Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107068

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Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rinp

Dynamics of complexiton, Y-type soliton and interaction solutions to the (3

+ 1)-dimensional Kudryashov-Sinelshchikov equation in liquid with
gas bubbles
Kang-Jia Wang
School of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: This paper focuses on some novel exact solutions of the (3 + 1)-dimensional Kudryashov-Sinelshchikov equation
Linear superposition principle (KSE). Based on the linear superposition principle (LSP) and weight algorithm (WA), we construct the com­
Weight algorithm plexiton solutions by introducing the pairs of the conjugate parameters. Besides, the Y-type soliton solutions are
Complexiton solutions
extracted by imposing the resonant conditions on the N-soliton solutions. Finally, two different types of the
Y-type soliton solutions
Interaction solutions
interaction solutions (ISs) are also explored by exerting the test function method and symbolic computation. The
graphical representations of the corresponding solutions are presented to reveal the dynamical characteristics. To
the best of our knowledge, the attained outcomes of this article are brand new and have never been reported in
other literature, and can enable us make sense of the physical behaviors of the (3 + 1)-dimensional KSE better.

Introduction (ψ t + βψψ x + μψ xxx )x + dψ yy + eψ zz = 0 (1.1)

It has been nearly 190 years since the discovery of solitary waves in where β, μ, d and e are arbitrary non-zero constants. Eq. (1.1) can model
fluid motion in 1834. After years of research and exploration, solitons the liquid with gas bubbles ignoring the viscosity of the liquid. We can
have become important in various disciplines and fields. After years of derive many well-known equations from Eq. (1.1). For β = 6, μ = 1,
research and exploration, solitons have been widely used in various d = 0, e = 0, Eq. (1.1) reduces into the KDV equation as:
disciplines and fields, fully demonstrating the importance of studying ψ t + 6ψψ x + ψ xxx = 0 (1.2)
solitons. In nonlinear science, the use of nonlinear equations can
represent numerous systems in physics, and the exact solutions of these For β = 6, μ = 1, d = − 1, e = 0, Eq. (1.1) turns into the (2 + 1)-
equations can provide rich physical information. The application of dimensional KP equation:
partial differential equations(PDEs) can explain many phenomena in [ ]
ψ xt + 6 ψψ xx + (ψ x )2 + ψ xxxx − ψ yy = 0 (1.3)
nature such as optics [1–3], thermodynamics [4–6], plasma physics
[7,8], biology [9,10], vibration [11,12] and other fields. In solving To find the Hirota bilinear equation (HBE) of Eq. (1.1), the following
nonlinear problems, it is necessary to consider the exact solutions of the transform is manipulated:
PDEs. Thus far, a good deal of reliable and efficient methods have been
12μ
derived to dispose of the PDEs, for instance the direct algebraic approach ψ= [ln(I) ]xx (1.4)
β
[13,14], Bäcklund transformation [15–18], the extended F-Expansion
approach [19–21], subequation method [22–24], exp-function approach Adopting Eq. (1.4), we attain the HBE as:
[25,26], trial-equation technique [27–29] and others [28,30–36]. After ( )
years of research and exploration, solitons have been widely used in Dx Dt + μD4x + dD2y + eD2z f ⋅f = 0 (1.5)
various disciplines and fields, fully demonstrating the importance of
studying solitons. In the presented study, we will probe the generalized where Dm n
x Dt is defined by [38–43]:
(3 + 1)-dimensional KSE that reads as [37]:

E-mail address: konka05@163.com.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2023.107068
Received 20 August 2023; Received in revised form 30 September 2023; Accepted 6 October 2023
Available online 18 October 2023
2211-3797/© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
K.-J. Wang Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107068

( )m ( )n
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ where a is a free parameter. Thus we have:
Dmx Dnt f ⋅g = − − f (x, t)g(x′, t′)|x=x′,t=t′ (1.6)
∂x ∂x′ ∂t ∂t′ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
3μ − a2 d 2
2
γ i = λi x + aλi y + λi z − 4μλ3i t, λi ∕
= 0, 0 < i < N (2.9)
And there are: e
Dx (f ⋅g) = fx g − fgx Thus the solutions of Eq.(1.5) is:
f = σ1 eγ1 + σ2 eγ2 + σ3 eγ3 + ... + σ N eγN (2.10)
D2x (f ⋅g) = fxx g − 2fx gx + fgxx
( ) with
D2x (g⋅g) = 2 gxx g − g2x
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
3μ − a2 d 2
Dt Dx (f ⋅g) = ftx g − ft gx − fx gt + gtx f γ i = λi x + aλ2i y + λi z − 4μλ3i t, 0 < i < N (2.11)
e
Some new research findings have been reported for Eq. (1.1). In [44], Then we sim to seek for the complexiton solutions. Considering the
the lump, breathers and ISs are studied. In [45], the resonant multi-wave following two solutions [54,55]:
solutions are extracted. In [46], the N-solitary wave solutions are ob­
f1 = σ1 eγ1 + σ2 eγ2 + σ3 eγ3 + ... + σN eγN (2.12)
tained. In [47], some high-order rogue wave solutions are derived.
However, to our knowledge, the complexiton, Y-shaped soliton and the
f2 = σ1 e− γ1
+ σ 2 e− γ2
+ σ 3 e− γ3
+ ... + σ N e− γN
(2.13)
ISs of the cos-cosh type and sin-cosh type have not been investigated yet.
Thus, the main task of this work is to construct these novel solutions. The where
rest content of this paper is given as: Section 2 extracts the complexiton √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
solutions by the LSP and WA. Section 3 constructs the Y-type soliton 3μ − a2 d 2
γ i = λi x + aλ2i y + λi z − 4μλ3i t (2.14)
solutions via imposing the resonance conditions to the N-soliton solu­ e
tions. Section 4 looks into interaction solutions. Finally, Section 5 pre­
sents the conclusion. and
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
3μ − a2 d 2
The complexiton solutions − γ i = − λi x − aλ2i y − λi z + 4μλ3i t (2.15)
e

To construct the complexiton solutions, we use the N-wave variables According to the principle of superposition, we have [56]:
as [48,49]: ∑N
( √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )
1 3μ − a2 d 2
(f1 + f2 ) = 2
σ i cosh λi x + aλi y + 3
λi z − 4μλi t (2.16)
γ i = λi x + δi y + σi z + ρi t, 1 ≤ i ≤ N (2.1) 2 i=1 e
In Eq. (2.1), λi , δi , σi , ρi are the non-zero constants to be determined
later. Based on the LSP [50,51], we have: which is the solution of Eq. (1.5) for λi > 0.
( ) Now we can construct the following expressions [56]:
φ λi − λj , δi − δj , σi − σ j , ρi − ρj
f1′ = σN+1 eγ1 + σ N+2 eγ2 + σN+3 eγ3 + ... + σN+M eγM (2.17)
= dδ2i − 2dδi δj + dδ2j +μ λ4i − 4μ λ3i λj + 6μ λ2i λ2j − 4μ λi λ3j +μ λ4j * * * *
f2′ = σN+1 eγ1 + σ N+2 eγ2 + σN+3 eγ3 + ... + σN+M eγM (2.18)
2
+ λi ρi − λj ρi − λi ρj + λj ρj + eσ − 2eσi σ j + eσ = 0 2
(2.2)
i j
where
To solve Eq. (2.2), we bring in the following parameterization of the √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
3μ − a2 d
wave numbers and frequencies: γ i = Iλi x + a(Iλi )2 y + (Iλi )2 z − 4μ(Iλi )3 t (2.19)
e
δi = aλmi , σi = bλni , ρi = cλki , 1 ≤i≤N (2.3)
and
In Eq. (2.3), m, n, k are the undetermined integers, and a, b, c are the √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
non-zero constants. 3μ − a2 d
γ *i = − Iλi x + a( − Iλi )2 y + ( − Iλi )2 z − 4μ( − Iλi )3 t (2.20)
In view of the WA [52,53], the weight of Eq. (1.5) can be found as: e

w
̂ 〈(x), (y), (z), (t)〉 = 〈1 , 2, 2, 3 〉 (2.4) Thus we have:
) ∑M √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
Thus we have: 1( ′
f + f′ = σ i e− aλ2i y−
2
3μ− a d 2
e λi z
(
cos λi x + 4μλ3i t
)
(2.21)
2 1 2 i=N+1
δi = aλ2i , σ i = bλ2i , ρi = cλ3i , 1 ≤ i ≤ N (2.5)
Then we can find the complexiton solution as [56]:
Inserting it into Eq. (2.2) yields: (
∑N
⎧ f= σ cosh λi x+aλ2i y
⎨ c + a2 d + b2 e + μ = 0 i=1
i

− 6(c + 4μ) = 0) (2.6) √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )

⎩ ( 2 ∑M √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
− 2 a d + b2 e − 3μ = 0 3μ − a2 d 2 aλ2i y−
2
3 μ− a d 2 ( )
± λi z− 4μλ3i t + i=N+1 σi e− e λi z
cos λi x+4μλ3i t , forλi
e
On solving it, we have:
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ >0
3μ − a2 d (2.22)
b= , c = − 4μ (2.7)
e
To construct the other complexiton solutions. Considering the
Then there are:
following conditions:
[ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ]
3μ − a2 d 2 (2.8) λi = λi,1 + Iλi,2 (2.23)
λi = λi , δi = aλ2i , σ i = λi , ρi = − 4μλ3i
e
λ*i = λi,1 − Iλi,2 , (2.24)

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K.-J. Wang Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107068

Fig. 1. The complexiton solution Eq. (2.22) for M = 1, N = 1 with λ1 = 1, μ = 1, d = 1, e = 1.

Fig. 2. The complexiton solution Eq. (2.29) for N = 1, λi,1 = 1, λi,2 = 2, ϑi,1 = 1, ϑi,2 = 1, β = 6, μ = 1, d = 1, e = 1.

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K.-J. Wang Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107068

√̅̅̅̅̅̅
Fig. 3. The Y-type soliton with m1 = 1, n1 = 2, k1 = 3, γ0,1 = 0, m2 = 3, n2 = 6 − 2 23, k2 = 5, γ0,2 = 0, β = 6, μ = 1, d = 1, e = 1, (a,d) for t = 0, (b,e) for t =
0.5, (c,f) for t = 1.

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
where I = − 1, λi,1 , λi,2 ∈ R. f =
∑N *
ϑi eγi + ϑ*i eγi =
∑N [ ( ) ( )]
eζi,1 ϑi,1 cos ζi,2 + ϑi,2 sin ζi,2 (2.29)
Then there are: i=1 i=1

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( ) ( )2 3μ − a2 d ( )2 ( )3
γ i = λi,1 + Iλi,2 x + a λi,1 + Iλi,2 y + λi,1 + Iλi,2 z − 4μ λi,1 + Iλi,2 t
e

By the transformation as:

= ζi,1 + Iζi,2 , (2.25) 12μ
ψ= [ln(f ) ]xx (2.30)
β
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( ) ( )2 3μ − a2 d( )2 ( )3
γ *i = λi,1 − Iλi,2 x+a λi,1 − Iλi,2 y+ λi,1 − Iλi,2 z− 4μ λi,1 − Iλi,2 t ϑ − Iϑ
where ϑi = i,1 2 i,2 , ϑ*i = i,1 2 i,2 .
ϑ +Iϑ
e
For M = 1, N = 1, λ1 = 1, λ2 = 1, β = 6, μ = 1, d = 1, e = 1, we
= ζi,1 − Iζi,2 , (2.26) describe the complexiton solution of Eq. (2.2) in Fig. 1, where Fig. 1(a
and b) stand for t = 1, Fig. 1(d–f) represent t = 2. Here it shows that the
with complexiton solution is the one-soliton which is travelling toward the
positive direction of the Y and z axes.
( ) ( )√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ( )
3μ − a2 d For N = 1, λi,1 = 1, λi,2 = 2, ϑi,1 = 1, ϑi,2 = 1, β = 6, μ = 1, d = 1,
ζi,1 = λi,1 x + a λ2i,1 − λ2i,2 y + λ2i,1 − λ2i,2 z + 4λi,1 λ2i,1 + 3λ2i,2 μt
e e = 1, the complexiton solution of Eq. (2.29) is unveiled in Fig. 2. Here
(2.27) the complexiton solution designates the periodic wave.
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ( )
3μ − a2 d The Y-type soliton solutions
ζi,2 = λi,2 x + 2aλi,1 λi,2 y + 2 λi,1 λi,2 z + 4λi,2 λ2i,2 − 3λ2i,1 μt (2.28)
e
Then we get the complexiton solution of Eq.(1.1) as [56]: The Y-type soliton solutions are the hot topics in the recent years
[57–59] . The purpose of this section, we are going to extract the Y-type

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K.-J. Wang Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107068

√̅̅̅̅̅̅
Fig. 4. The 2-resonance Y-type solitons with m1 = 1, n1 = 2, k1 = 3, γ0,1 = 0, m2 = 3, n2 = 6 − 2 23, k2 = 5, γ0,2 = 0, m3 = − 2, n3 = 5, k3 = 6, γ0,3 = 0, m4 =
( √̅̅̅̅̅
̅ )
− 4, n4 = 14 40 − 8 23 , k4 = 2, γ0,4 = 0, β = 6, μ = 1, d = 1, e = 1. (a,d) for t = 1, (b,e) for t = 1.2, (c,f) for t = 1.4.

soliton solutions of Eq. (1.1).

γ i = mi x + ni y + ki z + ωi t + γ 0,i (3.3)
By the HBE, we can develop the N-soliton solutions to Eq. (1.1) as:
12μ m4i μ + dn2i + eki2
ψ (x, y, z, t) = ln[I(x, y, z, t) ]xx (3.1) ωi = − (3.4)
β mi

where

[ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( )
( ) − 3m3i μ mi − 2mj + n2i d + ki2 e m2j − 2mi mj ni nj d + ki kj e + m2i n2j d + kj2 − 3m4j μ
exp Δij = − [ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( ) (3.5)
− 3m3i μ mi + 2mj + n2i d + ki2 e m2j − 2mi mj ni nj d + ki kj e + m2i n2j d + kj2 − 3m4j μ

∑
[
∑N ∑(N)
] For obtaining the Y-type soliton solutions, we apply the following
I = 1+ exp i=1
εi γi + i<j
εi εj Δij (3.2) resonance conditions [57–59]:
ε=0,1 ( )
exp Δij =
with

[ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( )
− 3m3i μ mi − 2mj + n2i d + ki2 e m2j − 2mi mj ni nj d + ki kj e + m2i n2j d + kj2 − 3m4j μ
− [ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( ) = 0. (3.6)
− 3m3i μ mi + 2mj + n2i d + ki2 e m2j − 2mi mj ni nj d + ki kj e + m2i n2j d + kj2 − 3m4j μ

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K.-J. Wang Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107068

Fig. 5. The ISs of Eq. (4.3) with η3 = 1, η4 = 1, η5 = 1, η6 = 1, η7 = 1, η10 = 1, ε1 = 1, ε2 = 1,β = 1, μ = 1, d = 1, e = 1, (a,d) for t = 0, (b,e) for t = π and (c,f) for
t = 2π .

m3 = − 2, n3 = 5, k3 = 6, γ0,3 = 0;

which yields: 1( √̅̅̅̅̅ )

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ m4 = − 4, n4 = 40 − 8 23 , k4 = 2, γ 0,4 = 0
( )2 ( )2 ̅ 4
mi mj ni d ± 3m4i mi − mj m2j μd − m2i kj mi − ki mj de
nj = (3.7) β = 6, μ = 1, d = 1, e = 1
m2i d
For N = 2, if we set the parameters as: The legend of the 2-resonance Y-type solitons at different time for z
= 1 is presented in Fig. 4. Here it indicates that the interaction of the 2-
m1 = 1, n1 = 2, k1 = 3, γ 0,1 = 0; resonance Y-type soliton is elastic.
√̅̅̅̅̅
m2 = 3, n2 = 6 − 2 23, k2 = 5, γ 0,2 = 0 The interaction solutions

β = 6, μ = 1, d = 1, e = 1 The cos-cosh type solution

Then we depict the fission phenomenon of the Y-type soliton through
the 3D plot and 2D contour at the different time for z = 1 in Fig. 3, which For developing the ISs, the test function is assumed as [60]:
indicates that the interaction between the fission of the resonant Y- I = ε1 cos(p) + ε2 cosh(q) + η11 (4.1)
shaped solitons is elastic.
When N = 4, we can extract the expression of the two 2-resonance Y- with
type solution as: {
p = η1 x + η2 y + η3 z + η4 t + η5
12μ (4.2)
ψ (x, y, z, t) = ln(I)xx (3.8) q = η6 x + η7 y + η8 z + η9 t + η10
β
where εi (i = 1, 2) and ηi (i = 1, 2..., 11) are the coefficients to be
I = 1 + eγ1 + eγ2 + eγ3 + eγ4 + Λ13 eγ1 +γ3 + Λ14 eγ1 +γ4 + Λ23 eγ2 +γ3 + Λ24 eγ2 +γ4 determined. Inserting them into Eq. (1.5) and performing the corre­
(3.9) sponding calculations, we have:
If we choose the parameters as: Case 1. η1 = 0, η2 = − η 4 +η 3 e
, η3 = η3 , η4 = η4 , η5 = η5 , η6 = η6 , η7 =
d
η36 +η6 μ+η7 d
m1 = 1, n1 = 2, k1 = 3, γ0,1 = 0; η7 , η8 = − e , η9 = 0, η10 = η10 , ε1 = ε1 , ε2 = ε2 .
√̅̅̅̅̅ Here it can be found η2 and η8 are dependent on μ, d and e. Inserting
m2 = 3, n2 = 6 − 2 23, k2 = 5, γ0,2 = 0
above results into Eqs. (4.1) and (4.2), we can attain the ISs based on Eq.

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K.-J. Wang Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107068

Fig. 6. The ISs of Eq. (4.7) with η2 = 1, η4 = 1, η5 = 1, η6 = 1, η7 = 1, η10 = 1, ε1 = 1, ε2 = 1,β = 1, μ = 1, d = 1, e = 1, (a,d) for t = 0, (b,e) for t = π and (c,f) for
t = 2π .
η31 +η1 μ+η3 e
(1.4) as: Case 2. η1 = η1 , η2 = − d , η3 = η3 , η4 = 0, η5 = η5 , η6 = 0,
η 9 +η 7 d
ψ (x, y, z, t) = η7 = η7 , η8 = − e , η9 = η9 , η10 = η10 , ε1 = ε1 , ε2 = ε2 .where we can
see the parameters η2 and η8 are dependent on μ, d and e. Then we can

⎧ ( ) ⎫
⎪
⎪ η36 + η6 μ + η7 d ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ η26 ε2 cosh η6 x + η7 y − z + η10 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ e ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ( ) ( ) ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ η4 + η3 e η3 + η6 μ + η7 d ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ε1 cos η1 x − y + η3 z + η4 t + η5 + ε2 cosh η6 x + η7 y − 6 z + η10 + η11 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ d e ⎪
⎬
12μ
[ ( ) ]2 (4.3)
β ⎪⎪ 3
η + η6 μ + η7 d ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ η6 ε2 sinh η6 x + η7 y − 6 z + η10 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ e ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ − [ ( ) ( ) ]2 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ η + η3 e η3 + η6 μ + η7 d ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ ε1 cos η1 x − 4 y + η3 z + η4 t + η5 + ε2 cosh η6 x + η7 y − 6 z + η10 + η11 ⎪
⎭
d e

get the ISs of the cos-cosh type as:

ψ (x, y, z, t) =

⎧ ⎫
⎪
⎪ − η21 ε1 cos(η1 x + η2 y + η3 z + η5 ) ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ( ) ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ η + η7 d ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ε1 cos(η1 x + η2 y + η3 z + η5 ) + ε2 cosh η6 x + η7 y − 9 z + η9 t + η10 + η11 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ e ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
12μ ⎨ [ ( ) ]2
⎬
η3 + η1 μ + η3 e (4.4)
β ⎪
⎪ − ε1 η1 sin η1 x − 1 y + η3 z + η4 t + η5 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ d ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ − [ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ( ) ( ) ]2 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ η31 + η1 μ + η3 e η + η7 d ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ ε1 cos η1 x − y + η3 z + η5 + ε2 cosh η7 y − 9 z + η9 t + η10 + η11 ⎪
⎭
d e

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K.-J. Wang Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107068

interaction between the trigonometric function solution and the soliton

solution.

The sin-cosh type solution If we select the parameters as η2 = 1, η4 = 1, η5 = 1, η6 = 1, η7 = 1,

η10 = 1, ε1 = 1, ε2 = 1, β = 1, μ = 1, d = 1, e = 1, the graphical rep­
Here we can hypothesize the ansatz function as [60]: resentations of Eq.(4.7) on the interval x, y ∈ [ − 10, 10] of different time
are displayed in Fig. 6. Here we can get the same results, that is, the
I = ε1 sin(p) + ε2 cosh(q) + η11 (4.5)
wave propagate periodically of the period as T = 2ηπ. This phenomenon is
4

with related to interaction between the trigonometric function solution and

{ the soliton solution.
p = η1 x + η2 y + η3 z + η4 t + η5
(4.6)
q = η6 x + η6 y + η8 z + η9 t + η10 Conclusion

where εi (i = 1, 2) and ηi (i = 1, 2..., 11) are the undetermined co­ This research has presented a detailed study on some novel exact
efficients. Putting them into Eq. (1.5) and taking the corresponding solutions of the (3 + 1)-dimensional KSE. The complexiton solutions
calculations, we have: were found by employing the LSP and WA. Meanwhile, by applying the
Case 1. η1 = 0, η2 = η2 , η3 = − η 4 +η 2 d
, η4 = η4 , η5 = η5 , η6 = η6 , η7 = resonance conditions on the N-soliton solutions, the Y-shaped soliton
e
η36 +η6 μ+η7 d solutions are derived. In the end, two interaction solutions of the cos-
η7 , η8 = − , η9 = 0, η10 = η10 , η11 = η11 , ε1 = ε1 , ε2 = ε2 .
e cosh type and sin-cosh type are also constructed with the help of the
We can observe that η3 and η8 are dependent on μ, d and e. Inserting
test function method and symbolic computation. The dynamical char­
above results into Eqs. (4.1) and (4.2), we can get the ISs by Eq. (1.4) as:
acteristics of the solutions are described graphically by taking the
ψ (x, y, z, t) = reasonable parameters. As we’ve seen, the derived solutions by our
methods have not been studied elsewhere, which can be used to expand
the range of exact solutions to the (3 + 1)-dimensional KSE.

⎧ ( ) ⎫
⎪
⎪ η36 + η6 μ + η7 d ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ η26 ε2 cosh η6 x + η7 y − z + η10 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ e ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ( ) ( ) ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ η4 + η2 d η3 + η6 μ + η7 d ⎪
⎪
⎪ z + η4 t + η5 + ε2 cosh η6 x + η7 y − 6 ⎪
12μ ⎨ ε1 sin η1 x + η2 y − z + η10 + η11 ⎬
e e (4.7)
β ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [η6 ε2 sinh(η6 x + η7 y + η8 z + η10 ) ]2 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ − [ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ( ) ( ) ]2 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ η + η2 d η3 + η6 μ + η7 d ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ ε1 sin η1 x + η2 y − 4 z + η4 t + η5 + ε2 cosh η6 x + η7 y − 6 z + η10 + η11 ⎪
⎭
e e

η3 +η μ+η d
Case 2. η1 = η1 , η2 = η2 , η3 = − 1 1e 2 , η4 = 0, η5 = η5 , η6 = 0, Declaration of Competing Interest
η7 = η7 , η8 = − η9 +eη7 d , η9 = η9 , η10 = η10 , η11 = η11 , ε1 = ε1 , ε2 = ε2 .
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
ψ (x, y, z, t) = interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.

⎧ ( ) ⎫
⎪
⎪ η3 + η1 μ + η2 d ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ − η21 ε1 sin η1 x + η2 y − 1 z + η5 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ e ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ( ) ( ) ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ η31 + η1 μ + η2 d η + η7 d ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ε1 sin η1 x + η2 y − z + η5 + ε2 cosh η7 y − 9 z + η9 t + η10 + η11 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ e e ⎪
⎬
12μ
[ ( ) ]2 (4.8)
β ⎪⎪ 3
η + η1 μ + η2 d ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ε1 η1 cos η1 x + η2 y − 1 z + η4 t + η5 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ e ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ − [ ( ) ( ) ]2 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ η31 + η1 μ + η2 d η + η7 d ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ ε1 sin η1 x + η2 y − z + η5 + ε2 cosh η7 y − 9 z + η9 t + η10 + η11 ⎪
⎭
e e

Data availability
For using η3 = 1, η4 = 1, η5 = 1, η6 = 1, η7 = 1, η10 = 1, ε1 = 1,
ε2 = 1, β = 1, μ = 1, d = 1, e = 1, we depict the profile of Eq. (4.3) in No data was used for the research described in the article.
Fig. 5 on the interval x, y ∈ [ − 10, 10] at the different time t = 0, π,2π. By
making careful observations of the figures, we can find the wave travels
periodically with the period as T = 2ηπ. This can be explicated by the
4

8
K.-J. Wang
Acknowledgment
This work is supported by the Key Programs of Universities in Henan
Province of China (22A140006), Program of Henan Polytechnic Uni­
versity (B2018-40).
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