CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL

Lecture Notes ( Mathematics –II (BT202)

Faculty Name : Akhilesh Jain

LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF HIGHER ORDER WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENT

SECOND-ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
d2 y dy
The equation of the form 2
+p +qy = r(x) , where p(x), q(x), and r(x) are continuous functions.
dx dx

{Remember: The order of above equation is 2, hence it is of second order ( highest derivative present of order 2),
this is linear because no term has whole power more than 1 , Also derivative of y with respect x present hence it
is differential equation , hence it is Second order linear differential equation}
Types :
If r(x) = 0 for all x, then, the equation is said to be homogeneous.
If r(x) ≠ 0 for all x, then, the equation is said to be nonhomogeneous.

Solution of Second-Order Linear Differential Equations With Constant Coefficients:( i.e. p and q are
d2 y dy
constants in 2
+p +qy = r(x)
dx dx

Case –I : When Equation is Homogenous ( i.e. r(x) = 0 )

Two continuous functions f and g are said to be linearly dependent if one is a constant multiple of the other. If
neither is a constant multiple of the other, then they are called linearly independent.

To Find Solution of homogeneous differential equation:

d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary quadratic equation” or “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
 m2 ,  m, y  1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx

Case- I : If auxiliary equation has real and distinct roots m1 and m2 then
Complementary Function, C.F.= y  yc ( x)  c1em1x  c2 em2 x
Case-II : If auxiliary equation has real and equal root m1 = m2 =m then
C.F. = y  yc ( x)  c1emx  c2 xemx  (c1  c2 x)emx

Case –III : If auxiliary equation has complex roots r ( x)  eax ( i.e. m1     i and m2     i )then

C.F. = y  yc ( x)  ex (c1 cos  x  c2 sin  x)

Akhilesh Jain , Department of Mathematics, CIST , Bhopal (akhiljain2929@gmail.com): 9827353835

[1]
 CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Lecture Notes ( Mathematics II (BT-202) ) Faculty Name : Dr. Akhilesh Jain

Recall
Algebraic Identities :
1.  a  b 2  a 2  2ab  b2 2.  a  b 2  a 2  2ab  b2 3.  a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2

4.  a  b 3  a3  b3  3ab(a  b)  a3  3a 2b  3ab2  b3 5.  a  b   a3  b3  3ab(a  b)  a3  3a 2b  3ab2  b3

3

6. (a3  b3 )  (a  b)(a2  ab  b2 )  (a  b)(a  b)(a  2b) 7. (a3  b3 )  (a  b)(a2  ab  b2 )  (a  b)(a  b)(a  2b)
2  i 3 2  i 3
Where   and 2 
2 2
A quadratic equation in the variable x is an equation that can be written in the form ax  bx  c  0
2

b  b2  4ac
The solutions of the equation ax  bx  c  0 are: x 
2
2a
where a, b, and c are real numbers and a  0 .Usually in practical situations it will be obvious which answer is the correct one, but in
some contexts both answers give possible solutions.

Solve the equation 2x2  x  3  0 . Compare with ax  bx  c  0 , we get a = 2, b = 1 and c = – 3

2
Example 1
1  12  4  2  3 1  25 1  5
Substitute these values into the formula: x  
2 2 4 4

1  5 1  5
Split the formula into two, using + in one and – in the other: x  1 or x   1.5
4 4

Sum and product of roots

Let  and  be the roots of a quadratic equation ax2  bx  c  0 with a  0 , then
b c
(1)      and (2)  .  .
a a
 Alternatively, we can find these two relations by comparing coefficients. Since  and  are roots to the equation, we have
( x   )( x   )  0
x 2  (   ) x    0.
Given the sum of roots and product of roots, we can form a quadratic equation whose roots have the required sum and product and
this equation is
x2  (sum of roots)x  (product of roots)  0 .

d2 y dy
Example: Solve 2
 3  4y 0
dx dx
Solution: Since given equation is Second order linear homogenous differential equation, hence we have to
find complementary solution only. {  r(x)=0 }
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary quadratic equation” or “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
 m2 ,  m, y  1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx

d2 y dy
2
 3  4 y  0  m2  3m  4  0 ,
dx dx
We get roots of this equation m  2, 4 ( Real and distinct roots)

Hence Solution is : Complementary Function, C.F.= y  yc ( x)  c1em1x  c2 em2 x

y  c1e 2 x  c2 e 4 x Ans.


Dr. Akhilesh Jain , Department of Mathematics, CIST , Bhopal (akhiljain2929@gmail.com): 9827353835

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 CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Lecture Notes ( Mathematics II (BT-202) ) Faculty Name : Dr. Akhilesh Jain

d2 y dy
Example : Solve 2
 2  y 0
dx dx
Solution: Since given equation is Second order linear homogenous differential equation, hence we have to
find complementary solution only. {  r(x)=0 }
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary quadratic equation” or “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
 m2 ,  m, y  1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx

d2 y dy
2
 2  y  0  m 2  2m  1  0 ,
dx dx
We get roots of this equation m  1, 1 ( Real and equal roots)

Hence Solution is : Complementary Function, C.F.= y  yc ( x)  c1emx  c2 xemx  (c1  c2 x)emx

( c  c x ) e 1 x
 y= 1 2 Ans.

d2y dy
Example : Solve 2
 2  5y  0
dx dx
Solution: Since given equation is Second order linear homogenous differential equation, hence we have to
find complementary solution only. {  r(x)=0 }
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary quadratic equation” or “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
 m2 ,  m, y  1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx

d2 y dy
2
 2  5 y  0  m 2  2m  5  0 ,
dx dx
We get roots of this equation m  1  2i ( Complex / Imaginary roots of the form m    i )
  1 and  2

Hence Solution is : Complementary Function, C.F.= y  yc ( x)  ex (c1 cos  x  c2 sin  x)

1x
 y= e (c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x) Ans.

d2 y dy
Exercise : Solve 2
 4  3y  0 [RGPV Nov. 2019]
dx dx
Solution of Second-Order (or Higher order) Linear Nonhomogeneous Differential Equations with
constant coefficients (When r ( x )  0 )
When differential equation is non homogenous the we have to find General solution.
d2y dy
The General solution of 2
 p  qy  r ( x) is y( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F.  P.I .
dx dx
To Find P.I.(Particular Integral / Solution/function):

Dr. Akhilesh Jain , Department of Mathematics, CIST , Bhopal (akhiljain2929@gmail.com): 9827353835

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 CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Lecture Notes ( Mathematics II (BT-202) ) Faculty Name : Dr. Akhilesh Jain

1 1 ax
Case-I: when r ( x)  eax then P.I .  eax  e i.e. . put D= a , except when f(a) ≠0,
f ( D) f (a)

d2y dy
Example: Solve 2
 6  9 y  5e3 x [Nov. 18, May 18]
dx dx
Solution: Since given equation is Second order linear non homogenous differential equation, hence we have
to find General solution y( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F.  P.I . {  r(x)≠0 }

To Find C.F.:
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
 m2 ,  m, y  1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx

d2 y dy
2
 6  9 y  0  m2  6m  9  0 or (m  3) 2  0  m  3, 3(Real and equal roots) ,
dx dx
Hence Solution is : Complementary Function, C.F.= yc ( x)  (c1  c2 x)e3x
To Find P.I. :
Since r ( x)  5e3x {The Value on RHS}
1 1 ax
Hence we use CASE-I : r ( x)  eax then P.I .  eax  e i.e. . put D= a , except when f(a) ≠0,
f ( D) f (a)

1 1 5e3 x
P.I .  5e3 x  5e3 x  {Put D= a =3}
D2  6D  9 32  6(3)  9 36

5e3 x
Hence General Solution is y( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F .  P.I .  (c1  c2 x)e3x  .
36

1
Example 1: Solve ( D 2  7 D  6) y  e2 x Ans. y  c1e x  c2e6 x  e 2 x
4
Solution: Since given equation is Second order linear non homogenous differential equation, hence we have
to find General solution y( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F.  P.I . {  r(x)≠0 }

To Find C.F.:
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
 m2 ,  m, y  1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx

( D 2  7 D  6) y  0  m2  7m  6  0 or (m  1)(m  6)  0  m  1, 6 (Real and distinct roots) ,

Hence Solution is : Complementary Function, C.F.= yc ( x)  c1em1x  c2 em2 x  c1e1x  c2 e6 x

To Find P.I. :
Since r ( x)  e2 x {The Value on RHS}

Dr. Akhilesh Jain , Department of Mathematics, CIST , Bhopal (akhiljain2929@gmail.com): 9827353835

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 CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Lecture Notes ( Mathematics II (BT-202) ) Faculty Name : Dr. Akhilesh Jain

1 1 ax
Hence we use CASE-I : r ( x)  eax then P.I .  eax  e i.e. . put D= a , except when f(a) ≠0,
f ( D) f (a)

1 1 e2 x
P.I .  e2 x  e2 x  {Put D= a =2}
D2  7 D  6 22  7(2)  6 4

e2 x
Hence General Solution is y ( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F .  P.I .  c1e x  c2 e6 x  .
4

Example 2: Solve ( D3  1) y  (e x  1)2

Solution: Since given equation is Second order linear non homogenous differential equation, hence we have
to find General solution y( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F.  P.I . {  r(x)≠0 }

To Find C.F.:
Find “auxiliary equation” by Replacing D3 y  m3 , D2 y  m2 , Dy  m, y  1 ( and RHS=0)

-(-1)  (-1) 2 -4 1  -3 1 3i
( D3  1) y  0  m3  1  0 or (m  1)(m 2  m  1)  0  m  1, (Real ) and m=  =  (Imaginary roots)
2 2 2 2
1
x 3 3
1 x
Complementary Function, C.F.= yc ( x)  c1e  e 2 (c2 cos x  c3 sin x)
2 2

To Find P.I. :
Since r ( x)  (e x  1)2  e2 x  2e x  1 {The Value on RHS}
1 1 ax
Hence we use CASE-I : r ( x)  eax then P.I .  eax  e i.e. . put D= a , except when f(a) ≠0,
f ( D) f (a)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 e 2 x 2e x
P.I .  e 2 x  2e x  1  e2 x  2e x  1 e2 x  2e x  e0 x   1
( D3  1) ( D3  1) ( D3  1) ( D3  1) (23  1) (13  1) (03  1) 9 2

{Put D= a =2}
1
x 3 3 e 2 x 2e x
Hence General Solution is y ( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F .  P.I .  c1e 1 x  e 2 (c2 cos x  c3 sin x).   1
2 2 9 2

x
Exercise : Solve ( D 2  4 D  3) y  e3 x Ans. y  c1e 3 x  c2 e  x  e 3 x
2
Exercise : Solve ( D 2  5D  6) y  e4 x [RGPV May 2019]

Exercise : Solve ( D3  3D 2  3D  1) y  e x  2 [RGPV May 2019]

Exercise : Solve ( D  2)( D  1)3 y  e x [RGPV Nov .2019]

EXCEPTIONAL CASE : When r(x)= eax and we put D= a , but then f(a)=0)

Dr. Akhilesh Jain , Department of Mathematics, CIST , Bhopal (akhiljain2929@gmail.com): 9827353835

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 CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Lecture Notes ( Mathematics II (BT-202) ) Faculty Name : Dr. Akhilesh Jain

1 e ax
In this situation Put D=D+a and then P.I .  e ax  1 , and Solve the equation for 1= x0 or e0x,
f ( D) f ( D  a)

Example : Solve {( D  1) 2 ( D  3)3 } y  e3 x [RGPV Dec

2010]

Solution: Since given equation is Second order linear non homogenous differential equation, hence we have
to find General solution y( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F.  P.I . {  r(x)≠0 }

To Find C.F.:
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary equation” by Replacing D 2 y  2
 m2 , Dy   m, y  1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx

{( D  1)2 ( D  3)3 } y  0  (m  1) 2 (m  3)3  0 or m  1,1 and m  3, 3,3 (Real and distinct roots also equal ) ,

Hence Solution is : Complementary Function, C.F.= yc ( x)  (c1  c2 x)e1x  (c3  c4 x  c5 x 2 )e3x

 
for two equal roots for three equal roots
m  1,1 m  3, 3, 3

To Find P.I. :
Since r ( x)  e3x {The Value on RHS}, we put D= a=3 , f ( D)  ( D  1) 2 ( D  3)3  f (3)  (3  1) 2 (3  3)3  0 i.e.
f(a)=f(3)=0)

Hence this is Exceptional Case.

Now PUT Put D=D+a =D+3

1 1
and then P.I .  e3x  e3x 1,
( D  1) ( D  3)
2 3
{( D  3)  1} {( D  3)  3}3
2

and Solve the equation for 1= x0 or e0x,

1 1
P.I .  e3x 1  e3x e0 x
{( D  3)  1} {( D  3)  3}
2 3
( D  2) ( D)
2 3

Put D=0 in first part

 1   1  e3x
   1dx  dx  4    xdx   4  2 dx  4
e3x e 3x
e x e3x 2 3x
x3
P.I .  e3x  e0 x   1   1dx 
3
 (0  2)2   D3  4 4 6
 

 d 1 
 Df ( x)  f ( x) and ( x)   f ( x)dx 
 dx D 

Dr. Akhilesh Jain , Department of Mathematics, CIST , Bhopal (akhiljain2929@gmail.com): 9827353835

Page 6
 CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Lecture Notes ( Mathematics II (BT-202) ) Faculty Name : Dr. Akhilesh Jain

x3
Hence General Solution is y ( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F .  P.I .  (c1  c2 x)e1x  (c3  c4 x  c5 x 2 )e3 x .  e3 x
24

CASE-II : When r(x)= sinax or cosax , then Put D2=-a2 and Solve the equation for D by rationalization of the
equation (same for cosax), Except f(-a2) ≠ 0 .

1 1
i.e. P.I .  sin ax  sin ax , except f (a 2 )  0
f (D ) 2
f ( a 2 )

d2 y
Example 1: Solve  4 y  sin x
dx 2
Solution:: Since given equation is Second order linear non homogenous differential equation, hence we have
to find General solution y( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F.  P.I . {  r(x)≠0 }

To Find C.F.:
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
 m2 ,  m, y  1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx

d2 y
2
 4 y  0  m2  4  0 or (m  2)(m  2)  0  m  2, 2 (Real and equal roots) ,
dx
Hence Solution is : Complementary Function, C.F.= yc ( x)  (c1  c2 x)em x  (c1  c2 x)e2 x
To Find P.I. :
Since r ( x)  sin x {The Value on RHS}
Hence we use CASE-II : When r(x)= sinax or cosax , then Put D2=-a2 ,Except f(-a2) ≠ 0 .

1 1
i.e. P.I .  sin ax  sin ax , except f (a 2 )  0
f (D )2
f ( a ) 2

1 1 sin x
P.I .  sin x  sin x  {Put D2=-(a)2 =-1}
D 4
2
(1)  4
2 3

sin x
Hence General Solution is y( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F .  P.I .  (c1  c2 x)e2 x 
3

1. Solve ( D 4  3D 2  4) y  5sin 2 x [Nov 2018]

d 3 y d 2 y dy 1
2. Solve 3
 2   y  cos 2 x Ans: y  C1e x  (C2  C3 x)e  x  (cos 2 x  2sin 2 x)
dx dx dx 25

Dr. Akhilesh Jain , Department of Mathematics, CIST , Bhopal (akhiljain2929@gmail.com): 9827353835

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 CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Lecture Notes ( Mathematics II (BT-202) ) Faculty Name : Dr. Akhilesh Jain

d2y dy 1
3. Solve 2
 3  2 y  4 cos 2 x Ans: y  C1e  x  C2e 2 x  1  (3sin 2 x  cos 2 x) [Dec.02,June07]
dx dx 10
Exceptional CASE-II : When r(x)= sinax or cosax , and we Put D2=-(a2 ) and then f(-a2)= 0 .Then use
1 x 1 x
P.I .  sin ax  cos ax and P.I .  cos ax   sin ax
f (D2 ) 2a f (D2 ) 2a

d2 y e x x cos 2 x
Example : Solve  4 y  e2 x  sin 2 x Ans: y  C1 cos 2 x  C2 sin 2 x   [june2012, June 17]
dx 2 5 4
Solution : Since given equation is Second order linear non homogenous differential equation, hence we have
to find General solution y( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F.  P.I . {  r(x)≠0 }

To Find C.F.:
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
 m2 ,  m, y  1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx

d2 y
2
 4 y  0  m2  4  m  2i (Im aginary roots) ,
dx
We get roots of this equation m  0  2i ( Complex / Imaginary roots of the form m    i )   0 and  2

Hence Solution is : Complementary Function,

C.F.= yc ( x)  ex (c1 cos  x  c2 sin  x)  e0 x (c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x)

To Find P.I. :.
Since r ( x)  e2 x  sin 2 x {The Value on RHS}, There are two different functions hence we use two different
methods for P.I.
1 1 ax
(1) we use CASE-I for : r ( x)  eax then P.I .  eax  e i.e. . put D= a , except when f(a) ≠0,
f ( D) f (a)

1 1 1
Then P.I1 .  e2 x  e2 x  e2 x {Put D= a =2}
D 4 2
2 4
2 8

(2) we use CASE-II : When r(x)= sinax or cosax , then Put D2=-a2 ,Except f(-a2) ≠ 0 .

But f ( D 2  4)  0, when we put D 2  (22 )  4 , hence this is exceptional case

Hence We use Exceptional CASE-II : When r(x)= sinax or cosax , and we Put D2=-(a2 ) and then f(-a2)= 0
1 x
.Then use P.I .  2
sin ax  cos ax
f (D ) 2a

Dr. Akhilesh Jain , Department of Mathematics, CIST , Bhopal (akhiljain2929@gmail.com): 9827353835

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 CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Lecture Notes ( Mathematics II (BT-202) ) Faculty Name : Dr. Akhilesh Jain

1 x
Then we get P.I 2 .  sin 2 x  cos 2 x
D 42 2(2)

1 x
Hence General Solution is y( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F .  P.I1.  P.I 2  (c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x)  e2 x  cos 2 x
8 2(2)

CASE-III: When r(x)= xm ( or any polynomial of x ) then Expand Series f(D)-1 using binomial series

(1-x)-1= 1+x +x2+x3...... or (1+x)-1=1-x +x2 - x3......

1
i.e. P.I .  x m  f ( D) 1 x m
f ( D)
2
x 1
Example: Solve ( D  4) y  x
2 2
Ans. y  c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x  
4 8
Since given equation is Second order linear non homogenous differential equation, hence we have to
Solution:
find General solution y( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F.  P.I . {  r(x)≠0 }

To Find C.F.:
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
 m2 ,  m, y  1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx

( D 2  4) y  0  m2  4  m  2i (Im aginary roots) ,

We get roots of this equation m  0  2i ( Complex / Imaginary roots of the form m    i )   0 and  2

Hence Solution is : Complementary Function,

C.F.= yc ( x)  ex (c1 cos  x  c2 sin  x)  e0 x (c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x)

To Find P.I. :.
1
Since r ( x)  x 2 {The Value on RHS}, hence we use P.I .  x m  f ( D) 1 x m
f ( D)

{Remark: Expand the series up to highest power of x present in the function}

1
1 1 1  D2  1  D2  1 D2 2  1 x2
P.I .  x 2
x  1 
2
 x2  1   ........... x 2   x 2  x  ...   x 2  0  ... 
D2  4  D2  4   4    4
4  4  4  4  4
4  1
 4 
 

x2
Hence General Solution is y ( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F .  P.I .  (c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x) 
4

Dr. Akhilesh Jain , Department of Mathematics, CIST , Bhopal (akhiljain2929@gmail.com): 9827353835

Page 9
 CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Lecture Notes ( Mathematics II (BT-202) ) Faculty Name : Dr. Akhilesh Jain

Case-IV: When r(x)= eax V (Where V is the function of x), then Put D= D+a for e ax and then use given formua
(For solving V use formula from 1 to 5)

1 1
i.e. P.I .  V . eax  eax V
f ( D) f ( D  a)

Example: Solve ( D 2  2 D  4) y  e x sin 2 x

Solution: Since given equation is Second order linear non homogenous differential equation, hence we have to
find General solution y( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F.  P.I . {  r(x)≠0 }

To Find C.F.:

d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary quadratic equation” or “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
 m2 ,  m, y  1 ( and RHS=0)
dx dx

( D 2  2 D  4) y  0  m2  2m  4  0 ,

We get roots of this equation m  1  3i ( Complex / Imaginary roots of the form m    i )

  1 and  3

Hence Complementary Function, C.F.= y  yc ( x)  ex (c1 cos  x  c2 sin  x)  e1x (c1 cos 3 x  c2 sin 3 x)

To Find P.I. :.
Since r ( x)  e x sin 2 x {The Value on RHS}, There are two different functions in multiplication, and one

function is an exponential function hence we use P.I .  1 x. eax  eax 1

V
f ( D) f ( D  a)

1 1
P.I .  e x .sin 2 x  e x sin 2 x {Put D=D+a=D+1 , a means coefficient in power of
D  2D  4
2
( D  1)  2( D  1)  4
2

eax}
1 1
Again solve remaining function for sin2x { use P.I .  sin ax  sin ax , except f (a 2 )  0
f (D ) 2
f ( a ) 2

1 1 1 1
P.I .  e x sin 2 x  sin 2 x  sin 2 x  sin 2 x {Put D 2  (a 2 )  4 }
( D  1)  2( D  1)  4
2
D  4D  7
2 4  4 D  7 4D  3

Since Sin2x is not completely solved, hence we rationalize the remaining function and again put same value

1 1 1 1
P.I .  e x sin 2 x  e x sin 2 x  e x sin 2 x  e x sin 2 x
( D  1)  2( D  1)  4
2
D  4D  7
2 4  4 D  7 4D  3

Dr. Akhilesh Jain , Department of Mathematics, CIST , Bhopal (akhiljain2929@gmail.com): 9827353835

Page 10
 CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Lecture Notes ( Mathematics II (BT-202) ) Faculty Name : Dr. Akhilesh Jain

 1 4D  3  x  4D  3   4D  3  x  4D  3 
P.I .  e x    sin 2 x  e   sin 2 x  e
x
  sin 2 x  e   sin 2 x
 4D  3 4D  3   16 D  9 
2
 16( 4)  9   73 

ex ex ex
  4D sin 2 x  3sin 2 x    4(2 cos 2 x)  3sin 2 x   8 cos 2 x  3sin 2 x 
73 73 73

ex
Hence General Solution is y( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F .  P.I .  e x (c1 cos 3x  c2 sin 3x)  (3sin 2 x  8 cos 2 x)
73

1 1 f '( D)
Case-V: When r(x)= x V (Where V is the function of x) use P.I .  x.V  x. V V
f ( D) f ( D) [ f ( D)]2

Example: Solve ( D 2  2 D  1) y  x sin x . [June 2006]

Solution : Since given equation is Second order linear non homogenous differential equation, hence we have
to find General solution y( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F.  P.I . {  r(x)≠0 }

To Find C.F.:
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
 m2 ,  m, y  1 (and RHS=0)
dx dx

( D 2  2 D  1) y  0  m2  2m  1  0 or (m  1)2  0  m  1,1 (Real and equal roots) ,

Hence Solution is : Complementary Function, C.F.= yc ( x)  (c1  c2 x)em x  (c1  c2 x)e x

To Find P.I. :
Since r ( x)  x sin x {The Value on RHS} There are two different functions in multiplication, and one function

is x with multiplication of sinx hence we use P.I .  1 x.V  x. 1 V  f '( D) V

2 f ( D) f ( D) [ f ( D)]

1 1 2D  2
P.I .  x.sin x  x. sin x  sin x
( D  2 D  1)
2
( D  2 D  1)
2
[( D  2 D  1)]2
2

1 2D  2 1 2D  2
 x. sin x  sin x  x. sin x  sin x {Put D 2  a 2  1 }
((1)  2 D  1)
2
[(1)  2 D  1)]
2 2 2 D 4D2

1  2D  2 1  1 x 1 ( x  1) 1
 x.  cos x   sin x  x.  cos x    2 D sin x  2sin x   cos x   2cos x  2sinx   cos x  sin x
2  4(1) 2 2  4 2 4 2 2
( x  1) 1
General solution y( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F.  P.I . = y  (c1  c2 x)e x  cos x  sin x
2 2 Ans.

Dr. Akhilesh Jain , Department of Mathematics, CIST , Bhopal (akhiljain2929@gmail.com): 9827353835

Page 11
 CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Lecture Notes ( Mathematics II (BT-202) ) Faculty Name : Dr. Akhilesh Jain

Example : Solve ( D 2  2 D  1) y  xe x sin x [June 02, 08,Dec.08]

Solution: Since given equation is Second order linear non homogenous differential equation, hence we have
to find General solution y( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F.  P.I . {  r(x)≠0 }

To Find C.F.:
d2 y dy
Find “auxiliary equation” by Replacing 2
 m2 ,  m, y  1 (and RHS=0)
dx dx

( D 2  2 D  1) y  0  m2  2m  1  0 or (m  1)2  0  m  1,1 (Real and equal roots) ,

Hence Solution is : Complementary Function, C.F.= yc ( x)  (c1  c2 x)em x  (c1  c2 x)e x

To Find P.I. :
Since r ( x)  xe x sin x {The Value on RHS} There are three different functions in multiplication, and one
1 1
function is an exponential function hence we use P.I .  V . eax  eax V and taking V= x sinx
f ( D) f ( D  a)

1 1 1
P.I .  xe x sin x  e x . x sin x  e x . x sin x {Put D=D+a=D+1}
( D 2  2 D  1) ( D  1) 2  2( D  1)  1 ( D) 2

1 1 f '( D)
Now using P.I .  x.V  x. V V
f ( D) f ( D) [ f ( D)]2

1  1 2D   1 2D 
 ex . x sin x  e x  x sin x  sin x   e x  x sin x  sin x   e x   x sin x  2D sin x   e x ( x sin x  2cos x)
 (1) ((1) )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( D)  D (D )  

General solution y( x)  yc ( x)  y p ( x)  C.F.  P.I . =  (c1  c2 x)ex  e x ( x sin x  2cos x) Ans

Exercise

1. Solve D 2
 1 D2  1 y  e2 x  x2 Ans.: c1 cos x  c2 sin x  c3e x  c4e  x 
1 2x
15
e  x 2 [ Dec.2002]

d3y d2y dy
2. Solve 3
 3 2
 4  2 y  cos x  e x
dx dx dx
1
Ans: y  C1e x  e x (C2 cos x  C3 sin x)  xe x  (3sin x  cos x) []Dec.2012 June 17]
10
2
x 1
3. Solve ( D 2  4) y  x 2 Ans. y  c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x  
4 8

Dr. Akhilesh Jain , Department of Mathematics, CIST , Bhopal (akhiljain2929@gmail.com): 9827353835

Page 12
 CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Lecture Notes ( Mathematics II (BT-202) ) Faculty Name : Dr. Akhilesh Jain

1
4. Solve ( D3  3D 2  2 D) y  x 2 Ans. y  c1  c2 e  x  c3e 2 x  x(2 x 2  9 x  21) [June 06, 2015 ]
12
d 3 y d 2 y dy
5. Solve 3
 2   y  cos 2 x  3e x [June 16]
dx dx dx
x2 x
6. Solve ( D 2  4) y  x 2  cos 2 x Ans. y  c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x   sin 2 x
4 8
3
7. Solve ( D3  3D  2) y  540 x 2e x Ans. y  (c1  c2 x)e x  c3 e 2 x 135e  x ( x 2  )
2
1 2 x
8. Solve ( D 2  5D  6) y  e2 x sin 2 x Ans. y  c1e 2 x  c2 e 3 x  e (cos 2 x  2sin 2 x) [June 16]
10
3
e2 x x 3x 2
9. Solve ( D3  4 D 2  D) y  e2 x  x 2  x Ans y  c1  (c2 x  c3 )e  x     4 x [June 04].
18 3 2
1 3 cos 2 x
10. Solve ( D 2  4 D  4) y  3e x  x 2  sin 2 x Ans. y  (c1  c2 x)e 2 x  ( x 2  2 x  )  3e x 
4 2 8
[June2011]
11. Solve ( D 2  4 D  4) y  8 x 2 e2 x sin 2 x Ans. y  (c1  c2 x)e2 x  e2 x [(3  2x2 )sin 2x  4x cos 2x] [Dec03]

Dr. Akhilesh Jain , Department of Mathematics, CIST , Bhopal (akhiljain2929@gmail.com): 9827353835

Page 13