Last Min Revision Part 1

Table of Contents
★ Quadratic Equations
★ Complex Numbers
★ Sequence and Series
★ Binomial Theorem
★ Trigonometry
★ ITF
★ Straight Lines
★ Circles
★ Conic Sections
★ Limits
★ AOD
★ Integration
★ Area under Curves
★ Matrices and Determinants
★ Vectors and 3D
★ Probability
Relation between Roots & Coefficients
Newton’s Identity:
Eg. If 𝜶, 𝜷 are the roots of x2 - 6x - 2 = 0
and an = 𝜶n -𝜷n, then a10 - 2a8 is equal to
JEE Main 25th Jan, 2023
Q Let 𝞪 ∈ R and let 𝞪, 𝞫 be the roots of the equation

x2 + 601/4x + a = 0. If 𝞪4 + 𝞫4 = -30, then the product
of all possible values of a is ___.
Q Let 𝞪 ∈ R and let 𝞪, 𝞫 be the roots of the equation

x2 + 601/4x + a = 0. If 𝞪4 + 𝞫4 = -30, then the product
of all possible values of a is ___.
Ans: 45
Solution
For a cubic equation, we have

For a Biquadratic equation, we have

Note
Whenever we are finding or proving some
condition and during the procedure we get Eg. Condition for x3 + 2px2 + 3qx +2 r = 0
having roots 𝜶, 𝜷, 𝜸 such that 𝜶𝜷 = -1 is
value of some root, always make it satisfy
the equation.
Nature of Roots
For a quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c ∈ R

and a ≠ 0, the value of discriminant ’D’ determine the
nature of the roots of equation.
Discriminant, D = b2 - 4ac
Nature of Roots
D>0 D=0 D<0
Real & Distinct roots Real & Equal roots Non-Real roots
Note: If D is not a Note: a > 0 & D = 0 Note: If a, b ∈ R, then
perfect square and will imply that roots are conjugate
a, b ∈ Q, then roots quadratic is a complex numbers
are conjugate complete square
irrationals
Transformation of Equation
If roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are α & β then equation having roots:

(a) 2⍺ and 2β is ➝
Eg. Find the equation whose roots are negative
of the roots of the equation x3 - 3x2 + x + 1 = 0
(b) is ➝
(c) ⍺ + 2 and β + 2 is ➝
Remark
This shortcut works for equation of any degree.
Common Roots
Given two Quadratic Equations, there are two possibilities-

1. They have one root in common
2. Both the roots are common
Common Roots
Condition for one root common in

a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0
& a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 is (c1a2 - c2a1)2 = (b1c2 - b2c1) (a1b2 - a2b1)
Eg. The value of k such that x2 + kx - 3 = 0 Eg. Condition for ax2 + bx + c = 0 and
and x2 - 4x + 3 = 0 may have one root in ax2 + cx + b = 0 to have a common
roots is _____.
common is ____.
Common Roots
Condition for both roots common in a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 & a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 is
Eg. The value of a + b such that the equations

ax2 + bx + a = 0 and x3 - 2x2 + 2x - 1 = 0 have
two roots common is ______.
Analysis of Graph of Quadratic Equations
Parabola Opens Upwards Parabola Opens downwards

Significance of D
For D > 0
D > 0 and a > 0 D > 0 and a < 0
X X
Significance of D
For D = 0
D = 0 and a < 0
X X
D = 0 and a > 0
Significance of D
For D < 0
D < 0 and a < 0
X
X
D < 0 and a > 0

Observation
1. Range of y = ax2 + bx + c is →
2. (i) ax2 + bx + c > 0 ∀ x if →
(ii) ax2 + bx + c < 0 ∀ x if →

Observation
1. Range of y = ax2 + bx + c is →
2. (i) ax2 + bx + c > 0 ∀ x if → a > 0 and D < 0

X
(ii) ax2 + bx + c < 0 ∀ x if → a < 0 and D < 0 X

JEE Main 25th Feb, 2021
Q The integer ‘k’, for which the inequality

x2 − 2(3k − 1)x + 8k2 − 7 > 0 is valid for
every x in R is:
A 3
B 2
C 4
D 0
JEE Main 25th Feb, 2021
Q The integer ‘k’, for which the inequality

x2 − 2(3k − 1)x + 8k2 − 7 > 0 is valid for
every x in R is:
A 3
B 2
C 4
D 0
Solution
Location of Roots
Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of quadratic equation

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c ∈ R
Let us consider a real number ‘k’
Location of Roots
Result Eg. Consider x2 + 2tx - 1 = 0. Find t such that one

root is less than 2 and other is greater than 2.
Location of Roots
Eg. For what values of m ∈ R, both roots of the

Result
equation x2 - 6mx + 9m2 -2m -2= 0 exceed 3?
Ans:
Iota and Powers of Iota
i1 = i i5 = Eg. The value of is
i2 = i6=
Ans: i
i3 = i7 =
i4 = i8 =
;
;
In general, i4k + r = ir =
;
;
Iota and Powers of Iota
Observation
Sum of four consecutive powers of iota is Zero.

Describing Complex Numbers and its Algebra
Describing Complex Numbers and its Algebra
z=x+iy; x, y R
Remark
If x = 0 then z is called purely imaginary.
Algebra of Complex Numbers
1. Equality:
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2
Then, z1 = z2 If x1 = x2 and y1 = y2
2. Addition and subtraction:
z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2) + i(y1 + y2)

z1 - z2 = (x1 - x2) + i(y1 - y2)
Note
Inequalities do not occur in complex number
i.e. we cannot compare two complex numbers.
1 + 2i < 5 + 10i is a wrong statement
3. Multiplication:
z1 × z2 = (x1 + iy1) × (x2 + iy2) =
Eg. (a + ib) × (a - ib) =

4. Division:
Eg.
Conjugate, Modulus and Argument
Conjugate of Complex Numbers
Let z = x + iy then its conjugate, denoted by is defined by x - iy.

So,
Eg:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Conjugate of Complex Numbers
Properties of Conjugate
Eg. then find Img(z).
Argand Plane
A two dimensional plane having axes as Re(z) and Im(z) is called Argand plane.
We represent the complex number z = x + iy by the point (x, y) on Argand plane.

Im(z)
Re(z)
Modulus and Argument of Complex Numbers
Let z = x + iy Im(z)
Re(z)
Modulus: If P denotes z = x + iy in Argand plane then the length OP is called

modulus of complex number z. It is denoted by |z|.
Properties of Modulus
Eg. Find |z1 + z2 + z3|, If |z1| = 1, |z2| = 2,
(1) | z | = 0 z=0
|z3| = 3 and |9z1z2 + 4z1z3 + z2z3| = 12.
(2) Ans: 2
(3) | z1 z2| = | z1 | | z2 | | zn | = | z |n
(4)
(5)
(6) Triangle inequalities

(a) | z1 + z2| ≤ | z1 | + | z2 |
(b) | z1 - z2| ≥ || z1 | - | z2 ||
Argument: If P denotes z = x + iy in Argand plane then argument is defined

as the angle which OP makes with positive direction of Re(z) axis.
Argument: If P denotes z = x + iy in Argand plane then argument is defined

as the angle which OP makes with positive direction of Re(z) axis.
Note
● If θ is argument of z then 2nπ + θ is also an argument ; where n is integer.
● The value of argument which lies in (-π, π] is called principal value of
argument
● Argument of purely imaginary number is
● Argument of purely real number is 0 or π
● If z = 0 then arg(z) is not defined.
Properties of Argument Eg. z and ω are complex numbers such

that then
arg(z) is equal to ____.
Ans:
Representation of Complex Numbers in Various forms
Representation of Complex Numbers in Various forms
Z=x+iy Eg. (1 + i )10 = ____.
Polar form Euler form
Z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) Z = reiθ
Note Eg. (i )i = ____.
If we know |z| & arg(z) then we can write z

Euler’s form is very efficient in handling big
& bad powers of a complex number
De-Moivre’ Theorem
JEE Main 5th Sept, 2020
Eg. If sin ⍺ + sin β + sin γ = 0 = cos ⍺ + cos β + cos γ,

then sin 3⍺ + sin 3β + sin 3γ is equal to
Ans: 3 sin(⍺ + β + γ)
Cube roots of Unity
Cube roots of Unity
Consider, z3 = 1
Eg. If ⍺, β ∈ C are the distinct roots of the equation
Roots of this equation are called cube
roots of unity. x2 - x + 1 = 0, then ⍺101 + β107 is equal to
z3 = 1 Ans: 1
(z - 1) (z2 + z + 1) = 0
Properties of
1. 𝜔3 = 1
2. 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0
3. 𝜔3k + 𝜔3k+1 + 𝜔3k+2 = 0; k ∊ Z
Note
Roots of z2 + z + 1 = 0 are 𝜔 & 𝜔2

and roots of z2 - z + 1 = 0 are -𝜔 & -𝜔2
Let p, q ∈ R and (1 - √3 i)200 = 2199 (p + iq), i = √-1 then

Q
p + q + q2 and p - q + q2 are roots of the equation.
A x2 + 4x - 1 = 0
B x2 - 4x + 1 = 0
C x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
D x2 - 4x - 1 = 0
Let p, q ∈ R and (1 - √3 i)200 = 2199 (p + iq), i = √-1 then

Q
p + q + q2 and p - q + q2 are roots of the equation.
A x2 + 4x - 1 = 0
B x2 - 4x + 1 = 0
C x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
D x2 - 4x - 1 = 0
Geometrical Interpretation of Modulus
|z1| ⟶ distance of z1 from origin.
|z2 - z1|⟶ distance between z1 & z2

JEE Main 24th June, 2022
Let A = {z ∈ C : 1 ≤ |z - (1 + i)| ≤ 2}
Q
and B = {z ∈ A : |z - (1 - i)| = 1}. Then B :
A is an empty set
contains exactly
B two elements
contains exactly
C three elements
D is an infinite set
Let A = {z ∈ C : 1 ≤ |z - (1 + i)| ≤ 2}
Q
and B = {z ∈ A : |z - (1 - i)| = 1}. Then B :
A is an empty set
contains exactly
B two elements
contains exactly
C three elements
D is an infinite set
Let A(z1) & B(z2) be fixed points and P(z) moves in plane
such that
|z - z1| + |z - z2| = k
k > |z - z2| k = |z - z2| k < |z - z2|

Ellipse line AB No locus
If ‘z’ be any complex number such that |3z - 2| + |3z + 2| = 4,
Q
then identify the locus of ‘z’.
Solution
Let A(z1) & B(z2) be fixed points and P(z)

moves in plane such that
|z - z2| - |z - z1| = k
k < |z1 - z2|

k > |z1 - z2|
Hyperbola
k = |z - z2| No locus
line Joining AB but
excluding segment AB
Q Find Locus of z, if: |z - 3 + 4i| - |z + 2 - i| = 1
Solution
Find Locus of z, if:
|z - 3 + 4i| - |z + 2 - i| = 1
⇒ |z - (3 - 4i)| - |z - (-2 + i)| = 1
Here, difference of distance of z from A(3, -4) and

B(-2, 1) is 1 and distance between A(3, -4) and B(-
2, 1) is 5√2
Thus, |PA - PB| < AB
Hence, locus of z is hyperbola
Arithmetic, Geometric & Harmonic Progression
Sequence
AP GP
an = a + (n - 1) d an = arn - 1
OR
JEE Main 27th June 2022
If a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . . and b1 , b2 , b3 , . . . are A.P. and a1 = 2,

Q
a10 = 3, a1b1 = 1 = a10b10 , then a4b4 is equal to :
B 1
D
JEE Main 27th June 2022
If a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . . and b1 , b2 , b3 , . . . are A.P. and a1 = 2,

Q
a10 = 3, a1b1 = 1 = a10b10 , then a4b4 is equal to :
B 1
D
Solution
a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . are in AP (Let Common difference is d1)
b1 , b2 , b3 , . . . are in AP (Let Common difference is d2)

And a1 = 2 , a10 = 3
∵ a1b1 = 1 = a10b10
∴ b1 = 1/2 and b10 = 1/3
Now, a10 = a1 + 9d1
⇒ d1 = 1/9
b10 = b1 + 9d2
In a GP we have a1 + a2 + a3 = 13 and a12 + a22 + a32 = 91.
Q
Find r.
x4 + x2 + 1 = (x2 + x + 1) (x2 - x + 1)
Solution
Let G.P. series be a, ar, ar2,…… a(1 + r2 - r) = 7 …(3)

a1 = a, a2 = ar, a3 = ar2 Dividing (1) and (3)
Now, given a1 + a2 + a3 = 13
⇒ a + ar + ar2 = 13
⇒ a(1 + r + r2) = 13 …(1) 7 + 7r + 7r2 = 13 + 13r2 - 13r
Also, a12 + a22 + a32 = 91

⇒ a2(1 + r2 + r4) = 91 …(2)
Dividing (2) and (1)

Key Points of Arithmetic Progression
1. Common terms of two AP’s, form an AP.

2. If a1, a2, a3 ➝ AP, then
(i) ka1, ka2, ka3 ➝ AP &
(ii) a1 ± k, a2 ± k, a3 ± k ➝ AP
1. Sum of the terms equidistant from beginning
and end is same
2. Assuming terms:
3 terms → a - d, a , a + d
4 terms → a - 3d, a - d, a + d, a + 3d
5 terms → a - 2d, a - d, a, a + d, a + 2d
Note
1. nth odd number is 2n - 1

2. Sum of first n odd numbers is n2
Key Points of Geometric Progression
1. If a1, a2, a3 ➝ GP, then for k ≠ 0 Eg. If a, b, c be in an AP and a2, b2, c2 be in

GP. If a < b < c and , then the
(i) ka1, ka2, ka3 ➝ GP
value of ‘a’ is
(ii) (a1)k, (a2)k, (a3)k ➝ GP
1. If a, b, c, d ➝ GP, then a ± b, b ± c, c ± d ➝ GP A B C D
2. Product of terms equidistant from beginning

and end is same
3. Assuming terms:
3 terms → a/r, a, ar
4 terms → a/3r , a/r , ar, ar3
5 terms → a/2r, a/r, a , ar, ar2
Solution:
Eg. If a, b, c be in an AP and a2, b2, c2 be in

GP. If a < b < c and , then the
value of ‘a’ is
A B C D
AM and GM
Arithmetic Mean
AM of Numbers AM’s between two numbers

1) ‘A1’ is called one AM between
a & b if a, A1, b → AP
2) A1 & A2 are called two AM’s
between a & b if a, A1, A2, b → AP
AM and GM
Geometric Mean
GM of Numbers (+ve numbers) GM’s between two numbers

1) G1 is called one GM between a & b
if a, G1, b → GP
2) G1, G2 are called two GM’s
between a & b if a, G1, G2, b → GP
Eg. If m arithmetic means (A.Ms) and three (G.Ms)
are inserted between 3 and 243 such that 4th A.M.
is equal to 2nd G.M., then m is equal to______.
Ans: 39
Relation between AM, GM and HM
For any given +ve numbers:
AM = GM; if all the terms are equal.

AM ≥ GM
AM > GM; otherwise
(observe that equality holds if a’s are equal)

Note
3 Hints to use AM ≥ GM
(1) If min value of some expression is asked
(2) Terms involved in expression are +ve.
(3) Product of terms involved in expression is good.
Eg. The minimum value of Eg. Find the minimum value of
given that x, y, z, are of same sign is 25sec2 𝛳 + 16 cosec2 𝛳 is

Weighted AM and GM
JEE Main 11th Apr, 2023
Q Let a, b, c and d be positive real numbers such that

a + b + c + d = 11. If the maximum value of a5b3c2d is
3750𝞫, then the value of
A 55
B 108
C 90
D 110
Q Let a, b, c and d be positive real numbers such that

a + b + c + d = 11. If the maximum value of a5b3c2d is
3750𝞫, then the value of
A 55
B 108
C 90
D 110
Solution
Given a + b + c + d = 11 (a, b, c, d > 0)

(a5b3c2d)max. = ?
Let’s assume numbers - ,d
We know A.M ≥ G.M.

For any given +ve numbers:
AM ≥ GM ≥ HM
Remark
}
G2 = AH Where A, G, H are A.M.,
G.M., and H.M of positive
A, G, H are in GP numbers a and b
Method of Difference
It’s a method to find the Kth term when the difference of consecutive
terms is good.
Eg. Find the nth term of the following series

5 + 7 + 13 + 31 + 85 + ⋯
Notation nCr
Result
(a) nCr + nCr + 1 = n + 1Cr + 1
(b)
(c) nCx = nCy ⇒ x = y or x + y = n

Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Index
Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Index
Observation
(a) There are n + 1 terms in the expansion
(b) Sum of powers of x & y in each term is n.

(c) Coefficients of the terms equidistant from beginning
& end are equal.
General term of Binomial Expansion
(x + y)n = nC0xn + nC1xn-1y +….+ nCn-1xyn-1 + nCnyn
General term, Tk+1 = nCk xn - k yk

JEE Main 24th Jan, 2023 - S2
Let the sum of the coefficients of the first three terms

Q
in the expansion of x ≠ 0, n ∈ N, be 376.
Then the coefficient of x4 is_.

Let the sum of the coefficients of the first three terms

Q
in the expansion of x ≠ 0, n ∈ N, be 376.
Then the coefficient of x4 is_.
Ans: 405
Solution
Eg. Find no.of terms in the expansion of
Eg. Find no.of integral terms in
which are rational.
Ans: 32
There are two particular cases which are used very frequently.
(a) (1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1x + nC2x2 +....+ nCnxn

(b) (1 - x)n = nC0 - nC1x + nC2x2 - nC3x3 +....+ (-1)n nCnxn
Eg. Find remainder when 22021 is divided by 17

Note
Ans: 15
(1) (1 + x)n -1 is divisible by x
(2) (1 + x)n -1 - nx is divisible by x2
JEE Main 31st Jan, 2023 - Shift 1
Q Find the remainder when 599 is divided by 11.

JEE Main 31st Jan, 2023 - Shift 1
Q Find the remainder when 599 is divided by 11.
Ans: 9
Solution
Q 25190 - 19190 - 8190 + 2190 is divisible by
A neither 14 nor 34
B 14 but not by 34
C 34 but not by 14
D both 14 and 34
Q 25190 - 19190 - 8190 + 2190 is divisible by
A neither 14 nor 34
B 14 but not by 34
C 34 but not by 14
D both 14 and 34
Solution
Greatest term in the expansion of (a + bx)n
To find greatest term in the expansion of (a + bx)n, Eg. Find greatest term in the expansion of
use the following algorithm (2 + 3x)9 at
Step 1: Solve Ans: 336 x 37
Step 2: If k comes out to be non integer then

Greatest term is T[k] + 1 where [.] is GIF,
while if k comes out to be an integer then Tk = Tk + 1
both are greatest terms
Binomial Theorem for any Index
Eg. The coefficient of x2 in the expansion of

Let ‘n’ be a rational number & ‘x’ be a real
number such that |x| < 1, then: will be ___, given |2x| < 1.
Ans: 7
Binomial Theorem for any Index
Some special Cases
(a) (1 + x)−1 = 1 − x + x2 − x3 +...+ (-1)r xr +...
(b) (1 − x)−1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 +...+ xr +...
(c) (1 + x)−2 = 1 − 2x + 3x2 − 4x3 +...
(d) (1 − x)−2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 +...

Multinomial Theorem
where r, s & t are non-negative integers
Note
Number of terms in expansion of (x + y + z)n is n + 2C2.

JEE Main 10th April, 2023
Q The Coefficient of x7 in (1 - x + 2x3)10 is ________.

Q The Coefficient of x7 in (1 - x + 2x3)10 is ________.
Ans: 960
Solution
a b c
3 7 0
5 4 1
7 1 2
Allied Angles
Allied Angles
Remark
1. Sine of supplementary angles are same.
2. Cosines of supplementary angles are negative of each other.
3. sin(-θ) = -sinθ and cos(-θ) = cosθ
Compound Angles
1. sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB

Eg. If A = B + C, then tanA tanB tanC = ___.
2. sin(A - B) = sinA cosB - cosA sinB
3. cos(A + B) = cosA cosB - sinA sinB
4. cos(A - B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB

Value of Trigonometric functions at some special angles
Q The value of tan 9o - tan 27o - tan 63o + tan 81o is ___.
Recall
Q The value of tan 9o - tan 27o - tan 63o + tan 81o is ___.
Ans: 4
Solution
tan 9o - tan 27o - tan 63o + tan 81o

Multiple Angle Formulae
Eg.
Ans: 1/8
Remark
1. sin 2θ and cos 2θ can be expressed in terms of tanθ as
&
Remark
1. sin 2θ and cos 2θ can be expressed in terms of tanθ as
&
2. sin(A + B) × sin(A - B) = sin2A - sin2B

cos(A + B) × cos(A - B) = cos2A - sin2B = cos2B - sin2A
List of most commonly used formulae and expressions

Eg.
Expressing in terms of sine only.
a sin θ + b cos θ
Expressing in terms of cosine only.

Transformation Formulae
Transformation of sum and difference into product

Q The value of 2 sin 12o - sin 72o is
D
Q The value of 2 sin 12o - sin 72o is
D
Solution
Transformation Formulae
Transformation of product into sum and difference

Eg. Sin 10o sin 50o sin 70o =
2 sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A - B)
2 cos A sin B = sin(A + B) - sin(A - B) Ans: 1/8
2 cos A cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A - B)

2 sin A sin B = cos(A - B) - cos(A + B)
Recall
sin θ sin(60° - θ) sin(60° + θ)

Two trigonometric Series
1.
2.
A -1
B -1/2
C -1/3
D -1/4
A -1
B -1/2
C -1/3
D -1/4
Solution
Result
Conditional Identities
Result
If A + B + C = 𝜋, then :
(a) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC
(b) cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = -1 -4 cosA cosB cosC
(d) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC

Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. Remark
You can group sin−1 x, cosec−1 x, tan−1 x together and
cos−1 x, sec−1 x, cot−1 x together as far as outputs are
concerned corresponding to −ve inputs
A 𝜋/2
B 𝜋/3
C 𝜋/6
D 𝜋/4
A 𝜋/2
B 𝜋/3
C 𝜋/6
D 𝜋/4
Solution
Composition of Trigonometric & Its Inverse Function
1. sin(sin-1 x) = cos(cos-1 x) = ________ = cot(cot-1 x) = x
∀ x ∈ Domain (i.e., it’s always true)
2. sin-1(sin x) = cos-1(cos x) = _______ = cot-1(cot x) = x

only if x ∈ principal domain
Graph of: y = sin-1 (sin x)

Graph of: y = cos-1 (cos x)
𝜋/
2
X
- -𝜋 -𝜋/2 0 𝜋/ 𝜋 2𝜋
2𝜋 2
Graph of: y = tan-1 (tan x)
X
-2𝜋 - -𝜋 -𝜋/2 0 𝜋/2 𝜋 3𝜋/2 2𝜋
3𝜋/2
-𝜋/2
Q Find the number of solutions of
Solution
Some Important Results
Result 1: Inverse trigonometric function at ‘-x’ Eg. Evaluate: tan-1 (tan(-6)).

Some Important Results JEE Main 2013
Eg. Solve for x : sin-1x > cos-1x ; x ∈ (0, 1)

Result 2: ITF of Complementary Functions
A B
C D
Some Important Results
Result 3: Inverse trigonometric functions at ‘ ’
Eg. Evaluate:
ITF in terms of each other
JEE Main 26th June 2022 Shift 2
If the inverse trigonometric functions take

Q
principal values, then
is equal to
A 0
D
JEE Main 26th June 2022 Shift 2
If the inverse trigonometric functions take

Q
principal values, then
is equal to
A 0
D
Solution
Sum and Difference of ITF
Note
Q Evaluate :
Solution
Thus, TK = tan-1(K2 + K + 1) - tan-1(K2 - K + 1)

Solution
T1 = tan-1(3) - tan-1(1)
T2 = tan-1(7) - tan-1(3)
T3 = tan-1(13) - tan-1(7)
⋮
Tn = tan-1(n2 + n + 1) - tan-1(n2 - n + 1)
Result
under some good condition

Centres of Triangles
Result
In any scalene triangle,
O
G
H
Note
In an equilateral triangle, G, I, O and H,
all coincide.
JEE Main 2018
Let the orthocentre and centroid of a triangle be A

Q
(−3, 5) and B (3, 3) respectively. If C is the
circumcentre of this triangle, then the radius of the
circle having line segment AC as diameter, is:
D
JEE Main 2018
Let the orthocentre and centroid of a triangle be A

Q
(−3, 5) and B (3, 3) respectively. If C is the
circumcentre of this triangle, then the radius of the
circle having line segment AC as diameter, is:
D
Solution
2 1
H(-3, 5) G(3, 3) O(h, k)
A(-3, 5) C(6, 2)
Slope of a Straight line
If a straight line makes an angle α with the x-axis, then

it’s slope m is defined as tan α, where 0 ≤ α < π.
Note
Here, α is the angle made by the line with the positive
direction of the X-axis in the anti-clockwise sense.
Remark
Remark
1. A line cutting same intercepts on the coordinate axes.
In both cases, observe that m = –1

Remark
2. A line cutting intercepts of equal length on 3. If a line is equally inclined to the axes,
the coordinate axes. then its slope is 1 or –1.
Try to observe that the slope is either 1 or –1.

Various Forms of Equation of a line
1. Slope Intercept form
2. Point Slope form
3. Two Point form
4. Intercept form
5. Normal form
6. Parametric form
7. General form
1. Slope Intercept form 3. Two point form
slope = m
2. Point slope form 4. Intercept form
slope = m
5. Normal form
Y
p
X
O
x cos𝛼 + y sin𝛼 = p where, 0 ≤ 𝛼 < 360o

6. Parametric form
m = tan θ
r (x, y)
(x1, y1) θ
A square, of each side 2, lies above the x-axis and has
Q one vertex at the origin. If one of the sides passing
through the origin makes an angle 30° with the
positive direction of the x-axis, then the sum of the x-
coordinates of the vertices of the square is:
A 2√3 - 1
B 2√3 - 2
C √3 - 2
D √3 - 1
A square, of each side 2, lies above the x-axis and has
Q one vertex at the origin. If one of the sides passing
through the origin makes an angle 30° with the
positive direction of the x-axis, then the sum of the x-
coordinates of the vertices of the square is:
A 2√3 - 1
B 2√3 - 2
C √3 - 2
D √3 - 1
Solution
7. General form
Any linear equation in x and y represents a straight line,

that is, the equation ax + by + c = 0 is the general form
of the equation of a line.
Relation b/w two slopes & angle b/w them
where θ is the acute angle between the two lines

JEE Main 18th Mar 2021
The equation of one of the straight lines which

Q
passes through the point (1, 3) and makes angle
tan-1(√2) with the straight line is
A 4√2x + 5y - (15 + 4√2) = 0
B 5√2x + 4y - (15 + 4√2) = 0
C 4√2x + 5y - 4 √2 = 0
D 4√2x - 5y - (5 + 4√2) = 0
JEE Main 18th Mar 2021
The equation of one of the straight lines which

Q
passes through the point (1, 3) and makes angle
tan-1(√2) with the straight line is
A 4√2x + 5y - (15 + 4√2) = 0
B 5√2x + 4y - (15 + 4√2) = 0
C 4√2x + 5y - 4 √2 = 0
D 4√2x - 5y - (5 + 4√2) = 0
Solution
Some Formulae
Some Formulae
Distance of a Point from a Line Eg. Lines are drawn parallel to the line 4x − 3y + 2 = 0,
at a distance 3/5 from the origin. Then which one of
(x1, y1) the following points lies on any of these lines?
A B C D
Special case:
Distance of origin from ax + by + c = 0 is
Some Formulae
Distance between two Parallel Lines

Some Formulae
Foot of Perpendicular from a Point to a Line

(x1,
y1)
Some Formulae
Image of a Point in a Line
(x1, y1)
JEE Main 06th Sep 2020
Let L denote the line in the xy-plane with x and y
Q
intercepts as 3 and 1 respectively. Then the image
of the point (-1, -4) in this line is:
D
JEE Main 06th Sep 2020
Let L denote the line in the xy-plane with x and y
Q
intercepts as 3 and 1 respectively. Then the image
of the point (-1, -4) in this line is:
D
Solution
Family of Lines
Given any two lines L1 = 0 and L2 = 0, all the lines

passing through their point of intersection Eg. ax + by + c = 0 is a variable line such
constitutes family of lines of L1 = 0 and L2 = 0. that a - 2b + c = 0, then find the point
through which these lines pass through.
Note
Any line through intersection point of L1 = 0 and
L2 = 0 (that is a member of their family) has
equation of the form L1 + λL2 = 0
Eg. Find the equation of a line which passes through
the intersection of the lines 3x − 4y + 6 = 0 and
x + y + 2 = 0, that is farthest from the point P (2, 3).
Ans: 4x + 3y + 8 = 0
Standard Equation of Circles
Equations of a Circle
(x - x1)2 + (y - y1)2 = r2 x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

Centre : (x1, y1) Centre : (-g, -f)
Radius : r Radius :
Note
Diametric form : (x - α1)(x - α2) + (y - β1)(y - β2) = 0

where (α1, β1) & (α2, β2) are endpoints of diameter
Some special circles
1. Circle touching X - axis 2. Circle touching Y - axis

Y
(0, b)
(a, X
0)
3. Circle touching X - axis at origin 4. Circle touching Y - axis at origin
Y Y
X O X
O
Some special circles
5. Circle touching both axes Eg. Radius of the circle touching both the
Y axes and passing through the point (1, 1)
Y is ____.
O X
O X
Y Y
X
O
X
O
JEE Main 2013
The circle passing through (1, −2) and touching
Q
the X - axis at the point (3, 0) also passes
through the point _____.
A (5, 2)
B (-5, 2)
C (5, -2)
D (-5, -2)
JEE Main 2013
The circle passing through (1, −2) and touching
Q
the X - axis at the point (3, 0) also passes
through the point _____.
A (5, 2)
B (-5, 2)
C (5, -2)
D (-5, -2)
Solution
Parametric Form of a Circle
(a) x2 + y2 = r2
⇒ x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ
P(θ)
r
θ X
O
In particular, a general point on x2 + y2 = 1 is of

the form (cosθ, sinθ) for some θ.
Parametric Form of a Circle
Eg. If P is a variable point on the circle

(b) (x − x1)2 + (y − y1)2 = r2
x2 + y2 − 2x + 2y + 1 = 0, then find the locus
⇒ x = x1 + r cosθ, y = y1 + r sin θ of the midpoint of the line segment joining
P to the origin.
Intercepts made by a Circle
JEE Main 2019
Whenever a circle makes an intercept
Eg. A circle touching the X-axis at (3, 0)
on a line, always refer to this figure. and making an intercept of length 8 on
the Y-axis passes through the point
A (3, 10)
B (3, 5)
r
C (2, 3)
D (1, 5)
Intercepts made by a Circle
Intercepts made by a circle on the axes

(1) Intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the X - axis.
X
A B
(2) Intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the Y - axis.
Y
B
A
Some standard Notations
Some standard Notations
(1) S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
(2) For a point (x1, y1): Value of S at (x1, y1) is represented by S1, that is
S1 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
(3) For a point (x1, y1): If we replace in S,
then we get T,
that is T
Position of a Point w.r.t. a circle
Method 1
Find distance of point P from centre of circle O.
OP < r ⇒ P lies inside the circle
OP = r ⇒ P lies on the circle

OP > r ⇒ P lies outside the circle
Method 2
S1 < 0 ⇒ P lies inside the circle
S1 = 0 ⇒ P lies on the circle
S1 > 0 ⇒ P lies outside the circle
Position of a Point w.r.t. a circle
Result
Greatest and least distance of a point from a circle.
|OP - r| = least distance of point P from the circle

|OP + r| = greatest distance of point P from the circle
JEE Main 20th July, 2021
Let r1 and r2 be the radii of the largest and smallest circles,
Q
respectively, which pass through the point (-4, 1) and
having their centres on the circumference of the circle
x2 + y2 + 2x + 4y - 4 = 0. If
A 3
B 11
C 5
D 7
Let r1 and r2 be the radii of the largest and smallest circles,
Q
respectively, which pass through the point (-4, 1) and
having their centres on the circumference of the circle
x2 + y2 + 2x + 4y - 4 = 0. If
A 3
B 11
C 5
D 7
Solution
Family of Circles
(1) S + L = 0
S=0 L=0
(2) S + λS’ = 0, λ ≠ -1
S=0
S’ = 0
Note
S - S’ = 0 is the equation of common chord
Family of Circles
(3) Family of circles passing through 2 points A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2)
Chords of a Circle
(1) Equation of CoC with respect to P(x1, y1) Eg. If the straight line x - 2y + 1 = 0 intersects
the circle x2 + y2 = 25 in points P and Q, then
the coordinates of the point of intersection of
Its equation is, T = 0 tangents drawn at P and Q to the given circle
P (x1, y1) is _________.
S=0 Ans : (-25, 50)
(2) Equation of chord with given midpoint P(x1, y1)
P (x1, y1) Its equation given by T = S1
S=0
Orthogonality of two Circles
Condition for Orthogonality
r1 r2
C1
d C2
Two circles intersect each other orthogonally if

or 2 g1 g2 + 2 f1 f2 = c1 + c2
Standard Parabolas & Its equations
Standard Parabolas having vertex at origin.
(1) y2 = 4ax (2) y2 = −4ax

Y Y
LR = 4a LR = 4a
X O X
Z (−a, 0) O S (a, 0) S (−a, 0) Z (a, 0)
x= x=a
−a
Standard Parabolas having vertex at origin.

Standard Parabolas having vertex at any Point

Consider the following equations for a > 0 and remember their graphs.
(1) (y − k)2 = 4a(x − h) (2)(y − k)2 = −4a(x − h)
LR = 4a LR = 4a
A (h, k) A (h, k)
Z (h − a, k) S (h + a, k) S (h − a, k) Z (h + a, k)
x=h−a x=h+a
Standard Parabolas having vertex at any Point

Consider the following equations for a > 0 and remember their graphs.
(3)(x − h)2 = 4a(y − k) (4)(x − h)2 = −4a(y − k)
S (h, k + a) Z (h, k + a)
LR = 4a
A (h, k)
A (h, k)
Z (h, k − a) LR = 4a
S (h, k − a)
If vertex of a parabola is (2, -1) and the equation
Q
of its directrix is 4x - 3y = 21, then the length of its
latus rectum is
A 2
B 8
C 12
D 16
If vertex of a parabola is (2, -1) and the equation
Q
of its directrix is 4x - 3y = 21, then the length of its
latus rectum is
A 2
B 8
C 12
D 16
Solution
Standard Ellipse & Its equations
Standard Ellipse having centre at origin

Standard Ellipse having centre at origin

Remark
is the equation of an ellipse having centre at (h, k).

Find equation of ellipse with centre at origin whose major
Q
axis is X-axis and length of its minor axis is equal to
distance between foci and LR is of 10 units.
Solution
X
A O B
D
Standard Hyperbolas & Its equations
Standard hyperbolas having centre at origin

Y
S(0, be)
B(0, b)
Z
O X
A’(-a, A(a, 0)
0) Z’
B’(0, -
b)
S’(0, -be)
Standard Hyperbolas & Its equations
Remark
and are
hyperbolas having centre at (h, k)

JEE Main 2016
Q The eccentricity of the hyperbola whose length of

the latus rectum is equal to 8 and the length of its
conjugate axis is equal to half of the distance
between its foci, is
D
JEE Main 2016
Q The eccentricity of the hyperbola whose length of

the latus rectum is equal to 8 and the length of its
conjugate axis is equal to half of the distance
between its foci, is
D
Solution
Find the equation of the hyperbola whose foci are
Q
(8, 3), (0, 3) and eccentricity = 4/3
Solution
Solution
Conjugate Hyperbolas
Two hyperbolas, such that the transverse and

conjugate axes of one, are the conjugate and
transverse axes of the other, respectively, are called
conjugate hyperbolas.
Result
If e1 and e2 are the eccentricities of two conjugate
hyperbolas, then
Rectangular Hyperbola
If a = b, i.e., lengths of transverse and conjugate

axes are equal, then the hyperbola is called
rectangular or equilateral.
Remark
1. Eccentricity of an equilateral hyperbola is
always .
2. ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents

a rectangular hyperbola if Δ ≠ 0 and a + b = 0.
Parametric forms of Conics
(1) y2 = 4ax ⇒ (at2, 2at)
(2) x2 = 4ay ⇒ (2at, at2)
(3) y2 = - 4ax ⇒ (-at2, 2at)
(4) x2 = - 4ay ⇒ (2at, -at2)

The locus of the mid point of the line

Q
segment joining the point (4, 3) and the
points on the ellipse x2 + y2 = 4 is an ellipse
with eccentricity:
D
The locus of the mid point of the line

Q
segment joining the point (4, 3) and the
points on the ellipse x2 + y2 = 4 is an ellipse
with eccentricity:
D
Solution
Focal Chords & Focal Distances
(1) For y2 = 4ax, if P(t1) and Q(t2) are the endpoints of a focal
chord then t1t2 = − 1.
(2) Length of a focal chord of y2 = 4ax, making an angle α with
the X-axis, is 4a cosec2 α.
(3) If AB is a focal chord of y2 = 4ax, then , where

S is the focus.
(4) Length of focal chord whose one endpoint is P(t) is a(t +1/t)2
JEE Main 1st Feb, 2023
If the x-intercept of a focal chord of the parabola

Q y2 = 8x + 4y + 4 is 3, then the length of this chord is
equal to____.
JEE Main 1st Feb, 2023
If the x-intercept of a focal chord of the parabola

Q y2 = 8x + 4y + 4 is 3, then the length of this chord is
equal to____.
Ans: 16
Solution
Focal Distances in Parabola

It is the distance of any point on the parabola from its focus.
Y
In particular, for y2 = 4ax,
PS = PM
M P (x1, y1)
O X
S
x = −a
Focal Distances in Ellipse

Y
P
M’ M
X
S’(−ae, 0) O S(ae, 0)
Focal Distances in Hyperbola

Y
M P(x1, y1)
X
S’ O S
Chords of a Conic
The formulae for the equation of the chord of

Eg. Find the locus of the midpoints of the chords
contact and a chord with given midpoint of y2 = 4x that pass through the focus.
remain the same for all conics, that is
Ans :
Chord of Contact : T = 0
Chord with given midpoint : T = S1
Here we have indeterminate forms
(Here 0 is denoting a function tending to zero, similarly ∞ & 1 are denoting

functions tending to ∞ & 1 respectively).
In all indeterminate forms, we may only calculate limiting values.
Exact value at x = a is not defined.
Note
If exists then a =__
If exists & g(x) → 0 as x → a, then f(x)
must tends to 0 as x → 0 Ans: 15

Methods of Evaluating Limits
L’Hospital Rule
If f(x) & g(x) are differentiable functions
such that is of the format or
Then,
Q is equal to
A 14
B 7
D
Q is equal to
A 14
B 7
D
Solution
Limits tending to infinity

Eg. Evaluate the following:
Just take biggest terms in numerator
& denominator common
Trigonometric Limits
IIT 1999
Eg. Evaluate the following:
Ans:
JEE Main 2017
Q equals
D
JEE Main 2017
Q equals
D
Solution
Logarithmic & Exponential Limits
Logarithmic limits
Eg. The value of is
Exponential limits
C
D
Form (1)∞
Result
JEE Main 2020
Eg.
where f(x) ➝ 0 & g(x) ➝ ∞ when x ➝ a
Limits using Expansion Series
Eg. Evaluate:
Ans: -1/2
Q Find a, b & c such that
Solution
Given,
For existence of limit
Solving we get
Note
Whenever the function under consideration has one
of the following traits, always check RHL & LHL for
existence of limit.
(a) It has , [.], {.} or mod
(b) Its piecewise defined
(c) It has and x ➝ 0

Formats 0 × ∞, ∞0 and 00
Eg. Evaluate the following limits: Eg. Evaluate:
Ans: 0 Ans: 1
Increasing & Decreasing Functions
Definitions
f(x) is said to be strictly increasing over an interval [a, b] if:

x2 > x1 ⇒ f(x2) > f(x1), ∀ x1, x2 ∈ [a, b]
While it is said to be increasing (or non-decreasing) if:

x2 > x1 ⇒ f(x2) ≥ f(x1), ∀ x1, x2 ∈ [a, b]
f(x) is said to be strictly decreasing over an interval [a, b] if :

x2 > x1 ⇒ f(x2) < f(x1), ∀ x1, x2 ∈ [a, b]
While it is said to be decreasing (or non-decreasing) if :

x2 > x1 ⇒ f(x2) ≤ f(x1), ∀ x1, x2 ∈ [a, b]
Definitions
Monotonic Function
f(x) is said to be monotonic in an interval if it is either only
strictly increasing or only strictly decreasing in that interval,
i.e. it has single behaviour in that interval.
Note
(i) f(x) is not monotonic in [a, b]
(ii) f(x) is monotonic in [a, c]
(iii) f(x) is monotonic in [c, b]
(iv) f(x) is not monotonic in neighbourhood of x = c

Intervals of Increase and Decrease
Eg. If f(x) = kx3 − 9x2 + 9x + 3 is
For a continuous function: monotonically increasing in every
interval, then K belongs to ____.
(1) f’(x) ≥ 0 ⇒ f(x) is strictly increasing
(if points for which f’ (x) = 0 do not form an interval)
(2) f’(x) ≤ 0 ⇒ f(x) is strictly decreasing

(if the points for which f’(x) = 0 do not form an interval)
JEE Main 28th July 2022
Q The function f(x) = xex (1 - x), x ∈ R, is
A Increasing in
B Decreasing in
C Increasing in
D Decreasing in
JEE Main 28th July 2022
Q The function f(x) = xex (1 - x), x ∈ R, is
A Increasing in
B Decreasing in
C Increasing in
D Decreasing in
Solution
Maxima and Minima
Critical Points
It is collection of points where either f’(x) = 0 or f’ (x) fails to exist
Note
● It is to be noted that critical points are the
interior points of an interval.
● Critical points are contenders for giving
maxima and minima.
First Derivative Test
For a continuous function:

(a) If f’(x) changes sign about a critical point, then
we have maxima or minima there.
(b) If f’ (x) does not change sign about a critical

point, then function does not have maxima or
minima there.
JEE Main 2019
If S1 and S2 are respectively the sets of local
Q minimum and local maximum points of the function,
then
A S1 = {–2}; S2 = {0, 1}
B S1 = {–2, 0}; S2 = {1}
C S1 = {–2, 1}; S2 = {0}
D S1 = {– 1}; S2 = {0, 2}
JEE Main 2019
If S1 and S2 are respectively the sets of local
Q minimum and local maximum points of the function,
then
A S1 = {–2}; S2 = {0, 1}
B S1 = {–2, 0}; S2 = {1}
C S1 = {–2, 1}; S2 = {0}
D S1 = {– 1}; S2 = {0, 2}
Solution
Here at –2 & 1, f ’(x) changes from negative value to

positive value.
–2 & 1 are local minimum points.
At 0, f ’(x) changes from positive value to negative value.
0 is the local maximum point
Hence, S1 = {–2, 1} and S2 = {0}
JEE Main 2nd Sept, 2020
If p(x) be a polynomial of degree three that has
Q
a local maximum value 8 at x = 1 and a local
minimum value 4 at x = 2; then p(0) is equal to
A 12
B 6
C -24
D -12
JEE Main 2nd Sept, 2020
If p(x) be a polynomial of degree three that has
Q
a local maximum value 8 at x = 1 and a local
minimum value 4 at x = 2; then p(0) is equal to
A 12
B 6
C -24
D -12
Solution
Double Derivative Test
If f’(x) = 0 at x = a, then
(1) f”(a) > 0 ⇒ f(x) has local minima at x = a
(2) f”(a) < 0 ⇒ f(x) has local maxima at x = a
Remark
If f’(a) = 0 and also f”(a) = 0 then Double
Derivative Test is inconclusive.
Analysis of Cubic
First let us pick a cubic f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

Clearly, f’(x) is a quadratic and hence has:
(i) Two distinct real roots or

(ii) Two equal real roots or
(iii) Non real roots
Let the function f(x) = 2x3 + (2p - 7) x2 + 3(2p - 9)x - 6

Q
have a maxima for some value of x < 0 and a minima
for some value of x > 0. Then, the set of all values of p is
D
Let the function f(x) = 2x3 + (2p - 7) x2 + 3(2p - 9)x - 6

Q
have a maxima for some value of x < 0 and a minima
for some value of x > 0. Then, the set of all values of p is
D
Solution
Global Extreme Values
Eg. The largest value of 2x3 - 3x2 - 12x + 5 for

-2 ≤ x ≤ 4 occurs at x =
Ans: 4

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Table of Contents

Q Let 𝞪 ∈ R and let 𝞪, 𝞫 be the roots of the equation

Q Let 𝞪 ∈ R and let 𝞪, 𝞫 be the roots of the equation

For a cubic equation, we have

For a Biquadratic equation, we have

For a quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c ∈ R

D>0 D=0 D<0

If roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are α & β then equation having roots:

Given two Quadratic Equations, there are two possibilities-

Condition for one root common in

Eg. The value of a + b such that the equations

Parabola Opens Upwards Parabola Opens downwards

D > 0 and a > 0 D > 0 and a < 0

D < 0 and a < 0

D < 0 and a > 0

2. (i) ax2 + bx + c > 0 ∀ x if →

(ii) ax2 + bx + c < 0 ∀ x if →

2. (i) ax2 + bx + c > 0 ∀ x if → a > 0 and D < 0

(ii) ax2 + bx + c < 0 ∀ x if → a < 0 and D < 0 X

Q The integer ‘k’, for which the inequality

Q The integer ‘k’, for which the inequality

Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of quadratic equation

Result Eg. Consider x2 + 2tx - 1 = 0. Find t such that one

Eg. For what values of m ∈ R, both roots of the

i1 = i i5 = Eg. The value of is

Sum of four consecutive powers of iota is Zero.

2. Addition and subtraction:

z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2) + i(y1 + y2)

z1 × z2 = (x1 + iy1) × (x2 + iy2) =

Eg. (a + ib) × (a - ib) =

Let z = x + iy then its conjugate, denoted by is defined by x - iy.

We represent the complex number z = x + iy by the point (x, y) on Argand plane.

Modulus: If P denotes z = x + iy in Argand plane then the length OP is called

(6) Triangle inequalities

Argument: If P denotes z = x + iy in Argand plane then argument is defined

Argument: If P denotes z = x + iy in Argand plane then argument is defined

Properties of Argument Eg. z and ω are complex numbers such

Z=x+iy Eg. (1 + i )10 = ____.

Polar form Euler form

Z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) Z = reiθ

Note Eg. (i )i = ____.

If we know |z| & arg(z) then we can write z

Eg. If sin ⍺ + sin β + sin γ = 0 = cos ⍺ + cos β + cos γ,

Roots of z2 + z + 1 = 0 are 𝜔 & 𝜔2

Let p, q ∈ R and (1 - √3 i)200 = 2199 (p + iq), i = √-1 then

Let p, q ∈ R and (1 - √3 i)200 = 2199 (p + iq), i = √-1 then

|z1| ⟶ distance of z1 from origin.

|z2 - z1|⟶ distance between z1 & z2

k > |z - z2| k = |z - z2| k < |z - z2|

Let A(z1) & B(z2) be fixed points and P(z)

k < |z1 - z2|

Here, difference of distance of z from A(3, -4) and

If a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . . and b1 , b2 , b3 , . . . are A.P. and a1 = 2,

If a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . . and b1 , b2 , b3 , . . . are A.P. and a1 = 2,

a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . are in AP (Let Common difference is d1)

b1 , b2 , b3 , . . . are in AP (Let Common difference is d2)

Let G.P. series be a, ar, ar2,…… a(1 + r2 - r) = 7 …(3)

Also, a12 + a22 + a32 = 91

Dividing (2) and (1)

1. Common terms of two AP’s, form an AP.

1. nth odd number is 2n - 1

1. If a1, a2, a3 ➝ GP, then for k ≠ 0 Eg. If a, b, c be in an AP and a2, b2, c2 be in

2. Product of terms equidistant from beginning

Eg. If a, b, c be in an AP and a2, b2, c2 be in