Lecture-6 and 7

st
Methods for Solving 1 Order
Ordinary Diff. Equations

Instructor: Dr. J. K. Sahoo

 Linear Differential Equation
Definition: A differential equation of the form
dy
 P ( x ) y  Q ( x ) --------------(Eqn-1)
dx
is called a linear differential equation of first order.
.

Note that Equation-1 can be writt en as

 P ( x ) y  Q ( x )  dx  dy  0
 Linear Differential Equation
T heorem: The general solution Equation-1 is

ye 
 P ( x ) dx  Q ( x )e  P ( x ) dx  C  .
  
P ro o f:
S in ce M  P ( x ) y  Q ( x ) an d N  1
 M . N 
 y  x 
N ow    P ( x )  I.F.  e  P ( x ) dx

N
 e  P ( x ) dx
P ( x) y  Q ( x)dx  e  P ( x ) dx
d y  0 is ex act
T h erefo re, th e so lu tio n is

ye  P ( x ) dx
  P ( x ) dx
Q ( x )d x  C
e
 Examples
dy 4
E x a m p le -1 : x  3y  x .
dx
dy
E x a m p le -2 :  y t a n x  s in 2 x .
dx
y dy
E x a m p le - 3 .: ( e  2 x y )  y2.
dx
A n s -1 : y  x 4  C x 3 .
2
A n s -2 : y  C c o s x  2 c o s x .
2 y
A n s -3 : x y  e  C.
 Bernoulli’s Equation
Definition: A differential equation of the form
dy
 P( x) y  Q ( x) y n
dx
is called Bernoulli's equatio n.
.

Note that: If n  0 or n  1, then the

differential equation becomes linear
 Bernoulli’s Equation

Observation: If we take the substituation z  y1 n ,

then Bernoulli's equation becomes linear and is
of the form:
.
dz
 (1  n ) P ( x ) z  (1  n )Q ( x )
dx
 Examples
2
dy y y
Example-1 :   lo g x
dx x x

Ans-1: y (Cx  log x  1)  1.

.
dy 4 3
Example-2: x yx y
dx
2 2 4
A ns-2: y ( C x  x )  1.
 Problem (from Tuto-2)
Q 3: If M x  N y  0 and M dx  N dy  0 is of the form
1
f ( xy ) ydx  g ( xy ) xdy  0 then is one an
Mx  Ny
integrating factor of the differential equation.
S olutio n:
.
1
First multiply to the differential equation.
M x  Ny
f ( xy ) dx g ( xy ) dy
 +  0.
x  f ( xy )  g ( xy )  y  f ( xy )  g ( xy ) 
 Problem (from Tuto-2)
S olution (cont.):
f ( xy ) g ( xy )
Let M 1  and N1 = .
x  f ( xy )  g ( xy )  y  f ( xy )  g ( xy ) 
M 1 N1
First claim:  then the proof will complete.
y. x
M 1 fg   gf  N1 fg   gf 
Now  2
and  2
y  f  g  x  f  g
Therefore the equation is exact.
 Reduction of Order
The general second order differential equation 
has the form: F ( x, y , y , y )  0.

Here we will consider two special types of second

order equations that can be solved by first order
methods.
 Dependent variable missing
 Independent variable missing
(1) Dependent variable missing
(2) Independent variable missing
 Reduction of Order
Dependent variable missing:
If y is not present, then the equation can be
written as f (x, y, y)  0.
dp
S ubstitute y   p  y   .
dx
 dp 
 f  x, p,   0 w hich is first order d iff. e qn.
 dx 
First solve for p then for y .
Note: If both solutions are exist then the solution of the
orginal second order differential equation is exist.
 Examples
3
Example-1: xy   y    y   .
2 2 2
Solution-1 : x  ( y  c 2 )  c1

Example-2: xy   y   4 x.

2
Solution-2 : y  x  c1 lo g x  c 2
 Reduction of Order
Independent variable missing:
If x is not present, then the equation can be
written as f ( y, y, y)  0.
dy
S ubstit ute y    p
dx
d 2 y dp dp dy dp
 y   2
   p .
dx dx dy dx dy
 dp 
 f  y, p, p   0 which is first ord e r diff. eqn .
 dy 
F irst solve for p then for y .
 Examples
2
Example-1: yy   y  .
c1 x
Solution-1: y  c2 e
2
Example-2: y   k y.
kx  kx
Solution-2: y  c1e  c2e
2
Example-3: y   1   y   .
THANK YOU