Quadratic Equation - 01-60

MATHEMATICS
Target IIT JEE
QUADRATIC EQUATION
Theory and Exercise Booklet
CONTENT
S.No. Topic Page No.
1. Theory 01-16
2. Examples 17-28
3. Level - 1 29-36
4. Level - 2 37-41
5. Level - 3 41-45
6. Exercise - 1 46-47
7. Exercise - 2 47-49
8. Exercise - 3 50-50
9. Exercise - 4 50-57
10. Answers 58-59

1. Equation v/s Identity:
A quadratic equation is satisfied by exactly two values of ' x ' which may be real or imaginary. The
equation,
a x2 + b x + c = 0 is:
 a quadratic equation if a  0 Two Roots
 a linear equation if a = 0, b  0 One Root
 a contradiction if a = b = 0, c  0 No Root
 an identity if a=b=c=0 Infinite Roots
If a quadratic equation is satisfied by three distinct values of ' x ', then it is an identity.
Example # 1
(i) 3x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 is a quadratic equation here a = 3.

(ii) (x + 1)2 = x2 + 2x + 1 is an identity in x.
Solution.
Here highest power of x in the given relation is 2 and this relation is satisfied by three different values
x= 0, x = 1 and x = – 1 and hence it is an identity because a polynomial equation of n th degree cannot
have more than n distinct roots.
2. Relation Between Roots & Co-efficients:

(i) The solutions of quadratic equation, a x2 + b x + c = 0, (a  0) is given by
 b  b2  4 a c
x=
2a
2
The expression, b  4 a c  D is called discriminant of quadratic equation.
(ii) If ,  are the roots of quadratic equation,

a x2 + b x + c = 0, a  0. Then:
b c D
(a)  +  =  (b)  = (c)  = a
a a
(iii) A quadratic equation whose roots are  &  , is
(x ) (x  ) = 0 i.e.
x2  (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0
Example # 2
If  and  are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, find the equation whose roots are +2 and  +2.
Solution.
Replacing x by x – 2 in the given equation, the required equation is
a(x – 2)2 + b(x – 2) + c = 0 i.e., ax2 – (4a – b)x + (4a – 2b + c) = 0.
Quadratic Equation [1]

Example # 3
The coefficient of x in the quadratic equation x 2 + px + q = 0 was taken as 17 in place of 13, its roots
were found to be – 2 and – 15. Find the roots of the original equation.
Solution.
Here q = (– 2) × (– 15) = 30, correct value of p = 13. Hence original equation is
x2 + 13x + 30 = 0 as (x + 10) (x + 3) = 0
 roots are – 10, – 3
Self Practice Problems :
1. If ,  are the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 then find the quadratic equation whose
roots are
(i) 2, 2 (ii) 2 ,  2 (iii)  + 1,  + 1
1  1    
(iv) , (v) ,
1  1    
(r  1)2 b2
2. If r be the ratio of the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, show that = .
r ac
Ans.(1) (i) ax2 + 2bx + 4c = 0 (ii) a 2 x2 + (2ac – b2 ) x + c2 = 0
(iii) ax2 – (2a – b) x + a + c – b = 0 (iv) (a + b + c)x2 – 2(a – c) x + a –
b+c=0
(v) ac x2 – (b2 – 2ac) x + ac = 0
3. Nature of Roots:
Consider the quadratic equation, a x2 + b x + c = 0 having ,  as its roots; D  b2  4 a c
D=0 D0
Roots are equal =  =  b/2a Roots are unequal
a, b, c  R & D > 0 a, b, c  R & D < 0

Roots are real Roots are imaginary  = p + i q,  = p  i q
and which are complex conjugate
a, b, c  Q & a, b, c  Q &
D is a perfect s quare D is not a perfect square
 Roots are rational  Roots are irrational
 i.e.  = p + q ,  = p  q
a = 1, b, c   & D is a perfect square and which are complex conjugate
 Roots are integral.
# If a + b + c = 0 then definitely one root of a.e. is   1 and other will be   c / a

Example # 4
For what values of m the equation (1 + m) x2 – 2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0 has equal roots.
Solution.
Given equation is (1 + m) x 2 – 2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0 ........(i)
Let D be the discriminant of equation (i).
Roots of equation (i) will be equal if D = 0.
or, 4(1 + 3m)2 – 4(1 + m) (1 + 8m) = 0
or, 4(1 + 9m2 + 6m – 1 – 9m – 8m2 ) = 0
or, m2 – 3m = 0 or, m(m – 3) = 0
 m = 0, 3.
Example # 5
Find all the integral values of a for which the quadratic equation (x – a) (x – 10) + 1 = 0 has integral
roots.
Solution.
Here the equation is x2 – (a + 10)x + 10a + 1 = 0. Since integral roots will always be rational it means
D should be a perfect square.
From (i) D = a 2 – 20a + 96.
 D = (a – 10)2 – 4
 4 = (a – 10)2 – D
If D is a perfect square it means we want difference of two perfect square as 4 which is possible
only when (a – 10)2 = 4 and D = 0.
 (a – 10) = ± 2
 a = 12, 8
Example # 6
If the roots of the equation (x – a) (x – b) – k = 0 be c and d, then prove that the roots of the equation
(x – c) (x – d) + k = 0, are a and b.
Solution.
By given condition
(x – a) (x – b) – k  (x – c) (x – d)
or (x – c) (x – d) + k  (x – a) (x – b)
Above shows that the roots of (x – c) (x – d) + k = 0 are a and b.
3. Let 4x2 – 4( – 2)x +  – 2 = 0 (  R) be a quadratic equation. Find the value of  for which
(i) Both roots are real and distinct.
(ii) Both roots are equal.
(iii) Both roots are imaginary
(iv) Both roots are opposite in sign.
(v) Both roots are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.

4. Find the values of a, if ax 2 – 4x + 9 = 0 has integral roots.
5. If P(x) = ax2 + bx + c, and Q(x) = – ax 2 + dx + c, ac  0 then prove that P(x) . Q(x) = 0 has atleast
two real roots.
Ans. (3) (i) (– , 2)  (3, ) (ii)  {2, 3}

(iii) (2, 3) (iv) (– , 2) (v) 
1 1
(4) a= , –
3 4
4. Common Roots:
Consider two quadratic equations, a 1 x2 + b1 x + c1 = 0 & a 2 x2 + b2 x + c2 = 0.
(i) If two quadratic equations have both roots common, then the equation are identical and their
co-efficient are in proportion. i.e.
a1 b c
= 1 = 1 .
a2 b2 c 2
(ii) If only one root is common, then the common root '  ' will be:
c a  c2 a1 b c  b2 c1
= 1 2 = 1 2
a 1 b 2  a 2 b1 c1 a 2  c2 a1
Hence the condition for one common root is:
2
 c1 a 2  c 2 a1   c1 a 2  c2 a1 
a1   + b1   + c1 = 0
 a1 b2  a 2 b1   a1 b2  a 2 b1 
2
 c1 a 2  c2 a1  = a 1 b 2  a 2 b1  b1 c2  b 2 c1 
Note : If f(x) = 0 & g(x) = 0 are two polynomial equation having some common root(s) then those common
root(s) is/are also the root(s) of h(x) = a f(x) + bg (x) = 0.
Example # 7
If x2 – ax + b = 0 and x2 – px + q = 0 have a root in common and the second equation has equal roots,
ap
show that b + q = .
2
Solution.
Given equations are : x2 – ax + b= 0 and x 2 – px + q = 0.
Let  be the common root. Then roots of equation (2) will be  and . Let  be the other root of
equation (1). Thus roots of equation (1) are ,  and those of equation (2) are , .
Now  +  = a ........ (iii)
 = b ........ (iv)
2 = p ........ (v)
2
 =q ........ (vi)
L.H.S. = b + q =  + 2 = ( +  ) ........ (vii)
ap (  ) 2
and R.H.S. = = =  ( +  ) ........ (viii)
2 2
from (7) and (8), L.H.S. = R.H.S.

Example # 8
If a, b, c  R and equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and x2 + 2x + 9 = 0 have a common root, show that
a : b : c = 1 : 2 : 9.
Solution.
Given equations are : x2 + 2x + 9 = 0 ........(i)
2
and ax + bx + c = 0 ........(ii)
Clearly roots of equation (i) are imaginary since equation (i) and (ii) have a common root, therefore
common root must be imaginary and hence both roots will be common.
Therefore equations (i) and (ii) are identical
a b c
 = =
1 2 9
 a:b:c=1:2:9
6. If the equation x2 + bx + ac = 0 and x2 + cx + ab = 0 have a common root then prove that the equation
containing other roots will be given by x 2 + ax + bc = 0.
7. If the equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 have two common roots then show that
a = b = c.
a b c
8. If ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 and a 1 x2 + 2b1 x + c1 = 0 have a common root and , , are in A.P. show
a1 b1 c1
that a 1 , b1 , c1 are in G.P.
5. Factorisation of Quadratic Expressions:

 The condition that a quadratic expression f (x) = a x2 + b x + c a perfect square of a linear expression,
is D b2  4 a c = 0.
 The condition that a quadratic expressionf (x, y)= ax² +2 hxy + by² +2 gx+ 2 fy + c may be resolved
a h g
into two linear factors is that;  abc + 2 fgh  af²  bg²  ch² = 0 OR h b f = 0.
g f c
Example # 9
Determine a such that x2 – 11x + a and x2 – 14x + 2a may have a common factor.
Solution.
Let x –  be a common factor of x 2 – 11x + a and x2 – 14x + 2a.
Then x =  will satisfy the equations x 2 – 11x + a = 0 and x 2 – 14x + 2a = 0.
 2 – 11 + a = 0 and 2 – 14 + 2a = 0
Solving (i) and (ii) by cross multiplication method, we get a = 24.

Example # 10
Show that the expression x 2 + 2(a + b + c)x + 3(bc + ca + ab) will be a perfect square if a = b = c.
Solution.
Given quadratic expression will be a perfect square if the discriminant of its corresponding equation
is zero.
i.e. 4(a + b + c)2 – 4.3 (bc + ca + ab) = 0
or (a + b + c)2 – 3(bc + ca + ab) = 0
1
or ((a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 ) = 0
2
which is possible only when a = b = c.
9. For what values of k the expression (4 – k)x 2 + 2(k + 2)x + 8k + 1 will be a perfect square ?
10. If x –  be a factor common to a 1 x2 + b1 x + c and a 2 x2 + b2 x + c prove that (a 1 – a 2 ) = b2 – b1 .
11. If 3x2 + 2xy + 2y2 + 2ax – 4y + 1 can be resolved into two linear factors, Prove that  is a root of the
equation x2 + 4ax + 2a 2 + 6 = 0. Ans. (9) 0, 3
6. Graph of Quadratic Expression:

y = f (x) = a x2 + b x + c
2
 D   b 
or y   = a  x  
 4 a   2 a 
 the graph between x, y is always a parabola.

 b D 
 the coordinate of vertex are   2 a ,  4 a 
 
 If a > 0 then the shape of the parabola is concave upwards & if a < 0 then the shape of the
parabola is concave downwards.
 the parabola intersect the yaxis at point (0, c).
 the xcoordinate of point of intersection of parabola with x axis are the real roots of the
quadratic equation f (x) = 0. Hence the parabola may or may not intersect the x axis at real
points.

7. Range of Quadratic Expression f (x) = a x2 + b x + c.
(i) Absolute Range:
 D 
If a>0  f (x)   4 a ,  
 
 D
a<0  f (x)     ,  4 a 
 
D
Hence maximum and minimum values of the expression f (x) is  4 a in respective cases and
b
it occurs at x =  2 a (at vertex).
(ii) Range in restricted domain:

Given x  [x1 , x2 ]
b
(a) If 
2a
 [x1 , x2 ] then,  
f (x)  min f ( x1 ) , f ( x 2 ) ,  
max f ( x 1) , f ( x 2 ) 
b
(b) If   [x1 , x2 ] then,
2a
  D  D 
f (x)   min  f ( x1) , f ( x 2 ) ,  4 a  , max  f ( x1) , f ( x 2 ) ,  4 a  
     
Example # 11
If c < 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0 does not have any real roots then prove that
(i) a–b+c<0 (ii) 9a + 3b + c < 0.
Solution.
c < 0 and D < 0  a<0  y = f(x) = ax2 + bx + c < 0 for all x  R
 f(– 1) = a – b + c < 0
and f(3) = 9a + 3b + c < 0
Example # 12
Find the maximum and minimum values of f(x) = x 2 – 5x + 6.

Solution.  a = 1 > 0
D b
minimum of f(x) =– at x = –
4a 2a
 25  24  5 1
=–  4
 at x = =–
  2 4
 1 
maximum of f(x) =  Hence range is  4 ,   .
 

Example # 13
x2  x  1
Find the range of rational expression y = if x is real.
x2  x  1
Solution.
x2  x  1
y=
x2  x  1
 (y – 1)x2 + (y + 1) x + y – 1 = 0
 x is real
 D0
 (y + 1)2 – 4(y – 1)2  0
 (y – 3) (3y – 1)  0
1 
 y  , 3 .
3 
Example # 14
x2
Find the range of y = 2 , if x is real.
2 x  3x  6
Solution.
x2
y= 2
2 x  3x  6
 2yx2 + 3yx + 6y = x + 2
 2yx2 + (3y – 1) x + 6y – 2 = 0
 x is real
D0
 (3y – 1)2 – 8y (6y – 2)  0
 (3y – 1) (13y + 1)  0
 1 1
y   ,  .
 13 3 
12. If c > 0 and ax2 + 2bx + 3c = 0 does not have any real roots then prove that
(i) a – 2b + 3c > 0 (ii) a + 4b + 12c > 0
( a  b) 2
13. If f(x) = (x – a) (x – b), then show that f(x)  – .
4
14. For what least integral value of k the quadratic polynomial (k – 2) x 2 + 8x + k + 4 > 0  x  R.
x 2  34 x  71
15. Find the range in which the value of function lies  x  R.
x2  2x  7
mx 2  3x  4
16. Find the interval in which 'm' lies so that the function y = can take all real values
4 x 2  3x  m
 x  R.
Ans. (14) k = 5. (15) (– , 5]  [9, ) (16) m  [1, 7]

8. Sign of Quadratic Expressions:
The value of expression, f (x) = a x2 + b x + c at x = x0 is equal to ycoordinate of a point on parabola
y = a x2 + b x + c whose xcoordinate is x0 . Hence if the point lies above the x axis for some x = x0 ,
then f (x0 ) > 0 and viceversa.
We get six different positions of the graph with respect to x axis as shown.
NOTE:
(i)  x  R, y > 0 only if a > 0 & D  b²  4ac < 0 (figure 3).
(ii)  x  R, y < 0 only if a < 0 & D  b²  4ac < 0 (figure 6).
9. Solution of Quadratic Inequalities:

The values of ' x ' satisfying the inequality, ax 2 + bx + c > 0 (a  0) are:
(i) If D > 0, i.e. the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has two different roots  <  .
Then a > 0  x  ( )  ( )
a < 0  x  (  )
(ii) If D = 0, i.e. roots are equal, i.e.  =  .

Then a > 0  x  (, )  ( )
a < 0  x 
(iii) If D < 0, i.e. the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has no real root.

Then a > 0  x  R
a < 0  x  
P ( x ) Q ( x ) R ( x )......... 
(iv) Inequalities of the form  0 can be quickly solved using the method of
A ( x) B ( x) C ( x)......... 
intervals, where A, B, C........, P, Q, R......... are linear functions of ' x '.

Example # 15
x2  6 x  7
Solve 2
x2  1
Solution.
 x2 + 6x – 7  2x2 + 2
 x2 – 6x + 9  0
 (x – 3)2  0
 xR
Example # 16
x2  x  1
Solve > 0.
| x  1|
Solution.
 |x + 1| > 0
 x  R – {–1}
 x2 + x + 1 > 0
 D=1–4=–3<0
 x2 + x + 1 > 0  x  R
 x  (– , – 1)  (– 1, )
Example # 17
x 2  3x  1
x 2  x  1 < 3.
Solution.
| x 2  3 x  1|
< 3.
x2  x  1
 in x2 + x + 1
D=1–4=–3<0
 x2 + x + 1 > 0  x  R
 |x2 – 3x – 1| < 3(x 2 + x + 1)
 (x2 – 3x – 1)2 – {3(x2 + x + 1)}2 < 0
 (4x2 + 2) (– 2x2 – 6x – 4) < 0
 (2x2 + 1) (x + 2) (x + 1) > 0
 x  (– , – 2)  (– 1, )
17. (i) |x2 + x | – 5 < 0 (ii) x2 – 7x + 12 < |x – 4|
2x 1
18. Solve 2 
x 9 x2
19. Solve the inequation (x2 + 3x + 1) (x 2 +3x – 3)  5
x2   x  1
20. Find the value of parameter '' for which the inequality x 2  x  1  3 is satisfied  x  R
x2  5x  4
21. Solve 1
x2  4
  1  21   21  1  
Ans. (17) (i)     ,    (ii) (2, 4)
  2   2 
(18) (– , – 3)  (– 2, 3) (19) (– , – 4]  [–2, –1]  [1, )
 8 5 
(20) (–1, 5) (21) 0, 5    2 ,  
10. Location Of Roots:

Let f (x) = ax² + bx + c, where a > 0 & a , b, c  R.
(i) (ii) (iii)
(i) Conditions for both the roots of f (x) = 0 to be greater than a specified number‘x 0 ’ are
b²  4ac  0; f (x0 ) > 0 & ( b/2a) > x0 .
(ii) Conditions for both the roots of f (x) = 0 to be smaller than a specified number ‘x 0 ’ are
b²  4ac  0; f (x0 ) > 0 & ( b/2a) < x0 .
(iii) Conditions for both roots of f (x) = 0 to lie on either side of the number ‘x0 ’ (in other words the
number ‘x0 ’ lies between the roots of f (x) = 0), is f (x0 ) < 0. D > 0
(iv) (v)
(iv) Conditions that both roots of f (x) = 0 to be confined between the numbers x 1 and
x2 , (x1 < x2 ) are b²  4ac  0; f (x1 ) > 0 ; f (x2 ) > 0 & x1 < ( b/2a) < x2 .
(v) Conditions for exactly one root of f (x) = 0 to lie in the interval (x 1 , x2 ) i.e.
x1 < x < x2 is f (x1 ). f (x2 ) < 0. D  0
Example # 18
x2 – (m – 3) x + m = 0
(a) Find values of m so that both the roots are greater than 2.
Condition -  D  0  (m – 3)2 – 4m  0  m2 – 10m + 9  0

 (m – 1) (m – 9)  0  m  (– , 1]  [9, ) ......(i)

Condition -  f(2) > 0  4 – (m – 3)2 + m > 0  m < 10...(ii),
b m3
Condition -  – >2  2  m > 7.....(iii)
2a 2
Intersection of (i), (ii) and (iii) gives m  [9, 10) Ans.
(b) Find the values of m so that both roots lie in the interval (1, 2)
Condition -  D  0  m  (– , 1]  [9, )

Condition -  f(1) > 0  1 – (m – 3) + m > 0  4>0  mR
Condition -  f(2) > 0  m < 10
b m3
Condition - V 1 < – <2  1< <2  5<m<7
2a 2
intersection gives m  Ans.
(c) One root is greater than 2 and other smaller than 1
Condition -  f(1) < 0  4<0  m 

Condition -  f(2) < 0  m > 10
Intersection gives m   Ans.
(d) Find the value of m for which both roots are positive.
Condition -  D  0  m  (– , 1] [9, )

Condition -  f(0) > 0  m>0
b m 3
Condition -   >0  >0  m>3
2a 2
intersection gives m  [9, ) Ans.
(e) Find the values of m for which one root is (positive) and other is (negative).
Condition -  f(0) < 0  m < 0 Ans.

(f) Roots are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign.
sum of roots = 0  m=3
and f(0) < 0  m<0
 m  Ans.
Example # 19
Find all the values of 'a' for which both the roots of the equation
(a – 2)x2 + 2ax + (a + 3) = 0 lies in the interval (– 2, 1).
Sol. Case - 
When a–2>0
 a>2
Condition -  f(–2) > 0  (a – 2)4 – 4a + a + 3 > 0  a–5>0a>5
1
Condition -  f(1)> 0  4a + 1 > 0  a>–
4
Condition -  D  0  4a 2 – 4(a + 3) (a – 2)  0  a6
b 2(a  1)
Condition - V – <1  >0  a  (– , 1)  (2, )
2a a2
b 2a a4
Condition - V – 2< –
2a
 2 (a  2) > – 2 
a2
> 0  (a  ( ,2)  (4,  )
Intersection gives a  (5, 6]. Ans.
Case-  when a – 2 < 0
a<2
Condition -  f(–2) < 0  a<5
1
Condition -  f(1) < 0,  a<–
4
b
Condition -  – 2 < – <1  a  (– , 1)  (4, )
2a
Condition - V D  0  a6
 1
intersection gives a   ,  
 4
 1
complete solution is a   ,    (5, 6] Ans.
 4
22. Let 4x2 – 4( – 2)x +  – 2 = 0 (  R) be a quadratic equation find the value of  for which
(a) Both the roots are positive
(b) Both the roots are negative
(c) Both the roots are opposite in sign.
(d) Both the roots are greater than 1/2.
(e) Both the roots are smaller than 1/2.
(f) One root is small than 1/2 and the other root is greater than 1/2.
Ans. (a) [3, ) (b)  (c) (– , 2)
(d)  (e) (– , 2] (f) (3, )
23. Find the values of the parameter a for which the roots of the quadratic equation
x2 + 2(a – 1)x + a + 5 = 0 are
(i) positive (ii) negative (iii) opposite in sign.
Ans. (i) (–5, – 1] (ii) [4, ) (iii) (– , – 5)
24. Find the values of P for which both the roots of the equation
4x2 – 20px + (25p 2 + 15p – 66) = 0 are less than 2.
Ans. (– , –1)
25. Find the values of  for which 6 lies between the roots of the equation x 2 + 2( – 3)x + 9 = 0.
 3
Ans.   ,   .
 4
26. Let 4x2 – 4( – 2)x +  – 2 = 0 ( R) be a quadratic equation find the value of  for which
 1
(i) Exactly one root lies in  0,  .
 2
 1
(ii) Both roots lies in  0,  .
 2
 1
(iii) At least one root lies in  0,  .
 2
(iv) One root is greater than 1/2 and other root is smaller than 0.
Ans. (i) (– , 2)  (3, ) (ii)  (iii) ( – , 2)  (3, )
(iv) 
27. In what interval must the number 'a' vary so that both roots of the equation
x2 – 2ax + a 2 – 1 = 0 lies between – 2 and 4.
Ans. (– 1, 3)
28. Find the values of a, for which the quadratic expression ax 2 + (a – 2) x – 2 is negative for exactly two
integral values of x.
Ans. [1, 2)

11. Theory Of Equations:
If 1, 2, 3,...... n are the roots of the equation;
f(x) = a 0 xn + a 1 x n-1 + a 2 x n-2 +.... + a n-1 x + a n = 0 where a 0, a 1,.... a n are all real & a 0  0 then,
a1 a2 a3 an
 1 =  a ,  1 2 = + a , 1 2 3 =  a ,....., 1 2 3. ....... n = (1)n a
0 0 0 0
NOTE :
(i) If  is a root of the equation f(x) = 0, then the polynomial f(x) is exactly divisible by (x ) or
(x ) is a factor of f(x) and conversely.
(ii) Every equation of nth degree (n  1) has exactly n roots & if the equation has more than n
roots, it is an identity.
(iii) If the coefficients of the equation f(x) = 0 are all real and  + i is its root, then   i is also
a root. i.e. imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs.
(iv) An equation of odd degree will have odd number of real roots and an equation of even degree
will have even numbers of real roots.
(v) If the coefficients in the equation are all rational &  +  is one of its roots, then
  is also a root where ,   Q &  is not a perfect square.
(vi) If there be any two real numbers 'a' & 'b' such that f(a) & f(b) are of opposite signs, then
f(x) = 0 must have odd number of real roots (also atleast one real root) between ' a ' and ' b '.
(vii) Every equation f(x) = 0 of degree odd has atleast one real root of a sign opposite to that of its
last term. (If coefficient of highest degree term is positive).
Example # 20
2x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 has roots ,  ,  then find  +  + ,  + +  and .
3 5 6
  +  +  = = – +  +  = ,  = – = – 3.
2 2 2
Example # 21
Find the roots of 4x3 + 20x2 – 23x + 6 = 0. If two roots are equal.
Let roots be ,  and 
20
 ++=–
4
 2 +  = – 5 .............(i)
23
  .  +  +  = –
4
23 6
 2 + 2 = – & 2  = –
4 4

from equation (i)
23
2 + 2 (– 5 – 2 ) = –
4
23
 2 – 10 – 42 = –
4
 122 + 40 – 23 = 0
23
  = 1/2, –
6
1
when  =
2
from equation (i)
1 3
2  = (– 5 – 1) = –
4 2
23
when  = –
6
23  23   23  
2  =   5  2x      – 3
36   6  2
1
 = , =–6
2
Hence roots of equation
1 1
= , , – 6 Ans.
2 2
29. Find the relation between p, q and r if the roots of the cubic equation x 3 – px2 + qx – r = 0 are such
that they are in A.P.
Ans. 2p3 – 9pq + 27r = 0
30. If ,  ,  are the roots of the cubic x 3 + qx + r = 0 then find the equation whose roots are
(a)  +  ,  + ,  +  Ans. x3 + qx – r = 0
(b)  , ,  Ans. x3 – qx2 – r 2 = 0
(c) 2 ,  2 , 2 Ans. x3 + 2qx2 + q2 x – r 2 = 0
(d) 3 ,  3 , 3 Ans. x3 + 3x2 r + q3 x + r 3 = 0

EXAMPLE WITH SOLUTIONS
# Example 1
Prove that the roots of the equation (b – c) x2 + 2(c – a) x + (a – b) = 0 are always real.
Solution
Given (b – c)x2 + 2(c – a)x + (a – b) = 0
Discriminant = [2(c – a)]2 – 4(b – c) (a – b)
For real roots D > 0
  To prove 4 (c – a)2 – 4(b – c) (a – b)  0
  (c – a)2 – (b – c) (a – b)  0
  (c2 + a2 – 2ac) – (ab – ac – b2 + bc)  0
  a2 + c2 – 2ac – ab + ac + b2 – bc  0
  a2 + b2 + c2 – ac – ab – bc  0
  2(a2 + b2 + c2 – ac – ab – bc)  0
  (a2 – 2ab + b2) + (b2 – 2bc + c2) + (c2 – 2ac + a2)  0
  (a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2  0, which is always true. Hence proved.
# Example 2
If equation (a – 1) x2 + (a2 + a – 2) x + (a2 – 3a + 2) = 0 has more than two roots then a = .............
Solution
(a – 1) x2 + (a + 2) (a – 1) x + (a – 2) (a – 1) = 0
as it is an identity
a–1=0  a=1
(a + 2) (a – 1) = 0  a = 1, – 2
(a – 2) (a – 1) = 0  a = 1, 2
So, a = 1
# Example 3
The coefficient of x in the quadratic equation x2 + px + q = 0 was taken as 17 in place of 13, its roots were
found to be – 2 and – 15. Find the roots of the original equation.
Solution
Here q = (– 2) × (– 15) = 30, correct value of p = 13. Hence original equation is x2 + 13x + 30 = 0
or (x + 10) (x + 3) = 0
  Roots are – 10, – 3
# Example 4
 
Let and be two roots of the equation (x + 1)n + xn + 1 = 0, where  and  are the roots of the
 
equation x2 + px + q = 0. If  are also roots of the equation x2n + pnxn + qn = 0, then show that n must be
an even integer, when p  0.
Solution

As is a root of (x + 1)n + xn + 1 = 0

n n
  
  1     1  0
  
or ()n + n + n = 0 … (i)
But  are roots of x + px + q = 0
2
    = – p,  = q

   from (i), (– p)n + n + n = 0 … (ii)
As ,  are roots of x2n + pnxn + qn = 0, we get
2n + pnn + qn = 0 and 2n + pnn + qn = 0
Subtracting, 2n – 2n + pn(n – n) = 0
or (n + n) (n – n) + pn(n – n) = 0
  either n + n + pn = 0
or n – n = 0
Case (i) when n + n + pn = 0 … (iii)
From (ii) – (iii), (– p)n – pn = 0
  (– p)n = pn
  n is an even integer.
Case (ii) when n – n = 0 i.e., n = n … (iv)
  p n
(– p)n + 2 n = 0 or n = – … (v)
2
Also  = q  nn = qn  2n = qn … (vi)
2
    p n    p  2n  p 2n
From (v) and (vi) q =  n   … (vii)
 2  4 4
 
2
   p n     p n  p 2n
n
Now,  + p  + q = 0   
2n n n n   p   0
 2   2  4
   
p 2n n p
2n
p 2n p 2n n p
2n
    1  0    1 0
4 2 4 4 2
  1 – (– 1)n = 0 [ p  0] n is an even integer
Thus from both the cases it follows that n must be an even integer.
# Example 5
Find all the integral values of a for which the quadratic equation (x – a) (x – 10) + 1 = 0 has integral
roots.
Solution
Here the equation is x2 – (10 + a) x + 10a + 1 = 0 … (i)
Since integral roots will always be rational it means D should be a perfect square
Form (i) D = a2 – 20a + 96
 D = (a – 10)2 – 4
 4 = (a – 10)2 – D
If D is a perfect square it means we want difference of two perfect square as 4 which is possible only
when (a – 10)2 = 4 and D = 0
 (a – 10) = ± 2
 a = 12, 8
Alternative Method
(x – a) (x – 10) = – 1
Here (x – a) and (x – 10) are integers. So (x – a) & (x – 10) have to be opposite in sign and their
magnitude will be unity.
So (x – a) = 1 then (x – 10) = – 1
   a=8

and if (x – a) = – 1 then (x – 10) = 1
   a = 12
 Example 6
Find the constant m so that ‘1’ lies between the roots of the quadratic equation
(2m + 1) x2 – mx + m – 2 = 0
Solution
(2m + 1)x2 – mx + (m – 2) = 0
or f (x)  x2 –
m
x
 m  2   0 (As m  – 1/2)
 2m  1  2m  1
The statement ‘1’ lies between the roots  f (1) < 0
m m2
 1  0
2 m  1 2m  1
2m  1  m  m  2 1 1
0   m
2m  1 2 2
 Example 7
Let a, b, c be real. If ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two real roots  and  where  < – 1 and  > 1, then show that
c b
1   0.
a a
Solution
ax2 + bx + c = 0
y
b c
or x 2  x   0
a a
b c
Let f (x) = x 2  x  {coefficient of x2 is positive} -1 1
a a x
b c b c
f(– 1) = 1   , f(1) = 1  
a a a a
f (– 1) . f (1) > 0 (As  < – 1 and  > 1)
 b c  b c 
1    1     0 
 a a a a
2
 c b2
or 1    2  0
 a a
2
 c b2
or  1   
 a a2
 c b
or 1   
 a a
 c b
or  1    (As  < – 1 or 1 + c/a < 0)
 a a
c b
  1  0 Hence proved
a a
Alternative method:
<–1   + E1 = – 1 where E1 > 0
Also >1   – E2 = 1 where E2 > 0
c b
Now, 1  = 1 +  + |  +  | = 1 – (1 + E1) (1 + E2) + | E2 – E1 |
a a

= 1 – 1 – E1 – E2 – E1E2 + | E2 – E1 |
= – E1 – E2 – E1E2 + E2 – E1 if E2 > E1
= – E1 – E2 – E1E2 + E1 – E2 if E1 > E2
c b
Hence L.H.S. = – 2E1 – E1E2 or – 2E2 – E1E2 . In both the cases 1   0 (E1, E2 > 0)
a a
# Example 8
If  and  are the roots of the equation x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0, then form the equation whose roots are
1 1 1
 ,  and   .
  
Solution
1    1
       1  
  r  r
 1  1  1
Thus the roots of the required equation are   1   ,   1   and   1   . Hence the required
 r  r  r
 1  rx
equation is obtained from the given equation by replacing x by x /  1    .
 r  r 1
3 2
 rx   rx   rx 
Hence required equation is    p   q r 0
 r 1  r 1   r 1
 r2x3 + pr (r + 1) x2 + q (r + 1)2 x + (r + 1)3 = 0.
OBJECTIVE TYPE EXAMPLE WITH SOLUTIONS

# Example 1
The value of a for which the sum of the square of the roots of the equation x2 – (a – 2) x – a – 1 = 0 assumes the
least value is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
Solution
Let ,  be the roots of the given equation. Then,  +  = a – 2 and  = – (a + 1).
Now, 2 + 2 = ( + )2 – 2 = (a – 2)2 + 2 (a + 1)
= a2 – 2a + 6 = (a – 1)2 + 5
Clearly, 2 + 2  5. So, the minimum value of 2 + 2 is 5 which it attains at a = 1.
  Ans. (b)
# Example 2
The real values of a for which the quadratic equation 2x2 – (a3 + 8a – 1) x + a2 – 4a = 0 possesses roots of opposite
signs are given by
(a) a>5 (b) 0 < a < 4 (c) a > 0 (d) a > 7
Solution
The roots of the given equation will be of opposite signs, if they are real and their product is negative, i.e. they
are real and their product is negative, i.e.
Disc  0 and product of roots < 0
a 2  4a
 (a3 + 8a – 1)2 – 8 (a2 – 4a)  0 and 0
2
 a2 – 4a < 0 [ a2 – 4a < 0  (a3 + 8a – 1)2 – 8 (a2 – 4a)  0]
 0 < a < 4.
  Ans. (b)

# Example 3
Let ,  be the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0; ,  be the roots of px2 + qx + r = 0; and D1, D2 the respective discriminants of
the equations. If , ,  and  are in A.P., then D1 : D2 =
a2 a2 b2 c2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
b2 p2 q2 r2
Solution
We have
b c
 ,  
a a'
q r
     and   .
p p
Now,
, , ,  are in AP   –  =  – 
 ( – )2 = ( – )2  ( + )2 – 4 = ( + )2 – 4 
b2 4c q 2 4r b 2  4ac q 2  4rp
   2   
a2 a p p a2 p2
D1 D2 D1 a 2
    .
a2 p2 D2 p 2
  Ans. (b)
# Example 4
If ,  are the roots of a x2 + bx + c = 0 and  + h,  + h are the roots of px2 + qx + r = 0, then h =
b q 1b q  1a p
(a)    (b)    (c)     (d) none of these
a p 2 a p 2 b q 
Solution
We have
b c
     ,   , and
a a
q r
 + h +  + h =  and ( + h) ( + h) = .
p p
q b q b
  +  + 2h =     2h  [  +  =  ]
p a p a
1b q 
 h   
2 a p 
  Ans. (b)
# Example 5
If both the roots of the equation x2 – 6ax + 2 – 2a + 9a2 = 0 exceed 3, then
9 11 11 11
(a) a (b) a  (c) a  (d) a 
11 9 9 9
Solution
Let f (x) = x2 – 6ax + 2 – 2a + 9a2, and let  be the roots of f (x) = 0. Then equation f (x) = 0 will have its both roots
greater then 3, if
(i) Disc  0 (ii)  +  > 6 (iii) f (3) > 0
Now, Disc  0  36a2 – 8 + 8a – 36a2  0
 –8+a0  a1 …(i)
 +  > 6  6a > 6  a > 1 …(ii)
and, f (3) > 0  9 – 18a + 2 – 2a + 9 a > 0 2

 9a2 – 20 a + 11 > 0  9a2 – 11a – 9a + 11 > 0
11
 (9a – 11) (a – 1) >0  a < 1 or a > …(iii)
9
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get a > 11/9.
  Ans. (c)
# Example 6
If every pair from among the equations x2 + px + qr = 0, x2 + qx + rp = 0 and x2 + rx + pq = 0 has a common root,
then the product of three common roots is
(a) pqr (b) 2 pqr (c) p2 q2 r2 (d) None of these
Solution
we have
 = qr,   = rp and  = pq
 () () () = (qr) (rp) pq)
 ()2 = (pqr)2   = pqr
 Ans. (a)
# Example 7
If a  Z and the equation (x – a) (x – 10) + 1 = 0 has integral roots, then the values of a are
(a) 10,8 (b) 12, 10 (c) 12, 8 (d) None of these
Solution
Since a and x are integers. Therefore,
(x – a) (x – 10) + 1 = 0
 (x – a) (x – 10) = –1
 (x – a = 1 and x – 10 = –1) or (x – a = –1 and x – 10 = 1)
 (x = 9 and a = 8) or (x = 11 and a = 12)
 a = 8 or a = 12.
 Ans. (c)
# Example 8
If m  Z and the equation m x2 + (2m – 1)x + (m – 2) = 0 has rational roots, then m is of the form
(a) n (n + 2), n  Z (b) n (n + 1), n  Z (c) n (n – 2), n  Z (d) None of these
Solution
The discriminant D of the given equation is given by D = (2m – 1)2 – 4m (m – 2) = 4m + 1
If the given equation has rational roots, then the discriminant should be a perfect square of a rational number,
say a. i.e., 4m + 1 = a2  a2 is an integer [ 4m + 1 is an integer]
 a is an integer
Now, 4m + 1 = a2
 4m = (a2 – 1)  4m = (a – 1) (a + 1)
 (a – 1) (a + 1) is an even integer of the form 4m
 a – 1 and a + 1 are even integers [ 4m is an even integer]
 a is an odd integer
Let a = 2n + 1, where n  Z then,
a2 = 4m + 1  (2n + 1)2 = 4m + 1
 m = n (n + 1), where n  Z.
 Ans. (b)
# Example 9
The integer k for which the inequality x2 – 2 (4k – 1) x + 15k2 – 2k – 7 > 0 is valid for any x, is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) none of these
Solution
Let f (x) = x2 – 2 (4k – 1)x + 15k2 – 2k – 7. Then,

f (x) > 0  Disc < 0 [ coeff. of x2 > 0]
 4 (4k – 1) – 4 (15k – 2k – 7) < 0
2 2
 k2 – 6k + 8 < 0  2 < k < 4.

 Ans. (b)
# Example 10
The values of a for which 2x2 – 2 (2a + 1) x + a (a + 1) = 0 may have one root less than a and other root greater than
a are given by
(a) 1 > a > 0 (b) –1 < a < 0 (c) a  0 (d) a > 0 or a < –1
Solution
The given condition suggests that a lies between the roots. Let f (x) = 2x2 – 2 (2a + 1) x + a (a + 1). For a to lie
between the roots, we must have
Disc  0 and f (a) < 0
Now, Disc  0  4 (2a + 1)2 – 8a (a + 1)  0
 1
 8  a 2  a    0 , which is always true
 2
 f (a) < 0  2a2 – 2a (2a + 1) + a (a + 1) < 0
 – a2 – a < 0  a2 + a > 0
 a > 0 or a < –1.
 Ans. (d)
# Example 11
If x3 + 3x2 – 9x + c is of the form (x – )2 (x – ) then c =
(a) – 5 (b) 27 (c) – 27 (d) 0
Solution
If f (x) = x3 + 3x2 – 9x + c = (x – )2 (x – ), then (x – ) is a factor of order 2. So, x –  is a factor of order one of f  (x)
i.e. 3x2 + 6x – 9.
Now, f  (x) = 3x2 + 6x – 9 = 3 (x2 + 2x – 3) = 3 (x + 3) (x – 1)
 f  (x) = 0  x = 1 or x = –3.
This shows that either  = 1 or  = –3
If  = 1, then as  is a root of x3 + 3x2 – 9x + c = 0. Therefore,
1+3–9+c=0  c=5
If  = –3, then as  is a root of x3 + 3x2 – 9x + c = 0.
Therefore, – 27 + 27 + 27 + c = 0  c = – 27.
 Ans. (c)
# Example 12
The number of real roots of (6 – x)4 + (8 – x)4 = 16 is
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) None of these
Solution
Let y = 7 – x. Then the given equation become.
(y + 1)4 + (y – 1)4 = 16  y4 + 6y – 7 = 0
 (y2 – 1) (y2 + 7) = 0  y2 – 1 = 0 [ y2 + 7  0]
 y=±1
 7 – x = ± 1  x = 6, 8.
 Ans. (b)

SUBJECTIVE TYPE EXAMPLE WITH SOLUTIONS
# Example 1
8 x 2  16 x  51
Solve: 3
(2 x  3) ( x  4)
Solution
8 x 2  16 x  51 8 x 2  16 x  51
3  30
(2 x  3) ( x  4) (2 x  3) ( x  4)
8 x 2  16 x  51  3(2 x  3) ( x  4)
 0 – + –
(2 x  3) ( x  4)
2 x 2  x  15 (2 x  5) ( x  3)
   
– – 4 – 3 3
2
5
2
+

 0  0
(2 x  3) ( x  4) (2 x  3) ( x  4)
Critical points are: x = –4, –3, 3/2, 5/2
(2 x  5) ( x  3)
 0
(2 x  3) ( x  4)
 x  (– , –4)  (–3, 3/2)  (5/2, )
# Example 2
Find all the values of a, so that 6 lies between the roots of the equation x2 + 2(a – 3) x + 9 = 0.
Solution
Let f (x) = x2 + 2 (a – 3) x + 9. If 6 lies between the roots of f (x) = 0, then we must have the following.
(i) Disc > 0, and (ii) f (6) < 0 ( coeff. of x2 is positive).
Now,
Disc > 0  4 (a – 3)2 – 36 > 0  (a – 3)2 – 9 > 0
 a2 – 6a > 0
 a (a – 6) > 0  a < 0 or a > 6
and, f (6) < 0  36 +12 (a – 3) + 9 < 0
3
 12a + 9 < 0  a  
4
From (i) and (ii), we get : a < –3/4 i.e. a  (– , –3/4).
# Example 3
Find the value of k, so that the equations 2x2 + kx – 5 = 0 and x2 – 3x – 4 = 0 have one root in common.
Solution
Let  be the common root of the two equations
Then,
22 + k – 5 = 0
2 – 3 – 4 = 0
Solving these two equations, we get
2  1 4k  15 3
   2 = and  
4k  15 5  8 6  k k 6 k 6
 3  4k  15
   [ 2 = ()2]
k 6 k 6
 (4k + 15) (k + 6) = 9 4k2 + 39 k + 81 = 0
27
 k = –3 or k   .
4

# Example 4
If a x2 + bx + c = 0 and b x2 + cx + a = 0
Solution
Let  be the common root of the two equations.
Then
a2 + b + c = 0
and, b2 + c + a = 0
Solving these two equations, we get
2  1 2 ab  c 2 bc  a 2
     and  
ab  c 2 bc  a 2 ac  b 2 ac  b 2 ac  b 2
2
ab  c 2  bc  a 2 
   [ 2 = ()2]
ac  b 2  ac  b 2 
 (ab – c)2 (ac – b2) = (bc – a2)2
 a (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) = 0
 a3 + b3 + c3 – 3 abc = 0 [ a  0]
 a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
27
 k = –3 or k   .
4
# Example 5
a1 b1 c1
If , , are in AP and the equations a1x2 + 2b1 + c1 = 0 and a2x2 + 2b2 x + c2 = 0 have a common root,
a2 b2 c2
prove that a2, b2, c2 are in G.P.
Solution
It is given that the equation a1x2 + 2b1 x + c1 = 0 and a2x2 + 2b2 x + c2 = 0 have a common root. So, let  be
the common root.
 a12 + 2b1  + c1 = 0
and, a2 2 + 2b2  + c2 = 0
2  1
  
2 (b1c2  b2c1 ) c1a2  c2 a1 2( a1b2  a2b1 )
b1c2  b2 c1 c a c a
 2  and   1 2 2 1
a1b2  a2b1 2( a1b2  a2b1 )
Now, 2 = ()2
2
b1c2  b2 c1  c1a2  c2 a1 
  
a1b2  a2b1  2( a1b2  a2b1 ) 
 4 (b1c2 – b2c1) (a1b2 – a2b1) = (c1a2 – c2a1)2
2
b c   a1 b1  2  c1 a1 
 4b2 c2  1 . 1  . a2 b2     (c2 a2 )   
 b2 c2  a
 2 b2   c2 a2 
2
 b1 c1   a1 b1  2 2  c1 a1 
 4 a2 b22 c2
       a2 c2   
 b2 c2   a2 b2   c2 a2 
a b c
It is given that 1 , 1 , 1 are in A.P. Let D be the common difference of this A.P. Then,
a2 b2 c2
b1 a1 c1 b1 c a
     D and 1  1  2 D .
b2 a2 c2 b2 c2 a2
Putting these values in (i), we get
4 a2b22 c2  (– D)  (– D) = a22 c22 (2D)2
 b22 = a2c2  a2, b2, c2 are in GP.
# Example 6
x2  3x  4
If x is real, prove that the values of lies between 1/7 and 7.
x 2  3x  4
Solution
x 2  3x  4
Let y  . Then,
x2  3x  4
x2 (y – 1) + 3x (y + 1) + 4 (y – 1) = 0
This equation gives the values of x for given values of y. But y is the value when x is real. So, the roots
of this equation are real.
 Disc  0  9 (y + 1)2 – 16 (y – 1)2  0
 – 7y2 + 50y – 7  0  7y2 – 50y + 7  0
 (7y – 1) (y – 7)  0  1/7  y  7.
Hence, the given expression lies between 1/7 and 7.
# Example 7
x 2  34 x  71
If x is real, prove that can not have value between 5 and 9.
x2  2x  7
Solution
x 2  34 x  71
Let y  . Then,
x2  2x  7
x2 (y – 1) + 2x (y – 17) – (7y – 71) = 0
Since x is real. Therefore, the above equation has real roots.
So,
Disc  0  4 (y – 17)2 + 4 (y – 1) (7y – 71)  0
 y2 – 14y + 45  0  (y – 5) (y – 9)  0
 y  5 or y  9
Hence, the values of the given expression cannot lies between 5 and 9.
# Example 8
ax 2  3x  4
Find the values of a for which the expression assumes all real values for real values of x.
3x  4 x2  a
Solution
ax 2  3 x  4
Let y  . Then,
3x  4 x 2  a
x2 (a + 4y) + 3 (1 – y) x – (4 + ay) = 0
Since x is real. So, roots of the above equation are real.
 Disc  0 for all y  R
 9 (1 – y)2 + 4 (a + 4y) (4 + ay)  0 for all y  R
 (9 + 16a) y2 + (4a2 + 46) y + (9 + 16a)  0 for y  R
 9 + 16 a > 0 and Disc  0
Now, Disc  0
 (4a2 + 46)2 – 4 (9 + 16a) (9 + 16a)  0
 4(2a2 + 23)2 – 4 (9 + 16a)2  0  (2a2 + 23)2 – (9 + 16a)2  0

 (2a2 + 16a + 32) (2a2 – 16a + 14)  0
 4 (a + 4)2 (a2 – 8a + 7)  0  a2 – 8a + 7  0
 (a – 1) (a – 7)  0  1  a  7.
Thus, 9 + 16a > 0 and 1  a  7.  1  a  7.
Thus, the expression will assume all real values for all real values of x, if a  [1, 7].
# Example 9
For what values of m can the expression 2x2 + mxy + 3y2 – 5y – 2 be expressed as the product of two
linear factors?
Solution
Comparing the given equation with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we have
a = 2, h = m/2, b = 3, c = –2, f = –5/2, g = 0
The given expression is resolvable into linear factors, if
25  m2 
abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0  – 12 – +2    0
2  4 
 m2 = 49  m = ± 7.
# Example 10
If the expression ax2 + by2 + cz2 + 2ayz + 2bzx + 2cxy can be resolved into rational factors, prove that
a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
Solution
ax2 + by2 + cz2 + 2ayz + 2bzx + 2cxy
  x 2  y
2
 y  x  x   y 
= z 2  a    b    c  2a    2b    2c     
  z  z z z  z   z  
= z2 [aX2 + bY2 + 2cXY + 2bX + 2aY + c] …(i)
x y
where X = and Y  .
z z
The given expression can be resolved into rational factors if the expression within brackets in (i) is
expressible into rational factors, the condition for which is
abc + 2 abc – a . a2 – b. b2 – c . c2 = 0  a3 + b3 + c3 = 3 abc.
# Example 11
mx 2  3x  4
If x  R, find m for which y takes all real values where y 
m  3x  4 x2
Solution
mx2 + 3x – 4 = my + 3xy – 4x2y
(m + 4y)x2 + 3(1 – y) x – 4 – my = 0
Now as x  R, B2 – 4AC  0,
  9(1 – y)2 + 4(m + 4y) (4 + my)  0,
  (9 + 16m)y2 + (4m2 + 64 – 18)y + 9 + 16m  0,
Now as y  R and expression is, greater than or equal to zero.
9 + 16m > 0
  m > – 9/16 and (4m2 + 46)2 – 4 (9 + 16 m)2  0
{4m2 + 46 + 2 (9 + 16m)} {4m2 + 46 – 2 (9 + 16m)}  0
  (m2 + 8m + 16) (m2 – 8m + 7)  0
  (m + 4)2 (m – 7) (m – 1)  0
  1m7
# Example 12
Solve the equation
| x2 + 4x + 3 | + 2x + 5 = 0
Solution
| x2 + 4x + 3 | + 2x + 5 = 0 … (i)
x2 + 4x + 3 = x2 + 4x + 4 – 1 = (x + 2)2 – 1
Case I.
x2 + 4x + 3  0 if (x + 2)2  1
x + 2  1 or x + 2  – 1
x–1 or x  – 3
This given equation is
x2 + 6x + 8 = 0
(x + 2) (x + 4) = 0
x = – 2, x = – 4
x = – 4 is the root
Case II.
x2 + 4x + 3 < 0 if (x + 2)2 < 1
–1<x+2<1
–3<x<–1
the given equation is
– x2 – 4x – 3 + 2x + 5 = 0
x2 + 2x – 2 = 0
(x + 1)2 = 3,
x = – 1 ± 3,
x = – 1 – 3 is the root.
# Example 13
Let a, b, c be real numbers and a  0. If  is a root of a2x2 + bx + c = 0,  is a root of a2x2 – bx – c = 0 and
0 <  < , then show that the equation a2x2 + 2bx + 2c = 0 has a root  that always satisfies  <  < .
Solution
a22 + b + c = 0 … (i)
a22 – b – c = 0 … (ii)
Let f (x) = a2x2 + 2bx + 2c
f() = a22 + 2 (b + c) = a22 – 2a22 = – a22.
= – a22 = – ive by (i)
f () = a22 + 2(b + c) = a22 + 2a22
= 3a22 = + ive by (ii)
Since f () and f () are of opposite signs we know from theory of equations that a root  of the
equation f (x) = 0 lies between  and b
 
# Example 14
A polynomial of degree n > 3 leaves remainders 2, 1, – 1 when divided by (x – 1), (x + 2) and (x + 1)
respectively. What will be the remainder if the polynomial is divided by (x2 – 1) (x + 2)?
Solution
Let the polynomial be f (x), which when divided by (x – ), leaves remainder q (say),

f (x)  p (x – ) + q … (i)
For  = 1, q = 2. Thus,
f (x) = p (x – 1) + 2 … (ii)
x = 1  f (1) = 2
Similarly with (x + 2) and (x + 1)
f (– 2) = 1, f (– 1) = – 1 … (iii)
Since (x – 1) (x + 2) is a cubic, the remainder when f(x) is divided by (x2 – 1) (x + 2) should be of the
2
form ax2 + bx + c
f (x)  (x2 – 1) (x + 2) .  + (ax2 + bx + c)
Putting x = 1, – 2, – 1 respectively, we get
f (1) = a + b + c = 2 From (ii)
f (– 2) = 4a – 2b + c = 1 From (iii)
f (– 1) = a – b + c = – 1 From (iii)
7 3 2
Solving these, a  , b  , c  
6 2 3
7 3 2
  the remainder is = x 2  x 
6 2 3
# Example 15
If a < b < c < d then show that (x – a) (x – c) + (x – b) (x – d) = 0 has real roots.
Solution
Let f (x) = (x – a) (x – c) +  (x – b) (x – d)
Now f (b) = (b – a) (b – c) < 0
f (d) = (d – a) (d – c) > 0
  at least one real root in (b, d)
Since one root is real  both roots are real as coefficient are real.

LEVEL # 1
Roots of Quadratic Equation
Q.1 The roots of the equation (x+2)2 = 4 (x+1) – 1 are -
(A)  1 (B)  i (C) 1,2 (D) – 1, –2
Q.2 The roots of Quadratic equation x2 + 14x + 45 = 0 are -
(A) – 9,5 (B) 5, 9 (C) – 5, 9 (D) – 5, – 9
Q.3 The roots of the equation x4 – 8x2 – 9 = 0 are-

(A)  3,  1 (B)  3,  i (C)  2,  i (D) None of these
Q.4 Which of the following equations has 1 and – 2 as the roots -

(A) x2 – x – 2 = 0 (B) x2 + x – 2 = 0 (C) x2 – x + 2 = 0 (D) x2 + x + 2 = 0
Q.5 Roots of 3x + 3 – x = 10/3 are-

(A) 0, 1 (B) 1, – 1 (C) 0, – 1 (D) None of these
Q.6 If f(x) = 2x3 + mx2 – 13 x + n and 2 and 3 are roots of the equations f(x) = 0, then values of m
and n are -
(A) 5,30 (B) – 5, 30 (C) – 5, – 30 (D) 5, – 30
Q.7 The number of roots of the quadratic equation 8 sec2  – 6 sec  + 1 = 0 is -

(A) Infinite (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0
Nature of roots
Q.8 If roots of the equation
ax2 + 2 (a+b) x + (a+ 2b+ c)= 0 are imaginary, then roots of the equation ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0 are-
(A) rational (B) irrational (C) equal (D) complex
Q.9 If a and b are the odd integers, then the roots of the equation
2ax2 + (2a + b) x + b = 0, a  0, will be-
(A) rational (B) irrational (C) non-real (D) equal
Q.10 If the roots of the equation 6x2 – 7x + k = 0
are rational then k is equal to -
(A) – 1 (B) –1,–2 (C) – 2 (4) 1,2
Q.11 The roots of the equation (a 2 + b2 ) x2 – 2(bc+ ad) x + (c2 + d2) = 0 are equal, if -
(A) ab = cd (B) ac = bd (C) ad+ bc = 0 (4) None of these
Q.12 For what value of m, the roots of the equation x 2 –x + m = 0 are not real-
1 1 1 1
(A) ] , [ (B) ] –  , [ (C) ] – , [ (4) None of these
4 4 4 4
Q.13 Roots of the equation ( a + b – c) x2 – 2ax + ( a– b + c) = 0, ( a,b,c  Q) are -

(A) rational (B) irrational (C) complex (D) none of these
Q.14 The roots of the equation x2 – x – 3 = 0 are-

(A) Imaginary (B) Rational (C) Irrational (D) None of these

Q.15 The roots of the equation x2 + 2 3 x + 3 = 0 are-
(A) Real and equal (B) Rational and equal (C) Irrational and equal (D) Irrational and unequal
Q.16 If the roots of the equation ax2 + x + b = 0 be real, then the roots of the equation
x2 – 4 ab x + 1 = 0 will be -
(A) Rational (B) Irrational (C) Real (D) Imaginary
Q.17 If one root of equation x2 + px + 12 = 0 is 4, while the equation x 2 + px + q = 0 has equal roots
then the value of q is -
(A) 49/4 (B) 4/49 (C) 4 (D) None of these
Q.18 If roots of the equation (a–b) x 2 + (c– a) x + (b–c) = 0 are equal, then a,b,c are in -
(A) A.P. (B) H.P. (C) G.P. (D) None of these
Q.19 If the roots of x2 – 4x – log2a = 0 are real, then-
1 1 1
(A) a  (B) a  (C) a  (D) None of these
4 8 16
Q.20 If the roots of both the equations px2 + 2qx + r = 0 and qx2 – 2 pr x + q = 0 are real, then -
(A) p = q , r  0 (B) 2q =  pq (C) p/q = q/r (D) None of these
Q.21 The roots of the equation (p – 2) x2 + 2 (p – 2) x + 2 = 0 are not real when -

(A) p  [1, 2] (B) p  [2, 3] (C) p  ( 2,4) (D) p  [ 3, 4]
Q.22 If the roots of the equation x2 – 10 x + 21 =m are equal then m is -

(A) 4 (B) 25 (C) – 4 (D) 0
Sum and Product of roots
Q.23 For what value of a, the difference of roots of the equation (a–2) x2 – (a– 4) x – 2 = 0 is equal
to 3-
(A) 3, 3/2 (B) 3,1 (C) 1, 3/2 (D) None of these
Q.24 If  ,  are roots of the equation x2 + px – q = 0 and  ,  are roots of x2 + px + r = 0, then the
value of (  –  ) (  –  ) is-
(A) p + r (B) p – r (C) q – r (D) q + r
Q.25 If  ,  are roots of the equation 2x2 – 35 x + 2 = 0, then the value of (2  – 35)3. (2  – 35)3 is
equal to -
(A) 1 (B) 8 (C) 64 (D) None of these
 
Q.26 If  ,  are roots of the equation px2 + qx – r = 0, then the value of + is equal to -
 2
2
p q q q
(A) – 2
(3pr + q2 ) (B) – 2
(3pr + q2 ) (C) – 2 (3pr –q2 ) (D) (3pr + q)
qr pr pr pr 2
Q.27 If product of roots of the equation mx2 + 6x + (2m – 1) = 0 is – 1, then m equals -

(A) – 1 (B) 1 (C) 1/3 (D) – 1/3

Q.28 For what value of a the sum of roots of the eqn. x2+ 2 (2 – a – a 2)x – a 2 = 0 is zero -
(A) 1,2 (B) 1, – 2 (C) – 1, 2 (D) – 1, – 2
Q.29 The difference between the roots of the equation x2 – 7x – 9 = 0 is -

(A) 7 (B) 85 (C) 9 (D) 2 85
Q.30 The HM of the roots of the equation x2 – 8x + 4 = 0 is -
Q.31 If the sum of the roots of the equation ax 2 + 4x + c = 0 is half of their difference, then the value
of ac is-
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 12 (D) – 12
Q.32 If the sum of the roots of the equation (a+1) x2 + ( 2a + 3) x + (3a + 4) = 0 is –1, then the product
of the roots is -
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
1
Q.33 Sum of roots is – 1 and sum of their reciprocals is , then equation is -
6
(A) x2 + x – 6 = 0 (B) x2 – x + 6 = 0 (C) 6x2 + x + 1 = 0 (D) x2 – 6x + 1 = 0
Q.34 If  ,  are roots of the equation 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0, then  2  +  2  is equal to -

(A) 15/2 (B) – 15/4 (C) 15/4 (D) – 15/2
Q.35 If  ,  be the roots of the equation p(x2 + n2) + pnx + qn2x2 = 0 then the value of
p (  2 +  2)+ p   + q  2  2 is -
(A)  +  (B) 0 (C) p + q (D)    + p + q
Q.36 If  and  are roots of ax2 – bx + c = 0, then (  + 1) (  + 1) is equal to -

abc abc abc bac
(A) (B) (C) (D)
a a a a
Q.37 If difference of roots of the equation x2 – px + q = 0 is 1, then p 2 + 4q2 equals-

(A) 2q + 3 (B) (1 – 2q)2 (C) (1 + 2q)2 (D) 2q – 3
Q.38 If  and  are the roots of the equation x 2 + (  ) x +  = 0 then the values of
 and  are -
(A)  = 1,  = –2 (B)  = 2,  = –2 (C)  = 1,  = –1 (D)  = –1,  = 1
Q.39 If roots  and  of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 are such that 3  + 4  = 7 and 5  –  = 4, then
(p,q) is equal to -
(A) (1, 1) (B) (– 1, 1) (C) (– 2, 1) (D) (2,1)
Q.40 If one root of the equation x2 – 30 x + p = 0 is square of the other, then p is equal to-
(A) 125, 216 (B) 125, – 216 (C) Only 125 (D) Only – 216

Q.41 If  ,  are roots of the equation x2– mx + n = 0, then value of (1 +  +  2) (1+  +  2) is -
(A) 1 + (m+n) + (m2 – mn + n2) (B) 1 + (m + n) + (m2 + mn + n2)
(C) 1 – (m– n) + (m2 + mn + n2) (D) None of these
a b
Q.42 If the equation + = 1 has roots equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, then the value of a + b is -
xa xb
(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) None of these
 1 1 
Q.43 If  and  are the root of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then the value of    is -
 a   b a   b
a b c
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
bc ca ab
Q.44 If roots of the equations 2x2 – 3x + 5 = 0 and ax2 + bx + 2 = 0 are reciprocals of the roots of the other then (a,b)
equals -
(A) ( – 5, 3) (B) (5, 3) (C) ( 5, – 3) (D) ( –5,– 3)
Q.45 If the sum of the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 be equal to sum of the squares, then -
(A) 2 ac = ab + b2 (B) 2 ab = bc + c2 (C) 2bc = ac + c2 (D) None of these
Q.46 If one root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 be square of the other, then the value of b 3 + ac2 + a2 c is-
(A) 3 abc (B) – 3abc (C) 0 (D) None of these
Questions Formation of Quadratic. Equation

based on with given roots
Q.47 The quadratic equation with one root 2i is-

(A) x2 + 4 = 0 (B) x2 – 4 = 0 (C) x2 + 2 = 0 (D) x2 – 2 = 0
Q.48 The sum of the roots of a equation is 2 and sum of their cubes is 98, then the equation is -
(A) x2 + 2x + 15 = 0 (B) x2 + 15 x + 2 = 0 (C) 2x2 – 2x + 15 = 0 (D) x2 – 2x – 15 = 0
Q.49 If  and  are roots of 2x 2 – 3x – 6 = 0, then the equation whose roots are  2 + 2 and
 2 + 2 will be -
(A) 4x2 + 49 x – 118 = 0 (B) 4x2 – 49 x – 118 = 0

(C) 4x2 – 49 x + 118 = 0 (D) 4x2 + 49 x + 118 = 0
Q.50 If  and  are roots of 2x 2 – 7x + 6 = 0, then the quadratic equation whose roots are
2 2
– , – is-
 
(A) 3x2 + 7x + 4 = 0 (B) 3x2 – 7x + 4 = 0
(C) 6x2 + 7x + 2 = 0 (D) 6x2 – 7x + 2 = 0
Q.51 If roots of quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are  and  then symmetric expression of its roots
is -
 2 FG   1 IJ FG  1 IJ
(A) 
 
(B)  2 2 +  2 2 (C)  2  2 2 (D) H K H K
1
Q.52 The quadratic equation with one root
2

1  3  is-
(A) x2 – x – 1 = 0 (B) x2 + x – 1 = 0 (C) x2 + x + 1 = 0 (D) x2 – x + 1 = 0
1
Q.53 The quadratic equation with one root is-
1 i
(A) 2x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 (B) 2x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 (C) 2x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 (D) 2x2 – 2x – 1 = 0
 1  1
Q.54 If  and  are roots of x2 – 2x + 3 = 0, then the equation whose roots are and will
 1  1
be -
(A) 3x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 (B) 3x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 (C) 3x2 – 2x – 1 = 0 (D) x2 – 3x + 1 = 0
Q.55 If  and  be the roots of the equation

2x2 + 2 (a+ b) x + a 2 + b2 = 0, then the equation whose roots are (  +  )2 and (  –  )2 is-
(A) x2 – 2abx – (a 2 – b2)2 = 0 (B) x2 – 4abx – ( a2 –b2)2 = 0
(C) x2 – 4abx + (a 2 – b2)2 = 0 (D) None of these
Q.56 If    but  2 = 5  – 3,  2 = 5  – 3, then the equation whose roots are  /  and  /  is-
(A) x2 – 5x – 3 = 0 (B) 3x2 + 12 x + 3 = 0
2
(C) 3x – 19 x + 3 = 0 (D) None of these
Roots under Particular Cases

Q.57 For the roots of the equation a – bx – x 2 = 0 (a > 0 , b > 0) which statement is true -
(A) positive and same sign
(B) negative and same sign
(C) greater root in magnitude is negative and opposite in signs
(D) greater root is positive in magnitude and opposite in signs
Q.58 If p and q are positive then the roots of the equation x2 – px– q = 0 are-
(A) imaginary (B) real & both positive
(C) real & both negative (D) real & of opposite sign
Q.59 If a > 0, b > 0, c > 0, then both the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 -
(A) Are real and negative (B) Have negative real parts
(C) are rational numbers (D) None of these
Q.60 The roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 will be imaginary if -

(A) a > 0, b = 0, c < 0 (B) a > 0, b = 0, c > 0
(C) a = 0, b > 0, c > 0 (D) a > 0, b > 0, c = 0
Q.61 If roots of the equation  x2 + mx – 2 = 0 are reciprocal of each other, then-

(A)  = 2 (B)  = – 2 (C) m = 2 (D) m = – 2
Q.62 If one of the roots of x(x + 2) = 4 – (1– ax 2) tends  , then a will tend to -
(A) 0 (B) – 1 (C) 1 (D) 2
Condition for common roots
Q.63 If the equation x2 – ax + b = 0 and x2 + bx – a = 0 have a common root, then -

(A) a = b (B) a + b = 0 (C) a – b = 1 (D) a – b + 1 = 0
Q.64 If x2 – 11 x + a = 0 and x2 – 14 x + 2a = 0 have one common root then a is equal to -

(A) 0, – 24 (B) 0, 1 (C) 0, 24 (D) 1, 24
Q.65 If one of the roots of x2 + ax + bc = 0 and x2 + bx + ca = 0 is common, then their other roots
are
(A) a,b (B) b , a (C) b ,c (D) c ,a
Q.66 The equation ax2 + bx + a = 0 and x3 – 2x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 have two root in common, then (a + b)
is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) 2
Q.67 If f(x) = 4x2 + 3x – 7 and  is a common root of the equation x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 and

x2 + 2x – 3 = 0 then the value of f(  ) is -
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
Q.68 If the two equations x2 – cx + d = 0 and x2 – ax + b = 0 have one common root and the
second has equal roots, then 2 (b + d) =
(A) 0 (B) a + c (C) ac (D) – ac
Q.69 If both the roots of the equations k (6x 2 + 3) + rx + 2x2 – 1= 0 and

6k (2x2 + 1) + px + 4x2 – 2 = 0 are common, then 2r – p is equal to -
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) 2 (D) 0
Quadratic Expression
x
Q.70 For all real values of x, the maximum value of the expression 2 is-
x  5x  9
x2  34 x  71
Q.71 If x is real, then the value of the expression does not exist between-
x 2  2x  7
(A) – 5 and 9 (B) 5 and – 9 (C) – 5 and – 9 (D) 5 and 9
Q.72 The factors of 2x2 – x + p are rational if -

(A) p = 3 (B) p = – 8 (C) p = 6 (D) p = – 6
Q.73 If one of the factors of ax2 + bx + c and bx2 + cx + a is common, then -

(A) a = 0 (B) a 3 + b3 + c3 = 3 abc
3 3 3
(C) a = 0 or a + b + c = 3abc (D) None of these
Q.74 2
x + k ( 2x + 3) + 4 (x+ 2) + 3k – 5 is a perfect square, if k equals -
(A) 2 (B) – 2 (C) 1 (D) – 1
Q.75 If  – x is a factor of x2 – ax + b, then  (a –  ) is equal to -

(A) – b (B) b (C) a (D) – a
Q.76 If x + 1 is a factor of the expression x 4 + (p–3)x3 – (3p – 5) x2 + (2p – 9) x + 6 then the value
of p is -
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q.77 If x be real then the minimum value of 40 – 12 x + x 2 is -

(A) 28 (B) 4 (C) – 4 (D) 0
x 2  2x  1
Q.78 If x be real then the value of will not lie between -
x 1
(A) 0 and 8 (B) – 8 and 8 (C) – 8 and 0 (D) None of these

Inequality
Q.79 If x be real then 2x2 + 5x – 3 > 0 if -

(A) x < – 2 (B) x > 0 (C) x > 1 (D) – 3 < x < 1/2
Q.80 The solution of the equation 2x2 + 3x – 9  0 is given by-

(A) 3/2  x  3 (B) – 3  x  3/2 (C) – 3  x  3 (D) 3/2  x  2
Q.81 If for real values of x, x2 – 3x + 2 > 0 and x2 – 3x – 4  0, then -

(A) – 1  x < 1 (B) – 1  x < 4
(C) – 1  x < 1 and 2 < x  4 (D) 2 < x  4
Quadratic Expression in two variables
Q.82 If x2 + 2xy + 2x + my – 3 have two rational factors then m is equal to -

(A) 6, 2 (B) – 6, 2 (C) 6, – 2 (D) –6, –2
Q.83 If 2x2 + mxy + 3y2 – 5y – 2 have two rational factors then m is equal to-
(A) ± 7 (B) ± 6 (C) ± 5 (D) None of these
Sign of Quadratic Expression

Q.84 The diagram shows the graph of y = ax 2 + bx + c. Then -
(A) a > 0 (B) b2 – 4ac < 0
(C) c > 0 (D) b2 – 4ac = 0 (x2,0) (x1,0)
1
Q.85 The maximum value of the function y = 2 is -
4 x  2x  1
4 5 13
3 2 4

LEVEL # 2
Q.1 If roots the equation x2 (1 + m2) + 2 mc x + c2 – a2 = 0 are equal, then value of c is-
(A) a e1  m j
2
(B) a e1  m j
2
(C) m e1  a j
2
(D) m e1  a j
2
xa xb
Q.2 If the roots of the equation = are reciprocal to each other, then -
ax  1 bx  1
(A) a = 1 (B) b = 2 (C) a = 2b (D) b = 0
2 2
Q.3 The equation x – = 1 – has -
x1 x1
(A) no root
(B) one root
(C) two equal root
(D) infinitely many roots
Q.4 The roots of the equation |x|2 + |x| – 6 = 0 are-

(A) only one real number (B) real and sum = 1
(C) real and sum = 0 (D) real and product = 0
Q.5 The roots of the equation

x2 – 2px + p2 + q2 + 2qr + r2 = 0 ( p,q,r  Z) are -
(A) rational and different (B) rational and equal
(C) irrational (D) imaginary
Q.6 If a,b,c are positive real numbers, then the number of real roots of the equations
ax2 + b |x| + c = 0 is-
Q.7 If product of roots of the equationx2 – 3kx + 2elog k – 1 = 0 is 7, then-

(A) roots are integers and positive (B) roots are integers and negative
(C) roots are rational not integers (D) roots are irrational
Q.8 If roots of the equation 3x2 + 2(a2 + 1) x + (a2 – 3a + 2) = 0 are of opposite signs, then a lies in the
interval -
(A) (–,1) (B) (–  , 0) (C) (1,2) (D) (3/2, 2)
Q.9 For what values of p, the roots of the equation 12(p + 2)x2 –12(2p–1) x – 38p – 11 = 0 are imaginary-
FG  1 , IJ
(A) p = R– (B) p  ( –  , – 1)  H 2 K
FG
(C) p  1, 1 IJ
H 2K
(D) p = – 1
q p
Q.10 The equation whose roots are , is-
pq pq
FG q  p IJ x – pq
(A) (p+q)2 x2 + (p2 – q2) x + pq = 0 (B) x2 –
H q  pK (q + p)
2
= 0
(C) (p+q) x2 + (p2 – q2) x – pq = 0 (D) None of these
Q.11 If one root of the equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and x2 + x+ 1 = 0 is common, then-

(A) a + b + c = 0 (B) a = b = c
(C) a = b or b = c or c = a (D) None of these

Q.12 The imaginary roots of the equation (x2 + 2)2 + 8x2 = 6x (x2 + 2) are -
(A) 1  i (B) 2  i (C) – 1  i (D) None of these
3  5i
Q.13 If one root of the equation 2x2 – 6x + c = 0 is , then the value of c will be -
2
(A) 7 (B) – 7 (C) 17 (D) – 17
Q.14 If  ,  are roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and  –  =   , then -

(A) b2 – 4 ac = c2 (B) b2 – 4ac = a2 (C) a (b2 + 4ac) = 2c (D) b2 + 4ac = a
Q.15 If x – 2 is a common factor of x2 + ax + b and x2 + cx + d, then -

(A) d – b = 2 ( c– a) (B) b – d = ( c– a) (C) 4 + 2c + b = 0 (D) b – d = 2 ( c – a)
Q.16 The roots of the equation (a+ b – 2c) x2 – (2a – b + c) x + (a– 2b+ c) = 0 are -
1
(A) a + b + c and a – b + c (B) and a – 2b + c
2
1
(C) a – 2b + c and (D) None of these
abc
Q.17 If x 2/3 + x 1/3 –2 = 0 then x-

(A) –2,1 (B) –8,–2 (C) –8,1 (D) None of these
Q.18 If 8, 2 are roots of the equation x2 + ax +  = 0 and 3, 3 are roots of x2 + x + b = 0 then roots of
the equation x2 + ax + b = 0 are -
(A) 1, 9 (B) –1, 8 (C) 2, – 9 (D) –2, 8
Q.19 If the difference of the roots is equal to the pr oduct of the roots of the equation
2x2 – (a + 1)x + (a – 1) = 0 then find the value of a -
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
Q.20 The number of quadratic equations which are unchanged by squaring their roots are -
Q.21 If one root of the equation x2 – x – k = 0 is square of the other, then k equals to -
(A) 2 + 5 (B) 3 + 2 (C) 2 + 3 (D) 5 + 2
Q.22 The roots of a1 x2 + b1 x + c1 = 0 are reciprocal of the roots of the equation a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0,
if-
a1 b1 c1 b1 c1 a1
(A) a = b = c (B) b = a = c
2 2 2 2 2 2
a1 b1 c1 1 1 1
(C) a = c = b (D) a1 = a , b1 = b , c1 = c
2 2 2 2 2 2
Q.23 If the sum of the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to the sum of the square of their
reciprocal,then-
(A) c2b,a2c,b2a are in A.P. (B) c2b, a2c, b2a are in G.P.
b a c b a c
(C) , , are in H.P. (D) , , are in G.P.
c b a c b a
Q.24 If the quadratic equations 3x2 + ax +1 = 0 and 2x2 + bx + 1 = 0 have a common root,then the value
of the expression 5ab –2a2 –3b2 is-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) None of these
Q.25 For the roots of the equations 2x2 – 5x + 1 = 0 and x2 + 5x + 2= 0 , which of the following statement
is true-
(A) reciprocal of roots of one another
(B) reciprocal of roots of one another and opposite signs
(C) roots are of opposite signs of each other
(D) equal in product
( x  m) 2  4mn
Q.26 If x is real, then the values of the expression are not -
2( x  n)
(A) greater than (m + n) (B) greater than (m + 2n)
(C) between 2m and 2n (D) between m and m + n
2x 2  4 x  1
Q.27 If x is the real, then the value of the expression is -
x2  4 x  2
(A) any number (B) only positive number
(C) only negative number (D) only 1
Q.28 If one root of the equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to nth power of the other root, then (acn)1/ (n+1)
+(anc)1/(n+1) equals -
(A) – b (B) b (C) (– b)1/(n+1) (D) (b) 1/(n+1)
Q.29 The number of real roots of the eqaution |x2 + 4x + 3| + 2x + 5 = 0 is -

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 1
Q.30 If product of roots of the equation x2 – 4mx + 3e2 log m – 4 = 0 is 8, then its roots are real, when m
equals-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 2 or – 2 (D) –2
Q.31 For what value of c, the root of (c–2 )x2 + 2 (c–2) x + 2 = 0 are not real -
(A) ]1,2[ (B) ]2,3[ (C) ]3,4[ (D) ]2,4[
Q.32 For x3 + 1  x2 + x -
(A) x  0 (B) x  0 (C) x  – 1 (D) – 1  x  1
  1
Q.33 If roots of the eqaution ax2 + bx + c = 0 are and , then (a + b + c)2 equals-
 1 
(A) 2b2 – ac (B) b2 – ac (C) b2 – 4ac (D) 4b2 – 2ac
Q.34 If the product of the roots of the equation x2 – 3 kx + 2e sin k – 1 = 0 is 7 then its roots will be real
if -
(A) | k |  2 7 / 9 (B) | k |  2 7 / 9 (C) | k | > 2 7 / 9 (D) Never
Q.35 If x > 1, then the minimum value of the expression 2 log10 x – logx ( 0.01) is -

2
Q.36 If 7 log7 ( x  4 x 5 )
= x – 1, x may have values -
(A) 2,3 (B) 7 (C) – 2,–3 (D) 2, – 3
Q.37
log x 2 9/2 log 3 x 5  = 3 3 is -
The number of real solutions of the equation x 3
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Q.38 For what value of a the curve y = x2 + ax + 25 touches the x - axis -

(A) 0 (B)  5 (C)  10 (D) None of these
Q.39 If roots of the equation 2x2 – (a2 + 8a + 1) x + a2 – 4a = 0 are in opposite sign, then -
(A) 0 < a< 4 (B) a > 0 (C) a < 8 (D) – 4 < a < 0
1 1 1
Q.40 If the roots of the equation + = are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, then their
xa xb c
product is -
1 2 1 2 1 1
(A) (a + b2) (B) (a + b2) (C) ab (D) ab
2 2 2 2
Q.41 If both roots of the equation x2 – (m+1) x + (m+4) = 0 are negative, then m equals -
(A) – 7 < m < – 5 (B) – 4 < m  – 3 (C) 2 < m < 5 (D) None of these
x 2  2x  7
Q.42 If < 6, x  R, then -
2x  3
3 3 3
(A) x > 11 or x < (B) x > 11 or x < –1 (C) < x < –1 (D) –1< x < 11 or x <
2 2 2
Q.43 If roots of the equation x2 – bx + c = 0 are two successive integers, then b2 – 4c equals -
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q.44 If equations ax + by = 1 and cx2 + dy2 = 1 has only one solution, then -
2
a b2 c2 d2 a2 c2
(A) + = 1 (B) + =1 (C) + =1 (D) None of these
c d a b b d
Q.45 If a(p + q)2 + 2apq + c = 0 and a(p + r)2 + 2apr + c =0, then qr equals -
(A) p2 + c/a (B) p2 + a/c (C) p2 + a/b (D) p2 + b/a
Q.46 If a,b are roots of the equation x2 + qx + 1 = 0 and c,d are roots of x2 + px + 1 = 0, then the value of (a
– c) (b – c) (a + d) (b + d) will be-
(A) q2 – p2 (B) p2 – q2 (C) – p2 – q2 (D) p2 + q2
AB
Q.47 If one root of equation Ax2 + Bx + C = 0 is i(a– b) then equals -
C
1 1
(A)
ba  bg 2 (B) 0 (C)
(a  b)
(D) None of these
Q.48 Two students solve a quadratic equation x2 + bx + c= 0. One student solves the equation by taking
wrong value of b and gets the roots as 2 and 5, while second student solves it by taking wrong value
of c and gets the roots as – 3 and – 4. The correct roots of the equation are -
(A) – 2, – 5 (B) 2, – 5 (C) 2, 10 (D) None of these

Q.49 If in the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, the sum of roots is equal to sum of squares of their reciprocals, then
b2 bc
+ 2 equals -
ac a
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) 2 (D) – 2
Q.50 Number of solutions of equation (a+x)2/3 + (x– a)2/3 = 4 (a2 – x2)1/3 are -
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 1 (D) 2
x 1 x 1
Q.51 Roots of the equation + = 2 are-
1 x x 6
3 2 9 4 1 3 1 13
(A) , (B) , (C) , (D) ,
2 3 13 13 3 1 13 1
Q.52 If real value of x and y satisfies the equation x2 + 4y2 – 8x + 12 = 0, then -
(A) 0 < y < 1 (B) 2 < y < 6 (C) – 1 < y < 1 (D) – 2 < y < 6
Q.53 If roots of x2 – (a – 3)x + a = 0 are such that both of them is greater than 2, then-
(A) a  [7, 9] (B) a  [9, 10) (C) a  [9, 7] (D) a  [9, 12]
Q.54 The real roots of the equation x2 + 5 |x| + 4 = 0 are -

(A) – 1, – 4 (B) 1, 4 (C) – 4, 4 (D) None of these
Q.55 If x = 6  6  6 .... , then -

(A) – 2 < x < 3 (B) 2 < x < 3 (C) x = 3 (D) x > 3
Q.56 If  ,  are roots of the equation (3x+2) +p (3x + 2) + q = 0, then roots of x2 + px + q = 0 are
2
-
1 1
(A)  ,  (B) 3  + 2, 3  + 2 (C) (  – 2), (  – 2) (D)  – 2,  – 2
3 3
2x 2 –7x+7
Q.57 The numbers of real roots of 3 = 9 is-
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 4
Q.58 If ratio of roots of the equations x2 + ax + b= 0 and x2 + px + q = 0 are equal, then -

(A) aq = bp (B) a2 q = bp2 (C) a2p = b2q (D) aq2 = bp2
Q.59 Let  ,  be the roots of the equation ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0 and  ,  be the roots of the equation
px 2 + 2qx + r = 0. If  ,  ,  ,  are in G.P., then -
(A) q2 ac = b2 pr (B) qac = bpr (C) c2 pq = r2 ab (D) p2 ab = a2 qr
Q.60 If x = – 5 + 2 4 then the value of the expression x4 + 9x3 + 35x2 – x + 4 is equal to -

(A) 160 (B) – 160 (C) 120 (D) – 120

LEVEL # 3
Q.1 T he adjoining figur e shows the gr ap h of y = ax 2 + bx + c. Then -
(A) a < 0 (B) b2 < 4ac

(C) c > 0 (D) a and b are of opposite signs
Q.2 The expression y = ax2 + bx + c has always the same sign as c if -

(A) 4ac < b2 (B) 4ac > b2 (C) ac < b2 (D) ac > b2
Q.3 If the roots of the equation (x – a) (x – b) – k = 0 be c & d then find the equation whose roots are a & b -
(A) (x – c) (x – d) + k = 0 (B) (x + c) (x – a) + k = 0
(C) (x – c) + (x – a) = 0 (D) None of these
Q.4 Given that ax2 + bx + c = 0 has no real roots and a + b + c < 0, then -
(A) c = 0 (B) c > 0 (C) c < 0 (D) None of these
Q.5 The quadratic equation whose roots are reciprocal of the roots of the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 is -
(A) cx2 + bx + a = 0 (B) bx2 + cx + a = 0 (C) cx2 + ax + b = 0 (D) bx2 + ax + c = 0
Q.6 The diagram shows the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c. Then -
(A) a > 0 (B) b < 0 (C) c > 0 (D) b2 – 4ac = 0
Q.7 If the roots of the equation a (b – c) x2 + b (c – a) x + c (a – b) = 0 are equal, then a, b, c are

in
(A) HP (B) GP (C) AP (D) None
Q.8 The number of real roots of x8 – x5 + x2 – x + 1 = 0 is equal to -

(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 6
Q.9 The roots of the equation log2 (x2 – 4x + 5) = (x – 2) are -

(A) 4, 5 (B) 2, –3 (C) 2, 3 (D) 3, 5
Q.10 If f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, g (x) = –ax2 + bx + c, where ac  0, then f (x) g (x) = 0 has -
(A) At least three real roots (B) No real roots
(C) At least two real roots (D) Two real roots and two imaginary roots

2 x 2 2 1 
Q.11 The equation 2 cos  2  sin x  x  2
,0 x
2
has -
  x
(A) No real solution (B) One real solution
(C) More than one real solution (D) None of these
Q.12 The number of solutions of the equation 2 sin (ex) = 5x + 5–x is -

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) Infinitely many
2 2
Q.13 The number of real solutions of the equation (5  2 6 ) x 3
 (5  2 6 ) x 3
 10 is -
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) None
 3c 
Q.14 If the equation ax2 + 2bx – 3c = 0 has no real roots and    a  b , then-
 4 
(A) c < 0 (B) c > 0 (C) c  0 (D) c = 0
Q.15 If tan  and tan  are roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 with p  0, then -
(A) sin2 ( +  ) + p sin ( + ) cos ( + ) + q cos2 ( + ) = q
p
(B) tan ( + ) =
q 1
(C) cos ( +  ) = –p
(D) sin ( + ) = 1 – q
Q.16 If a, b, c are all positive and in H.P., then the roots of ax2 + 2 bx + c = 0 are -
(A) Real (B) Imaginary (C) Rational (D) Equal
Q.17 The number of real roots of the equation (x – 1)2 + (x – 2)2 + (x – 3)2 = 0 is -
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None
Q.18 If ,  are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0;  + h,  + h are the roots of px2 + qx + r = 0, and D1, D2
the respective discriminants of these equations, then D1 : D2 -
a2 b2 c2
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) (D) None
p q r2
Q.19 If ,  are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and  + h,  + h are the roots of px2 + qx + r = 0, then h =
b q 1 b q 1 a p
(A)    (B)    (C)     (D) None of these
a p
  2 a p 2  b q
Q.20 a, b, c  R, a  0 and the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has no real roots, then -
(A) a + b + c > 0 (B) a (a + b + c) > 0 (C) b (a + b + c) > 0 (D) c (a + b + c) > 0
Q.21 If the product of the roots of the equation x2 – 2 2 kx + 2 e2 log k – 1 = 0 is 31, then the roots
of the equation are real for k equal to -
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

x
 9 
Q.22 The number of real solutions of the equation    3  x  x 2 is -
 10 
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) None
Q.23 If the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are real and distinct, then -
b b
(A) Both roots are greater than (B) Both roots are less than
2a 2a
b
(C) One of the roots exceeds (D) None of these
2a
Q.24 The value of m for which one of the roots of x 2 – 3x + 2m = 0 is double of one of the roots
of x2 – x + m = 0 -
(A) 0 (B) –2 (C) 2 (D) None of these
2
{(sin x  sin4 x  sin6 x...... ) n 2}
Q.25 If e satisfies the equation x2 – 9x + 8 = 0,
cos x 
find the value of , 0< x <
cos x  sin x 2
1 1 2
1 3 1 3 1 2
Passage Based Questions (Q. 26-28)

Consider the expression y = ax2 + bx + c, a  0 and a, b, c  R then the graph between x, y is
always a parabola. If a > 0 then the shape of the parabola is concave upward and if a < 0 then the
shape of the parabola is concave down ward. If y > 0 or y < 0 then discriminant D < 0.
Q.26 Let x2 + 2ax + 10 – 3a > 0 for every real value of x, then –

(A) a > 5 (B) a < –5 (C) –5 < a < 2 (D) 2 < a < 5
Q.27 The value of x2 + 2bx + c is positive if –

(A) b2 – 4c > 0 (B) b2 – 4c < 0 (C) c2 < b (D) b2 < c
Q.28 The diagram show the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c then –
(x2,0) (x1,0)
(A) a < 0 (B) c < 0 (C) b2– 4ac < 0 (D) b2– 4ac = 0
Questions based on statements (Q. 29 - 33)

Each of the questions given below consist of Statement – I and Statement – II. Use the following
Key to choose the appropriate answer.
(A) If both Statement- I and Statement- II are true, and Statement - II is the correct explanation
of Statement– I.
(B) If both Statement - I and Statement - II are true but Statement - II is not the correct explanation
of Statement – I.
(C) If Statement - I is true but Statement - II is false.
(D) If Statement - I is false but Statement - II is true.

Q.29 Statement I : x2 + 4x + 7 > 0  x  R
Statement II : ax2 + bx + c > 0 x  R if b2 – 4ac < 0 and a > 0.
Q.30 Statement I : The remainder obtained on dividing the polynomial P(x) by (x – 3) is equal to P(3).
Statement II : f(x) : (x – 8)3 (x + 4) f '(x) may not be divisible by (x2 – 16x + 64).
Q.31 Statement I : f(x) = ax2 + bx + c , then f'(x) = 0 has integral roots only when a = 1, b, c I and b2 – 4ac
is a perfect square of integer.
Statement II : x3 + 1 = 0 has only one integral root.
Q.32 Statement I : x2 + bx + c = 0 has distinct roots and both greater than 2 if b2 – 4c > 0, b < –4 and 2b +
c + 4 > 0.
Statement II : x2 + 2x + c = 0 has distinct roots and both less than 1 iff c  (–3, 1).
Q.33 Statement I : We can get the equation whose roots are 2 more than the roots of equation ax2 + bx + c =
0 by replacing x by (x + 2).
Statement II : x2 + |x| + 5 = 0 has no real roots.
Q.34 Match the column.

Column-I Column-II
(A) The number of real solution (P) 1
6x x
of =2+ is
x2  4 x2
(B) The number of real solution (Q) 2
of the equation log0.5 x = |x| is
(C) The number of real solution (R) 0
x
of e = x is
(D) The number of solution of the (S) 3
equation |x| = cos x is

EXERCISE–I
Q.1 If the roots of the equation [1/(x + p)] + [1/(x + q)] = 1/r are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign,
show that p + q = 2r & that the product of the roots is equal to (1/2) (p2 + q2).
Q.2 If x2  x cos (A + B) + 1 is a factor of the expression,

2x4 + 4x3 sin A sin B  x2(cos 2A + cos 2B) + 4x cos A cos B  2. Then find the other factor.
Q.3  ,  are the roots of the equation K (x2 – x) + x + 5 = 0. If K1 & K2 are the two values of K for
which the roots ,  are connected by the relation (/) + (/) = 4/5. Find the value of
(K1/K2) + (K2/K1).
Q.4 If the quadratic equations, x2 + bx + c = 0 and bx2 + cx + 1 = 0 have a common root then prove that
either b + c + 1 = 0 or b2 + c2 + 1 = b c + b + c.

 p 2  2 p2
Q.5 If the roots of the equation  1  q  x  p (1  q ) x  q ( q  1)  = 0 are equal then show that
 2  2
p2 = 4q.
Q.6 If one root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 be the square of the other, prove that
b3 + a2c + ac2 = 3abc.
ax 2  2(a  1) x  9a  4
Q.7 Find the range of values of a, such that f (x) = is always negative.
x 2  8x  32
Q.8 Find a quadratic equation whose sum and product of the roots are the values of the expressions
(cosec 10° – 3 sec10°) and (0.5 cosec10° – 2 sin70°) respectively. Also express the roots of this
 
quadratic in terms of tangent of an angle lying in  0,  .
 2
6x 2  22x  21
Q.9 Find the least value of 2 for all real values of x, using the theory of quadratic equations.
5x  18x  17
Q.10 Find the least value of (2p2 + 1)x2 + 2(4p2 – 1)x + 4(2p2 + 1) for real values of p and x.
Q.11 If  be a root of the equation 4x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 then prove that 43 – 3 is the other root.
Q.12(a) If ,  are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c = 0 then which of the following expressions
in ,  will denote the symmetric functions of roots. Give proper reasoning. (i) f (, ) = 2 – 

(ii) f (, ) = 2 + 2 (iii) f (, ) = ln (iv) f (, ) = cos ( – )

(b) If ,  are the roots of the equation x2 – px + q = 0, then find the quadratic equation the roots of
which are (2  2) (3  3) & 3 2 + 2 3.
Q.13 If ,  are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 & ,   are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, show that
1 1
 b b   b b 
,  are the roots of    x2  x     =0 .
a a   c c 
Q.14 If ,  are the roots of x2 – px + 1 = 0 & ,  are the roots of x2 + qx + 1 = 0, show that
( ) ( ) (+ ) (+ ) = q2  p2.
Q.15 Show that if p , q , r & s are real numbers & pr = 2 (q + s) , then at least one of the equations
x2 + px + q = 0, x2 + r x + s = 0 has real roots.
Q.16 If a & b are positive numbers, prove that the equation 1  1  1 = 0 has two real roots,
x xa xb
one between a/3 & 2a/3 and the other between – 2b/3 & – b/3.
Q.17 If the roots of x2  ax + b = 0 are real & differ by a quantity which is less than c (c > 0), prove that
b lies between (1/4) (a2  c2) & (1/4)a2.
Q.18 At what values of 'a' do all the zeroes of the function ,

f (x) = (a  2)x2 + 2ax + a + 3 lie on the interval ( 2, 1)?
Q.19 If one root of the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0 is equal to the nth power of the other, then show
that (acn)1/(n+1) + (anc)1/(n+1) + b = 0.
Q.20 If p, q, r and s are distinct and different from 2, show that if the points with co-ordinates
 p4 p3  5   q4 q3  5   r4 r3  5   s4 s3  5 
 ,  
, ,  
, ,   , 
p2 p2    and  s  2 s  2  are collinear then
  q2 q2  r2 r2   
pqrs = 5 (p + q + r + s) + 2 (pqr + qrs + rsp + spq).
Q.21 The quadratic equation x2 + px + q = 0 where p and q are integers has rational roots. Prove that the
roots are all integral.
Q.22 If the quadratic equations x2 + bx + ca = 0 & x2 + cx + ab = 0 have a common root, prove that
the equation containing their other root is x2 + ax + bc = 0.
Q.23 If  ,  are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0 & x2n + pnxn + qn = 0 where n is an even integer, show
that /, / are the roots of xn + 1 + (x + 1)n = 0.
Q.24 If ,  are the roots of the equation x2  2x + 3 = 0 obtain the equation whose roots are
3  32 + 5  2 , 3  2 +  + 5.

Q.25 If each pair of the following three equations x2 + p1x + q1 = 0 , x2 + p2x + q2 = 0 &
x2 + p3x + q3 = 0 has exactly one root common , prove that;
(p1 + p2 + p3)2 = 4 [p1p2 + p2p3 + p3p1  q1  q2  q3].
Q.26 Show that the function z = 2x2 + 2 xy + y2  2x + 2y + 2 is not smaller than – 3.
1 1
 1 2  1 2
Q.27 Find all real numbers x such that,  x   + 1   = x.
 x  x
Q.28 Find the values of ‘a’ for which 3 < [(x2 + ax  2)/(x2 + x + 1)] < 2 is valid for all real x.
6
 1  6 1 
x   x  6 2
 x  x 
Q.29 Find the minimum value of 3 for x > 0.
 1 3 1
x    x  3
 x x
Q.30 Find the product of the real roots of the equation,
x2 + 18x + 30 = 2 x 2  18x  45
EXERCISE–II
Q.1 Solve the following where x  R.

(a) (x  1)x2  4x + 3+ 2 x2 + 3x  5 = 0 (b) 3x2  4x + 2= 5x  4
(c) x3 + 1+ x2  x  2 = 0 (d) 2x+2  2x+1  1= 2x+1 + 1
(e) For a  0, determine all real roots of the equation x2  2 ax  a 3a2 = 0.
Q.2 Let a, b, c, d be distinct real numbers and a and b are the roots of quadratic equation
x2 – 2cx – 5d = 0. If c and d are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 2ax – 5b = 0 then find the
numerical value of a + b + c + d.
p
Q.3 Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 has an irrational root r. If u = be any rational number, where a, b, c, p and
q
1
q are integer. Prove that 2  | f (u) |.
q
Q.4 Let a, b, c be real. If ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two real roots  & , where  <  1 &  > 1 then show that
1 + c/a + b/a.
Q.5 If ,  are the roots of the equation, x2  2 x  a2 + 1 = 0 and  ,  are the roots of the equation,
x2  2 (a + 1) x + a (a  1) = 0 such that ,  ( , ) then find the values of 'a'.
Q.6 Two roots of a biquadratic x4 – 18x3 + kx2 + 200x – 1984 = 0 have their product equal to (– 32). Find
the value of k.
Q.7 If by eleminating x between the equation x² + ax + b = 0 & xy + l (x + y) + m = 0, a quadratic in y is
formed whose roots are the same as those of the original quadratic in x. Then prove either
a = 2l & b = m or b + m = al.
 
x 2  2 x cos   1 sin 2 cos2
Q.8 If x be real, prove that lies between 2 and 2 .
2
x  2 x cos   1  
sin 2 cos2
2 2
Q.9 Solve the equations, ax2 + bxy + cy2 = bx2 + cxy + ay2 = d.
Q.10 Find the values of K so that the quadratic equation x2 + 2 (K  1) x + K + 5 = 0 has atleast one positive
root.
Q.11 b g d i
Find the values of 'b' for which the equation 2 log 1 bx  28   log5 12  4 x  x 2 has only one
25
solution.
Q.12 Find all the values of the parameter 'a' for which both roots of the quadratic equation
x2 – ax + 2 = 0 belong to the interval ( 0 , 3 ).
Q.13 Find all the values of the parameters c for which the inequality has at least one solution.
FG 7 IJ c h
H
1  log2 2 x2  2 x 
2 K  log 2 cx2  c .
Q.14 Find the values of K for which the equation x4 + (1  2 K) x2 + K2  1 = 0 ;

(a) has no real solution (b) has one real solution
Q.15 Find all the values of the parameter 'a' for which the inequality
a.9x + 4(a–1)3x + a – 1 > 0 is satisfied for all real values of x.
Q.16 Find the complete set of real values of ‘a’ for which both roots of the quadratic equation
( a2 – 6a + 5) x2 – a 2  2a x + (6a – a2 – 8) = 0 lie on either side of the origin.
Q.17 If g (x) = x3 + px2 + qx + r where p, q and r are integers. If g (0) and g (–1) are both odd, then prove
that the equation g (x) = 0 cannot have three integral roots.
Q.18 Find all numbers p for each of which the least value of the quadratic trinomial
4x2 – 4px + p2 – 2p + 2 on the interval 0  x  2 is equal to 3.
Q.19 Let P (x) = x2 + bx + c, where b and c are integer. If P (x) is a factor of both x4 + 6x2 + 25 and
3x4 + 4x2 + 28x + 5, find the value of P(1).
x2  2  x4  4
Q.20 Let x be a positive real. Find the maximum possible value of the expression y = .
x
EXERCISE–III
Solve the inequality. Where ever base is not given take it as 10.
2
4
 x 5 
Q.1 log 2 x    log 1
 
 20 log 2 x  148  0 . Q.2 x1/logx . log x < 1
 2
4 
Q.3 (log 100 x)2 + (log 10 x)2 + log x  14 Q.4 log1/2 (x + 1) > log2 (2  x).
Q.5 logx2 . log2x2 . log2 4x > 1. Q.6 log1/5 (2x2 + 5x + 1) < 0.
Q.7 log1/2 x + log3 x > 1. Q.8 logx² (2 + x) < 1
4x  5
Q.9 logx < 1 Q.10 (logx+62) . log2 (x2  x  2)  1
6  5x
x 2  4x  3
Q.11 log3 0 Q.12 log[(x+6)/3][log2{(x  1)/(2 + x)}] > 0
x2  x  5
log 3 ( x 2  3x  7)
Q.13 Find out the values of 'a' for which any solution of the inequality, < 1 is also a solution
log 3 (3x  2)
of the inequality, x2 + (5  2 a) x  10a.
Q.14 Solve the inequality log ( x 2  10 x  22)  0 .

x
log  
2 2 
Q.15 Find the set of values of 'y' for which the inequality, 2 log0.5 y2  3 + 2 x log0.5 y2  x2 > 0
is valid for atleast one real value of 'x'.
EXERCISE–IV
(Questions asked in Previous AIEEE & IIT-JEE)
sin x cos 3x 1
Q.1 Prove that the values of the function do not lie from & 3 for any real x.
sin 3x cos x 3
[JEE '97 , 5]
2
Q.2 The sum of all the real roots of the equation x  2  x  2  2  0 is ______. [JEE '97, 2]
Q.3 Let S be a square of unit area. Consider any quadrilateral which has one vertex on each side of S. If a,
b, c & d denote the lengths of the sides of the quadrilateral, prove that: 2  a2 + b2 + c2 + d2  4.
[JEE '97 , 5]
Q.4 In a college of 300 students, every student reads 5 news papers & every news paper is read by
60 students. The number of news papers is:
(A) atleast 30 (B) atmost 20 (C) exactly 25 (D) none of the above
[JEE '98, 2]
Q.5 If ,  are the roots of the equation x2  bx + c = 0, then find the equation whose roots are,
(2 + 2) (3 + 3) & 5 3 + 3 5 24 4. [REE '98, 6]
Q.6(i) Let  + i;  R, be a root of the equation x3 + qx + r = 0; q, r  R. Find a real cubic equation,
independent of  & , whose one root is 2.
(ii) Find the values of  & , 0 < ,  < /2, satisfying the following equation,
cos  cos  cos ( + ) = – 1/8. [REE '99, 3 + 6]
 P Q
Q.7(i) In a triangle PQR, R = . If tan   & tan   are the roots of the equation
2 2 2
ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a  0) then :
(A) a + b = c (B) b + c = a (C) a + c = b (D) b = c
(ii) If the roots of the equation x2  2ax + a2 + a  3 = 0 are real & less than 3 then
(A) a < 2 (B) 2  a  3 (C) 3 < a  4 (D) a > 4
[JEE '99, 2 + 2]
Q.8 If ,  are the roots of the equation, (x  a)(x  b) + c = 0, find the roots of the equation,
(x ) (x ) = c. [REE 2000 (Mains), 3]
Q.9(a) For the equation, 3 x2 + px + 3 = 0 , p > 0 if one of the roots is square of the other, then p is equal to:
(A) 1/3 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 2/3
(b) If  &  ( < ), are the roots of the equation, x2 + bx + c = 0, where c < 0 < b, then
(A) 0 <  <  (B)  < 0 < < 
(C) <  < 0 (D) < 0 <  < 
(c) If b > a , then the equation, (x  a) (x  b)  1 = 0, has :

(A) both roots in [a, b] (B) both roots in (a)
(C) both roots in [b) (D) one root in (a) & other in (b, +)
[JEE 2000 Screening, 1 + 1 + 1 out of 35]
(d) If ,  are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, (a  0) and  +  ,  +  , are the roots of,
Ax2 + Bx + C = 0, (A  0) for some constant , then prove that,
b 2 4ac B2  4AC
= . [JEE 2000, Mains, 4 out of 100]
a2 A2
Q.10 The number of integer values of m, for which the x co-ordinate of the point of intersection of the lines
3x + 4y = 9 and y = mx + 1 is also an integer, is [JEE 2001, Screening, 1 out of 35]
(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) 4 (D) 1

Q.11 Let a, b, c be real numbers with a  0 and let  be the roots of the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0. Express the roots of a3x2 + abcx + c3 = 0 in terms of 
[JEE 2001, Mains, 5 out of 100]
Q.12 The set of all real numbers x for which x2 – |x + 2| + x > 0, is
(A) (–, –2) U (2, ) (B) (–, – 2 ) U ( 2 , )
(C) (–, –1) U (1, ) (D) ( 2 , ) [JEE 2002 (screening), 3]
Q.13 If x2 + (a – b)x + (1 – a – b) = 0 where a, b  R then find the values of ‘a’ for which equation has
unequal real roots for all values of ‘b’. [JEE 2003, Mains-4 out of 60]
[ Based on M. R. test]
Q.14(a) If one root of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 is the square of the other, then
(A) p3 + q2 – q(3p + 1) = 0 (B) p3 + q2 + q(1 + 3p) = 0
(C) p3 + q2 + q(3p – 1) = 0 (D) p3 + q2 + q(1 – 3p) = 0
(b) If x2 + 2ax + 10 – 3a > 0 for all x  R, then

(A) – 5 < a < 2 (B) a < – 5 (C) a > 5 (D) 2 < a < 5
[JEE 2004 (Screening)]
1  2 x  5x 2   
Q.15 Find the range of values of t for which 2 sin t = 2 , t  2 , 2  .
3x  2 x  1  
[JEE 2005(Mains), 2]
Q.16(a) Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle. No two of them are equal and   R. If the roots of the equation
x2 + 2(a + b + c)x + 3(ab + bc + ca) = 0 are real, then [JEE 2006, 3]
4 5 1 5 4 5
(A)   (B)   (C)    ,  (D)    , 
3 3 3 3  3 3
(b) If roots of the equation x 2  10cx  11d  0 are a, b and those of x2 – 10ax – 11b = 0 are c, d, then find
the value of a + b + c + d. (a, b, c and d are distinct numbers) [JEE 2006, 6]
Multiple choice questions with one correct answer
Q.17 If l, m, n are real l  m, then the roots of the equation (l – m) x2 – 5(l + m) x – 2(l – m) = 0 are
[IIT-JEE, 1979]
(A) real and equal (B) complex (C) real and unequal (D) none of these
Q.18 If x, y and z rea real and different and u = x2 + 4y2 + 9z2 – 6yz – 3zx – 2xy, then u is always
[IIT-JEE, 1979]
(A) non-negative (B) zero (C) non-positive (D) none of these

Q.19 If a > 0, b > 0 and c > 0 then the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 [IIT-JEE, 1979]
(A) are real and negative (B) have positive real parts
(C) have negative real parts (D) none of these
Q.20 Both the roots of the equation (x – b)(x – c) + (x – a) (x – c) + (x – a)(x – b) = 0 are always
[IIT-JEE, 1980]
(A) positive (B) real (C) negative (D) none of these
Q.21 If (x2 + px + 1) is a factor of (ax3 + bx + c), then [IIT-JEE, 1980]

(A) a2 + c2 = – ab (B) a2 – c2 = – ab (C) a2 – c2 = ab (D) none of these
Q.22 The number of real solutions of the equation | x |2 – 3| x | + 2 = 0 is [IIT-JEE, 1982]

(A) 4 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Q.23 Two towns A and B are 60 km apart. A school is to be unit to serve 150 students in town A and 50
stduents in town B. If the total distance to be travelled by all 200 students is to be as small as possible,
then the school be built at [IIT-JEE, 1982]
(A) town B (B) 45 km from town A
(C) town C (D) 45 km from town B
Q.24 The largest interval for which x12 – x9 + x4 – x + 1 > 0 is [IIT-JEE, 1982]
(A) –4 < x  0 (B) 0 < x < 1
(C) –100 < x < 100 (D) –  < x < 
Q.25 The eqauation x – 2 / (x – 1) = 1 – 2 / (x – 1) has [IIT-JEE, 1984]

(A) no root (B) one root
(C) two equals roots (D) infinitely many roots
Q.26 If a2 + b2 + c2 = 1, then ab + bc + ca lies in the interval [IIT-JEE, 1984]
1   1   1
(A)  , 2  (B) [–1, 2] (C)   , 1 (D)  1, 
2   2   2
Q.27 If  and  are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0 and 4, 4 are the roots of x2 – rx + s = 0, then the equation
x2 – 4qx + 2q2 – r = 0 has always [IIT-JEE, 1989]
(A) one positive and one negative root (B) two positive roots
(C) two negative roots (D) cannot say anything

Q.28 Let a, b, c be real numbers, a  0. If  is a root of a2x2 + bx + c = 0.  is the root of a2x2 – bx – c = 0
and 0 <  < , then the equation a2x2 + 2bx + 2c = 0 has a root  that always satisfies [IIT-JEE, 1989]
  
(A)   (B)     (C)    (D)     
2 2
Q.29 The number of solutions of the equation sin (ex) = 5x + 5–x is [IIT-JEE, 1990]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinitely many
Q.30 Let  be the root of the equation (x – a)(x – b) = c, c  0. Then the root is of the equation
(x – )(x – ) + c = 0 are [IIT-JEE, 1992]
(A) a, c (B) b, c (C) a, b (D) a + c, b + c
Q.31 The number of points of intersection of two curves y = 2 sin x and y = 5x2 + 2x + 3 is [IIT-JEE, 1994]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 
Q.32 If p, q, r are +ve and are in A.P., in the roots of quadratic equation px2 + qx + r = 0 are all real for
[IIT-JEE, 1994]
r p
(A)  1  4 3 (B)  7  4 3 (C) all p and r (D) no p and r
p r
Q.33 The equation x  1  x  1  4 x  1 has [IIT-JEE, 1997]

(A) no solution (B) one solution (C) two solutions (D) more than two solutions
Q.34 If the roots of the equation x2 – 2ax + a2 + a – 3 = 0 are real and less than 3, then [IIT-JEE, 1999]
(A) a < 2 (B) 2 a  3 (C) 3 < a  4 (D) a > 4
Q.35 If  and  ( < ) are the roots of the equation x2 + bx + c = 0, where c < 0 < b, then
[IIT-JEE, 2000]
(A) 0 <  <  (B)  < 0 <  < ||
(C)  <  < 0 (D)  < 0 || < 
Q.36 If b > a, then the equation (x – a)(x – b) – 1 = 0 has [IIT-JEE, 2000]

(A) both roots in (a, b) (B) both roots in (–, a)
(C) both roots in (b, +) (D) one root in (–, a) and the other in (b, +)

Q.37 For the equation 3x2 + px + 3 = 0, p > 0, if one of the root is square of the other, then p is equal to
[IIT-JEE, 2000]
(A) 1/3 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 2/3
Q.38 Let f(x) = (1 + b2)x2 + 2bx + 1 and let m(b) be the minimum value of f(x). As b varies, the range of m(b)
is [IIT-JEE, 2001]
 1 1 
(A) [0, 1] (B)  0,  (C)  , 1 (D) (0, 1]
 2 2 
Q.39 Let  be the roots of x2 – x + p = 0 and  be roots of x2 – 4x + q = 0. If  are in G.P., then
the integral values of p and q, respectively are [IIT-JEE, 2001]
(A) –2, –32 (B) –2, 3 (C) –6, 3 (D) –6, –32
Q.40 The set of all real numbers x for which x2 – |x + 2| + x > 0 is [IIT-JEE, 2002]
(A)  , 2  
(B) ,  2    2,  
(C)  , 1  1,   (D)  2,  
Q.41 If f(x) = x2 + 2bx + 2c2 and g(x) = –x2 – 2cx + b2 are such that min f(x) > max g(x), then the relation
between b and c is [IIT-JEE, 2003]
(A) non relation (B) 0  c  b / 2 (C) | c |  | b | 2 (D) | c |  | b | 2
Q.42 For all x, x2 + 2ax + 10 – 3a > 0, then the interval in which a lies is [IIT-JEE, 2004]
(A) a < –5 (B) –5 < a < 2 (C) a > 5 (D) 2 < a < 5
Q.43 If one root is square of the other root of the equation x2 + px + q = 0, then the relation between p and
q is [IIT-JEE, 2004]
(A) p3 – q(3p – 1) + q2 = 0 (B) p3 – q(3p + 1) + q2 = 0
(C) p3 + q(3p – 1) + q2 = 0 (D) p3 + q(3p + 1) + q2 = 0
Q.44 Let  be the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and  = b2 – 4ac. If  + , 2 + 2,
3 + 3 are in G.P. Then [IIT-JEE, 2005]
(A)  = 0 (B)  0 (C) b = 0 (D) c = 0

Q.45 Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle, where a  b  c and  R. If the roots of the equation
x2 + 2(a + b + c)x + 3 (ab + bc + ca) = 0 are real. Then [IIT-JEE, 2006]
4 5 1 5  4 5
(A)   (B)   (C)    ,  (D)    , 
3 3 3 3  3 3
Q.46 Let  be the roots of the equation x2 – px + r = 0 and /2, 2 be the roots of the equation
x2 – qx + r = 0. Then the value of r is [IIT-JEE, 2007]
2 2
(A) ( p  q)(2q  p) (B) ( q  p)(2 p  q)
9 9
2 2
(C) ( q  2 p)(2q  p ) (D) (2 p  q)(2q  p )
9 9
Q.47 Let p and q be real numbers such that p  0, p3  q. If  and  are non-zero complex numbers satisfying
 
 +  = –p and 3 + 3 = q, then a quadratic equation having & as its roots is [IIT-JEE,2010]
 
(A) (p3 + q)x2 – (p3 + 2q)x + (p3 + q) = 0 (B) (p3 + q)x2 – (p3 – 2q)x + (p3 + q) = 0
(C) (p3 – q)x2 – (5p3 – 2q)x + (p3 – q) = 0 (D) (p3 – q)x2 – (p3 + 2q)x + (p3 – q) = 0
Q.48 Let  and  be the roots of x2 – 6x – 2 = 0, with  > . If an = n – n for n  1, then the value of
a10  2a8
is [IIT-JEE,2010]
2a9
(A) 1 (B) 2 (c) 3 (D) 4
Q.49 Let b = 6, with a and c satisfying (E). If  and  are the roots of the quadractic equation
n

ax2 + bx + c = 0, then   1  1  is [IIT-JEE,2011]
n0 
(A) 6 (B) 7 (c) 6/7 (D) 
Q.50 A value of b for which the equations x2 + bx – 1 = 0, x2 x + b = 0 have one root in common is
[IIT-JEE,2011]
(A)  2 (B) i 3 (C) 2 (D) 3

Q.51 Let (a) and (a) be the roots of the equation  3

1  a  1 x2    
1  a 1 x  6

1  a  1  0 where
a > –1. Then lim  (a) and lim  (a) are [IIT-JEE,2012]
a0 a0
5 1 7 9
(A)  and 1 (B)  and  1 (C)  and 2 (D)  and 3
2 2 2 2
Multiple choice questions with one or more than one correct answer
Q.52 For real x, then function (x – a)(x – b) / x – c will assume all real values provided [IIT-JEE, 1984]
(A) a > b > c (B) a < b < c (C) a > c > b (D) a < c < b
Q.53 If S is the set of all real x such that (2x – 1) / (2x3 + 3x2 + x) is positive, then S contains [IIT-JEE, 1986]
 3  3 1  1 1 1 
(A)  ,  (B)   ,   (C)   ,  (D)  , 3 
 2  2 4  4 2 2 
The equation x  2 
3/4 log 4  log x2(5/4 )
Q.54  2 has [IIT-JEE, 1989]
(A) at least one real solutions (B) exactly three solutions
(C) exactly one irrational solutions (D) complex roots
Integer Type
Q.55 The number of distinct real roots of x4 – 4x3 + 12x2 + x – 1 = 0 is ___________. [IIT-JEE, 2011]

ANSWER KEY
LEVEL # 1
Ques . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans . B D B B B B D D A D B A A C C D A A C C
Ques . 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans . C C A D C B C B B A D C A C B C C A C B
Ques . 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans . D B B C A A A D C A B D B A B C C D B B
Ques . 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans . B C C C B B D C D A D D D C B D B C C B
Ques . 81 82 83 84 85
Ans . C C A C A
LEVEL # 2
Ques . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans . A D A C D A D C C B B A C A D D C A A C
Ques . 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans . A B A B B C A A A B D C C D B A D C A B
Ques . 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans . B D A A A B B A C D B C B D C B B B A B
LEVEL # 3
Ques . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans . A ,D B A C A B,C A A C C A A B B A ,B B D A B B,D
Ques . 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Ans . D A C A ,B A C D B A C B B D
Ques . 34 AP B P C R DQ

EXERCISE–I
FG 1 IJ
Q.2 2x2 + 2x cos (A  B)  2 Q.3 254 Q.7 H
a   , 
2 K
  5 
Q.8 x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 ;  = tan   ;  = tan   Q.9 1 Q.10 minimum value 3 when x = 1 and p = 0
 12   12 
Q.12 (a) (ii) and (iv) ; (b) x  p(p  5p q + 5q2) x + p2q2(p2  4q) (p2  q) = 0
2 4 2
 1 5 1
Q.18    ,    {2}  (5, 6] Q.24 x2  3 x + 2 = 0 Q.27 x = Q.28  2 < a < 1
 4 2
Q.29 ymin = 6 Q.30 20
EXERCISE–II
Q.1 (a) x = 1; (b) x = 2 or 5; (c) x =  1 or 1; (d) x  1 or x =  3; (e) x = (1 2 ) a or ( 6  1) a
Q.2 30 
Q.5 a   14 , 1  Q.6 k = 86
Q.9 x2 = y2 = d/(a+b+c) ; x/(c  a) = y/(a  b) = K where K²a (a² + b² + c²  ab  bc  ca) = d
LM14 , IJ 11
Q 10. K   1 Q 11. (   ,  14 )  {4} 
N3 K Q 12. 2 2  a 
3
Q.13 (0, 8] Q 14. (a) K <  1 or K > 5/4 (b) K =  1 Q 15. [ 1 ,  )
Q 16. (– , – 2]  [ 0, 1) (2, 4) (5, ) Q18. p = 1 – 2 or 5 + 10
Q.19 P (1) = 4  
Q 20. 2 2  1 where x = 2
EXERCISE–III
 1 1
Q 1. x   ,   8 ,16 Q 2. (0,1)  (1 , 101/10 ) Q 3. 1  x  10
 16 8  9
10
1 5 1 5
Q 4. 1 < x < or <x<2 Q 5. 2  2
< x < 2-1 ; 1 < x < 2 2
Q 6. (,  2.5)  (0, )
2 2
1
Q 7. 0 < x < 31/1– log3 (where base of log is 2) Q 8. 2<x<1, 1<x<0, 0<x<1, x>2 & 1<x<2 Q 9. <x < 1
2
2 1
Q 10. x < 7 , 5 < x  2 , x  4 Q 11. x   ; x2 Q12. ( 6 ,  5)  ( 3 ,  2)
3 2
5
Q 13. a 
2
   
Q 14. x  3 , 5  3  7 ,   Q 15.   ,  2 2    1 , 0   0 , 1   2 2 , 
2 2  
EXERCISE–IV
Q.2 4 Q.4 C
Q.5 x  (x1 + x2) x + x1 x2 = 0 where x1 = (b2  2c) (b3  3cb) ; x2 = c3 (b2  4c)
2
Q.6 (i) x3 + q x  r = 0, (ii)  =  = /3, Q.7 (i) A, (ii) A, Q.8 (a, b) Q.9 (a) C, (b) B, (c) D
Q.10 A Q.11  =  and  =  or  = 2 and  = 2
2 2
Q.12 B Q.13 a > 1
     3  
Q.14 (a) D ; (b) A   2 ,  10    10 , 2 
Q.15 Q.16 (a) A, (b) 1210
   
17. C 18. A 19. C 20. B 21. A 22. A 23. C 24. D 25. A 26. C 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. C
31. A 32. B 33. A 34. A 35. B 36. D 37. C 38. D 39. A 40. B 41. D 42. B 43. A 44. D
45. A 46. D 47. B 48. C 49. B 50. B 51. B 52. CD 53. AD 54. ABC 55. 2

Quadratic Equation - 01-60

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Quadratic Equation - 01-60

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MATHEMATICS

Target IIT JEE

S.No. Topic Page No.

10. Answers 58-59

 a quadratic equation if a  0 Two Roots

 a linear equation if a = 0, b  0 One Root

 an identity if a=b=c=0 Infinite Roots

(i) 3x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 is a quadratic equation here a = 3.

2. Relation Between Roots & Co-efficients:

(ii) If ,  are the roots of quadratic equation,

Quadratic Equation [1]

Self Practice Problems :

a, b, c  R & D > 0 a, b, c  R & D < 0

Quadratic Equation [2]

Self Practice Problems :

Quadratic Equation [3]

Ans. (3) (i) (– , 2)  (3, ) (ii)  {2, 3}

Quadratic Equation [4]

Self Practice Problems :

5. Factorisation of Quadratic Expressions:

Quadratic Equation [5]

Self Practice Problems :

10. If x –  be a factor common to a 1 x2 + b1 x + c and a 2 x2 + b2 x + c prove that (a 1 – a 2 ) = b2 – b1 .

6. Graph of Quadratic Expression:

 the graph between x, y is always a parabola.

 the parabola intersect the yaxis at point (0, c).

Quadratic Equation [6]

(ii) Range in restricted domain:

Find the maximum and minimum values of f(x) = x 2 – 5x + 6.

Quadratic Equation [7]

Self Practice Problems :

Quadratic Equation [8]

9. Solution of Quadratic Inequalities:

(ii) If D = 0, i.e. roots are equal, i.e.  =  .

(iii) If D < 0, i.e. the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has no real root.

Quadratic Equation [9]

Self Practice Problems :

17. (i) |x2 + x | – 5 < 0 (ii) x2 – 7x + 12 < |x – 4|

19. Solve the inequation (x2 + 3x + 1) (x 2 +3x – 3)  5

10. Location Of Roots:

(i) (ii) (iii)

Condition -  D  0  (m – 3)2 – 4m  0  m2 – 10m + 9  0

Quadratic Equation [11]

Condition -  D  0  m  (– , 1]  [9, )

Condition -  f(1) < 0  4<0  m 

Condition -  D  0  m  (– , 1] [9, )

Condition -  f(0) < 0  m < 0 Ans.

Quadratic Equation [12]

Quadratic Equation [14]

If 1, 2, 3,...... n are the roots of the equation;

Quadratic Equation [15]

Quadratic Equation [16]

Quadratic Equation [17]

Quadratic Equation [18]

Quadratic Equation [19]

OBJECTIVE TYPE EXAMPLE WITH SOLUTIONS

Quadratic Equation [20]

Quadratic Equation [21]

Quadratic Equation [22]

 k2 – 6k + 8 < 0  2 < k < 4.

Quadratic Equation [23]

Quadratic Equation [24]

Quadratic Equation [26]