Original article

Proc IMechE Part E:

J Process Mechanical Engineering
Quadratic multiple regression model 0(0) 1–12
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and spectral relaxation approach to Article reuse guidelines:

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analyse stagnation point nanofluid DOI: 10.1177/0954408919878984

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flow with second-order slip

B Kumar1 , GS Seth1 and R Nandkeolyar2

Abstract
The present paper is concerned to study the influence of second-order slip, mixed convection, viscous and Joule dissipa-
tions, thermophoretic and Brownian diffusions on steady stagnation point nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet embedded
in a porous medium with passive control of nanoparticles. Graphs for velocity, temperature and concentration of present
nanofluid flow model, obtained by using spectral relaxation method, are discussed in detail for various parameters. Apart
from it, present results are verified by previously available results as well as regression analysis is performed for the local
Nusselt number for making this model more effective in industries and engineering. From the statistical analysis of local
Nusselt number, it is suggested that small variation in thermophoretic parameter leads to large perturbation in local Nusselt
number in comparison to Brownian motion parameter, and the presence of Eckert number leads to strengthen Brownian
and thermophoretic diffusions.

Keywords
Second-order slip, passive control, mixed convection, viscous and Joule dissipations, Brownian and thermophoretic
diffusions, spectral relaxation method

Date received: 31 October 2018; accepted: 5 September 2019

Introduction influence of inorganic nanoparticles on the phase

Increase in the efficiency of coolant is a vital issue in
various areas such as electronics, medical science,
power production, engineering and industrial fields.
This demand attracts researchers to look for high per-
formance coolant. So, the researchers moved towards
enhancing thermal conductivity of the traditional
fluids like ethylene, glycol, water, etc. Therefore,
the term ‘nanofluid’ is introduced. A nanofluid is
the mixture of nanoparticles suspended in the base
fluid. Nanofluid fulfils the demand for high perform-
ance and efficient coolants for numerous industries
ranging from medical to metallurgical industries
and auto-mobile to electronics. Some of the other
applications of nanofluids are in heat exchangers,
radiators, electronic cooling system, solar collectors,
polymerase chain reaction, etc. Masuda et al.1 were
the first to notice how heat transfer rate and thermal
conductivity of liquid increase when ultra-fine par-
ticles are dispersed into it. Sheikholeslami2 presented
a computational approach for entropy analysis of
nanofluid. Das et al.3 have investigated the impact
of variable fluid properties on nanofluid flow over a
wedge. Sheikholeslami and Mahian4 have studied the
change materials solidification rate inside a porous
energy storage system. Sheikholeslami5 numerically
investigated MHD Al2O3-water nanofluid transporta-
tion inside a permeable medium. Some useful and
innovative study on nanofluid is presented by several
authors, viz. Acharya et al.,6–8 Seth et al.9 and
Sheikholeslami et al.10–17
Flow over a stretching sheet is of high concern of
researchers due to its use in many engineering and
industrial fields. The several types of models are
used in manufacturing long and uniform metal
parts, corrosion-resistant fabrics, rubber sheets, melt
spinning technique for cooling liquid, elastic polymer
substance and production of emollient, paints, glass
1
Department of Applied Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology
(Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
2
Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology,
Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
Corresponding author:
B Kumar, Department of Applied Mathematics, Indian Institute of
Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India.
Email: chauhanbhuvan6@gmail.com
2 Proc IMechE Part E: J Process Mechanical Engineering 0(0)
fibre for thermal insulation, etc. The velocity induced
by the stretching sheet is cased to move the surround-
ing fluid near the sheet, which controls the convection
cooling. These situations occur in manufacturing of
plastic and rubber sheets. Initially, Crane18 addressed
the solution of boundary layer equation of Newtonian
fluid over a stretching sheet by assuming the stretch-
ing sheet velocity proportional to the distance from
the slit. Crane’s proposed model of linearly stretching
sheet is not applicable in many industrial process;
therefore, there is a requirement for new aspects of
stretching rate. Taking care of this, Chen19 extended
this work and provided a model on laminar-mixed
convection assuming the velocity of stretching in
power law form. Khan and Pop20 studied the laminar
fluid flow past a linearly stretching sheet and sug-
gested that Sherwood number is the increasing func-
tion of Prandtl number and thermophoretic and
Brownian diffusion parameters while Nusselt
number shows the adverse effect on it. Das et al.21
have analysed the nanofluid flow past a shrinking
sheet in the presence of heat source/sink. Ishfaq
et al.22 also showed keen interest to develop stretching
sheet model for fluid flow. More precisely, they have
taken passive control and zero flux assumption of
nanoparticles near the sheet. They also presented
regression analysis of Nusselt number. Some other
related investigations are due to articles by Ellahi
et al.23 and Acharya et al.24
Viscous dissipation plays a key role to affect heat
transfer rate due to work done by relative layers of
fluid. So, it has the tendency to change temperature
distribution. Its effect is very significant in many
fields such as tribology, food processing, polymer
manufacturing, lubrication, instrumentation, etc.
Vajravelu and Hadjinicolaou25 studied the heat trans-
fer characteristics of viscous fluid and analysed the
effect of viscous dissipation on flow field. They also
suggested that, for small Prandtl number, there is
no boundary layer solution. Makinde26 has con-
sidered flow over flat plate to observe the combined
effect of Newtonian heating and viscous dissipation.
Pal and Mandal27 analysed the heat generation and
viscous dissipation effects on flow of nanofluid in a
porous medium. Recently, Kumar et al.28 presented a
new model of viscous dissipation.
The stagnation point flow of nanofluid has
application in many fields such as metallurgy,
manufacturing in plastic substance, lubricant poly-
mer extrusion, etc. Therefore, researchers moved
towards analysing boundary layer effect near stagna-
tion point. Mustafa et al.29 reported the boundary
layer solutions of stagnation point flow adjacent to
stretching sheet by homotopy analysis method.
Rehman et al.30 have taken inclined stretching cylin-
der and analysed the thermophysical aspect of stag-
nation point flow.
Spectral methods31,32 work on a global approach,
i.e. the value of a derivative at a certain point in space
depends on the solution at all the other points in
space, and not just the neighbouring grid points.
For this reason, spectral methods have excellent
error properties and exponential convergence of the
solution. Spectral methods are distinguished not only
by the fundamental type of the method (collocation,
Galerkin) but also by the particular choice of the trial
functions. Due to this fact, spectral methods usually
have a very high order of approximation. In fact,
spectral methods were among the first to be used in
practical flow simulations. Because of its simplicity,
high accuracy and rapid convergence, spectral relaxa-
tion method (SRM) has a great potential of being
used in place of the methods such as finite difference
method, homotopy perturbation method, shooting
technique along with Runge–Kutta Fehlberg
method,33 natural decomposition method,34 finite
element method, differential transform method, etc.
in solving nonlinear boundary value problems.
The present model is dedicated to study the stagna-
tion point nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet
embedded in a porous medium under the influence of
second-order slip, mixed convection, Joule and viscous
dissipations, heat generation, magnetic field and ther-
mophoretic and Brownian diffusions. This situation
arises when fluid falls with a velocity over a sheet
which get stretched due to the application of forces
at the sheet in the opposite directions. It has wide
applications in polymer and metal extrusion, produc-
tion of plastic sheets, glass blowing, boundary layer
control, nuclear reactors, etc. As per the authors’ con-
cern, this model is not discussed so far with SRM.
Development of the problem
The present system deals with the steady two-
dimensional, viscous, incompressible and electrically
conducting stagnation point flow of nanofluid over
a stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium
with mixed convection, second-order slip, heat
generation, viscous and Joule dissipations and
Brownian and thermophoretic diffusions. Geometry
of concerning problem is presented in Figure 1. The
following assumptions are taken to develop the pre-
sent model
. Nanofluid is impinging normally over the stretch-
ing sheet, and the stretching velocity is in the linear
form as us ¼ ax. Free stream velocity of fluid is also
taken in linear form as u1 ¼ bx, where a and b are
constants, i.e. fluid flow and stretching sheet are in
upward direction along x-axis.
. Origin of coordinate system is taken as stagnation
point. Due to the presence of equal and opposite
force, sheet is stretched from this point.
. Symbols T ¼ Ts and T ¼ T1 are taken for constant
temperature of fluid at the surface and in the
free stream, respectively. The symbol C1 is taken
for fluid concentration in free stream while
Kumar et al. 3

 
  @T @T
cp nf u þv
@x @y
 2 
@ T
¼k þ B2 ðu1  uÞ2
@y2
 2 ð3Þ
@u 
þ þ QðT  T1 Þ þ ðu1  uÞ2
@y kp
"     #
  @C @T DT @T 2
þ cp np DB þ
@y @y T1 @y
   2 
@C @C DT @2 T @ C
u þv ¼ þ D B ð4Þ
@x @y T1 @y2 @y2

Related boundary conditions are

 9
u ¼ us þ uslip , v ¼ 0, @C
¼  DD @T >
>
@y ,
T
@y T
B 1 =
T ¼ Ts , at y ¼ 0, >
>
;
u ! u1 , C ! C1 , T ! T1 , as y ! 1
ð5Þ

where ðu, vÞ, , , g, , nf , nf1 , np , k, , Q, ðcp Þnp ,

Figure 1. Geometry of the model. ðcp Þnf , DT , DB and kp are velocity component, kine-
matic viscosity, electric conductivity, gravitational accel-
eration, nanofluid volumetric expansion coefficient,
nanoparticle volume fraction C controlled pas- nanofluid density, nanofluid reference density, nanopar-
sively at the surface as suggested in Kuznetsov ticles density, thermal conductivity, dynamic viscosity
and Nield.35 Wu’s36 second-order slip flow model of nanofluid, heat generation coefficient, nanoparticles
is also taken into account. specific heat, nanofluid specific heat, thermophoretic
. For controlling the boundary layer, transverse diffusion coefficient, Brownian diffusion coefficient and
magnetic field having intensity B is exerted perpen- porous permeability. uslip is the second-order slip36
dicular to the sheet, i.e. along y axis and induced defined by
magnetic field generated by fluid is neglected.
. Nanoparticle and base fluid are assumed in thermal  
2 3ð1  l2 Þ ð3  "l3 Þ @u
equilibrium, and chemical reaction between them is uslip ¼  þ d
3 2kn " @y
neglected.  
2 2
. Boussinesq approximation is considered, i.e. dens- 1 2ð1  l Þ 4 2 @ u
 þl d
ity variation obtained by concentration or tem- 4 k2n @y2
perature difference is neglected except in case of @u @2 u
buoyancy force. ¼A þB 2
@y @y

Using these key assumptions, the governing Here,

boundary layer equations,37 i.e. continuity, momen-
tum, energy and concentration, are expressed, respect- l ¼ min½1, 1=kn 
ively, as follows
and kn , d, " are Knudsen number, molecular mean
@u @v free path and momentum accommodation coefficient,
þ ¼0 ð1Þ
@x @y respectively. The parametric expression of Knudsen
 2    number is kn ¼ l =l , where l is the mean free path
@u @u @ u du1 and l is the characteristic length. The range of
u þv ¼ þ u1
@x @y @y2 dx momentum accommodation coefficient is 04"41.
 2  Based on the definition of l, it is seen that for any
þ B ðu1  uÞ þ ðu1  uÞ given value of kn , we have 04l41. Since the molecu-
nf kp
ð2Þ
g   lar mean free path d is always positive, it results that B
þ ð1  C1 Þnf1 ðT  T1 Þ is a negative number. The amount of slip at the sur-
nf
g    face is a function of the accommodation coefficient. In
 ðC  C1 Þ np  nf1 the first-order slip, second-order terms are not con-
nf
sidered because investigation is primarily concerned
4 Proc IMechE Part E: J Process Mechanical Engineering 0(0)

 
with the validity of the first-order approximation. us x p  f1 C1
Rex ¼ , Nr ¼ ,
Slip-flow solutions to a variety of problems of prac-  f1 ð1  C1 ÞðTs  T1 Þ
tical interest suggest that slip-flow theory is remark-  
cp np DT ðTw  T1 Þ u2s
ably robust, in the sense that it continues to be Nt ¼   , Ec ¼   ,
reasonably accurate, at least in a qualitative sense. cp nf T1  cp nf ðTs  T1 Þ
 
If the Knudsen number increases, this first-order cp np DB ðC1 Þ Q0
slip-flow model is no longer valid, i.e. the differences Nb ¼   , ¼ ,
cp nf  aðcÞf
between the predictions of the model and the experi-
  
mental data become significant. It should be eminent Sc ¼ PrLn ¼ , Pr ¼ , Ln ¼
that when the Knudsen number moves towards unity, DB  DB
the second-order slip effects should not be ignored.
Second-order slip flow model is more precise than b  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
the first-order slip, which underestimates the flow s¼ , K¼ ,  ¼ A a= 4 0, ¼ Ba= 5 0
a akp
rate when the Knudsen numbers are higher.38 More
information about physical process of first and
second-order slip is given in the articles.6,39 are the magnetic parameter, mixed convection parameter,
For similarity solutions of governing boundary local Grashof number, local Reynolds number, buoyancy
layer equations (2) to (4) along with boundary con- ratio parameter, thermophoretic parameter, local Eckert
straint (5), we have taken following local similarity number, Brownian diffusion parameter, heat generation
transformations6 parameter, Schmidt number, Prandtl number, Lewis
number, stagnation parameter, porous permeability
rffiffiffiffiffi 9
us pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > parameter, first-order momentum slip parameter and
¼y , ¼ us xfðÞ, >
=
x second-order momentum slip parameter, respectively.
ð6Þ For engineering purpose, it is important to find
C  C1 T  T1 >>
;
ðÞ ¼ ,
ðÞ ¼ dimensionless expression for skin friction Cfx and
C1 Ts  T1
local Nusselt number Nux which are defined, respect-
where  is similarity variable and w is stream function ively, as
while and
are non-dimensional concentration and
temperature, respectively. s xqs
Cfx ¼ and Nux ¼ ð11Þ
Using these similarity variables, our problem is u2s kðTs  T1 Þ
reduced in the following form
  Here, ss is the shear stress at surface and qs heat
f 000 þ ff 00  f 02  ðM þ KÞ f 0  s flux at the surface which are defined by
ð7Þ
þ lð
 Nr Þ þ s2 ¼ 0    
@u @T
s ¼  and qs ¼ k ð12Þ
1 00 @y y¼0 @y y¼0
2

þ f
0 þ Ntð
0 Þ þ Nb
0 0 þ Ecf 002
Pr ð8Þ
Using similarity variable, we got the following
þ 
þ EcðM þ KÞð f 0  sÞ2 ¼ 0 dimensionless form of skin friction and local Nusselt
number
Nt 00
00 þ Scf 0 þ
¼0 ð9Þ
Nb Cfx Re1=2 00
Nux Re1=2 ¼ 
0 ð0Þ
x ¼ f ð0Þ and x
ð13Þ
The boundary conditions (5) are reduced in the
following form Here,
0 ð0Þ is wall temperature gradient and f 00 ð0Þ is
9 wall velocity gradient.
fðÞ ¼ 0, f 0 ðÞ ¼ 1 þ f 00 þ f 000 , >
=
Nb 0 ðÞ þ Nt
0 ðÞ ¼ 0,
ðÞ ¼ 1, at  ¼ 0, Solution methodology
0
>
;
f ðÞ ! s, ðÞ ! 0,
ðÞ ! 0 , as  ! 1
SRM31 is used to solve equations (7) to (9) along with
ð10Þ boundary constraints (10).

where
Overview of SRM
2 This section is provided to explain SRM algorithm.
B Grx
M¼ , l ¼ ð1  C1 Þf1 , We have prepared the code of SRM by using Matlab
nf a Re2x
software. The flowchart of the solution procedure is
gðTs  T1 Þx3
Grx ¼ given in Figure 5. Gauss–Seidel relaxation method is
2 used to linearise and decouple system of differential
Kumar et al. 5

equations. We have denoted the current iteration label boundary condition (18) is given by
by ðr þ 1Þ, and the previous iteration is denoted by r.
1s 1s
For using SRM procedure, we have assumed the f0 ¼ s þ 1þ ð1e Þ, p0 ¼ s þ 1þ ðe Þ,
following Nt 

0 ðÞ ¼ e , 0 ðÞ ¼  Nb e
f 0rþ1 ¼ pr , frþ1 ð0Þ ¼ 0 ð14Þ

The linearised and decoupled form of equations (7)

to (9) with boundary conditions (10) is given by
Solution error (SRM)
This section is provided to check the convergence of
p00rþ1 þ frþ1 p0rþ1  ðM þ KÞprþ1 the solutions. In this method, the norm of the differ-
ð15Þ ence of the solution at various iteration is calculated,
¼ p2r  ðM þ KÞs  lð
rþ1  Nr rþ1 Þ  s2
and if this value tends to be very small, then the
1 00 method converges. The error graphs of solutions are
0

þ frþ1
rþ1 þ 
rþ1 displayed in Figures 2 to 4. In all three figures, it can
Pr rþ1
ð16Þ be seen that the error decreases as the number of iter-
¼ Ntð
0r Þ2  Nb
0r 0r  Ecðp0rþ1 Þ2 ations increases. The errors in the solution of
 ðM þ KÞEcðprþ1  sÞ2

Nt 00
00rþ1 þ Scfrþ1 0rþ1 ¼ 
ð17Þ 0
Nb rþ1 10

the boundary conditions −2

10

9
prþ1 ðÞ ¼ 1 þ p0rþ1 þ p00rþ1 ,
rþ1 ðÞ ¼ 1, >
>
>
−4
10
Nb 0rþ1 ðÞ þ Nt
0rþ1 ðÞ ¼ 0, at  ¼ 0, =
Error f(η)

prþ1 ðÞ ! s, rþ1 ðÞ ! 0, >

> −6
>
; 10

rþ1 ðÞ ! 0 , as  ! 1
ð18Þ −8
10

To solve these decoupled equations, Chebyshev −10

10
pseudo-spectral collocation technique is used in
which the domain is transformed from the interval −12
10
[0 L ] to [1 1], with suitable transformation, where 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
L is scaling parameter. Equations (14) to (17) can be Iterations

transformed in the following form

Figure 2. Solution error for f ðÞ.
A1 frþ1 ¼ B1 , A2 prþ1 ¼ B2 , A3
rþ1 ¼ B3 ,
A4 rþ1 ¼ B4 ,
2
where 10

0
10
1
A1 ¼ D , B 1 ¼ pr ,
−2
2 10
A2 ¼ D þ diagð frþ1 ÞD  diagðM þ KÞI,
B2 ¼ p2r  ðM þ KÞs  lð
rþ1  Nr rþ1 Þ  s2 , −4
10
Error φ(η)

A3 ¼ diagð1= PrÞD2 þ diagðfrþ1 ÞD þ diagðÞI, −6

10
B3 ¼ Ntð
0r Þ2  Nb
0r 0r  Ecðp0rþ1 Þ2
−8
10
ðM þ KÞEcðprþ1  sÞ2 ,
A4 ¼ D2 þ diagðScfrþ1 ÞD, Nt 00
B4 ¼  Nb
rþ1 −10
10

−12
10
Here, DiagðÞ and I are diagonal and identity matri- 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ces, respectively, of order ðP þ 1Þ  ðP þ 1Þ, where P Iterations

is the number of grid points. The initial guess that is

chosen to solve equations (14) to (17) that satisfy Figure 3. Solution error for
ðÞ.
6 Proc IMechE Part E: J Process Mechanical Engineering 0(0)

2
Table 2. Comparison of local Nusselt Number
10
Nux Re1=2
x with Khan and Pop40 in the limiting
sense.
0
10
Pr Present result Khan and Pop40
−2
10
0.7 0.45389 0.4539
−4
2 0.91131 0.9113
10
Error θ(η)

7 1.89537 1.8954
−6
10

−8 The distribution of velocity with various flow con-

10
trolling parameters is displayed from Figures 6 to 10.
−10 The velocity profiles for different value of M and two
10
different value of s are revealed in Figure 6. It is
−12 widely accepted that M has tendency to slow down
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 the velocity because Lorentz force behaves as a resist-
Iterations
ive force that retards the motion. Therefore, param-
eter M acts as opposing parameter for flow, and hence
Figure 4. Solution error for ðÞ. it has the tendency to decrease the velocity. The vel-
ocity distribution for porous permeability parameter
is displayed in Figure 7. The permeability is a measure
Table 1. Comparison of local Nusselt Number Nux Re1=2
x of the ability of a porous material to allow fluid to
with Ishfaq et al.22 when Nb ¼ 0.1 and Sc ¼ 10. pass through it. Porous permeability parameter repre-
sents resistance to flow because it restricts the motion
Pr ¼ 14.2 Pr ¼ 14.2 Pr ¼ 21 Pr ¼ 21
Present Ishfaq Present Ishfaq of the fluid along the surface; therefore, it is revealed
Nt result et al.22 result et al.22 here that fluid velocity decreases with increment in
porous permeability parameter. The graphical repre-
0.1 2.48347 2.4835 3.02857 3.0286 sentation of velocity for  in the absence of
and two
0.2 2.18151 2.1815 2.61673 2.6167 different values of mixed convection parameter is por-
0.3 1.89587 1.8959 2.22533 2.2253 trayed in Figure 8. Since no-slip condition for viscous
0.4 1.63714 1.6371 1.87618 1.8762 fluid assumes that the fluid and solid boundary have
0.5 1.41258 1.4126 1.58418 1.5842 same velocity, whereas in slip condition, fluid velocity
is different than the velocity of solid boundary. Hence,
in general, first-order slip parameter causes dampen-
f ðÞ,
ðÞ and ðÞ are given as ing in the movement of fluid. Therefore, it is observed
  here that in the absence of mixed convection par-
Error F ¼ fnþ1 nþ1 
rþ1  fr 1, ameter, first-order slip reduces the fluid velocity
 nþ1  because with an increment in first-order slip, stretch-
Error
¼ hrþ1  hnþ1
r
1 ,
 nþ1  ing velocity partially transferred to the fluid. But, in
Error ¼  rþ1  nþ1
r
1 the presence of mixed convection, parameter  acts as
assisting parameter for fluid motion. This effect is
solely a contribution of buoyancy force acting on it.
Similarly, dual nature of velocity is found in Figure 9
Validation of approximate solution for parameter  in the presence and absence of
.
To validate our results, a comparison of local Nusselt More precisely, in the absence of second-order slip
number between our results and those of Ishfaq
et al.22 and Khan and Pop40 is performed by nullify
extra parameters (see Tables 1 and 2). Excellent agree-
ment between them leads to approve present solution.
for velocity profile is portrayed in
Results and discussion
Numerical computation of the present model is per-
formed in this article for selected flow controlling par-
ameters. For current study, default values of input
parameters are taken as M ¼ 2, K ¼ 0:5, k ¼ 5,
Nr ¼ 0:2, s ¼ 0:5, Pr ¼ 6:2, Nb ¼ 0:2, Nt ¼ 0:2, Ec ¼
parameter,  increases the velocity profile due to
buoyancy force; meanwhile, in the presence of
second-order slip, it changes its nature, i.e. fluid vel-
ocity reduces with increment in first-order slip. The
variation of
Figure 10, which indicates that the increment in
tends to reduce the velocity profile, and for s > 1,
boundary layer reduces significantly. The physics of
this occurrence is that the slip at the surface increases
in the attendance of slip parameter and, as a result,
achieves to a lesser amount of penetration due to the
stretching sheet into the fluid.
0:1, Sc ¼ 3,  ¼ 1,
¼ 1 and  ¼ 0:2 until otherwise Figures 11 to 13 are plotted to observe the effect of
stated thereat. parameters Ec, Nt and  on temperature distribution.
Kumar et al. 7

Figure 5. The flowchart for numerical approach.

2.5 s=0.5

s=1.5
M=1,3,5,7
2

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Figure 6. Velocity profile for M. Figure 7. Velocity profile for K.

It is observed from Figures 11 to 13 that thermal
boundary layer is thinner in case of s > 1 than that
of s < 1. Figure 11 shows the effect of parameter Ec on
temperature profile. It can be seen here that when
s < 1 or s > 1, increasing behaviour of temperature
profile is found with increase in Eckert number.
When s > 1, hump is found in the region near the
sheet on increasing Ec, also fluid temperature
approaches free stream value quicker for s > 1. This
event physically represents the viscous and Joule dis-
sipations. The tendency of viscous and Joule heating
is to generate heat, which is due to friction between
two adjacent electrically conducting fluid layer. So,
increment in temperature is found. Figure 12 shows
8 Proc IMechE Part E: J Process Mechanical Engineering 0(0)

Figure 8. Velocity profile for . Figure 10. Velocity profile for .

Figure 9. Velocity profile for .
the effect of parameter Nt on temperature profile.
It can be noticed that parameter Nt acts as assisting
parameter for temperature distribution and also incre-
ment in thermal boundary layer width is found. The
enhancement in Nt is related to the thermophoretic
phenomenon which is the particle analogous phenom-
enon. Therefore, nanoparticles transport thermal
energy with increment in Nt due to collision of par-
ticles from hot surface into boundary layer and so
increment in temperature is found. Figure 13 shows
the effect of heat generation on temperature profile
which indicates that increment in temperature is
found on increasing heat generation parameter.
Fluid temperature rises up because the heat source
emits heat in the flow region.
Concentration profile for parameters Nb and Nt is
drawn in Figures 14 and 15. It is noticed in these
profiles that they start with negative value, and after
Figure 11. Temperature profile for Ec.
obtaining positive peak, they start approaching
towards free stream. Due to passive control of nano-
particles, numerical values of concentration are nega-
tive in the region close to stretching sheet. Figure 14
depicts the effect of parameter Nb. It is observed that
the enhancement in Nb tends to dilute concentration
throughout the boundary layer because increment in
Nb leads to increase the diffusion of nanoparticle
inside the boundary layer. From Figure 15, it is
observed that parameter Nt has tendency to increase
concentration because increment in Nt increases ther-
mophoretic phenomena which leads to weaken the
transport of nanoparticle near the sheet. It is also
important to notice that for s < 1, this phenomenon
is stronger than that of s > 1.
From Table 3, it is clearly seen that parameter k
has tendency to enhance skin friction in magnitude at
Kumar et al. 9

Figure 12. Temperature profile for Nt.

Figure 15. Concentration profile for Nt.

Table 3. Values of skin fiction for different flow parameters.

CPU
M k K  f 00 ð0Þ time (s)

1 1.47847542 0.5120
3 1.15812076 0.9801
5 0.94978077 1.4585
0 0.18482707 0.4431
5 0.89971685 0.9364
10 1.30004541 1.4764
0.5 1.30004541 0.4552
1 1.22515311 0.9548
2 1.09790101 1.4052
1 0.43567637 0.4743
2 0.38127343 1.0409
3 0.33877683 1.5350
Figure 13. Temperature profile for .
1 0.43567637 0.7258
2 -0.54816442 1.3147
3 0.59050981 1.8499

have
Figure 14. Concentration profile for Nb.
the surface while parameters M, K,  and
reverse effect on it. From Table 4, it can be seen
that parameters M, K, Nt and  show decreasing
nature for local Nusselt number but Nb has tendency
to enhance rate of heat transfer.
A quadratic multiple regression model
for estimation of local Nusselt number
Estimation of local Nusselt number is performed with
the help of quadratic regression model. For executing
quadratic multiple regression analysis for local
Nusselt number, values of Nb and Nt are generated
randomly from the set of 100 values taken from
interval [0.1 0.4], and other parameters are fixed.
10 Proc IMechE Part E: J Process Mechanical Engineering 0(0)

The approximated quadratic regression model for

Conclusion
Nux ðRex Þ1=2 is given as follows Some important findings include:

Nuest ¼ Nu þ e6 Nt þ e7 Nb þ e8 Nt2 þ e9 Nb2 þ e10 NtNb . Skin friction coefficient is getting boosted with
ð19Þ enhancement in parameter k while parameters
M, K,  and
do the vice versa. On the other
The following formula is used to find the maximum hand, there is an enhancement in local Nusselt
relative error number due to parameter Nb, while parameters
Nt, M, K and  show the adverse tendency for it.
"2 ¼ jNuest  Nuj=jNuj ð20Þ . Parameters M, K and
have the tendency to
Table 5 is presented for regression coefficients of
, it has the
this estimation along with maximum relative error.
Table 5 indicates that in both cases of stagnation par-
, it has an opposite effect on fluid velocity.
ameter, regression coefficient of Nb is smaller than
regression coefficient of Nt that justifies that the
effect of thermophoretic parameter is dominant on
local Nusselt number in comparison to Brownian
motion parameter. It is also interesting to note that
the presence of Eckert number increases the regres-
sion coefficient of both Nb and Nt in magnitude.
This event indicates that the presence of Eckert
number leads to strengthen the Brownian motion
and thermophoretic phenomenon.
reduce fluid velocity while parameter  shows
dual nature, i.e. in the presence of
tendency to reduce fluid velocity, but in the absence
of
. Temperature distribution is enhanced due to the
increment in parameters Ec, Nt and .
. Parameter Nb leads to dilute concentration
throughout the boundary layer while parameter
Nt increases it.
. From regression analysis model, it is observed that
the effect of thermophoretic parameter is dominant
on local Nusselt number in comparison to
Brownian motion parameter, and the presence of
Eckert number leads to strengthen the thermo-
phoretic and Brownian diffusions.

Table 4. Values of local Nusselt number for different flow Declaration of conflicting interests
parameters. The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with
CPU respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of
Nb Nt  M K
0 ð0Þ time (s) this article.

0.1 0.4570105 0.4825 Funding

0.2 0.60636359 0.9760 The author(s) received no financial support for the research,
0.3 0.65494933 1.5360 authorship, and/or publication of this article.
0.1 0.78283517 0.4910
0.2 0.60636359 0.9651 ORCID iD
0.3 0.43077993 1.6210 B Kumar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3712-478X
0.1 0.76635311 0.5112 R Nandkeolyar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8149-8634
0.2 0.60636359 0.8721
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us stretching velocity (ms1 )
uslip second order slip
u1 free stream fluid velocity (ms1 )
Appendix v fluid velocity component in the y
direction (ms1 )
Notation
x, y coordinate directions (m)
a, b arbitrary constants
 heat generation parameter
B magnetic field (T)
b nanofluid volumetric expansion
cp specific heat at a constant pressure
coefficient (K1 )
(J kg1 K1 )
 first-order momentum slip parameter
C nanoparticle volume fraction (kg=m3 )
ðÞ dimensionless concentration
Cfx skin friction coefficient
second order momentum slip parameter
C1 ambient species concentration (kg=m3 )
k mixed convection parameter
DB coefficient of Brownian diffusion
 dynamic viscosity (kg m1 s1 )
DT coefficient of thermos-phoretic

ðÞ dimensionless temperature
diffusion
nf nanofluid density (kg m3 )
Ec Eckert number
nf1 nanofluid reference density (kg m3 )
f stream function
np density of nanoparticles (kg m3 )
g gravitational acceleration (ms2 )
ðcp Þnf nanofluid heat capacity
k thermal conductivity (W m1 K1 )
ðcp Þnp nanoparticles heat capacity
kp porous permeability
r electric conductivity (S m1 )
K porous permeability parameter
s surface shear stress (N m2 )
M magnetic parameter
 kinematic viscosity (m2 s1 )
Nb Brownian motion parameter