CR 4

Received: 14 March 2023 | Revised: 1 June 2023 | Accepted: 5 June 2023
DOI: 10.1002/htj.22915
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Impacts of variable viscosity and chemical

reaction on Ohmic dissipative fluid flow in a
porous medium over a stretching sheet with
thermal radiation
Damilare John Samuel1 | Ibrahim Arinola Fayemi2
1
Department of Mathematics, Applied
Mathematics and Statistics, Case Western Abstract
Reserve University, Cleveland, This study investigates the chemical reaction influence
Ohio, USA
2
on heat transfer flow of viscous Newtonian fluid over a
Department of Mathematics, Federal
University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, moving surface under the intensity of nonuniform heat
Nigeria source/sink. Variable fluid viscosity and ohmic heating
effects are considered in the model equation. The
Correspondence
Damilare John Samuel, Department of uniqueness of the present investigation is to scrutinize
Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and the significance of nonuniform heat source/sink and
Statistics, Case Western Reserve
ohmic heating on the heat transfer flow of optically
University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Email: samueldj009@yahoo.com thin radiative fluid in a permeable medium. The flow
equations of continuity, momentum, thermal and
solutal fields are converted by invoking relevant
dimensionless variables. Also, the converted nonlinear
equations are analyzed numerically by using the fourth
order Runge–Kutta Fehlberg approach. The signifi-
cance of model parameters are scrutinized and
discussed in detail via graphs and tables. The impor-
tant findings of this study are the effects of Joule
heating J , viscous dissipation parameter Br , variable
fluid property parameter ϵ and radiation parameter Ra
on fluid flow, energy profile and solutal field. The
results show that the thermal field depreciates as the
Prandtl number increases but escalates against higher
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use,
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© 2023 The Authors. Heat Transfer published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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2 | SAMUEL and FAYEMI
values of Joule heating parameter and Brinkman

number. Also, the outcome of this study reveals that
an enhancement in the values of variable viscosity
parameter declines velocity distribution. Concentration
distributions behave as a growing function of the Soret
number and diminishing function of the Schmidt
number. Furthermore, contrasting this study with
existing results reveals excellent agreement.
KEYWORDS
fourth order Runge–Kutta Fehlberg method, Ohmic heating,
porous medium, thermal radiation, variable viscosity
1 | INTRODUCTION
The resistance to flow of a fluid is known as viscosity. This occurs due to movement of fluid
layers relative to each other. Taking viscosity as a variable in the flow of fluid aids in
determining the nature of flow and rate of heat transfer. Studies on convective heat transfer
with variable viscosity have applications in aeronautic, mechanical, and manufacturing
engineering. Choudhury and Hazarika1 presented the impacts of varying viscosity on
magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of incompressible Newtonian fluid. Mondal and Pal2
presented an analytical study of temperature‐dependent viscosity and thermophoresis influence
on laminar flow of bioconvective fluid. Ajibade and Tafida3 investigated heat generation/
absorption and varying viscosity impacts on steady Couette flow with viscous dissipation. The
obtained results revealed that stronger viscosity slows down fluid flow. The influence of heat
generation and variable viscosity on steady buoyancy driven flow was presented by Tafida and
Ajibade.4 Ahmed et al.5 studied numerical analysis of variable viscosity and chemical reaction
impacts on incompressible viscous fluid subject to Lorentz force and Buoyancy force. The
simultaneous influence of MHD, variable viscosity and mixed convection on fluid flow was
presented by Makinde and Mishra.6
Tripathi and Sharma7 presented analytical solutions of chemical reaction effects on
incompressible arterial blood flow in the vicinity of variable viscosity. The effect of variable
viscosity alongside MHD on buoyancy driven flow of nanofluids with thermal conductivity
ratio using Lattice Boltzman method was investigated by Ghasemi and Siavashi.8 Tsai et al.9
worked on the impact of variable viscosity on heat transfer flow of incompressible fluid past a
permeable medium. Maripala and Naikoti10 examined numerical solutions of MHD impact on
viscous fluid flow past a moving surface in the presence of variable viscosity effects. Hakeem
et al.11 investigated numerical solutions of Carreau fluid flow, taking into account temperature
dependent viscosity effect. Recently, Pandey and Upreti12 presented relevance of varying
viscosity on nanofluids flow in the vicinity of chemical reaction and natural convection.
The study of thermal radiation effects in fluid flow models has gained the attention of many
researchers owing to its real life applications such as crude oil extraction, geothermal systems,
nuclear power reactors and so on. Ahmmed et al.13 presents radiation effects on the unsteady
flow of nanofluids in the vicinity of the magnetic field. It was reported that fluid temperature
SAMUEL and FAYEMI | 3
depreciates with increase in Prandtl number while it escalates as Eckert number grows.
Tarakaramu and Narayana14 examined numerical analysis of an incompressible electrically
conducting nanofluid flow with varying viscosity in the vicinity of thermal radiation. Heat
transfer effects on radiating nanofluid flow alongside temperature dependent viscosity were
numerically simulated by Sheikholeslami and Rokni.15 It was reported that when the Rayleigh‐
number is low, convection has less of an impact than conduction. Samuel and Ajayi16
investigated numerical solutions of power–law fluid in the vicinity of thermal radiation subject
to autocatalytic boundary surfaces. Khan et al.17 examined the radiation effect on mixed
convective fluid flow in a square cavity. Idowu and Falodun18 discussed the significance of
mass transfer on buoyancy driven MHD flux of a radiative fluid. The findings revealed that
larger values of temperature dependent viscosity parameter enhance velocity distribution but
depreciate temperature distribution. Khan et al.19 conducted a study on the flow of a two‐
dimensional, incompressible, viscous radiating fluid past a stretching sheet. Thermophoresis
impact on unsteady heat transfer flow of nanofluid putting radiation effect into account was
examined by Pandey and Kumar.20 Gbadeyan et al.21 investigated thermal radiation influence
on steady Casson nanofluid flow with velocity slip. Makinde et al.22 explored radiation effects
on MHD flow of a chemically reactive fluid in the vicinity of buoyancy force. Sharma et al.23
investigated MHD free convection flow of an incompressible fluid taking into consideration
radiation effects. Samuel and Fayemi24 addressed convective boundary surface effects on
laminar flow of optically thick radiating fluid. Pandey and Kumar25 studied the radiation
impact on incompressible nanofluid flow with viscous dissipation. An analytical study of
variable fluid properties' effects on buoyancy flow of steady fluid was discussed by Adegbie
et al.26 Mishra et al.27 scrutinized forced convection impact on nanofluid flow in the vicinity of
thermal radiation and heat generation. Recently, Numerical solutions of Arrhenius activation
energy and magnetic field intensity on micropolar fluid flow coupled with radiation effect was
discussed by Ram et al.28 Samuel29 scrutinized heat transfer significance on radiative Maxwell
fluid transport in the vicinity of mass transfer. Samuel and Olajuwon30 discussed the
significance of varying viscosity in the buoyancy driven flow of radiating fluid under the
influence of Lorentz force. Steady flow of radiating Casson fluid past a stretching sheet with
convective heat transfer was presented by Samuel and Oladoja.31
According to the literature mentioned above, no research has been conducted to scrutinize
the significance of Joule heating and chemical reaction on incompressible flow of optically thin
radiating fluid with nonuniform heat source/sink and variable viscosity. This lack of
investigation serves as an incentive to conduct a study on chemically reactive fluid flow past
a convective boundary surface in a porous medium in the vicinity of radiation and viscous
dissipation effects. Thermal radiation effect is considered by invoking the proposed model of
Cogley et al.32 The transformed strongly coupled ordinary differential equations of fluid flow
are tackled by a numerical Runge–Kutta Fehlberg (RKF) technique. Both tabular and
schematic displays of the obtained numerical solutions are presented and discussed.
2 | FLOW EQUATIONS
Consider a Newtonian, natural convective, steady, two‐dimensional and incompressible fluid

flow over a stretching sheet in a porous medium. The magnetic field created by MHD flow is
insignificant due to low magnetic Reynolds number. Also, the impact of variable viscosity on
the flow is examined. A schematic diagram of this problem in the Cartesian coordinates is
delineated in Figure 1. The stretching surface's velocity is taken to be u = bx , where b

represents a constant that is positive. Furthermore, variable fluid viscosity is taken into
consideration. Effects of Ohmic heating and thermal radiation are also considered.
Furthermore, C∞ and T∞ represent ambient fluid temperature and concentration. Heat transfer
by convection is also examined and a hot fluid at temperature Tf is convectively heating the
sheet's surface. Following the aforementioned assumptions, governing equations are written
as9,33
∂u ∂v
+ = 0, (1)
∂x ∂y
 ∂u ∂u  ∂  ∂u 
ρ∞ u + v  = μ (T )  + gρ∞ β (T − T∞) − σ B 20 u −
μ∞
 ∂x ∂y  ∂y  ∂y 
u, (2)
K′
 ∂T ∂T   ∂u 2
ρ∞ cp u + v  = κ 2 − r + μ (T )   + σB0 2u2 + q‴ + ∞ u2,
∂ 2T ∂q μ
   
(3)
∂x ∂y ∂ y ∂y ∂y K′
∂C ∂C ∂ 2C D *kT ∂2T
u +v = D* 2 + − K r*(C − C∞), (4)
∂x ∂y ∂y TM ∂T 2
here, ρ∞, g , μ∞, κ , v , u , and β represent the fluid density, gravitational acceleration, fluid
dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity, velocity component in y direction, velocity component
in x direction and thermal expansion coefficient, respectively. kT denotes thermal diffusion
ratio, D* represents mass diffusivity, ν∞ represents kinematic viscosity, Bo denotes magnetic
field strength, cp and σ portray fluid specific heat at constant pressure and fluid electrical
conductivity, respectively. Tm connotes mean fluid temperature, K r* denotes chemical reaction
rate. μ (T ) is the temperature dependent viscosity which is expressed as33,34
FIGURE 1 Flow configuration. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

μ (T ) = μ∞ e α (T − T∞) = μ∞ e−ϵθ, (5)
here, ϵ = α (Tw − T∞) is the viscosity parameter. Based on Cogley,32 radiative heat flux qr is
written as
∂qr
= 4(T − T∞)Γ, (6)
∂y
where Γ denotes absorption coefficient. q‴ is the nonuniform heat source/sink which is

expressed as35,36
ku w (x )
q‴ = [A (Tw − T∞) f ′ + B (T − T∞)], (7)
xν∞
where B connotes temperature dependent heat generation/absorption parameter and A

denotes space dependent heat generation/absorption parameter. A < 0 and B < 0 represents
the internal heat sink while A > 0 and B > 0 denotes the internal heat generation.
Associated boundary conditions are37:
∂T
u = u w (x ) = bx , v = 0, −κ = hf (Tw − T ), C = Cw = C∞ + C1 x at y = 0, (8)
∂y
u → 0, T → T∞, T → T∞, C → C∞ as y → ∞. (9)
The following variables are used for transformation purpose38
 b 2
η =   y, u = bxf ′, v = −(ν∞ b) 2 f , θ =
1
 ν∞ 
1 T − T∞ C − C∞
,ϕ = . (10)
Tw − T∞ Cw − C∞
Upon putting Equation (10) into Equations (1)–(4), we get

f ‴ − ϵf ″θ′ + e ϵθ ( ff ″ + Gr θ − Mf ′ − ( f ′)2 − Kp f ′) = 0, (11)
θ″ + Pr (θ′f − Ra θ + J ( f ′)2 + Ec Kp ( f ′)2) + Af ′ + Bθ + Br ( f ″)2 = 0, (12)
ϕ″ − Sc (ϕf ′ − Sr θ″ − ϕ′f + Kr ϕ) = 0, (13)
subject to
f (η) = 0, f ′(η) = 1, θ′(η) = −Bi (1 − θ (η)), ϕ (η) = 1 at η = 0, (14)
f ′(η) → 0, θ (η) → 0, ϕ (η) → 0 as η → 0, (15)
where the flow parameters are

1
σ B 20 u2w
ϵ = α (Tw − T∞), M = ρ∞ b r
μ cp
, P = k∞ , Gr x =
∞
gβ (Tw − T∞)
b 2x
, Ra =
4Γ
bcp ρ∞
, Ec = cp (Tw − T∞)
Bi =
hf
κ ( ),ν∞
b
2
ν∞ ν∞ D *kT (Tw − T∞) K r*

Kp = K′b
, Sc = D*
, Sr = ν∞ TM (Cw − C∞)
, Kr = b , J = MEc ,
where ϵ denotes variable viscosity parameter, Gr stands for Grashof number, Sc signifies
Schmidt number, Kr connotes chemical reaction parameter, Pr denotes Prandtl number, J
represents Ohmic heating parameter, Ra denotes radiation parameter, Ec connotes Eckert
number, Sr represents Soret number, Kp connotes permeability parameter, M represents
magnetic parameter, Bi typifies Biot number.
gβ (Tw − T∞)
It is observed that Grashof number Gr x = b 2x
is a function of variable x . Thus, to
achieve a pure similarity solution, an assumption is made that β = β0 x , where β0 is a
gβ0 (Tw − T∞)
proportionality constant. Therefore, Gr = b2
is the dimensionless Grashof number.
The crucial engineering factors in this study are the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt, and
     
Sherwood numbers, and they are as follows:
2μ  ∂u   ∂T 
 
 ∂C 
  .
 
  , Nu x =  
  , Sh x =  
u w ρ∞  ∂y  y =0 (Tw − T∞)  ∂y  y =0 (Cw − C∞)  ∂y  y =0
x x
Cf = 2 (16)
Upon invoking Equation (10) in Equation (16), the skin friction, mass transfer rate and heat
transfer rate become
1 −1 −1
Re x2 Cf = e−ϵθf ″(0), Re x 2 Nu x = −θ′(0), Re x 2 Sh x = −ϕ′(0), (17)
xuw
here, the local Reynolds number Rex is expressed as Rex = ν∞
.
3 | NUMERICAL P ROCEDURE
The highly coupled system of boundary value problem (11)–(15) is highly nonlinear. Therefore,
it is tackled by approaching a numerical procedure namely shooting technique alongside
Runge‐Kutta fourth order scheme. The highly nonlinear system of ordinary differential
equations in Equations (11)–(13) is converted to a system of first‐order codes as expressed
below:
f = n1, f ′ = n2, f ″ = n3, θ = n4 , θ′ = n5, ϕ = n6, ϕ′ = n7, (18)
where
n′1 = n2,
n′2 = n3,
n′3 = ϵn3 n5 − e ϵn4 [n1 n3 + Gr n4 − Mn2 − (n2)2 − Kp n2],
n′4 = n5,
n′5 = −Pr (n5 n1 − Ra n4 + J (n2)2 + Ec Kp (n2)2) − An2 − Bn4 − Br (n3)2 , (19)
n′6 = n7,
n′7 = −Sc (n7 n1 − n6 n2 + Sr (−Pr (n5 n1 − Ra n4 + J (n2)2 + Ec Kp (n2)2)
− An2 − Bn4 − Br (n3)2) − Kr n6),
alongside the initial conditions
n1 (0) = 0, n2 (0) = 1, n3 (0) = p1 ,

n4 (0) = p2 , n5 (0) = −Bi (1 − n4 (0)), (20)
n6 (0) = 1, n7 (0) = p3 ,
here, the initial guess values p1, p2, and p3 in Equation (20) are selected and improved in such a
way that the free stream conditions are achieved asymptotically. The values of p1, p2, and p3 are
estimated by invoking Newton's technique so that the end points are satisfied at topmost
numerical values of η = 6 with error smaller than 10−6. The numerical method used for
computation in this study is proficient in solving both linear and nonlinear problems with
strong nonlinearity that are often hard to solve analytically.
4 | RESUL TS A NALYS I S
This segment is devoted to investigate the significance of fluid parameters on fluid motion,
thermal distributions and concentration profiles as demonstrated by plots 2–16, and Tables 1
and 2. Numerical simulations were carried out taking into account the following values of
parameters Pr = 5, Gr = 0.2, M = 0.1, Ra = 0.2, Bi = 0.1, ϵ = 1.0, Kp = 0.1, J = 0.02, Ec = 0.5,
A= 0.3, B = 0.2, Br = 0.2, Kr = 1.0, Sr = 0.1, Sc = 0.68. Comparison of f ″(0) for various magnetic
parameter values M is demonstrated in Table 1. A sterling accordance between the present
study and those obtained by Samuel and Ajayi16 and Prasad et al.39 is observed. As
demonstrated in Table 2, the skin friction coefficient depreciates in response to higher values of
radiation parameter, Prandtl number as well as higher values of Grashof number. However, a
surge in magnetic parameter and Biot number enhance f ″(0). It is also observed that increase
in radiation parameter, magnetic parameter, Biot number, and Prandtl number retards
Sherwood number but enhances Nusselt number. Furthermore, larger values of Grashof
number depletes Nusselt number and on the opposite causes an increase of the Sherwood
number.
The effect of magnetic parameter M on the flow field is demonstrated in Figure 2. Plot 2
reveals a downturn of the fluid velocity as M grows. This is true because the presence of Lorenz
force depletes velocity distribution. Figure 3 exhibits the impact of Brinkman number Br on the
fluid temperature. From this plot, it is seen that there is a surge in the temperature profile for
bigger values of Br . This is expected because as the value of Br increases, the heat conduction
T A B L E 1 Comparison of f ″(0) for different values of M when Pr = 1.0, Gr = R a = Sc = J = Bi = ϵ = Kp =

A = B = Kr = Sr = 0 .
M Samuel and Ajayi16 Prasad et al.39 Present results
0.0 – 1.0002 1.0000
0.5 1.2256 1.2248 1.2247
1.0 1.4144 1.4142 1.4142
1.5 – 1.5811 1.5811
2.0 1.7321 1.7321 1.7321
T A B L E 2 Numerical values of f ″(0), θ′(0) and ϕ′(0) for several values of Bi, Gr , Pr , R a and M when
Sc = 1.0, ϵ = 1.0, A = 0.2, Kr = 1.0. Br = 0, Sr = 0.5, J = 0, Kp = 1.0 and B = 0.3.
M Ra Pr Gr Bi − f ″(0) −θ′(0) −ϕ′(0)
1.0 1.0 0.71 0.5 0.2 1.9729 0.13857 1.3619
2.0 2.2874 0.14043 1.3357
3.0 2.5614 0.14176 1.3153
0.5 2.0466 0.11372 1.3788
1.0 1.9729 0.13857 1.3619
2.0 1.9166 0.15665 1.3478
0.71 1.9729 0.13857 1.3619
1.0 1.9386 0.15006 1.3538
1.5 1.9053 0.16068 1.3454
0.2 2.0202 0.13914 1.3559
0.5 1.9729 0.13857 1.3619
0.8 1.9243 0.13798 1.3680
0.15 1.9421 0.10915 1.3697
0.20 1.9729 0.13857 1.3619
0.25 2.0012 0.16528 1.3548
FIGURE 2 Influence of M on f ′(η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
caused by viscous dissipation slows down, resulting in a greater increase in temperature.

Figures 4 and 5 delineate the effects of permeability parameter Kp on the flow field and
temperature distribution. As portrayed by plot 4, the flow field is weakened by large values of
permeability parameter. Physically, porous medium offers opposition to fluid movement across
FIGURE 3 Influence of Br on θ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
FIGURE 4 Influence of Kp on f ′(η). [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
it. Thus, enhancing permeability parameter decreases fluid flow as demonstrated in Figure 4.
Also, the presence of the permeability parameter leads to an observed increase in temperature
distributions as presented in plot 5.
As demonstrated by Figures 6 and 7, temperature profiles are increasing functions of A and
B . As shown in Figure 8, thermal field declines as Prandtl number Pr enlarges. This is
anticipated because by definition, larger values of Pr correspond to weaker thermal diffusivity.
The influence of Sc on solutal field is demonstrated by Figure 9. Diminution of the solutal field
FIGURE 5 Influence of Kp on θ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
FIGURE 6 Influence of A on θ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
is noticed as Sc enhances. Schmidt number is, by definition, the ratio of kinematic viscosity to
mass diffusivity. Thus, the presence of species (large Schmidt number) declines concentration
distributions. According to plot 10, augmenting Soret number Sr causes an uptrend in the
concentration profile.
As revealed by plot 11, velocity profile is augmented by augmenting Grashof number Gr .
This is anticipated as large values of Gr implies stronger buoyancy force and this force causes
escalation of velocity profile. Also, higher values of Gr represent weaker viscous effects in the
FIGURE 7 Influence of B on θ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
FIGURE 8 Influence of Pr on θ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
flow equation and thus, velocity distribution grows. Figure 12 demonstrates how fluid flow is
impacted by increasing viscosity parameter ϵ . It is observed that higher values of ϵ depreciate
the flow field. This is true because variable viscosity parameter is a direct proportion of the
temperature difference between free stream and the surface. Thus, larger values of ϵ correspond
to higher temperature difference between the wall and the ambient fluid. Graphical description
of temperature distribution for diverse values of Ra is demonstrated in Figure 13. The plot
shows that stronger values of radiation parameter Ra declines thermal field. This is expected as
FIGURE 9 Influence of Sc on ϕ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 10 Influence of Sr on ϕ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
the emission of heat by the fluid results in lower fluid temperature. Figure 14 presents solutal
distributions for various values of Kr . The figure depicts an attenuation of the concentration
distributions as Kr enhances. Physically, higher values of Kr indicate that more solute
molecules are present in the evolving chemical reaction, which results in a decrease in the
solutal distribution. Hence, the damaging chemical reaction significantly decline concentration
boundary layer thickness.
F I G U R E 11 Influence of Gr on f ′(η). [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 12 Influence of ϵ on f ′(η). [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 15 demonstrates variations in thermal fields for diverse values of Bi . Large values of
Bi escalates temperature of the fluid. Physically this is true because augmenting Biot number
weakens the thermal resistance of the sheet. Thus, rate of heat transfer by convection to the
fluid on the other side of the sheet enhances. The size of the dimensionless group J = MEc
serves as a measure of the relevance of the influence of ohmic heating. Figure 16 reveals that
temperature profile increases as Ohmic heating parameter J grows. This is expected because
F I G U R E 13 Influence of R a on θ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 14 Influence of Kr on ϕ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Ohmic heating parameter is directly proportional to the magnetic field strength and inversely to
the temperature difference of the surface and the fluid. Hence, enhancing Ohmic heating
parameter gives rise to higher fluid temperature and smaller heat transfer rate. Therefore,
augmenting the values of Ohmic heating parameter J causes uptrend in the temperature
distributions.
F I G U R E 15 Influence of Bi on θ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 16 Influence of J on θ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
5 | CONCLUSION
Nonuniform heat source/sink and viscous dissipation influence on buoyancy driven flow of
chemically reacting fluid subject to convective boundary condition is scrutinized. The role of
Ohmic heating and radiation effect is also considered. Fourth‐order RKF method and shooting
approach are employed to solve the transformed model equations. The values of skin friction,
heat transfer rate and mass transfer rate for diverse values of flow parameters are demonstrated
in tabular form. Notable outcomes from the present investigation are recapitulated as follow:
1. the momentum fields are enhanced for larger values of Gr . However, opposite movement is
noticed for larger values of viscosity parameter ϵ , permeability parameter Kp and magnetic
parameter M ;
2. higher values of Biot number Bi and viscous dissipation parameter Br raises temperature
distribution whereas a counter behavior is seen as radiation parameter Ra and Prandtl
number Pr grow;
3. solutal fields grow with augmented values of Soret number Sr while counter trend is seen as
chemical reaction parameter Kr enhances;
4. large values of Ra and Pr diminishes f ″(0); and
5. increment in Ra and Bi depreciate ϕ′(0) whereas θ′(0) is escalated.
NOMENCLATURE
A heat generation parameter
B heat absorption parameter
Bi Biot number
Bo magnetic field strength (Am−1)
Br Brinkman number (Am−1)
C concentration (km−3)
Cf skin friction coefficient
cp specific heat (Jkg−1K−1)
D* mass diffusivity
Ec Eckert number
f dimensionless stream function
g gravitational acceleration
Gr Grashof number
hf heat transmission coefficient
J ohmic heating parameter
Kp permeability parameter
Kr chemical reaction parameter
kT thermal diffusion ratio
M magnetic parameter
Nu x Nusselt number
Pr Prandtl number
q‴ nonuniform heat source/sink
qr radiative heat loss
Ra thermal radiation parameter
Rex Reynolds number
Sc Schmidt number
Sh x Sherwood number
Sr Soret number
T temperature of the fluid (K)
Tf temperature of the hot fluid (K)
T∞ ambient temperature (K)
Tm mean fluid temperature (K)
Tw surface temperature (K)

u, v velocity components (ms−1)
x, y Cartesian coordinates (m)
GREEKS
β thermal expansion coefficient
η similarity variable
ϕ dimensionless concentration
κ thermal conductivity (Wm−1K−1)
ν∞ kinematic viscosity (m2s−1)
μ dynamic viscosity (kgm−1s−1)
ϵ variable viscosity parameter
ρ∞ density of fluid in free stream (kgm−3)
κ thermal conductivity
θ dimensionless temperature
Γ absorption coefficient
SUBSCRIPTS
∞ free stream
w wall condition
CONFLI CT OF I NTER EST STATEMENT

The authors declare no conflict of interest.
ORCID
Damilare John Samuel http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2237-7373
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How to cite this article: Samuel DJ, Fayemi IA. Impacts of variable viscosity and
chemical reaction on Ohmic dissipative fluid flow in a porous medium over a stretching
sheet with thermal radiation. Heat Transfer. 2023;1‐19. doi:10.1002/htj.22915

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Received: 14 March 2023 | Revised: 1 June 2023 | Accepted: 5 June 2023

Impacts of variable viscosity and chemical

Damilare John Samuel1 | Ibrahim Arinola Fayemi2

Heat Transfer. 2023;1–19. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj | 1

values of Joule heating parameter and Brinkman

Consider a Newtonian, natural convective, steady, two‐dimensional and incompressible fluid

delineated in Figure 1. The stretching surface's velocity is taken to be u = bx , where b

FIGURE 1 Flow configuration. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

μ (T ) = μ∞ e α (T − T∞) = μ∞ e−ϵθ, (5)

where Γ denotes absorption coefficient. q‴ is the nonuniform heat source/sink which is

where B connotes temperature dependent heat generation/absorption parameter and A

u → 0, T → T∞, T → T∞, C → C∞ as y → ∞. (9)

The following variables are used for transformation purpose38

Upon putting Equation (10) into Equations (1)–(4), we get

θ″ + Pr (θ′f − Ra θ + J ( f ′)2 + Ec Kp ( f ′)2) + Af ′ + Bθ + Br ( f ″)2 = 0, (12)

ϕ″ − Sc (ϕf ′ − Sr θ″ − ϕ′f + Kr ϕ) = 0, (13)

f ′(η) → 0, θ (η) → 0, ϕ (η) → 0 as η → 0, (15)

where the flow parameters are

ν∞ ν∞ D *kT (Tw − T∞) K r*

f = n1, f ′ = n2, f ″ = n3, θ = n4 , θ′ = n5, ϕ = n6, ϕ′ = n7, (18)

alongside the initial conditions

n1 (0) = 0, n2 (0) = 1, n3 (0) = p1 ,

T A B L E 1 Comparison of f ″(0) for different values of M when Pr = 1.0, Gr = R a = Sc = J = Bi = ϵ = Kp =

FIGURE 2 Influence of M on f ′(η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

caused by viscous dissipation slows down, resulting in a greater increase in temperature.

FIGURE 3 Influence of Br on θ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 4 Influence of Kp on f ′(η). [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 5 Influence of Kp on θ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 6 Influence of A on θ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 7 Influence of B on θ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 8 Influence of Pr on θ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 9 Influence of Sc on ϕ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

F I G U R E 10 Influence of Sr on ϕ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

F I G U R E 11 Influence of Gr on f ′(η). [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

F I G U R E 12 Influence of ϵ on f ′(η). [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

F I G U R E 13 Influence of R a on θ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

F I G U R E 14 Influence of Kr on ϕ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

F I G U R E 15 Influence of Bi on θ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

F I G U R E 16 Influence of J on θ (η) . [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Tw surface temperature (K)

CONFLI CT OF I NTER EST STATEMENT

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ν∞ ν∞ D kT (Tw − T∞) K r