Heat Trans - 2023 - Tshivhi - Entropy Generation Analysis and Optimization of Cooling Systems in Industrial and Engineering

Received: 22 August 2023 | Revised: 17 October 2023 | Accepted: 28 October 2023
DOI: 10.1002/htj.22968
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Entropy generation analysis and optimization

of cooling systems in industrial and
engineering operations
Khodani Sherrif Tshivhi
Faculty of Military Science, Stellenbosch

University, Saldanha, South Africa Abstract
Efficient cooling is crucial for maintaining the reliability
Correspondence
Khodani Sherrif Tshivhi, Faculty of
and performance of industrial and engineering systems
Military Science, Stellenbosch University, that generate excess heat. Entropy generation analysis,
Private Bag X2, Saldanha 7395, South established on the second law of thermodynamics, plays a
Africa.
Email: khodani.tshivhi@gmail.com vital role in identifying inefficiencies within these systems
and improving their overall efficiency. This study focuses
on a theoretical investigation of the entropy generation,
considering the cumulative impact of surface slipperiness,
Brownian motion, applied magnetic field, thermophoresis
on the nanofluid flow toward a convective heated
stretching surface. The governing model partial differen-
tial equations undergo a transformation through similar-
ity transformation, resulting in a nonlinear ordinary
differential equation. This equation is subsequently solved
numerically by employing the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg
integration scheme in conjunction with the shooting
method. The obtained results reveal the influence of
various parameters on the temperature, velocity, Nusselt
number, skin friction, Sherwood number, Bejan number,
nanoparticle concentration, and entropy generation. Upon
analysis, it was notable that the introduction of a magnetic
field, higher Biot numbers, Eckert numbers, and elevated
Brownian motion led to an increase in the entropy
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and
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© 2023 The Authors. Heat Transfer published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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2 | TSHIVHI
generation within the system. Conversely, the presence of

thermophoresis and reduced surface slipperiness resulted
in a decrease in entropy. These results are presented
through graphical representations, tables, and quantitative
discussions, providing valuable insights for optimizing the
cooling and performance of industrial and engineering
systems.
KEYWORDS
applied magnetic field, Brownian motion, convective heated
stretching surface, effective cooling, nanofluid flow,
optimization, second law of thermodynamics
1 | INTRODUCTION
Miniaturization and high integration of electronic and industrial devices have led to the problem of
excess heat generation during their operations, making thermal management essential for
maintaining device performance and reliability.1 Heat sinks, which utilize a fluid medium to
dissipate heat from devices, have been widely employed for cooling, with Choi and Eastman2
introducing nanofluids (nanoparticles dispersed in base fluid) as an improved cooling method in
electronic assembly, metalworking, painting and coating, printing, semiconductor manufacturing,
glass manufacturing food processing, textile industry, and woodworking. The literature has witnessed
a significant increase in theoretical research on thermal management using nanofluids, including
studies by Dharmaiah et al.,3 Tshivhi et al.,4 Monaledi,5 Ali et al.,6 Tshivhi,7 and Samantaray et al.8
A dynamic flow model where two distinct phases interact, sharing common interfaces on a
surface is known as two‐phase flow. In a study conducted by Ramana Reddy et al.,9 examined
the influences of Brownian motion and thermophoresis on the unsteady magneto-
hydrodynamics flow over a slippery stretching surface using a two‐phase flow model. Kumar
et al.10 considered the combined effects of chemical reaction, Brownian motion, nonuniform
heat sink velocity slip, thermal radiation, and thermophoresis in the flow of magnetohy-
drodynamic micropolar nanofluid over a stretching surface. Etwire et al.11 explored the
collective impacts of imposed electric and magnetic fields, along with thermal stratification, on
the nanofluid flow over a reactive flat surface. Sen et al.12 conducted a study on the flow of a
hybrid nanofluid over a porous, deformable cylinder, taking into account nonlinear radiation
and magnetic field effects. They also assessed the heat transfer rate and the accumulation of
entropy within the system during this process. In their research, Sultana et al.13 investigated
how low Prandrl numbers affect the fluid temperature and heat transfer rate in the context of
hydromagnetic slip flow with a hybrid nanostructure using a Maxwell fluid.
Entropy, representing the disorder or energy unavailable for work in a system, plays a crucial
role in thermodynamics. Entropy generation refers to the amount of entropy generated during an
irreversible process.14 Irreversibility analysis provides insights into the energy dissipation within a
system, a concept highly relevant to various industrial application. Mohanty et al.15 incorporated
elements such as Cattaneo‐Christov heat flux, Joule's heating, and nonlinear thermal radiation,
including heat generation, into their study of three‐dimensional Darcy‐Forchheimer Casson hybrid
TSHIVHI | 3
nanofluid flow on a rotating disk. Berrehal et al.16 investigated the impact of nanoparticle shape on
entropy generation in a theoretical model of magnetohydrodynamics nanofluid flow over a flat
sheet with heat source/sink. Jawad et al.17 numerically analyzed entropy generation, considering
the mutual impact of Dufour, Soret, thermal conductivity, and thermal radiation in the
magnetohydrodynamics nanofluid flow over a slippery, porous, and flat sheet. By incorporating
chemical reaction and Arrhenius activation energy, Oyelakin et al.18 performed an optimization
study on the entropy generation of Casson nanofluid flow over an unsteady stagnation point on a
flat surface. Considering the space‐dependent and exponential nonlinear thermal radiation, Yusuf
et al.19 examined the entropy generation in the magnetohydrodynamics flow of Casson fluid over a
curved stretching sheet. Ullah et al.20 scrutinized entropy generation in the magnetohydrodynamic
hybrid nanofluid flow over a curved stretching surface, focusing on nanoparticle shape properties.
Examining the existing body of literature, it becomes evident that there is a gap in our
understanding of entropy generation and the optimization of cooling systems in industrial and
engineering operations. This gap specifically relates to the absence of a comprehensive model that
considers the collective impact of surface slipperiness, Brownian motion, applied magnetic fields,
and thermophoresis on the flow of nanofluids towards a convective heated stretching surface. The
objective of this paper is to investigate how the combine effects of surface slipperiness, Brownin
motion, applied magnetic fields, and thermophoresis can be analysed to minimize entropy
generation and optimize cooling. In the subsequent sections, we will detail the formulation of the
model problem, apply appropriate similarity transformation, solve using an appropriate numerical
approach, and then present and discuss the relevant findings.
2 | MODEL F ORMULATION
Considering the model problem depicted in Figure 1, we assume that the flow is
incompressible, two‐dimensional, steady, slippery, and convectively heated. These assumptions
lead to the modified governing equations, which are expressed as follows21–23:
∂u ∂v
+ = 0, (1)
∂x ∂y
FIGURE 1 Geometry of the model problem.

4 | TSHIVHI
TABLE 1 Comparison of the results.

λ Wang24 f ″(0) Ishak25 f ″(0) Tshivhi and Makinde26 f ″(0) Present results f ″(0)
0.1 1.14656 1.146561 1.14656100 1.14656100061
0.2 1.05113 – 1.05112999 1.05112999436
0.5 0.71330 0.713295 0.71329496 0.71329495608
1 0 0 0 0
2 −1.8831 −1.887307 −1.88730667 −1.88730667222
FIGURE 2 Impacts of Ha and β on the velocity profile of the model.
μ  ∂ 2u 
= U∞ ∞ +  2  − B0 2 (u − U∞),
∂u ∂u dU σ
ρ  ∂y 
u +v (2)
∂x ∂y dx ρ

νf  ∂u 2   2
  + 2 (u − U ) 2 + τ   DT   ∂T  +  ∂T  
    ∂y  
Cp  ∂y   T∞   ∂x 
2
∂T ∂T ∂ 2T σ
   
u +v =α 2 + B

0 ∞
∂x ∂y ∂y ρCp

 ∂C ∂T ∂T ∂C  
+ DB 
(3)
 ,
 ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂x  

+
TSHIVHI | 5
FIGURE 3 Effects of Ha and β on the temperature graph of the model.
∂C ∂C D ∂ 2T ∂ 2C
u +v = T 2 + DB 2 , (4)
∂x ∂y T∞ ∂y ∂y
  ∂T 2  ∂T 2  ∂u 2
   +    +   + σB0 (u − U∞) +
       
(Tf − T∞)   ∂y    
k μ 2 2 RDB
∞ 
Eg = 2 ∂x T − T ∂y T − T C w − C∞
  ∂C 2  ∂C 2  
   +    + RDB   ∂C   ∂T  +  ∂C   ∂T  ,
f f ∞
(5)
      
         
  ∂x   ∂y   Tf − T∞   ∂y   ∂y   ∂x   ∂x  

with the boundary condition,
∂u ∂T
when y = 0, u = Uw + L , v = 0, C = Cw, kf = hf [Tf − T ],
∂y ∂y (6)
when y → ∞, u → U∞, T → T∞, C → C∞.
In Equations (1)–(6), the variables are defined as follows: u and v represent the velocity of
components, x and y are the Cartesian coordinates, U∞ represents the free stream velocity, T∞
represents the free stream temperature, C∞ represents the concentration at the free stream, Uw
represents the velocity at the surface, Tf represents the temperature from the heat source, B0
6 | TSHIVHI
FIGURE 4 Impacts of Ec and Bi on the temperature graph of the model.
represents the constant applied magnetic field, T represents the temperature, Cp represents the
fluid specific heat capacity, τ represents the heat capacity of the fluid, DB represents
the coefficient of Brownian diffusion, C represents the fluid concentration, DT represents the
thermophoretic diffusion coefficient, Eg represents the entropy generation rate, μ represents
the fluid dynamic viscosity, ρ represents the density of the fluid, σ represents the electrical
conductivity of the base fluid, k represents the fluid thermal conductivity, α represents the fluid
thermal diffusion, νf represents the fluid kinematic viscosity, L represents the coefficient of slip
length, R represents the nanoparticle diffusion parameter, kf represents the thermal
conductivity of the fluid, and hf represents the heat coefficient. Furthermore, the stream
function ψ is incorporated into Equation (1) as follows:
∂ψ ∂ψ
u= ,v = − . (7)
∂y ∂x
We introduce the following variables and parameters: η as the dimensionless surface length,
a and b the positive real numbers, Re Reynolds number, θ the dimensionless temperature, ϕ the
dimensionless concentration.
TSHIVHI | 7
FIGURE 5 Impacts of Nt and Nb on the temperature graph of the model.
b
ψ = x νf b f (η), η = y , U∞ (x ) = bx,
νf
bx 2 T − T∞
Re = , Cw = C∞ + n2 x 2 , θ (η) = , (8)
νf Tf − T∞
C − C∞
ϕ (η) = , Uw (x ) = ax , Tf = T∞ + n1 x 2 .
Cw − C∞
By substituting the non‐dimensionless variables in Equation (8) into Equations (1)–(6), we
obtained the following expressions,
f ‴(η) − f ′(η)2 + f (η) f ″(η) + 1 − Ha ( f ′(η) − 1) = 0, (9)
θ″(η) − Pr 2θ (η) f ′(η) + Prθ′(η) f (η) + EcPrf ″(η)2 + EcHaPr ( f ′(η) − 1)2
(10)
+ 4Nbθ (η) ϕ (η) + 4Ntθ (η)2 + Re (Ntθ′(η)2 + Nbθ′(η) ϕ′(η)) = 0,
Nt
ϕ″(η) − 2Scf ′(η) ϕ (η) + Scf (η) ϕ′(η) + θ″(η), (11)
Nb
Ns = θ′(η)2 + PrEcf ″(η)2 + EcPrHa ( f ′(η) − 1)2 + γ 4Nbθ (η) ϕ (η) + 4γNbϕ (η)2 + Re
4θ (η)2 (12)
(γNbϕ′(η)2 + γNbϕ′(η) θ′(η)) + ,
Re
8 | TSHIVHI
FIGURE 6 Impact of Nb on the concentration profile.
subjected to the boundary condition,
f ′(0) = βf ″(0) + λ, f (0) = 0, θ′(0) = Bi (θ (0) − 1), ϕ (∞) = 0, ϕ (0) = 1,

(13)
f ′(∞) = 1, θ (∞) = 0.
The parameters in Equations (9)–(13) are defined as follows:
νf τDT νf n1 τDB n2 νfσB0 2

Pr = , Nt = , Nb = , Ha =
,
α αT∞ b αb ρb
R hf νf a b2 μ
γ= , Bi = , λ = , Ec = , νf = , (14)
τρCp kf b b Cp n1 ρ
k νf ν E
f g b
α= , Sc = , Ns = ,β = L .
ρCp DB kb νf
The parameter in Equation (14) are defined as follows: Ec represents the Eckert number, Nb
represents the Brownian motion parameter, Ha represents the applied magnetics field parameter,
Nt represents the thermophoresis parameter, Sc represents the Soret number, λ represents the
stretching surface parameter, Ns represents the dimensionless entropy generation, β represents the
slip parameter of the surface, and Bi represents the Biot number, Pr represents the Prandtl number.
TSHIVHI | 9
FIGURE 7 Effect of Nb on the concentration profile.
The specific physical properties of interests are the coefficient of skin friction (Cf ), the
coefficient of Nusselt number (Nu ), the coefficient of Sherwood number (Sh), and the Bejan
number (Be ). Their expressions are defined as follows:
Tw xqw xbw 1
Cf = 2
, Nu = , Sh = , Be = . (15)
ρf U ∞ kf (Tf − T∞) DB C∞ 1+Ω
The heat flux (qw ), shear stress (tw ), and mass flux of nanoparticles (bw ) at the surface is
given by, respectively,
∂u ∂T ∂C N2
tw = μ f |y =0 , qw = −kf |y =0 , bw = −DB |y =0 , Ω = . (16)
∂y ∂y ∂y N1 + N3
By substituting the similarity variables from Equation (8) into Equation (15), we obtain the
following expression:
Nu Sh xU∞
Cf Re = F ″(0), = −θ′(0), = −ϕ′(0), Re = , (17)
Re Re υf
with,
10 | TSHIVHI
FIGURE 8 Impacts of Ha and β on the skin friction.
N1 = θ′(η)2 , N3 = γNB (ϕ′(η)2 + ϕ′(η) θ′(η)), N2 = PrEc (F ″(η)2 + Ha (F ′(η) − 1)2).

(18)
3 | NUMERICAL P ROCEDURE
We employed a shooting procedure to transform the boundary value problem in Equations (9)–(13)
into an initial boundary problem by introducing the following conditions,
x1 = f (η), x2 = f ′(η), x3 = f ″(η), x 4 = θ (η),

x5 = θ′(η), x 6 = ϕ (η), x7 = ϕ′(η), x ′1 = x2 ,
x ′2 = x3 , x ′3 = Ha (x2 − 1) − (1 − x 22 + x1 x3) , x ′4 = x5 ,
(19)
Nt
x ′6 = x7 , x ′7 = −x ′5 − Sc x1 x7 ,
Nb
x ′5 = −Prx1 x5 − PrEc x 32 − PrHaEc (x2 − 1)2 − Nbx7 x5 − Nt x 52 ,
with the initial conditions,
x1 (0) = 0, x2 (0) = λ + βx3 (0) x7 (0) = 1, x3 (0) = a1,

(20)
x 4 (0) = a2 , x5 (0) = Bi (x 4 (0) − 1), x 6 (0) = a3.
TSHIVHI | 11
FIGURE 9 Impacts of Ha and β on the skin friction.
The values of a1, a2, and a3 are initially guessed and solved numerically using the
Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg integration scheme. If these values do not satisfy the required boundary
conditions, the Newton–Raphson iteration method is utilized to find the appropriate values of
a1, a2, and a3 then solved again by the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method.
4 | RESULTS A ND DISCUSSION
To authenticate the theoretical calculations, we matched the values of F″(0) for stretching surface
with findings reported by Wang,24 Ishak,25 and Tshivhi and Makinde.26 The comparison was
performed under the conditions where Ha = β = 0 and λ varies, as presented in Table 1 below. The
results demonstrated a favorable agreement between our findings and the previously reported.
The set of Equation (19) with their corresponding boundary conditions specified in Equation (20)
were numerically solved using the MAPLE software, which employs the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg
known for its high accuracy. The obtained results, illustrating the influence of magnetic field (Ha),
surface slipperiness (β ), Eckert number (Ec), Biot number (Bi), thermophoresis (Nt), and Brownian
motion (Nb) on the temperature, velocity, Nusselt number, skin friction, Sherwood number, Bejan
number, nanoparticle concentration, and entropy generation, are presented graphically in
Figures 2–18. These figures provide a visual representation of the effects of the mentioned
parameters on the various aspects of the system.
12 | TSHIVHI
F I G U R E 10 Impact of Ha and β on the skin friction.
4.1 | Velocity profile
Figure 2 depicts the influence of β and Ha on the velocity profile. It is evident that the velocity
at the surface adheres to the specified boundary conditions by being less than the free stream
velocity. With increasing values of β, the surface velocity increases due to enhanced
slipperiness. Additionally, heightened magnetic field strength within the nanofluid's boundary
layer induces an increase in fluid velocity, a noteworthy occurrence in magnetohydrodynamics
with practical significance for various industries. The augmentation of surface slipperiness
leads to levated fluid velocity in nanofluid flow, reducing surface friction and potentially
improving flow rate and heat transfer characteristics, making it advantageous for numerous
industrial and engineering applications.
4.2 | Temperature profile
Figures 3–5 illustrate the influence of various parameters, including the Ha, β, Bi, Ec, Nt, and
Nb, on the temperature profile of a heated stretching surface. These figures revel that the
surface temperature is notably higher than that of the free stream due to convection heating,
with a gradual temperature decrease away from the surface. Enhance values of Ha, Ec, Bi, Nt,
and Nb correspond to increased surface temperature. The magnetic field's effect is attributed to
TSHIVHI | 13
the Lorentz force, impacting heat transfer, while a high Eckert number signifies a dominance of
kinetic energy over internal energy in the fluid. A high Boit number suggest significant joule
heating relative to heat conduction. Thermophoresis leads to particle migration in response to
temperature variations, affecting heat transfer. Brownian motion, typical in colloidal systems,
increases particle dispresion and random motion. Conversely, rising values β of decrease
temperature due to surface slipperiness.
4.3 | Concentration profile
Figures 6 and 7 illustrate how the parameters of Nt and Nb affect the concentration profiles on
the heated stretching surface. These figures demonstrate that the surface concentration of
nanoparticles surpasses that of the free stream, adhering to the specified boundary conditions.
As Nt values increase, the surface nanoparticle concentration rises due to thermophoresis
induced selective particle migration towards temperature gradients, influencing fluid
concentration. Conversely, higher Nb values result in a reduction of nanoparticle concentra-
tion. In the case of low Brownian motion, typically associated with large particles or limited
particle dispersion, mixing and diffusion are impede, leading to faster settling and uneven
concentration gradients, making it challenging to achieve a uniform particle distribution in the
fluid.
14 | TSHIVHI
4.4 | Skin friction
Figure 8 portrays the analysis of skin friction between the heated stretching surface and the
nanofluid, considering the influence of parameters β and Ha. It is evident that an rise in
the parameter values of Ha leads to an increase in the skin friction. This can be attributed to the
presence of the imposed magnetic field, which enhances the interaction between the nanofluid
and the surface, leading to increased friction. On the other hand, an increase in the values of β
and λ leads to a decline in the skin friction. This decrease is due to surface slipperiness, which
reduces the resistance to fluid flow and consequently decreases the skin friction.
4.5 | Nusselt number
The Nusselt number is important in determining the heat transfer between the moving nanofluid and
the stretching surface. The influence of parameters Ha, β, Nt, Ec, Nb, and Bi on the Nusselt number is
illustrated in Figures 9 and 10. It is observed that the Nusselt number number increases with higher
values of β and Bi. This increase is attributed to the surface slipperiness, which promotes enhanced
heat transfer. Furthermore, the Nusselt number demonstrates a decrease with rising in the values of
Ha, Nt, Ec, and Nb. This decrease is influenced by the availability of joule heating, thermophoresis
TSHIVHI | 15
F I G U R E 13 Impacts of Ha and β on the skin friction.
distribution, and internal heat transfer of the nanoparticles, as well as Brownian motion, which
collectively result in reduced heat transfer efficiency and a lower Nusselt number.
4.6 | Sherwood number
The Sherwood number represents the mass transfer between the nanofluid and the surface. The
impact of parameters Ha, β, Nb, Ec, Nt, and Bi on the Sherwood number is depicted in
Figures 11 and 12. The computed Sherwood number values indicate that the rise in the values
of Ha, Ec, and Nb results to the raise in the Sherwood number. This increase is because
presence of Brownian motion, joule heating, and internal heat transfer within the nanofluid,
which collectively enhance the mass transfer between the surface and the nanofluid.
Conversely, the upsurge in the values of β, Bi, and Nt results in a drop in the Sherwood
number. This decrease is due to the slipperiness of the surface, heat transfer, and the impact of
thermophoresis, all of which contribute to a reduction in the mass transfer rate.
4.7 | Entropy generation rate
The entropy generation rate serves as a measure of the disorder generated during irreversible
processes in nanofluid flow. The influence of parameter values Ha, β, Bi, Ec, Nt, and Nb on the
16 | TSHIVHI
F I G U R E 14 Impacts of Ha and β on the skin friction.
entropy generation rate is shown in Figures 13–15. It is evident that rising in the values of Ha,
Bi, Ec, and Nb lead to an increase in the entropy generation rate. This increase can be attributed
to factors such as Joule heating of the stretching surface, viscous dissipation, internal heat
transfer within the nanofluid, and Brownian motion. Conversely, the rise in the values of β and
Nt will decrease the entropy generation rate. This decrease is a consequence of the surface
slipperiness and the distribution of thermophoresis.
4.8 | Bejan number
The Bejan number, ranging from 0 to 1, provides insights into the dominant factors controlling
entropy generation. When the Bejan number falls between 0 and 0.5, it reveals that the entropy
generation is primarily governed by magnetic field irreversibility and nanofluid friction.
Conversely, if the Bejan number exceeds 0.5, the entropy generation is predominantly
influenced by heat transfer irreversibility and Brownian motion. The profiles of the Bejan
number are depicted in Figures 16–18. The rise in the values of β, Ec, and Nb will increase the
Bejan number, signifying that entropy generation is led by Brownian motion and heat transfer
irreversibility. Conversely, rising in values of Ha, Bi, and Nt results in a decrease in the Bejan
number, indicating that the entropy generation rate is primarily influenced by nanofluid
friction and magnetic field irreversibility.
| 17
Impacts of Ha and β on the skin friction.
Effects of Ha and β on the skin friction.

F I G U R E 15
F I G U R E 16
TSHIVHI
TSHIVHI

F I G U R E 18
F I G U R E 17
|18
TSHIVHI | 19
5 | CONCLUSION
The study aimed to investigate the cumulative impact of surface slipperiness, Brownian motion,
applied magnetic field, thermophoresis on the nanofluid flow toward a convective heated
stretching surface. The solution of model was obtained using the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg
integration scheme and shooting method. The findings highlight the following key points:
• The width of the velocity boundary layer reduces as the values of β and Ha increase.
• The nanofluid temperature increases with higher values of Ha, Ec, Bi, Nt, and Nb, but
declines with increasing β.
• The concentration of the nanofluid increases with rises in values of Nt, while it declines with
higher values of Nb.
• The skin friction rises with increase in value of Ha, but reduces with increasing in β,
indicating a reduction in nanofluid friction.
• The Nusselt number rises with increase in values of β and Bi, but lessens with Ha, Nt, Ec,
and Nb.
• The Sherwood number rises with increase in values of Ha and Ec, but declines with β and Bi.
• The entropy generation rate increases with higher values of Ha, Bi, Ec, and Nb, but decreases
with β and Nt.
• The Bejan number increases with higher values of β, Bi, and Nb, but decreases with Ha, Ec,
and Nt.
These findings provide valuable insights into the entropy generation and optimization of
cooling systems in industrial and engineering operations. They contribute to our understanding
of the combined impacts of surface slipperiness, applied magnetic field, thermophoresis, and
Brownian motion on the flow characteristics, heat transfer, mass transfer, and entropy
generation in nanofluid systems.
NOMENCLATURES
a, b positive real number (s−1)
B0 applied magnetic field (A/m)
bw mass flux of nanoparticles
Be Bejan number
C concentration (mol/m3)
Cw fluid concentration at surface (mol/m3)
C∞ fluid concentration at free stream (mol/m3)
Cp specific heat at constant pressure (kJ kg−1 K−1)
Cf skin friction
DB coefficient of Brownian diffusion
DT thermophoretic diffusion coefficient
Ec Eckert number
Eg entropy generation rate (kJ/K)
f′ dimensionless velocity
hf heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
Ha magnetic field
kf fluid thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)
L slip length coefficient (m)
20 | TSHIVHI
Nb Brownian motion parameter

Nt thermophoresis parameter
Ns dimensionless entropy production rate
Nu Nusselt number
Pr Prandtl number
qw heat flux
Re Reynolds number
R nanoparticle diffusion parameter
Sh Sherwood number
Sc Schmidt number
T fluid temperature (K)
Tf temperature at hot fluid (K)
T∞ free stream fluid temperature (K)
Tw wall fluid temperature (K)
tw shear stress
(u, v ) velocity components along the (x , y ) directions (m/s)
Uw fluid velocity at the surface (m/s)
U∞ fluid velocity at the free stream (m/s)
x Cartesian coordinate along the surface (m)
y Cartesian coordinate perpendicular to the surface (m)
GREEK LETTERS
α fluid thermal diffusion
β slip parameter
η dimensionless surface length
θ dimensionless temperature
λ stretching surface parameter
μ fluid dynamic viscosity (kg m−1 s−1)
ρ density of the fluid (kg/m3)
σ electrical conductivity of the base fluid (S/m)
τ heat capacity of the fluid
νf fluid kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
ϕ dimensionless concentration
ψ stream function
Ω Bejan number
DATA A VAILABILITY S TATEMENT

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the
current study.
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How to cite this article: Tshivhi KS. Entropy generation analysis and optimization of
cooling systems in industrial and engineering operations. Heat Transfer. 2023;1‐22.
doi:10.1002/htj.22968

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Received: 22 August 2023 | Revised: 17 October 2023 | Accepted: 28 October 2023

Entropy generation analysis and optimization

Khodani Sherrif Tshivhi

Faculty of Military Science, Stellenbosch

Heat Transfer. 2023;1–22. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj | 1

generation within the system. Conversely, the presence of

FIGURE 1 Geometry of the model problem.

TABLE 1 Comparison of the results.

FIGURE 2 Impacts of Ha and β on the velocity profile of the model.

FIGURE 3 Effects of Ha and β on the temperature graph of the model.

with the boundary condition,

FIGURE 4 Impacts of Ec and Bi on the temperature graph of the model.

FIGURE 5 Impacts of Nt and Nb on the temperature graph of the model.

FIGURE 6 Impact of Nb on the concentration profile.

subjected to the boundary condition,

f ′(0) = βf ″(0) + λ, f (0) = 0, θ′(0) = Bi (θ (0) − 1), ϕ (∞) = 0, ϕ (0) = 1,

The parameters in Equations (9)–(13) are defined as follows:

νf τDT νf n1 τDB n2 νfσB0 2

FIGURE 7 Effect of Nb on the concentration profile.

FIGURE 8 Impacts of Ha and β on the skin friction.

N1 = θ′(η)2 , N3 = γNB (ϕ′(η)2 + ϕ′(η) θ′(η)), N2 = PrEc (F ″(η)2 + Ha (F ′(η) − 1)2).

x1 = f (η), x2 = f ′(η), x3 = f ″(η), x 4 = θ (η),

with the initial conditions,

x1 (0) = 0, x2 (0) = λ + βx3 (0) x7 (0) = 1, x3 (0) = a1,

FIGURE 9 Impacts of Ha and β on the skin friction.

F I G U R E 10 Impact of Ha and β on the skin friction.

4.1 | Velocity profile

4.2 | Temperature profile

F I G U R E 11 Impact of Ha and β on the skin friction.

4.3 | Concentration profile

F I G U R E 12 Impact of Ha and β on the skin friction.

4.4 | Skin friction

4.5 | Nusselt number

F I G U R E 13 Impacts of Ha and β on the skin friction.

4.6 | Sherwood number

4.7 | Entropy generation rate

F I G U R E 14 Impacts of Ha and β on the skin friction.

4.8 | Bejan number

Impacts of Ha and β on the skin friction.

Effects of Ha and β on the skin friction.

Effects of Ha and β on the skin friction.

Effects of Ha and β on the skin friction.

Nb Brownian motion parameter

DATA A VAILABILITY S TATEMENT

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