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INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL

Practice Set - FOURIER TRANSFORMS by Dr. Akhileh Jain

Some Useful formulas: LIMIT OF SOME SPECIAL FUNCTIONS

1
1 1
(i) lim  0 (ii) lim (1  ) x  e (iii) lim (1  x) x  e
x  x x   x x 0
1 1 1
sin x tan x sin x tan x
(iv) lim  1 = lim = lim = lim
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x
e 1
x
a 1
x
xn  an
(v) lim  1 (vi) lim  In a , a  0 (v) lim  na n 1
x  x x  x x  x  a

0 
, , 0   , 00 , 0 ,    ,1 resolve indeterminate form before using
INDETERMINATE FORMS 0 
the limit by using L-hospital rule or by solving the fractions.
𝑫𝑰𝑭𝑭𝑬𝑹𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑰𝑨𝑳 𝑨𝑵𝑫 𝑰𝑵𝑻𝑬𝑮𝑹𝑨𝑳 𝑪𝑨𝑳𝑪𝑼𝑳𝑼𝑺
First Principle: The derivative of the function f(x) is the function f’(x) defined by
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f ' ( x)   f ( x)  lim h0
d
dx h
S.No Differentiation Integration
1 d n n 1
x  nx n 1 x
 x dx  n  1  c, n≠ -1
n
dx
2 d ax eax
e  aeax
 
ax
e dx
dx a
3 d 1 1
dx
log e x 
x  x dx  log x
4 d 1 ax
log a x  log a e
 a dx 
x
dx x log e a
5 d cos ax
dx
sin ax  a cos ax  sin ax dx   a
6 d sin ax
dx
cos ax  a sin ax  cos ax dx  a
7 d  log sec ax log cos ax
dx
tan ax  a sec2 ax  tan ax dx  a

a
tan ax
 sec ax dx  a
2

8 d  log cos ecax log sin ax

dx
cot ax  a cos ec 2 ax  cot ax dx  a

a
 cot ax
 cos ec ax dx  a
2

9 d sec ax
dx
sec ax dx  a sec ax tan ax  sec ax tan ax dx  a
 x
 sec x dx  log(sec x  tan x)  log tan( 4  2 )
1 Prof. Akhilesh Jain: 9827353835
(Department of Engineering Mathematics, Corporate Institute of Science and Technology, Bhopal)
 CORPORATE
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Practice Set - FOURIER TRANSFORMS by Dr. Akhileh Jain

10 d  cot ax
dx
cos ecax  a cos ec ax cot ax  cos ecax.cot ax dx  a
x
 cos ec x dx  log(cos ec x  cot x)  log tan 2
11 d 1 1
dx
sin 1 x 
1  x2
 1 x 2
dx  sin 1 x

12 d 1 1
dx
cos1 x 
1  x2
 1 x 2
dx   cos 1 x

13 d 1 1
tan 1 x   1  x2 dx  tan x
1

dx 1  x2
14 d 1 1
cot 1 x   1  x2 dx   cot x
1

dx 1  x2
15 d 1 1
sec1 x   x x2  1 dx  sec x
1

dx x x2 1
16 d 1 1
cos ec 1 x    x x2  1 dx   cos ec x
1

dx x x2 1
17 MULTIPLICATION FORMULA MULTIPLICATION FORMULA
d d d d
dx
f1 ( x). f 2 ( x)  f 2 ( x).
dx
f1 ( x)  f1 ( x).
dx
f 2 ( x)
 u .v dx  u  v dx   {dx u . vdx}dx
18 DIVISION FORMULA(Quotient Rule) 𝐋𝐞𝐢𝐛𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐳 ′ 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐛𝐲 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬
d d
f 2 .( f1 )  f1.( f 2 ) =
d f1 dx dx u  vdx  u '   v dx 2  u ''    vdx3 ...............   vdx n
( ) 2
dx f 2 ( f 2) n

19 d 1 1 x1/ 2
x
 dx   x dx 
1/ 2
dx 2 x x 1/ 2
Some Other Formulae for Integration
1 1 1 x 1 1 x
 a 2  x2 dx  a sin a x 2
a 2
dx  tan 1
a a
1 1 ax 1 1  x 
 a2  x2 dx  2a log( a  x ) = a tanh  a  ,
a  x  a
1  x 1  x
 a2  x2
dx  log( x  a 2  x 2 ) = sinh 1  
a
 x2  a2
dx  log( x  x 2  a 2 ) = cosh 1  
a
1 x
 a 2  x 2 dx  [ x a 2  x 2  a 2 sin 1 ]
2 a
1 1
 x 2  a 2 dx  [ x x 2  a 2  a 2 log( x  x 2  a 2 )]
2  x 2  a 2 dx  [ x x 2  a 2  a 2 log( x  x 2  a 2 )]
2

2 Prof. Akhilesh Jain: 9827353835

(Department of Engineering Mathematics, Corporate Institute of Science and Technology, Bhopal)
 CORPORATE
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Practice Set - FOURIER TRANSFORMS by Dr. Akhileh Jain

eax eax
 e .sin bx dx  [a sin bx  b cos bx]  e .cos bx dx  [a cos bx  b sin bx]
ax ax

a 2  b2 a 2  b2
Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions:
f x  sinh x cosh x tanh x sech x cosech x coth x
d
f ( x) cosh x sinh x sec 2 h x  tanh x sech x  cosech x coth x cosech 2 x
dx

Note: the order of int. of the function is dependent on the nature of function. For convenience we use the
following concept of
ILATE [ I-INVERSE FUNCTION; L-LOGRITHEMIC FUNCTION; A-ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION
T- TRIGONOMETTREC FUNCTION; E-EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION ]
   
sin x  cos x  a2 x2  2 2 
Definite Integral :  x dx  2 ,  x dx   ,  e dx 
2a
,  e a x dx 
a
,
0 0 0 
  
 ax 2  1 2 1
e ,e  ax
dx  dx  ,  xe x dx  ,

a 0
a 0 2
Fourier Transform
If f(x) is the function defined in the interval (- ,  ) , uniformly continuous in the finite intervals and


 f ( x) dx converges then the Fourier transform of a one-dimensional function f(x) is defined as



1
 f ( x)   F ( s )   f ( x) eisx dx [ Note: One can leave coefficient 1/2 ] .
2 
The inverse transform  -1 is defined as

1 1
 F ( s) e
isx
 [ F ( s)]  f ( x)  ds , Where s is a parameter.
2 
It may be represented by

1
 f ( x)   F ( s )   f ( x) eisx dx
2 

1
and 1[ F ( s)]  f ( x)   F ( s) e
isx
ds
2 
 
1 1
and  f ( x)  F ( s)   f ( x) e2 isx dx and 1[ F ( s)]  f ( x)   F ( s) e
2 isx
ds
2  2 
 x ,x  0
Remark: 1. Since x   hence means x > a and –x < a  x >a and x >-a or –a<x<a
 x , x  0
2. x  a means .........  a..........0..............a............. : a< x <  and - < x < -a

3 Prof. Akhilesh Jain: 9827353835

(Department of Engineering Mathematics, Corporate Institute of Science and Technology, Bhopal)
 CORPORATE
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Practice Set - FOURIER TRANSFORMS by Dr. Akhileh Jain

 x, x  a  x, a  x  a
Thus f  x   
0, x  a 0,   x  a and a  x  
 For evaluation of integrals we use inverse Fourier transform.
Fourier Transform (o r Fourier Complex Transform):
Q. 1 . Write Linear and Change of scale property for Fourier Transform. [June 2014]
Q. 2 . State and prove shifting property for Fourier Transform. [Hint: F{ f ( x  a)}  e isa
f (s) ]
Q. 3 . State and Prove Convolution Theorem for Fourier Transform.

Q. 4 . Find the Fourier complex transform of f(x) ,if f  x    eiwx ,

0 ,
ax  b
x  a , x b
i
[Ans: F{ f ( x)}   [ e i ( s  w ) b  ei ( s  w ) a ] ]
sw
 2
 , x  sin s
Q. 5 . Find the Fourier complex transform of f(x) ,if f  x    2 [Ans: F{ f ( x)}  ]
 0, x  s

Q. 6 . Find the Fourier transform of f  x   0,x, x  a
x  a

Q. 7 . Find the Fourier transform of f  x   1,

0,
x 1
x 1
Hence evaluate
  
sin sa cos sx sin s sin x   
(i) 
0
s
ds (ii) 
0
s
ds (iii) 
0
x
dx [2003, June 17] [Ans: (i)
2
(ii)
2
(iii) ]
2



x 1 x cos x  sin x
f  x  1 x 2 , x
Q. 8 . Find the Fourier transform of 0, x 1
Hence evaluate 
0
x 3
cos dx
2
Q. 9 . Find Fourier Transform of Dirac Delta Function.
1
 , at ah eisa
[Hint : Dirac Delta function  (t  a)  Lim I (h, t  a)  Lim  h Ans: ]
 0, t  a, t  a  h 2
h 0 h 0

2
Q. 10 . Find the Fourier transform of the function , f  x   eax ,a  0 [June 2015, 17]
2
x

Q. 11 . Show that the Fourier transforms of f ( x)  e
2
is self reciprocal.
x a x 2 a
Q. 7 . Find Fourier Transform of f ( x)  e (or . f ( x)  e ). [Ans : f ( x)  ]
 a  s2
2

Fourier Sine Transform:

4 Prof. Akhilesh Jain: 9827353835

(Department of Engineering Mathematics, Corporate Institute of Science and Technology, Bhopal)
 CORPORATE
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Practice Set - FOURIER TRANSFORMS by Dr. Akhileh Jain

 
2
s  f ( x)  Fs ( s)   f ( x) sin sx dx   f ( x) sin sx dx
0
 0
 
2
and its inverse transform 1s  F ( s)  f s ( x)   F ( s) sin sx ds   F (s) sin sx ds
0
 0

Fourier Cosine Transform:

  
2 1
c  f ( x)  Fc ( s)   f ( x) cos sx dx   f ( x) cos sx dx   f ( x) cos sx dx
0
 0 2 0
And its inverse transform
  
2 1
1c  F (s)  fc ( x)   F (s) cos sx ds   F (s) cos sx ds   F (s) cos sx ds
0
0 2 0

Fourier Sine and Cosine Transform:

Q. 8 . Find the Fourier sine transform of f(x)= e-3x+e-4x [June 17]
cos x ; 0  x  a
Q. 9 . Find the cosine transform of the function f  x  
0 ; xa
 sin x ; 0  x  a
Q. 10 . Find the sine transform of the function , f  x   
0 ; xa [Dec. 2014]
-x
Q. 11 . Find Fourier sine and cosine transform of e and recover the original function using inverse formula.
  sin  x  kx
Q. 12 . Using Fourier integral show that  d   e , k  0,x  0 [Hint: Find F.Sine T. of f(x)= e-kx]
0 2  k2 2
Q. 13 . Find the sine and cosine transform of the function , f  x   e
 ax


x cos sx 
Q. 14 . Find the cosine transform of the function f ( x)  e , x  0 and prove that  1 s
0
2
ds 
2
e x

x
Q. 15 . Find the Fourier sine transform of the function f ( x)  e , x  0 and prove that

x sin mx 
 1 x 2
dx  e m , m  0
2
0 [June2014]
x ; 0  x  1

Q. 16 . Find the Fourier transform of f  x    2  x ;1  x  2 [June 17]
0 ;x2


5 Prof. Akhilesh Jain: 9827353835

(Department of Engineering Mathematics, Corporate Institute of Science and Technology, Bhopal)
 CORPORATE
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Practice Set - FOURIER TRANSFORMS by Dr. Akhileh Jain


x sin mx
Q. 17 . Find Fourier Sine and Cosine Transform of f ( x)  e x . Hence evaluate  dx .[Dec. 2011]
0
1  x2
d d
Q. 18 . Prove that (i) Fs {xf ( x)}   Fc { f ( x)} (ii) Fc {xf ( x)}  Fs { f ( x)} . Hence evaluate
ds ds
Fourier cosine and sine transform of f ( x)  xeax .

Fourier transforms using Differentiation:

1
Q. 19 . Find the sine transform of the function , f  x  
x
 ax
e
Q. 20 . Find the Fourier sine transform of f ( x) 
x . Hence find the Fourier sine transform of 1/x.
[June 2016,17]
1
Q. 21 . Find Fourier cosine transform of f ( x)  and hence derive fourier sine transform of
1  x2
x
f ( x)  [Hint Find F. Cosine T. and Diff. two time to make second order diff eq. and solve it]
1  x2
2
Q. 22 . Find the Fourier sine( and Cosine ) transform of f ( x)  e x . Hence find the Fourier sine transform
of 1/x. [Hint Find F. Sine / Cosine T. and Diff. the eq. to make first order diff eq. and solve it]

6 Prof. Akhilesh Jain: 9827353835

(Department of Engineering Mathematics, Corporate Institute of Science and Technology, Bhopal)