CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL

SUB: Eng. Mathematics-II (SUB CODE-BT 202) UNIT-I (By Dr. Akhilesh Jain)
UNIT-I: ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
LINEAR EQUATIONS:
dy
A first order differential equation of the form a1 ( x)  a0 ( x) y  g ( x) is called a linear equation.
dx
If a1(x)  0, we can write this differential equation in the form
dy a ( x) g ( x)
 P( x) y  f ( x)  Q( x) , Where P( x)  0 , Q  f ( x)  ….(1)
dx a1 ( x) a1 ( x )
(1) is called the standard form of a linear differential equation of the first order
Definition : e 
P ( x ) dx
is called the integrating factor of the standard form of a linear differential equation
(1).
Procedure of Solution :
Step 1: Put the equation in the standard form (1) if it is not given in this form.
Identify P(x) and compute the integrating factor .F. = e 
P ( x ) dx
Step 2:
Step 3: The solution is y.( I .F . )   f ( x).(F .)dx  c   Q.( I .F .)dx  c

METHOD-III : Linear Equation

dy
This method is used when the equation is in the form of  p( x) y  q( x) (Basic form)
dx
where p(x) and q(x) – continuous functions may or may not be constants.
Solution: Find Integral Factor , I.F.= e 
p dx

, Then Solution : y.( I.F.) = I .F .Q( x)dx  C
OR
dx
 p( y ) x  q( y ) (Alternative form)
dy
where p(y) and q(y) – continuous functions may or may not be constants.
Solution: Find Integral Factor , I.F.= e 
p dy
, Then Solution : x.( I.F.) =  I .F.Q( y)dy  C
dy
Example: Find the general solution of the following differential equation  8y
dx
dy
Solution:  8y  0
dx
dy
Compare with standard eq.  P( x) y  f ( x)  Q( x) ,we get P(x)= – 8 and Q(x) =0
dx
8dx
Integrating function = F  e   e  e 8 x
P dx

Then Solution y.( I .F . )   f ( x).(F .)dx  c   Q.( I .F .)dx  c  y.e8 x   0.e8 x dx  c

Or y  ce8 x , -<x<
dy
Example: Find the general solution of the following differential equation x  2y  3
dx

dy 2 3
Solution: Write the equation in standard form  y
dx x x
dy
Compare with standard eq.  P( x) y  q( x) ,we get P(x)= 2/x and q(x) =3/x
dx

Lecture Notes :By Dr.. Akhilesh Jain ( Mob. 9827353835, email-akhiljain2929@gmail.com )

1 (Department of Engineering Mathematics, Corporate Institute of Science and Technology, Bhopal)
 CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
SUB: Eng. Mathematics-II (SUB CODE-BT 202) UNIT-I (By Dr. Akhilesh Jain)
2
 dx
Integrating factor = F  e
P dx
e x  e2log x  x2
1
{  dx  log x }and { m log n  log nm then elog x  x }
x
Then Solution y.( I .F . )   q( x).(F .)dx  c
3 2 x2 3 c
 y.x 2   x dx  c  y.x   3 x dx  c  3
2
 c or y  
x 2 2 x2
dy
Example: Find the general solution of the following differential equation x  (3x  1) y  e 3 x
dx
dy  1 e3x
Solution: Standard form is  3   y 
dx  x x
1 e3x
Where P ( x)  3  , and Q( x) 
x x
 1
 P dx   3 x dx
Integrating factor = F  e e    e3 x log x  e3 x elog x  e3 x . x
Then Solution y.( I .F . )   f ( x).(F .)dx  c   Q.( I .F .)dx  c
e3x 3x
 y.xe3x   .xe dx  c   e0 dx  c  x  c
x
c
or y  e 3 x  e 3 x for 0<x<. Or x 2 y  c1 ( y  2 x)
x
Example: Solve cosx.dy =(sinx-y)dx [ RGPV June2004,Sept.2009]

Solution: Re arrange the given eq. we get

dy sin x  y sinx y dy y
   or  (sec x ) y  tan x
dx cos x cos x cos x dx cos x
dy
Compare with standard eq.  p( x) y  q( x) ,we get p(x)= secx and q(x) =tanx
dx

Integrating factor = F  e  e  elog(sec xtan x)  (sec x  tan x)

Pdx sec dx

 x
{  sec x dx  log(sec x  tan x)  log tan(  ) }and { elog x  x
4 2
Then Solution y.( I .F . )   q( x).(F .)dx  c
 y.( sec x  tan x )   tan x(sec x  tan x)dx  c =  tan x sec x  tan 2 x  c
 y(sec x  tan x)   {tan x sec x  (sec2 x  1)}dx  c  sec x  tan x  x  c
x c
Or y  1  
sec x  tan x sec x  tan x
sec ax tan ax
{Use sec 2 x -1  tan 2 x and  sec ax tan ax dx  &  sec ax dx 
2

a a
dy y
Example : Solve the equation subject to the condition,   x 2 ,y=1 when x=1 [ Dec. 2007May 18]
dx x
dy
Solution: Compare with standard eq.  p( x) y  q( x) ,we get p(x)= 1/x and q(x) =x2
dx

Lecture Notes :By Dr.. Akhilesh Jain ( Mob. 9827353835, email-akhiljain2929@gmail.com )

2 (Department of Engineering Mathematics, Corporate Institute of Science and Technology, Bhopal)
 CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
SUB: Eng. Mathematics-II (SUB CODE-BT 202) UNIT-I (By Dr. Akhilesh Jain)
1
 dx
Integrating factor = F  e 
1
{  dx  log x and elog x  x }
P dx
e x  elog x  x
x
Then Solution y.( I .F . )   q( x).(F .)dx  c  y.( x )   x .( x)dx  c
2

x3 c x3 c
y  Or y   ,
4 x 4 x
13 c 1 3
Now using the given condition y=1 when x=1 we get 1    c  1 
4 1 4 4
x3 3
Hence y  
4 4x
dy
Example : Solve  y tan x  sin x [RGPV Nov.18]
dx
dy
Solution : Compare with standard eq.  p( x) y  q( x) ,we get p(x)= tan x and q(x) =sin x
dx
Integrating factor = F  e  e
Pdx tan x dx log cos ax
 elogcos x  cos x {  tan ax dx  and elog x  x }
a
Then Solution
1 1 cos 2 x
y.( I .F . )   q( x).(F .)dx  c  y.( cos x )   cos x(sin x).dx  c   sin 2 x dx  c   c
2 2 2
cos 2 x c
Or y   
4 cos x cos x

Example Solve, (1  y 2 )dx  (tan 1 y  x)dy [June.03,Feb.05,10 June08,March10, june 17 ]

1 dx (tan y  x) tan 1 y x 1
Solution: (1  y )dx  (tan
2
y  x)dy    
dy (1  y )
2
(1  y ) (1  y 2 )
2

dx x tan 1 y
Or dy  (1  y 2 )  (1  y 2 )
dx 1 tan 1 y
this is of the standard form  p( y ) x  q( y ) where p( y )  and q( y ) 
dy (1  y 2 ) (1  y 2 )
1
 dy
1
Integral Factor , I.F.= e  p dy
e  e tan y 1 y 2

Then Solution : x.( I.F.) =  I .F .Q( y)dy  C

tan 1 y
)   e tan
1 1
 x.( e tan y y
( )dy  C
(1  y 2 )
1 1
Take tan -1 y  t and dy  dt  x.( e tan y
)   et t dt  C  tet  et  C
1 y 2

1 1 y C
Or x.( etan y
)  (tan 1 y  1)e tan  C or x  (tan 1 y  1)  1 y
etan

Example: Solve 1  y 2 dx  (sin 1 y  x)dy [RGPV June2007]

1 1
dx (sin y  x) sin y x
Solution: (1  y 2 )dx  (sin 1 y  x)dy    
dy (1  y 2 ) (1  y 2 ) (1  y 2 )
Lecture Notes :By Dr.. Akhilesh Jain ( Mob. 9827353835, email-akhiljain2929@gmail.com )
3 (Department of Engineering Mathematics, Corporate Institute of Science and Technology, Bhopal)
 CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
SUB: Eng. Mathematics-II (SUB CODE-BT 202) UNIT-I (By Dr. Akhilesh Jain)
dx x tan 1 y
 
dy (1  y 2 ) (1  y 2 )
dx 1 sin 1 y
this is of the form  p( y ) x  q( y ) where p( y )  and q ( y ) 
dy (1  y 2 ) (1  y 2 )
1
 dy
1
Integral Factor , I.F.= e  p dy
e  esin y1 y 2

Then Solution : x.( I.F.) =  I .F .Q( y)dy  C

sin 1 y
)   esin
1 1
 x.( esin y y
( )dy  C
(1  y 2 )
1 1
Take sin -1 y  t and dy  dt  x.( esin y
)   et t dt  C  tet  et  C
1 y 2

1 1 y C
Or x.( esin y
)  (sin 1 y  1)esin  C or x  (sin 1 y  1)  1 y
esin
EXERCISE
dy
Ans. x  ( y  a 2 )  Ce y / a
2
1. Solve ( y  x )  a2 [RGPV Dec. 2011]
dx
2. Solve xdy  ydx  2 x3dx  0 Ans. y   x3  Cx [RGPV June. 2011]
3.
dy 2 y
4. Solve,   ( x  1)3 Ans. y  c( x  1) 2  [RGPV Dec.2006]
dx x  1 2

dy x  y cos x x2
5. Solve  Ans. y (1  sin x)  c  RGPV Dec.2003]
dx 1  sin x 2
6.
dy cos 2 x
7. Solve  y cot x  2 cos x Ans. y.sin x  c  [RGPV June2004]
dx 2

BERNOULLI’S EQUATION:
dy
An equation of the form  p( x) y  q ( x) y n …..(1)
dx
is called a Bernoulli’s differential equation. If n0 or 1, then the Bernoulli’s equation (1.) can be reduced
to a linear equation of first-order by the substitution v  y1n
The linear equation can be solved by the Linear equation method described in the previous section.
dy 1
Example: Solve the following differential equations:  y  3 y3
dx x
dy
Solution: The given eq. is of the form  p ( x) y  q ( x) y n (Bernoulli’s differential equation)
dx
Where p(x)= 1/x , q(x)=3 and n=3
dv dy
Let v  y1n  y 2 then  2 y 3
dx dx
Substituting these values into the given differential equation, we get
1 dv 1 dv 2
  v3 or  v  6
2 dx x dx x
Lecture Notes :By Dr.. Akhilesh Jain ( Mob. 9827353835, email-akhiljain2929@gmail.com )
4 (Department of Engineering Mathematics, Corporate Institute of Science and Technology, Bhopal)
 CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
SUB: Eng. Mathematics-II (SUB CODE-BT 202) UNIT-I (By Dr. Akhilesh Jain)
dy
This equation is a linear equation of the form  p( x) y  q( x)
dx
y.( I.F.) = ( I .F ).q( x)dx  C where , I.F.= e 
p dx
Whose solution is  ,
2
. where p ( x)   . and q ( x)  6.
x
2
 dx 2
Integrating factor , I.F.= e 
1
 e 2log x  elog x  x 2 
p dx
e x ,
x2
{use formula m log n  log nm then elog x  x }
Solution is given by v.( I.F.) =  ( I .F ).q( x)dx  C
6 6 c 1 6 c
v.x -2   ( x 2 ).(6)dx  c  c or v but v  y 2 hence solution is
  
2 3
x x x 3 2
y x x2
dy 2 3
Example: Solve the following differential equations ( x y  xy )  1 [ June. 2005, April 2009]
dx
Solution: We can write the given eq. differential equations
dx dx dx y
 ( x 2 y 3  xy )   xy  x 2 y 3 or x 2   y3
dy dy dy x
dx
The given eq. is of the form  p( y ) x  q( y ) x n (Bernoulli’s differential equation)
dy
Where p(y)= -y , q(y)=y3 and n=2
1n 12 1
1 dv x 2 dx dx dv
Let vx x x  then  or x 2  2
x dy 2 dy dy dy
Substituting these values into the given differential equation, we get
dv dv y y3
2  vy  y3 or  v
dy dy 2 2
dx
This equation is a linear equation of the form  p( y ) x  q( y )
dy
where , I.F.= e
p dy
Whose solution is x.( I.F.) =  ( I .F ).q( y)dy  c ,
y
. where p( y )  and q( y )   y3
2
y2
e  e
p dy y dy
Integrating factor , I.F.= e 2 ,
y2 y2
Solution is given by v.( I .F .)   ( I .F ).q( y )dy  c v.(e 2 ) (e 2 ).(  y 3 )dy  c

Exercise
dy
1. Solve  x sin 2 y  x 3 cos 2 y Ans: tany= ½ (x2-1)+Ce-x2 [ Dec. 2005]
dx
dy
2. Solve x  y  y 2 log x Ans: y(1+logx+Cx)=1
dx
dy tan y
3. Solve   (1  x)e x .sec y Ans: sin y  (1  x)e x  C (1  x) [ June 2009]
dx 1  x
Lecture Notes :By Dr.. Akhilesh Jain ( Mob. 9827353835, email-akhiljain2929@gmail.com )
5 (Department of Engineering Mathematics, Corporate Institute of Science and Technology, Bhopal)