MATHEMATICS

C. BY QUADRATIC FORMULA
Linear Equation

- Mathematical statement of degree one (1) −𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐

FORMULA:
written in standard form: 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 = 𝒄. Where 2𝑎
a, b, and c are real numbers and a and b are
THE NATURE OF THE ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC
both not equal to zero.
Equation
QUADRATIC Equation
DISCRIMINANT: 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
- Mathematical statement of degree two (2)
1. When b2 – 4ac = 0, then we have one real
written in standard form: 𝒂𝒙𝟐 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎. solution and equal.
Where a, b, and c are real numbers and a is not 2. When b2 4ac > 0 and a perfect square, then the
equal to zero. roots are rational and are not equal.
- 𝑎𝑥 2 is the quadratic term 3. When b2 4ac > 0 and NOT a perfect square,
- 𝑏𝑥 is the linear term then the roots are irrational and are not equal.
- 𝑐 is the constant term 4. When b2 4ac < 0, then the roots are not real
A. BY EXTRACTING THE SQUARE ROOTS (no solution).
x2 = k
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
1. If k > 0, then x2 = k has two (2) real solutions or
±
root; x = √𝐤.  A function is a quadratic function if f(x) = ax2 + bx
2. If k = 0, then k has one (1) real solutions or + c. Where a, b, and c are real numbers and a is not
root; x = 0. equal to zero.
3. If k < 0, then x2 = k has no real solutions or  f(x) can be replaced by y.
root; x2 = -4.  A graph of a quadratic equation is called a parabola.
 VALUES OF H AND K (VERTEX OR TURNING POINT
EXAMPLE #1: EXAMPLE #2: OF THE PARABOLA)
(x+2)2 = 11  𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
16x2 = 49 h= −
2𝑎 k =
49 ± 4𝑎
x2 = 16 (x+2) = √11  f(x) = ax2 + bx + c  f(x) = a (x – h)2 + k
±
± 49 x = -2 √11 TRANSLATION OF GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
x= √
16
PROPERTIES OF THE GRAPH OF y = a (x – h)2 + k
± 7
x = √4 1. The domain of the quadratic function is ℝ or the
set of real numbers since for any real number x,
B. BY FACTORING the resulting value of y is a real number.
2. The turning point or vertex of the parabola is (h, k).
Steps to follow: 3. If a > 0, the graph opens upward and the range is
1. Transform if the equation is not in standard form. {𝑦|𝑦 ≥ k}, the vertex is a minimum point and the
2. Factor. minimum point of value is k.
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑐 = 0 (px+q) (rx+s) = 0. Where p, 4. If a < 0, the graph opens downward and the range
q, r, and s are elements of the set of real numbers is {𝑦│𝑦 ≤ 𝑘}, the vertex is a maximum point and
and p and r are not equal to zero. the maximum point of value is k.
3. ZPP (Zero – Product Property) 5. The line of symmetry is x = h.
a x b = 0 if and only if a = 0 or b = 0 (or both). 6. The graph of the function y = ax2 is wider than the
4. Solve. graph of y = x2 if |𝑎| 1 and is narrower than y = x2
5. Check. if |𝑎| > 1.
7. The graph of y = a (x – h)2 + k has the same shape.
 8. The graph of y = a (x – h)2 + k is the graph of y = QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES
ax2 translated h units to the right if h > 0 or to the
 A quadratic inequality where in x is any inequality
left if h < 0 and k units upward if k > 0 or k units
reducible to any of the following forms:
downward if k < 0.
 ax2 + bx + c > 0
SOLUTIONS OF MATHEMATICAL SENTENCES  ax2 + bx + c < 0
 ax2 + bx + c ≥ 0
1. r – 3 < 10
 ax2 + bx + c ≤ 0
r < 10 + 3
where a, b, and c are real numbers/real
r < 13 constants and a is not equal to zero.
solution/s: QUADRATIC INEQUALITY theorem
T F  Let r and s be two real numbers with r < s. The
solution set of:
13
 (x – r) (x – s) > 0 is {𝑥|𝑥 < 𝑟 ∪ 𝑥 > 𝑠}
NOTE:  (x – r) (x – s) < 0 is {𝑥|𝑟 < 𝑥 < 𝑠}
 The proof of Quadratic Inequality Theorem is based
 solid circle – if the boundary is included.
on the following properties of real numbers which
 hollow circle – if the boundary is excluded.
involve inequality:
interval notation:  Property 1: if ab > 0, then a > 0 and b > 0 or
a < 0 and b < 0
(∞+ , 13)
 Property 2: if ab < 0, then a > 0 and b < 0
NOTE: or a < 0 and b > 0

 parenthesis ( ) – if the boundary excluded.

 braces [ ] - if the boundary is included.
>ss { x | x < r U x > s }
set notation:
<ss { x | r < x < s }
{𝑟|𝑟 < 13}

2. 9s2 = 4
4
s2 = 9
2
s =±3

solution/s:

2 2
-3 3

set notation:
𝟐 𝟐 2
{− 𝟑 , 𝟑} or {𝑠|𝑠 = ± 3}