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ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Syllabus IIT JEE : Quadratic equations with real coefficients, relations between roots and
coefficients, formation of quadratic equations with given roots, symmetric functions of roots.
1ST LECTURE :
QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL :
A polynomial of degree two in one variable of the type
y = ax2 + bx + c where a 0, a, b, c R is called a quadratic polynomial, where
a = leading coefficient of the trinomial
c = absolute term of the trinomial
In case a = 0 , y = bx + c, is called a linear polynomial. (b 0 )
If c = 0 then y = bx is called an odd linear polynomial
The standard appearance of a polynomial of degree n is
y = f (x) = anxn + an – 1xn – 1 + an – 2 xn – 2 + ....... + a0 when an 0 and ai's = R
(note that a polynomial of degree 3 is called a cubic and of degree 4 is called a
biquadratic polynomial)
Now for different values of a, b, c, if graph of y = ax2 + bx + c is plotted then the
following 6 different shapes are obtained. The graph is called a parabola.
2ND LECTURE
If a quadratic equation has more than 2 roots then it becomes an identity.
a 2 ( x b)(x c) b 2 ( x c)( x a ) c 2 ( x a )( x b)
3. + + = x2
(a b)(a c) (b c)(b a ) (c a )(c b)
(a x ) 2 (b x )2 (c x ) 2
4. + + =1
(a b)(a c) (b c)(b a ) (c a )(c b)
[Ans. x = – a ; – b ; – c are the solutions ]
Solving quadratic and rational inequalities. (Method of intervals)
Type-1 : Quadratic inequality involving non-repeated linear factors.
(1) 3x2 – 7x + 6 < 0 [Ans. x ]
(2) (x2 – x – 6)(x2 + 6x) 0 (Asking)
5 2 x3
(3) Solve f ' (x) g ' (x) where f (x) = 5 – 3x + x – , g (x) = 3x – 7. [Ans. [2, 3] ]
2 3
Type-2 : Quadratic inequality involving Repeated linear factos.
(1) (x + 1)(x – 3)(x – 2)2 0. [Ans. (– , –1) (3, )]
(2) x(x + 6)(x + 2)2(x – 3) > 0 [Ans. (–6, 0)(x +1)3 – {2} ]
(3) (x – 1)2(x + 1)3(x – 4) < 0 [Ans. (–1, 4) – {1} ]
x 3 (2x 3) 2 ( x 4)6
(4) Number of positive integral solution of 0
( x 3)3 (3x 8)4
(A) only one (B) 2 (C*) 3 (D) 4
[Hint: x {1, 2, 4} ]
f (x )
Type-3 : Quadratic / algebraic inequality of the type of . (Rational inequality)
g(x)
2x 3 3 7 x 2 5x 12 1
(1) [(–, ) ( , + )] (2) >3 [ ( , 3)]
3x 7 2 3 x 2 4x 5 2
x 2 5x 6 ( x 1)2 ( x 1)3
(3) < 0 [(2, 3)] (4) < 0 [(–1, 2) – {0, 1}]
x2 x 1 x 4 ( x 2)
x 1 x5 2( x 4) 1
(5) [(– , – 1) (1, 3)] (6) [(1, 2) (7, + ) ]
| x 4|
x 2 4x 4 1
(8) 2 >0 [(– , – 2) (– 2, – ) (–1, ) ]
2x x 1 2
Type-4 : Double inequality and biquadratic inequality.
3x 2 7 x 8
(1) 1< 2
x2 1
3x 2 7 x 8
(2) For what value of 'x' sin–1 2
is meaningful.
x 1
(3) (x2 + 3x + 1) (x2 + 3x – 3) 0 [Ans. (–, – 4] [–2, –1] [1, ) ]
( 2 x 3)
(4) (x2 + 3x)(2x + 3) – 16 0.
( x 2 3x )
CONDITION OF COMMON ROOTS :
Let a1x2 + b1x + c1= 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 have a common root .
Hence a12 + b1 + c1 = 0
a22 + b2 + c2 = 0
by cross multiplication
2 1
= a c a c = a b a b
b1c 2 b 2c1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1
EXAMPLES :
1. Find the value of k for which the equations 3x2 + 4kx + 2 = 0 and 2x2 + 3x – 2 = 0
7 11
have a common root. [Ans. k = or – ]
4 8
1 1
[Hint: From the 2nd equation x = or x = – 2. Either x = or x =– 2 may be the common
2 2
root]
2. If the quadratic equation x2 + bx + c = 0 and x2 + cx + b = 0 (b c) have a common
root then prove that their uncommon roots are the roots of the equation x2 + x+bc=0
[Hint: 2 + b + c = 0
2 + c + b = 0
2 1
where 1 and 2 are the common root
required equation x2 – (b + c)x + bc = 0
but – (b + c) = 1
x2 + x + bc = 0 ]
Home Work after Q.No. 2.
If the equations x2 + abx + c = 0 and x2 + acx + b = 0 have a common root then show
that the quadratic equation containing their other common roots is
a (b + c)x2 + (b + c)x – abc = 0
3.(a) Find the value of p and q if the equation px2 + 5x + 2 = 0 and 3x2 + 10x + q = 0 have
p 5 2 3
both roots is common. [Hint: = = ] [Ans. p = ; q = 4]
3 10 q 2
2 2
(b) If the equation x – 4x + 5 = 0 and x + ax + b = 0 have a common root find a and b.
[Hint: since roots of 1st are imaginary hence both roots must be common]
4. If the equation 4x2 sin2 – (4sin)x + 1 = 0 and
a2(b2 – c2)x2 + b2(c2 – a2)x + c2(a2–b2) = 0 have a common root and the 2nd equation
has equal root find the possible values of in (0, ).
5 1
[Hint: x = 1 is the common ( = or ) put in equation to get sin= ]
6 6 2
5. If one root of the quadratic equation x2 – x + 3a = 0 is double the root of the equation
x2 – x + a = 0 then find the value of 'a' (a 0)
[Hint: x2 – x + 3a = 0 ; x2 – x + a = 0 ,
2 – + a = 0
42 – 2+ 3a = 0
2 1 2 1
= = = =
3a 2a 4a 3a 2 4 a a 2
a
= – 1 or = a=–2 ]
2
6. If each pair of the equations
x 2 p1x q1 0
x 2 p 2 x q 2 0 has exactly one root in common then show that
x 2 p3 x q 3 0
(p1 + p2 + p3)2 = 4 (p1p2 + p2p3 + p3p1 – q1 – q2 – q3)
[Sol. Let x 2 + p 1x + q 1 = 0
x 2 + p 2x + q 2 = 0
x 2 + p 3x + q 3 = 0
Now | ( + ) – ( + ) |2 = | – |2
|||ly p 22 p32 p12 = 2p3p4 – 4q1
and p32 p12 p 22 = 2p3p1 – 4q2
adding p12 p 22 p32 = 2 p1 p 2 – 4 q1
(p1 + p2 + p3)2 = 4[ p1 p 2 q1 ] ]
7. Find the value of '' for which the system of inequality
x2 + 2x + 0 and x2 – 4x – 6 0 has a unique solution. (Only for XIII)
[Ans. = 0, 1]
x2
8. For what value of 'a' do the curves y = 1 + and y = 4 x possesses only one point
a3
in common. [Only for XIII] [Ans. a = 1/3 or a < 0]
Home Work : General inequaliteis from Prilepko.
3RD LECTURE
MAXIMUM AND MINMUM VALUES OF QUADRATIC AND
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS :
b
(1) y = ax2 + bx + c attains its maximum or minima at the point with abscissa x = –
2a
according as a < 0 or a > 0.
(2) Maximum or minimum value can also be obtained by making a perfect square and then
taking an interpretation.
Ex. y = 2x2 – 3x + 1 find the minimum value.
y = 7 + 5x – 2x2 find the maximum value.
(3) For computing the maximum or minimum values of rational function consider the
following examples :
EXAMPLES :
x 2 3x 4 1
1. If x is real then lies from and 7.
x 2 3x 4 7
dy 6( x 2 4)
[Sol. = 2 which vanishes where x = 2 or – 2 ;
dx ( x 3x 4) 2
1
f (2) = & f (–2) = 7
7
Note that y is always > 0 as both Nr & Dr > 0, x R
The graph is as follows
1
Note : , 7 is also the range of the given function. ]
7
2( x 3)
can have all numerical values except which lie between 2
and 6.
2
dy 1 x 6x 5
[Sol. = =0 x=1 & x=5
dx 2 ( x 3) 2
y |x = 1 = 2 ; y |x = 5 = 6 ]
( x 1)( x 2)
3. Prove that y = can have any
x ( x 3)
value in (– , ) for x R.
dy 2(2x 2 x 3)
[Sol. = xR
dx ( x 2 3x ) 2
y in (– , – 3) (– 3, 0) (0, ) ]
x 2 14 x 9
4. Find the maximum and minimum value of y = x R.
x 2 2x 3
[Ans. Maximum = 4 ; minimum = – 5]
ax 2 7 x 5
5. Find all possible values of 'a' for which the expression may be capable
5x 2 7 x a
of all values, x being any real quantity. [Ans. a (– 12, 2)]
[Hint: For common roots between Nr and Dr
ax2 – 7x + 5 = 0
5x2 – 7x + a = 0
2 1
= =
7a 35 25 a 2 7(a 5)
a5
2 1 7 a5
= = = a = 2 or a = – 12
7 a5 7 a5 7
Hence for a = 2 or a = – 12 we have a common factor in Nr & Dr.
for a = 2
2x 2 7 x 5 (2 x 5)( x 1)
y= = ....(1)
5x 2 7 x 2 ( x 1)(5x 2)
for a = – 12
12x 2 7 x 5 ( x 1)(5 12x )
y= = ....(2)
5x 2 7 x 12 ( x 1)(5x 12)
y can take the value – 1 for any x.
2
in (2) when x –1 y = 1; x ± , y
5
y can not take the value 1 for any x.
2x 5 x 1 2x 5
The graph of y = · = when x 1
5x 2 x 1 5x 2
dy (5x 2) 2 ( 2 x 5)5 21
= = >0 y
dx (5x 2) 2 (5 x 2 ) 2
Note that in this case y can take all values except – 1and 2/5. Similar would be the
situation when a = – 12. Hence the values of a = 2 and – 12 are to be excluded. ]
(ax b)(dx c)
6. Show that the expression will be capable of all values when x is real,
(bx a )(cx d)
if a2 – b2 and c2 – d2 have the same sign.
[Sol. TPT (a2 – b2) (c2 – d2) > 0 (note that ad bc)
ad x 2 (ac bd) x bc
y= 2 ybcx2 – (bd + ac)y x + y ad = adx2 – (ac+bd)x + bc
bc x (bd ac) x ad
(ybc – ad)x2 – [ y(bd + ac) – (ac + bd)] x + (y ad – bc) = 0 as x R
[ y(bd + ac) – (ac + bd)]2 4(y bc – ad) (y ad – bc)
(bd + ac)2·y2 + (ac + bd)2 – 2(bd + ac)(ac + bd) y 4[(abcd)y2 – (b2c2 + a2d2)y + abcd]
(ac – bd)2·y2 –2[(ac + bd)2 – 2(b2c2 + a2d2)] y + (ac – bd)2 0
(ac – bd)2·y2 –2[(ac – bd)2 – 2(bc – ad)2] y + (ac – bd)2 0
4[(ac – bd)2 – 2(bc – ad)2]2 – 4[(ac – bd)2]2 0
[(ac – bd)2 – 2(bc – ad)2 + (ac – bd)2] [(ac – bd)2 – 2(bc – ad)2 – (ac – bd)2] 0
Home Work : Exercise 9 (b) of H & K.
4TH LECTURE
A. To find the condition that a quadratic function of x, y of the type
f (x, y) = ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c= 0 may be resolved into two linear factors.
The required condition is
abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0.
EXAMPLES :
1. If the expression 3x2 + 2pxy + 2y2 +2ax – 4y + 1 can be resolved into linear factors
then prove that p must be one of the roots of the equation t 2 + 4at + 2a2 + 6 = 0.
[Sol. a = 3, h = p, b = 2, g = a, f = – 2, c = 1
condition for this to be resolved into 2 linear factors
abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
6 + (– 4ap) – 12 – 2a2 – p2 = 0
– p2 – 4ap – 2a2 – 6 = 0
p2 + 4ap + 2a2 + 6 = 0
p is one of the roots of t2 + 4at + 2a2 + 6 = 0]
prove that 1 x 2 and – y .
8 8
[Sol. x2 – 3x + 16y2 + 2 = 0 16y2 + x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
xR D0 yR D0
9 – 4(16y2 + 2) 0 – 64(x2 – 3x + 2) > 0
9 – 64y2 – 8 0 x2 – 3x + 2 0
1 – 64y2 0 (x – 2)(x – 1) 0
64y2 – 1 0
(8y + 1)(8y – 1) 0
1 1
– y< x [1, 2]
8 8
1x2 ]
(b) Show that in the equation x2 – 3xy + 2y2 – 2x – 3y – 35 = 0, for every real value of
x there is a real value of y, and for every value of y there is a real value of x.
3. Prove that the expression 2x2 + 3xy + y2 + 2y + 3x + 1 can be factorised into two
linear factors. Find them.
[Sol. a = 2, b = 1, h = 3/2, g = 3/2, f = 1, c = 1
abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
9 9 9
2+ –2– –
2 4 4
9 9
– =0 ]
2 2
4. If (ax2 + bx + c)y + a' x2 + b'x + c' = 0 find the condition that x may be a rational
function of y. [Ans. (ac' – a'c)2 = (ab' – a'b) (bc' – b'c)]
[Hint: Solve for x and then D must be a perfect square. ]
[Sol. (ay + a')x2 + (by + b') x + cy + c' = 0
7
3 + = ....(1)
12
21 21
22 + 2 + = – ....(2) or 22 + 3 = –
8 8
15
22 = – ....(3) must be – ve
8
7
put = – 3 in equation (2)
12
7 21
22 + 3 3 = –
12 8
7 21
22 + – 92 = –
4 8
7 21
– 72 + + =0 82 – 6 + 4 – 3
4 8
3
– 2 + + =0 2(4 – 3) + 4 – 3
4 8
3 1
82 – 2 – 3 = 0 = or = –
4 2
3 7 9 7 27 20 5
if = then = – = =– =–
4 12 4 12 12 3
3 5
i.e. = or = –
4 3
1 7 3 7 18 25
If = – then = + = =
2 12 2 24 24
3 25
i.e. = & = (does not satisfy (3) )
4 24
3 5 3 3 5
Hence = & =– roots are , , – ]
4 3 4 2 3
Similar problem of Home Work : 24x3 + 46x2 + 9x – 9 = 0
2. Find the
(i) sum of the squares and
(ii) sum of the cubes of the roots of the cubic equation x 3 – px2 + qx – r = 0
5TH LECTURE
LOCATION OF ROOTS:
This article deals with an elegant approach of solving problems on quadratic equations
b
(i) a > 0 ; (ii) D 0 ; (iii) f (d) > 0 ; (iv) – >d
2a
Note : If a < 0 then intercept accordingly.
EXAMPLES ON (TYPE–1) :
1. Find all the values of the parameter 'd' for which both roots of the equation
11
x2 – 6dx + (2 – 2d + 9d2) = 0 exceed the number 3. [Ans. d > ]
9
[Sol. (i) D0
9t2 – 2 + 2t – 9t2 0
t–10
t1
b
(ii) – > 3; 3t > 3; t > 1
2a
(iii) f (3) > 0
9 – 18t + 2 – 2t + 9t2 > 0
9t2 – 20t + 11 > 0
9t2 – 9t – 11t + 11 > 0
(t – 1)(9t – 11) > 0
t (– , 1) (11/9, )
Intersection of (i), (ii) and (iii) is t > 11/9 ]
2. Find all the values of 'a' for which both roots of the equation x2 + x + a = 0 exceed the
quantity 'a'. [Ans. (– , – 2)]
[Sol. (i) D0
1 – 4a 0
4a 1
a 1/4
b 1 1
(ii) – > a; – > a; a<–
2a 2 2
(iii) f (a) > 0
a2 + 2a > 0
a(a + 2) > 0
a (– , –2) (0, )
a (– , – 2) Ans. ]
3. Determine the values of 'a' for which both roots of the quadratic equation
(a2 + a – 2)x2 – (a + 5)x – 2 = 0 exceed the number minus one.
[Ans. (– , –2) (–1, – 1/2) (1, )]
4. Find the values of a > 0 for which both the roots of equation ax2 – (a + 1)x + a – 2 = 0
are greater than 3.
Type–2 : Both roots lie on either of a fixed number say (d). Alternatively one root is
greater than 'd' and other less than 'd' or 'd' lies between the roots of the given
equation.
(i) a > 0 (i) a < 0
and (ii) f (d) < 0 or (ii) f (d) > 0
Note that no consideration for discriminant will be useful here.
EXAMPLES ON (TYPE–2) :
1. Find the value of k for which one root of the equation of x2 – (k + 1)x + k2 + k–8=0
exceed 2 and other is smaller than 2. [Ans. k (–2, 3)]
[Sol. since a > 0 f (0) < 0 f (2) < 0
2
4 – 2(k + 1) + k + k – 8 < 0
k2 – K + 6 < 0
(k + 2)(k – 3) < 0
k (–2, 3) ]
2. Find the set of values of 'a' for which zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
(a2 + a + 1) x2 + (a – 1)x + a2 are located on either side of 3. [Ans. ]
[Sol. Leading co-efficient is always + ve
f (3) < 0
9a2 + 9a + 9 + 3a – 3 + a2 < 0
10a2 + 12a + 6 < 0
5a2 + 6a + 3 < 0
This is always + ve as 5 > 0
D<0
a Ans.]
Type–3 : Exactly one root lies in the interval (d, e) when d < e.
Conditions for this are :
(i) a 0 ; (ii) f (d) · f (e) < 0
EXAMPLES ON (TYPE–3) :
1. Find the set of values of m for which exactly one root of the equation
x2 + mx + (m2 + 6m) = 0 lie in (–2, 0) [Ans. (– 6, – 2) (–2, 0)]
2. Find all possible values of 'a' for which exactly one root of the quadratic equation
x2 – (a + 1)x + 2a = 0 lie in the interval (0, 3). [Ans. (– , 0] (6, )]
Note : In this case also check for end points. If interval is closed say [d, e] then
f (d) = 0 or f (e) = 0 no other root should lie in (d, e)
Type–4 : When both roots are confined between the number d and e (d < e). Conditions
for this are
(i) a > 0 ; (ii) D 0 ; (iii) f (d) > 0 ; (iv) f (e) > 0
b
d<– <e
2a
EXAMPLES ON (TYPE–4) :
1. If , are the roots of the quadratic equation
x2 + 2(k – 3)x + 9 = 0 ( ). If , (–6, 1) then find the values of k.
27
[Ans. 6, ]
4
(i) f (d) < 0 and f (e) < 0 if (a > 0)
EXAMPLES ON (TYPE–5) :
1. Find all the values of k for which one root of the quadratic equation
(k – 5)x2 – 2kx + k – 4 = 0 is smaller than 1 and the other root exceed 2. [Ans. (5, 24)]
EXAMPLES :
1. Let be a real root of the equation ax2 + bx + c and be a real root of the equation
a 2
– ax2 + bx + c = 0. Show that there exists a root of the equation x bx c = 0
2
that lie between and . (, 0).
[Sol. is a root of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
a2 + b + c = 0 ....(1)
similarly – + b + c = 0
2 ....(2)
a 2
Let f (x) = x + bx + c ....(3)
2
a a
Now f () = 2 + b + c = 2 – a2 {From (1)}
2 2
a
= – 2
2
a 2 a
and f () = + b + c = 2 + a2 {From (2)}
2 2
3 2
= a
2
3 2 2 2
Now f () f () = – a < 0 [ , 0]
4
f () and f () have opposite signs, therefore equation f (x) = 0 will have exactly
one root between and if < or one root between and if < .
2. If a < b < c < d, then show that the quadratic equation (x – a)(x – c) + (x – b)(x – d)=0
has real roots for all real values of .
[Sol. Let f (x) = (x – a) (x – c) + (x – b)(x – d)
Given, a < b < c < d
Now, f (b) = (b – a) (b – c) < 0 [ b – a > 0 and b – c < 0]
and f (d) = (d – a)(d – c) > 0
Since f (b) and f (d) have opposite signs therefore, equation f (x) = 0 has one real
root between b and d.
Since one root is real and a, b, c, d, are real therefore, other root will also be real.
Hence equation f (x) = 0 has real roots for all real values of . ]
[Sol. f (x) = (a2 + 3)x2 + (a + 2)x – 5
Case-I: when f (0) < 0
obviously there is atleast one negative x for which f (x) < 0
f (0) = – 5 which is always true for any a R
Case-II: If f (0) > 0
and D > 0
b
and – <0
2a
f (0) > 0 is not possible. Hence f
a R]
3(b) If f (x) = 4x2 + ax + (a – 3) is negative for atleast one x, find all possible values of a.
[Sol. Case-I: if f (0) < 0
a–3<0 a<3
a (– , + 3)
Case-II: if f (0) 0 and
b
D > 0 and – <0
2a
f (0) > 0 gives a – 3 0 a3 ....(1)
2
D > 0 gives a – 16(a – 3) > 0
a2 – 16a – 48 > 0
(a – 12)(a – 4) > 0 a > 12 or a < 4 ....(2)
b a
– < 0 gives – < 0 a>0 ....(3)
2a 8
from (1), (2) and (3)
a [3, 4) (12, )
finally a (– , 4) (12, ) ]
4. Find the values of a for which the equation x2 + 2(a – 1)x + a + 5 = 0 has at least one
positive root. [Ans. a – 1]
5. Let a, b, c R a 0. If and be the roots of equation ax2 +bx + c = 0,
c 1 b
where < – n and > n, then show that 1 + 2
< 0, n N.
an n a
[Sol. ax2 +bx + c = 0
b c
f (x) = x2 + x+ =0
a a
f (x) < 0 and f (–x) < 0
b c
x2 + x+ <0
a a
b c
and x2 – x+ <0
a a
b c
hence 1 + + 2 <0 ....(1)
ax ax
This two inequalities must simultaneously be true
note that the prodction of the roots is < – n2
c c
< – n2 or +1<D
a ax 2
c 1 b
consider E = 1 2 ....(2)
ax n a
ve
c 1 b
if b/a > 0 then E = 1 + + <0
ax 2 n a
c
1 b
if b/a < 0 then E = 1 + –
<0 from (1)
ax 2 n a
hence (2) simultaneously satisfied both (1)
(1) is equivalent to
c b
1+ + <0 ]
ax 2 a
6TH LECTURE
MISCELLANEOUS EQUATIONS INEQUATIONS AND LOGARITHMIC
INEQUALITIES :
A. LINEAR EQUATION / INEQUATIONS INVOLVING MODULUS :
1. | x – 3 | + 2 | x + 1 | = 4 Ans { – 1}
3
2. |x+2|–|x–1|<x–
2
3. Find the least +ve integer satisfying | x + 1 | + | x – 4 | > 7.
2 x 1 3x 1
4. Greater integer satisfying – >1
3 2
x 2 5x 4 8 5
5. 1 [(0, )( , + )]
x2 4 5 2
x 2 3x 1
6. < 3 [(– , – 2) (– 1, + )]
x2 x 1
4x 6 3
1. log 1 0 Ans. 2,
x 2
5
3
2. (a) log2x+3(x2) < log2x + 3(2x + 3) Ans. , 1 1, 3
2
(b) logx+3(x2 – x) < 1 Ans. (–3, 2) (–1, 0) (1, 3)
2x 6
3. log7 > 0 Ans. , 1
2 x 1 2
Ans. 2,
5
5. log0.2 (x2 – x – 2 ) > log0.2 (– x2 + 2x + 3)
2
3x 6
log 1 log 2
x 2 2
6. (0.3) 3 >1 Ans. (power < 0)
x 2 x
7. log0.5 log6
x 4 < 0 Ans. (– 4, – 3) (8, )
| x 2 4x | 3
Ans. , , 2
log3 2 1
8. 2 0
x | x 5| 3 2
4x 3 1 3 4
9. log 22 >– Ans. , or all domain
4 3x 2 4 3
10. 2 log32 x 3log3 x 8 2 log32 x 3log3 x 6 3
[Hint : Put 2 log32 x 3 log3 x 6 = t ]