speed of the top wall S south face of the control volume
u dimensional velocity component in x-direction, m/s W west face of the control volume
V non-dimensional velocity component in Y-direction w wall
v dimensional velocity component in y-direction, m/s
X non-dimensional coordinate in horizontal direction
x Cartesian coordinate in horizontal direction, m
Y non-dimensional coordinate in vertical direction
y Cartesian coordinate in vertical direction, m

amplitude ratio. Also, the flow behavior and heat transfer rate
inside the cavity are strongly affected by the presence of the mag-
netic field. Kefayati et al. [5] investigated the Lattice Boltzmann
simulation of MHD mixed convection in a lid-driven square cavity
with linearly heated wall. The results demonstrated that the aug-
mentation of Richardson number causes heat transfer to increase,
as the heat transfer decreases by the increment of Hartmann num-
ber for various Richardson numbers and the directions of the mag-
netic field. Effects of moving lid direction of the same problem was
considered by Al-Salem et al. [6]. It was recorded that direction of
lid is more effective on heat transfer and fluid flow in the case of
mixed convection than it is the case in forced convection.
Moreover, heat transfer is also decreased with increasing of mag-
netic field for all studied parameters. Nasrin [7] investigated the
influences of physical parameters on mixed convection in a hori-
zontal lid-driven cavity with an undulating base surface using
finite element method. The results concluded that the wavy
lid-driven cavity can be considered an effective heat transfer
mechanism at larger wavy surface amplitude, as well as the num-
ber of waves and cavity. Chatterjee [8] studied MHD mixed convec-
tion in a lid-driven cavity including a heated source whereas
Chatterjee et al. [9] investigated magneto convective transport in
a vertical lid-driven cavity including a heat conducting square
cylinder with joule heating. Chatterjee’s study recorded that the
heat transfer rate and bulk fluid temperature are both found to
heave increasing function of mixed convective strength.
Moreover, it was observed in the second study that the presence
of the heat conducting obstacle causes more heat transfer to take
place and, furthermore, the square shaped solid object improves
the heat transfer rate in comparison to a similar size circular
object. Numerical study on mixed convection in an inclined
lid-driven cavity with discrete heating can be found by
Sivasankaran et al. [10]. In which the high heat transfer was found
at cavity inclination angle of c ¼ 30 in the buoyancy convection
dominated regime when the heater is located at the middle of
the cavity. Khanafer and Aithal [11] considered the problem of
laminar mixed convection flow and heat transfer characteristics
in a lid driven cavity with a circular cylinder. Their results showed
that, for dominant mixed convection, the average Nusselt number
increases with an increase in the radius of the cylinder for various
Richardson numbers. Ahmed et al. [12] investigated the effect of
non-uniform heating on both sidewalls on MHD mixed convection
in an inclined lid-driven cavity with opposing thermal buoyancy
force. It was indicated that the rate of heat transfer along the
heated walls is enhanced on increasing either Hartmann number
or inclination angle. Furthermore, the non-uniform heating on both
walls provides higher heat transfer rate than non-uniform heating
of one wall. A study for mesoscopic simulation of double-diffusive
mixed convection of pseudoplastic fluids in an enclosure with
sinusoidal boundary condition was done by Kefayati [13] where
Selimefendigil and Öztop [14] considered the problem of numeri-
cal investigation and dynamical analysis of mixed convection in a
 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202
vented cavity with pulsating flow. Ismael et al. [15] investigated
the mixed convection in a lid-driven square cavity with partial slip.
Their results showed that, there are critical values for the partial
slip parameter at which the convection is declined. The following
references [16–22] are further updated paper for this topic.
Many mentioned industries have to deal with nanofluids due to
the effectiveness of thermal properties in the systems such as poly-
mer industry, metal processing, food reservation and cooling sys-
tems. Mixed convection of lid-driven cavity with nanofluids has
been studied widely with different numerical methods recently
as some of them have been explained in detail here. Nemati et al.
[24] investigated the mixed convection flows utilizing nanofluids
containing Cu, Cuo or Al2O3 nanoparticles in a lid-driven cavity
using Lattice Boltzmann method. The results indicate that the
effects of solid volume fraction grow stronger sequentially for
Al2O3, Cuo and Cu. In addition the increases of Reynolds number
leads to decrease the solid. The effect of two viscosity models for
mixed convection flow in single- and double-lid driven square cav-
ities filled with water–Al2O3 nanofluid was performed by
Chamkhaa and Abu-Nada [25]. It was found that a significant heat
transfer enhancement can be obtained due to the presence of
nanoparticles and that this is accentuated by increasing the
nanoparticle volume fractions at moderate and large Richardson
numbers using both nanofluid models for both single- and
double-lid cavity configurations. However, for small Richardson
number, the Pak and Cho model predicts that the presence of
nanoparticle causes reductions in the average Nusselt number in
the single-lid cavity configuration. Sheikholeslami et al [26] inves-
tigated MHD effects on Al 2O3 water nanofluid flow and heat trans-
fer in a semi-annulus enclosure using LBM, The results concluded
that as nanoparticle volume fraction and Rayleigh number increase
average Nusselt number increases but opposite trends was
observed when Hartmann number increases. Also, the enhance-
ment in heat transfer is an increasing function of Hartmann
Fig. 1. Physical description of the problem.
Table 1
Result of grid independence examination number of grids in X  Y of Nua .
Pr Ri 21  21 41  41
0.054 1.0 3.7304134 4.1951389
100 3.7106309 4.1825476
6.2 1.0 6.2114325 6.7346034
100 5.1430073 5.9925036
183
number while it is a decreasing function of Rayleigh number.
Muthtamilselvan and Doh [27] considered the mixed convection
of heat generating nanofluid in a lid-driven cavity with uniform
and non-uniform heating of bottom wall. It was found that,
Richardson number strongly affect the fluid flow and heat transfer
in the cavity. Lattice Boltzmann simulation of MHD natural convec-
tion in a nanofluid-filled cavity with linear temperature distribu-
tion was scrutinized by Mahmoudi, et al. [28]. In this study, the
heat transfer and fluid flow depend strongly upon the direction
of magnetic field was noted. In addition, according the Hartmann
number, it was observed that the magnetic field direction controls
the effects of nanoparticles. Rashidi et al. [29] investigated the
effects of heterogeneous heating on Natural convection of
Al2O3/water nanofluid in a square cavity. Their results reveal that
for high values of Rayleigh number the Nusselt number is mini-
mized where the heat flux in the vicinity of adiabatic wall is small-
est while the heat flux near the cold wall is biggest. Numerical
study of MHD mixed convection in a nanofluid filled lid driven
square enclosure with a rotating cylinder was studied by
Selimefendigil and Öztop [30]. It was observed that 17% of heat
transfer enhancement is obtained for Ri ¼ 10 when compared to
flow at Ri ¼ 1. Moreover, averaged heat transfer decreases with
increasing Hartmann number and 14:2% of heat transfer enhance-
ment is obtained for rotational velocity of cylinder equal to 10
compared to motionless cylinder case. Also, when the solid volume
fraction of nanoparticle is increased, heat transfer increases.
Kefayati [31] investigated the Lattice Boltzmann simulation of
MHD natural convection in a nanofluid-filled cavity with sinu-
soidal temperature distribution. whereas the mixed convection of
non-Newtonian nanofluids flows in a lid-driven enclosure with
sinusoidal temperature profile using FDLBM was studied by the
same author in [32]. Numerical solution of nanofluid mixed con-
vection heat transfer in a lid-driven square cavity with a triangular
heat source was considered by Kalteh et al [33]. Their results
61  61 81  81 101  101 121  121 141  141
4.3582602 4.4351964 4.4815354 4.5114155 4.5341954
4.3463001 4.4261284 4.4730978 4.5051050 4.5283518
6.8505192 6.9181900 6.9483161 6.9681334 6.9843917
6.2733431 6.4070978 6.4794383 6.5290442 6.5290442
184 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202

Table 2 On the other hand, there are numerous mechanisms such as

Comparison with previous published work. Brownian motion and thermophoresis nanoparticles transport in
Re Ri Present Ahmed Waheed Tiwari and Sharif suspensions. Buongiorno [38] introduced seven transport mecha-
study et al. [12] [21] Das [22] [23] nisms which cause relative velocity between nanoparticles and
1 100 1.000899 1.000899 1.00033 – – fluid. By comparing the diffusion time scale of transport mecha-
100 0.01 2.105628 2.105628 2.03116 2.10 – nisms, he showed that the Brownian motion and thermophoresis
400 0.000625 4.221871 4.221871 4.02462 3.85 4.05 are the two most important mechanisms. Actually, there are many
500 0.0004 4.599386 4.599386 4.52671 – –
1000 0.0001 6.494660 6.494660 6.48423 6.33 6.55
recent paper as [39–45], which deal with this model and incorpo-
rated the effects of the Brownian motion and thermophoresis in
the energy and concentration equation under the Boundary layer
showed that, increasing the volume fraction leads to an increase in theorem. Moreover there are a few paper which deals with this
average Nusselt number for all nanoparticle types. Also, increasing model in cavities; Sheikholeslami et al. [46] the problem of magne-
the nanoparticles diameter leads to a decrease in the average tohydrodynamic free convection of Al2O3–water nanofluid consid-
Nusselt number for all Richardson numbers. More recent paper ering Thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects in a circular
in this field can be found in [34–37]. cavity using control volume based finite element method. Their

Fig. 2a. Stream lines contours for Hartmann number Ha with Ri at Nr ¼ 0:1; Nb ¼ 0:5; Nt ¼ 0:5; Le ¼ 2:0; Pr ¼ 6:2; c ¼ p4 ; e ¼ 1:0 and n ¼ p.
 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202 185

results indicated that Nusselt number is an increasing function of
buoyancy ratio number but it is a decreasing function of Lewis
number and Hartmann number. Also it was concluded that, as
buoyancy ratio number increases the effects of other active param-
eters are more pronounced. Sheremet and Pop [47] used the
Buongiorno’s mathematical model [38] to study the natural con-
vection problem in a square porous cavity with sinusoidal temper-
ature distributions on both side walls filled with a nanofluid. From
this study they concluded that, the average Nusselt and Sherwood
numbers are increasing functions of the buoyancy-ratio parameter,
thermophoresis parameter, and phase deviation, and decreasing
functions of the Lewis number, Brownian motion parameter, and
amplitude ratio.
Motivated by the investigations mentioned above, the main
purpose of the present contribution is to study the problem of
MHD mixed convection of a lid-driven cavity filled with
non-uniform heat walls filled with nanofluid. According to
Buongiorno model [38], the effects of Brownian motion and the
thermophoresis are included for the nanofluid.
2. Problem definition and mathematical model
Consider a two-dimensional steady flow inside a square cavity
filled with nanofluid as shown in Fig. 1. the following assumptions
have been made:

Fig. 2b. Isotherms (solid lines) and nanoparticles volume fraction (dash lines) contours for Hartmann number Ha with Ri at Nr ¼ 0:1; Nb ¼ 0:5; Nt ¼ 0:5; Le ¼ 2:0;
Pr ¼ 6:2; c ¼ p4 ; e ¼ 1:0 and n ¼ p.
186 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202

Fig. 3a. Stream lines contours for inclined magnetic field angle c with Ri at Nr ¼ 0:1; Nb ¼ 0:5; Nt ¼ 0:5; Le ¼ 2:0; Pr ¼ 6:2; Ha ¼ 25; e ¼ 1:0 and n ¼ p.
 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202 187

Fig. 3b. Isotherms (solid lines) and nanoparticles volume fraction (dash lines) contours for inclined magnetic field angle c with Ri at Nr ¼ 0:1; Nb ¼ 0:5; Nt ¼ 0:5; Le ¼ 2:0;
Pr ¼ 6:2; Ha ¼ 25; e ¼ 1:0 and n ¼ p:
188 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202

I. The sinusoidal temperature and nanoparticles distributions VIII. The cavity is permeated by a uniform magnetic field
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
are imposed on the left and right walls of the enclosure.
B ¼ Bx ex þ By ey of constant magnitude B0 ¼ B2x þ B2y , where
II. The top and bottom walls are insulated walls.
III. The top wall of the cavity is moving with constant speed U p ex ; ey are the unit vectors along the coordinate axis.
in its own plane while all other walls have no speed. IX. The direction of the magnetic field makes an angle c
IV. The gravity acts in the vertical direction and there is no vis- with X-axis.
cous dissipation. X. According to Ohm’s law, law of conservation of charge and
V. Thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects are included in Lorentz force the electric current density J and the electromag-
our study in the absence of chemical reaction. netic force F are given by the relations [48]
VI. The base fluid (water) and the solid nanoparticles are in J ¼ rl ðOu þ V  BÞ ð1Þ
thermal equilibrium.
VII. Boussinesq approximation is used to determined the variation OJ¼0 ð2Þ
of density in the buoyancy term where the other thermo-physical
properties of the nanofluid are assumed constant. F¼ JB ð3Þ

Fig. 4a. Stream lines contours for the Brownian motion parameter Nb with Ri at Nr ¼ 0:1; Ha ¼ 25; Nt ¼ 0:5; Le ¼ 2:0; Pr ¼ 6:2; c ¼ p4 ; e ¼ 1:0 and n ¼ p:
 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202 189

where Vðu; v Þ is the velocity field. For electrically non conducting Conservation equation for the nanoparticles:
boundaries the electric potential u becomes constant. Thus Eqs. @ ðuuÞ @ ðv uÞ DT 2
(1)–(3) reduce to þ ¼ DB O2 u þ O T ð7Þ
@x @y Tc
Momentum equation in x-direction:
J ¼ rl ðV  BÞ ð4Þ    
@ u2 @ ðuv Þ 1 @p 2
þ ¼  þ lf O2 u þ rf B20 ðv sin c cos c  u sin cÞ
@x @y qf @x
F ¼ rl ðV  BÞ  B ð5Þ
ð8Þ
Under the above assumptions we have the following equations Momentum equation in y-direction:
in the two-dimensional Cartesian steady space; h 9
@ ðu v Þ @ ðv 2 Þ
Continuity: @x
þ @y
¼ q1  @p
@y
þ lf O2 v þ rf B20 ðu sin c cos c  v cos2 cÞ >
>
=
f

@u @ v   i >
>
þ ¼0 ð6Þ þð1  uc Þqf 0 ðT  T c Þbf g  ðu  uc Þ qp  qf 0 g ;
@x @y
ð9Þ

Fig. 4b. Isotherms (solid lines) and nanoparticles volume fraction (dash lines) contours for the Brownian motion parameter Nb with Ri at Nr ¼ 0:1; Ha ¼ 25; Nt ¼ 0:5; Le ¼ 2:0;
Pr ¼ 6:2; c ¼ p4 ; e ¼ 1:0 and n ¼ p:
190 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202

Energy equation: By using Eq. (11), Eqs. (6)–(10) are converted to the following

dimensionless form:
@ ðuT Þ @ ðv T Þ ðqcÞp @ u @T @ u @T
þ ¼ af O2 T þ DB : þ : @U @V
@x @y ðqcÞf @x @x @y @y þ ¼0 ð12Þ
"

2 #) @X @Y
2
DT @T @T
þ þ ; ð10Þ
Tc @x @y @ ðU/Þ @ ðV/Þ 1 Nt
þ ¼ .2 / þ .2 h
2 2
@X @Y Re  Pr  Le Nb  Re  Pr  Le
whereas the Laplace operator O2 ¼ @ =@x2 þ @ =@y2 : Introducing the ð13Þ
following dimensionless parameters:
 
x y u v T  TC @ U2 @ ðVU Þ 1 Ha2
X¼ ; Y¼ ; U¼ ; V¼ ; h¼ ; @P 2
H H Up Up Th  Tc þ ¼ þ .2 U þ ðV sin c cos c  U sin cÞ
@X @Y @X Re Re
u  uC p
/¼ ; P¼ 2 ð11Þ ð14Þ
uh  uc U p qf

Fig. 5a. Stream lines contours for thermophoresis parameter Ni with Ri at Nr ¼ 0:1; Nb ¼ 0:5; Ha ¼ 25; Le ¼ 2:0; Pr ¼ 6:2; c ¼ p4 ; e ¼ 1:0 and n ¼ p:
 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202 191

Fig. 5b. Isotherms (solid lines) and nanoparticles volume fraction (dash lines) contours for thermophoresis parameter Nt with Ri at
Nr ¼ 0:1; Nb ¼ 0:5; Ha ¼ 25; Le ¼ 2:0; Pr ¼ 6:2; c ¼ p4 ; e ¼ 1:0 and n ¼ p:
  9
2 gbf H3 ð1uC ÞðT h T c Þ >
@ ðUV Þ @ V @P 1 Gr ¼ mf ; >
>
>
þ ¼ þ .2 V þ Riðh  Nr/Þ >
>
>
@X @Y @Y Re qU H >
>
Re ¼ f l p ; >
>
Ha2
f >
>
m >
>
þ ðU sin c cos c  V cos2 cÞ ð15Þ Pr ¼ af ; >
>
Re f >
>
>
>
Gr
Ri ¼ Re2 ;
>
>
>
>
@ ðUhÞ @ ðVhÞ 1 qffiffiffi
ffi >
=
þ ¼ .2 h Ha ¼ B0 H
r f
@X @Y Pr  Re lf ; ð17Þ

>
>
Nb @/ @h @/ @h Le ¼ DfB ;
a >
>
þ  þ  >
>
Re  Pr @X @X @Y @Y >
>
"
DT ðqcÞp ðT h T c Þ >
>
2
2 # Nt ¼ T c ðqcÞf a ; >
>
Nt @h @h  >>
f
þ þ ; ð16Þ  >
>
Re  Pr @X @Y
ðqcÞp ðuh uc Þ
Nb ¼ DB ðqcÞf ; >
>
af >
>
  >
>
>
>
Here, ðuh uc Þ qp qf >
>
Nr ¼ 0
: ;
bð1/c Þqf ðT h T c Þ
0
192 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202

Fig. 6a. Stream lines contours for buoyancy ratio Nr with Ri at Ha ¼ 25; Nb ¼ 0:5; Nt ¼ 0:5; Le ¼ 2:0; Pr ¼ 6:2; c ¼ p4 ; e ¼ 1:0 and n ¼ p:

By considering the following definition of non-dimensional stream 2.1. Boundary conditions:

function and vorticity
@w @w As shown in Fig. 1, The appropriate dimensionless boundary
U¼ ; V ¼ ; X ¼ .2 w; ð18Þ conditions can be expressed as:
@Y @X
and differentiating Eqs. (14) and (15) with respect to Y and X 1. On the top wall:
respectively and subtracting them gives the following equation:

@2w @h @/
@ ðU XÞ @ ðV XÞ 1 @h @/ U ¼ 1; V ¼ w ¼ 0; X¼ ; ¼ 0; ¼0 ð20Þ
þ ¼ .2 X þ Ri  Nr @Y 2 @Y @Y
@X @Y Re @X @X
2. On the bottom wall
2

Ha @U @V @U 2
þ sinð2cÞ  cos2 c þ sin c @2w @h @/
Re @X @X @Y U ¼ V ¼ w ¼ 0; X¼ ; ¼ 0; ¼0 ð21Þ
ð19Þ @Y 2 @Y @Y
 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202 193

Fig. 6b. Isotherms (solid lines) and nanoparticles volume fraction (dash lines) contours for buoyancy ratio Nr with Ri at
Ha ¼ 25; Nb ¼ 0:5; Nt ¼ 0:5; Le ¼ 2:0; Pr ¼ 6:2; c ¼ p4 ; e ¼ 1:0 and n ¼ p.

3. On the left wall hH

Nu ¼ ð24Þ
@2w kf
U ¼ V ¼ w ¼ 0; X¼ 2
; h ¼ sinð2pYÞ;
@X where, the heat transfer coefficient is expressed as
/ ¼ sinð2pYÞ ð22Þ
qw
h¼ ð25Þ
4. On the right wall: DT
@2w Also, as the both vertical walls containing heating and cooling
U ¼ V ¼ w ¼ 0; X¼ 2
; regions, we have to calculate the Nusselt number on both walls.
@X
The local Nusselt number along the left and right walls is expressed
h ¼ e sinð2pY þ nÞ; / ¼ e sinð2pY þ nÞ ð23Þ
as, respectively:
   
@h @h
2.2. Evaluation of Nusselt number NuL ¼  ; NuR ¼  ð26Þ
@X X¼0 @X X¼1
One of the most interesting quantities is the Nusselt number The average Nusselt number along the heating halves of both
along the heated wall which can be expressed as vertical walls is given by:
194 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202

Fig. 7a. Stream lines contours for Lewis number Le with Ri at Nr ¼ 0:1; Nb ¼ 0:5; Nt ¼ 0:5; Ha ¼ 25; Pr ¼ 6:2; c ¼ p4 ; e ¼ 1:0 and n ¼ p:

Z
Z

volume equations for the vorticity, energy and nanoparticles equa-

Nua ¼ NuL ðYÞdY þ NuR ðXÞdX ð27Þ
heating half heating half tions are written into the following implicit line tridiagonal form

CN PN  CP PP þ CS PS ¼ CW PW  CE PE  d ð28Þ

where the subscripts P; W; E; N; S denote cell location, west, east,-

3. Numerical method and validation
Because of the non-linear interactions among Eqs. (12)–(16),
(18) and (19), solution for these equations together with the
boundary conditions given in Eqs. (20)–(23) are solved numerically
using an efficient finite volume method [12,49–51]. The upwind
differencing scheme is adopted for the convective terms whereas
a second-order central difference approach is used to approximate
the diffusion term in the vorticity, energy and nanoparticles equa-
tions which is conducive to a stable solution. The algebraic finite
north and south face of the control volume, respectively.
Moreover, the symbol P refers to w; X; h or /. The resulting alge-
braic equations are solved using the tridiagonal matrix algorithm
(TDMA). A uniform grid has been selected in both X- and
Y-directions.
The grid sizes are tested from 21  21 to 141  141 for Ri ¼ 1:0
and 100 with Pr ¼ 0:054 and 6:2; see Table 1. It is observed that,
the 101  101 grid is sufficiently enough to obtain an independent
grid size solution. The parameters used in evaluating the
average Nusselt number in Table 1 were set to be
 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202 195

Fig. 7b. Isotherms (solid lines) and nanoparticles volume fraction (dash lines) contours for Lewis number Le with Ri at Nr ¼ 0:1; Nb ¼ 0:5; Nt ¼ 0:5;
Ha ¼ 25; Pr ¼ 6:2; c ¼ p4 ; e ¼ 1:0 and n ¼ p.

Gr ¼ 104 ; Nr ¼ 0:1; Nb ¼ 0:5; Nt ¼ 0:5; Le ¼ 2; c ¼ p=4; e ¼ 1; n ¼ p solutions reported by different authors. It is seen from this table
and Ha ¼ 25. The unknowns h; /; X and w were calculated itera- that the agreement between the present and the previous results
tively until the following criteria of convergence was fulfilled is very good. Therefore, we are confident that the results presented
in this paper are very accurate.
P  new 
old 
i;j Pi;j  Pi;j 
P  new   106 ; ð29Þ
i;j  Pi;j  4. Results and discussion

the numerical method was implemented in a FORTRAN software.
The obtained results are plotted in 2D graphs and contour maps
by using ORIGIN 9 software and SURFER 11 software, respectively.
Table 2 compares the accuracy of the average Nusselt number at
the lid surface in the absence of magnetic force and
Nr ¼ Nb ¼ Nt ¼ Le ¼ 0 with Gr ¼ 100 for different values of the
Richardson number and Prandtl number with some numerical
In this section the obtained numerical results for mixed convec-
tion heat transfer of a nanofluid in a lid-driven cavity are discussed.
Nanofluid is modeled according to [38] in which the effects of
Brownian motion and thermophoresis are incorporated. This physi-
cal phenomenon is investigated for a wide range of the controlling
parameter. The ranges of these parameters are: Hartmann
number Ha ð0 6 Ha 6 100Þ, buoyancy ratio Nr ð0:1 6 N r 6 1Þ,
196 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202

thermophoresis number Nt ð0:1 6 Nr 6 1Þ, Brownian motion
parameter Nb ð0:1 6 Nb 6 1Þ, Lewis number Le ð1 6 Le 6 10Þ,
Prandtl number Pr ð0:054 6 Pr 6 10Þ, inclined magnetic field angle
c ð0o 6 c 6 3p=2Þ, Amplitude e ð0 6 e 6 1:5Þ, phase angle
n ð0o 6 n 6 3p=4Þ and Richardson number Ri ð0:001 6 Ri 6 100Þ.
In all the obtained results the values of the Grashof number Gr is
fixed at 104 . For more information about what this parameters
represents, the following intensive investigation is presented.
Fig. 2a depicts the stream lines contours for various values of
the Hartmann number Ha with different values of the Richardson
number Ri. The chosen values for Richardson number Ri
ð0:001; 1; 100Þ are equivalent to forced convection dominated
mode, mixed convection mode and natural convection mode,
respectively. Because of the importance of these three modes, their
effects are included in each figure within the other parameters. The
reference parameters for this figure are
Nr ¼ 0:1; Nb ¼ 0:5; Nt ¼ 0:5; Le ¼ 2; Pr ¼ 6:2; c ¼ p=4; e ¼ 1 and
n ¼ p. It is found that for Ri ¼ 0:001 (forced convection dominated
mode) in the absence of the magnetic field ðHa ¼ 0Þ the circulation
in the flow is found in almost of the entire region of the cavity and
form a clockwise circular cell. Whereas applying the magnetic
force represented by Hartmann number to be Ha ¼ 50, It is noticed
that, the movements of the fluids in the cavity becomes more
slowly than that in the case of ðHa ¼ 0Þ and a small anticlockwise
cell is formed beside the largest clockwise one in which the con-
tours lines are crowded to the top moving wall and these two cells
does not cover the hall cavity as there is an addition force (Lorentz
force) acting against the fluid flows by inclination angle c ¼ p=4
which make a tendency in the flow lines. Increasing Hartmann
number to Ha ¼ 100, the tendency in the flow lines becomes more

Fig. 8a. Stream lines contours for Prandtl number Pr with Ri at Nr ¼ 0:1; Nb ¼ 0:5; Nt ¼ 0:5; Le ¼ 2:0; Ha ¼ 25; c ¼ p4 ; e ¼ 1:0 and n ¼ p.
 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202 197

clear and the small anticlockwise cell vanished and we have only
one inclined clockwise cell which covers the upper left half of
the enclosure. For Ri ¼ 1:0 (mixed convection mode) the circula-
tion in the flow is found in the entire region of the cavity when
the magnetic field is not present and there is more stretching on
the contours in the bottom area to left and right. Moreover, we
have a clockwise pattern separated from inside to another small
one at Ha ¼ 50. Also, for Ha ¼ 100, we have two clockwise cells
and the contour lines for the large cell are inclined and congested
beside the moving wall. Therefore, we can conclude that as Ha
increases, the movement of the lid-surface is dominated and the
fluid motion concentrated in the upper part of the enclosure. On
the other hand, we have an interesting behavior for the natural
mode Ri ¼ 100:0.The effect of the lid force decreases and the fluid
motion can be represented be three eddies. Two of them are clock-
wise cells formed besides the top and bottom wall where the other
one at center is anticlockwise one. Increasing Ha, the clockwise
cells merge to form a large eddy occupied the almost area of the
enclosure. The remaining eddy separated to two cells beside the
vertical walls. More increasing in Hartmann number
(Ha ¼ 100) leads to decay the fluid motion. This is due to the fact
that the magnetic field exerts a force, known as Lorentz force,
which suppresses the fluid motion. The isothermal maps are clus-
tered near the left and right vertical walls of the cavity resulting in
steep temperature gradients there. In the remaining area of the
cavity, the temperature gradients are small, which implies that
the temperature differences are very small in the interior region
of the cavity due to the vigorous effects of the shear-driven

Fig. 8b. Isotherms (solid lines) and nanoparticles volume fraction (dash lines) contours for Prandtl number Pr with Ri at Nr ¼ 0:1; Nb ¼ 0:5; Nt ¼ 0:5;
Le ¼ 2:0; Ha ¼ 25; c ¼ p4 ; e ¼ 1:0 and n ¼ p.
198 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202

circulations. This behavior is seen for Ri ¼ 0:001 and Ha ¼ 0; how-
ever, increasing Ri to be Ri ¼ 1, the isotherms started to distribute
inside the hall enclosure. More increasing in Ri leads to disappear
the thermal boundary layers motioned later and the
non-isothermal region as well. For all modes (forced convection
dominated mode, mixed convection mode and natural convection
mode), when the Lorentz force is considered (Ha increases) the iso-
therms start to move away from the headed walls. This means the
temperature gradient inside the cavity decreases. On the other
hand, it also can be seen the nanoparticles volume fractions con-
tours take the same behavior of the isotherms. All this behaviors
can be observed from Fig. 2b with referenced cases
Nr ¼ 0:1; Nb ¼ 0:5; Nt ¼ 0:5; Le ¼ 2; Pr ¼ 6:2; c ¼ p=4; e ¼ 1 and
n ¼ p.
Fig. 3a. shows the streamlines contours for inclined magnetic
field angle c with the three different modes at Nr ¼ 0:1; Nb ¼ 0:5;
Nt ¼ 0:5; Le ¼ 2; Pr ¼ 6:2; Ha ¼ 25; e ¼ 1 and n ¼ p. The effect of
the lid force for Ri ¼ 0:001 is more significant than the effect
of the inclination angle. This can be observed from the stretching
of the eddies which are the same for c ¼ 0; p=2 except for the
interior one. On the other hand, for high values of Ri, when the
magnetic field is horizontal (c ¼ 0), the Hartmann number has
clearer effects than the case of vertical magnetic field (c ¼ p=2).
This is due to that the magnetic field has the same direction of
the shear-driven movement at c ¼ 0. In other words, the increase
in c leads to increase the intensity of convection inside the core
of the cavity. This can be observed from the streamlines which dis-
tribute along the whole cavity at c ¼ p=2 instead of constricting

Fig. 9. Distribution of local Nusselt number NuðYÞ at the left NuL and right NuR walls for different values of (a) inclined magnetic field angle c (b) Hartmann number Ha (c)
Phase angle n (d) Amplitude e with different values of the Richardson number Ri.
 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202 199

beside the top wall in case of c ¼ 0: Besides, the effect of the value
c ¼ 0 is repeated at c ¼ p. This is due to periodic properties of the
trigonometric functions. Also the effect of c ¼ p=2 and c ¼ 3p=2 is
the same which proves our mathematical formulation of the prob-
lem. Regarding the contours of isotherms and the nanoparticles
volume fraction, as we can see from Fig. 3b, Increasing the inclina-
tion angle leads to increase the thermal boundary layer beside the
vertical walls for the low values of Ri. This behavior is reflected in
the case of Ri ¼ 100. Again, the effects of c ¼ 0 and c ¼ p=2 are
repeated at c ¼ p=2 and c ¼ 3p=2 respectively for the isotherms
and nanoparticles volume fraction. Figs. 4a and 4b show the effect
of the Brownian motion parameter Nb on the streamlines, iso-
therms and nanoparticles volume fraction contours at
Nr ¼ 0:1; Nb ¼ 0:5; c ¼ p=4; Le ¼ 2; Pr ¼ 6:2; Ha ¼ 25; e ¼ 1 and
n ¼ p. Nb has not a clear effect on the stream lines for the low
values of Ri ðRi ¼ 0:001 and 1:0) whereas for Ri ¼ 100 a little
change can be observed as Nb increases. The stretching of the cen-
ter cell decreases as Nb increase till it becomes one cell beside the
left wall. The clear effect of Nb can be noted on the contours and
nanoparticles volume fraction. For the low values of Nb, the con-
tours of isotherms are distributes on the almost whole cavity.
This effect is clearer for the distributions of the nanoparticles vol-
ume fraction. The increase in Nb leads to gather the lines beside the
vertical walls which makes an enhancement in the heat transfer
rate. This behavior can be attributed to the nanoparticles difference
between the vertical walls that increases by increase Nb.
Figs. 5a and 5b illustrate the effects of thermophoresis parame-
ter Nt on the streamlines, Isotherms and nanoparticles volume
fraction contours with the all modes of convection at
Nr ¼ 0:1; Nb ¼ 0:5; c ¼ p=4; Le ¼ 2; Pr ¼ 6:2; Ha ¼ 25; e ¼ 1 and

Fig. 10. Impacts of different values of (a) Lewis number Le (b) buoyancy ratio Nr (c) thermophoresis number Nt (d) Prandtl number Pr on the local Nusselt number NuðYÞ
distributions at the left NuL and right NuR walls for different values of the Richardson number Ri.
200 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202
n ¼ p. It is noted that, the behaviors of Nt are semi similar to the
behaviors of Nb. The difference between these behaviors can be
found in the nanoparticles volume fraction as their distributions
are less diffusion than the isotherms lines. Figs. 6a and 6b display
the contours of streamlines, isotherms and nanoparticle
volume frictions for different values of buoyancy ratio N r with Ri
at Ha ¼ 25; N b ¼ 0:5; N t ¼ 0:5; Le ¼ 2:0; Pr ¼ 6:2; c ¼ p=4; e ¼ 1:0;
n ¼ p. It is found that, the effect of N r is not observed at the low
values of Ri. However, it becomes more interesting at Ri ¼ 1 and
Ri ¼ 100. For Ri ¼ 1, the strength of the cells over the whole cavity
decreases with increasing N r . For Ri ¼ 100, There exist three roles
are formed inside the whole cavity; one of them was generated
by the lid-force and arises beside the moving wall whereas the
other roles were generated due to the buoyancy force. It is noted
that, the increases in N r leads to an increase in the lid-force which
is evident from the increase of the roles strength which were
formed beside the moving wall. The effect of the N r on the iso-
therms and isoconcentration, also, clearly does not appear except
in the case of higher values of Ri (Ri ¼ 100). The thermal region
formed at the heated walls decreases by increase Nr. In fact, the
increase in Nr means the increase in nanoparticles in the base fluid
which makes the fluid more viscous and then decreases natural
convection mode. The effect of the Lewis number Le on the stream-
lines, isotherms and isoconcentration is depicted in Figs. 7a and 7b.
The values of the other fixed parameters for this figures
are N r ¼ 0:1; N b ¼ 0:5; N t ¼ 0:5; Ha ¼ 25; Pr ¼ 6:2; c ¼ p=4; e ¼ 1:0;
n ¼ p. It is observed that there is not any change in the behavior
of streamlines and isotherms due to change the value of N r . For
the contours of the isoconcentration, the high values of Le leads
to expand the isoconcentration lines generated from the right wall
towards the left wall while, the lines generated from the left wall
start to disappear.
To show the effects of the fluid type on the streamlines,
isotherms and nanoparticle volume frictions for such kinds of
problem, Fig. 8a and 8b were plotted to investigate the influence
of the Prandtl number Pr. The reference case for these figures
is N r ¼ 0:1; N b ¼ 0:5; N t ¼ 0:5; Le ¼ 2:0; Ha ¼ 25; c ¼ p=4; e ¼ 1:0;
n ¼ p. In fact, it worth mention that, the value of Pr which equal
0:054 represents liquid metal, the value of Pr which equal 6:2 rep-
resents water and Pr ¼ 10:0 represents engine oil. The distribu-
tions of the streamlines do not have any difference in the case of
the low values of RiðRi ¼ 0:001Þ, but at Ri ¼ 1 and Ri ¼ 100, there
are some differences between Pr ¼ 0:054 and Pr ¼ 6:2. These
35
30
Relative increase in Nu a ( %)
25
20
15
10
5 to solve the governing equations and comparisons with previously
0 concluded that:
10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0
Ri
Fig. 11. The percentages for the increase of average Nusselt number for nanofluids
comparing to pure water at Ha ¼ 25; Nb ¼ Nt ¼ 0:5; Le ¼ 2; Nr ¼ 0:1; Pr ¼ 6:2;
c ¼ p4 ; e ¼ 1 and n ¼ p.
differences appear in the values of the streamlines which decrease
with increase the value of Pr. In order to explain this behavior, it
should be mentioned that Pr  1 means thermal diffusivity domi-
nates and Pr  1 means momentum diffusivity dominates.
Further, the momentum diffusion, in fluid, is caused by viscosity.
So the nanofluid motion in case of Pr ¼ 6:2 is slower than the case
of Pr ¼ 0:054. Regarding the isotherms and nanoparticle volume
friction, Fig. 8b shows that, there are thermal boundary layers were
performed at the vertical walls of the enclosure. This behavior was
observed for Pr ¼ 6:2 and Pr ¼ 10:0, however for Pr ¼ 0:054, these
layers disappear from the cavity and the isotherms distribute
inside the wall cavity. The nanoparticle volume friction takes the
similar behavior for the isotherms.
The mean objective of this study is to see the effects of the gov-
erning parameters, namely, inclined magnetic field angle c,
Hartmann number Ha Phase angle n, Amplitude e, Richardson
number Ri, Lewis number Le, buoyancy ratio N r , thermophoresis
number N t and Prandtl number Pr on the rate of heat transfer at
the heated parts of the enclosure. So, Figs. 9 and 10 show the dis-
tribution of local Nusselt number NuðYÞ at the left NuL and right
NuR walls for different values of these parameters. It is found that,
the behaviors of NuL and NuR at c ¼ 0 and c ¼ p=2 are repeated,
respectively, at c ¼ p and c ¼ 3p=2. Also, a clear enhancement in
the rate of heat transfer at the left wall can be obtained by increase
either Richardson number Ri or amplitude parameter e. However,
the high values of Ha result in a reduction of NuL . Fig. 10 shows
a small increase occurs in the rate of heat transfer at the left wall
by increasing the Lewis number Le . While the obvious support in
the heat transfer rate at the lower half of the left wall occurs in
the case of any increase in N r or N t or Pr. Fig. 10, also, shows that,
the behavior of NuL under the effects of those parameters at the
upper half of the left wall is contrary to its behavior at the lower
half of the same wall. Regarding the rate of heat transfer at the
right wall NuR , it takes the inverse behaviors of NuL for all values
of the governing parameters. Finally, one of the main objective of
this study is to show the effects of the presence of nanoparticles
on the rate of heat transfer compared to the case of pure water.
Fig. 11 was plotted to satisfy this goal. This figure displays the per-
centages for the increase of average Nusselt number for nanofluids
comparing to pure water at Ha ¼ 25; Nb ¼ Nt ¼ 0:5; Le ¼ 2:0;
Pr ¼ 6:2; c ¼ p=4; e ¼ 1:0, and n ¼ p with the three different cases
of Rið0:001; 1:0; 100Þ. It is found that there is a good enhancement
in the rate of heat transfer in case of considering nanofluid. This
behavior can be interpreted as since the nanoparticles have a very
large surface area, the fluid becomes more sensitive, the thermal
regions of the nanofluid increases and as a result a good enhance-
ment in the heat transfer rate can be obtained.
Nr=0.1
Nr=1.0
Nb=0.1
Nb=1.0 5. Conclusion
Nt=0.1
Nt=1.0
Le=1.0 The effect of non-uniform heating on the vertical walls of an
Le=10 enclosure on mixed convection flow of a nanofluid in the presence
of an inclined magnetic field was investigated in this paper. The
model used for the binary nanofluid incorporates the effects of
Brownian motion and thermophoresis. The governing equations
are transformed to dimensionless form using suitable
non-dimensional quantities. The finite volume method was used
published works were performed. Form the current study, it can be
10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5
1. The strength of the streamlines over the whole cavity decreases
with an increase of N r .
2. Increase the Prandtl number leads to forming thermal boundary
layers at the heated walls of the cavity.
 H.M. Elshehabey, S.E. Ahmed / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 181–202
3. Increase both of Richardson number Ri and amplitude parame-
ter e results in an increase in the rate of heat transfer at the left
wall whereas the local Nusselt number at the right wall
decreases with increase these parameters.
4. An increase in the Hartmann number leads to a decrease in both
NuR and NuL at the lower part of the vertical walls.
5. An increase in the local Nusselt at the lower half of the left wall
can be obtained by increase any of Nr or Nt or Pr.
6. The upper half of the left wall takes the inverse behavior of the
lower half for all values of the governing parameters.
Conflict of interest
None declared.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank Prof. F.M. Hady; from the math-
ematics department, faculty of science, Assiut university (Assiut,
Egypt) and Prof. Ana Silvestre from mathematics department and
CEMAT, Instituto Superior Tecnico, university of Lisbon (Lisbon,
Portugal); for their support in developing the paper.
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