Table of Contents

❖ Quadratic Equations

❖ Complex Numbers

❖ Sequence and Series

❖ Permutations & Combinations

❖ Binomial Theorem

❖ Functions

❖ Straight Lines

❖ Circles

❖ Conic Sections

❖ Trigonometry
 Relation between Roots & Coefficients

Newton’s Identity:

If ⍺ and β are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0

and Sn = p n ± qβ n
Then, aSn + bSn − 1 + cSn − 2 = 0
If 𝜶, 𝜷 are the roots of x2 - 3x + 5 = 0 and Sn = 2𝜶n +6𝜷n,
then S10 + 5S8 is equal to ___.
 JEE Main 11th April, 2023

If a and b be the roots of x2 - 7x - 1 = 0, then the

value of is equal to
 JEE Main 11th April, 2023

If a and b be the roots of x2 - 7x - 1 = 0, then the

value of is equal to

Ans: 51
 Relation between Roots & Coefficients

For a cubic equation, we have

If 𝜶, 𝜷, 𝜸 are the roots of x3 - x + 1 = 0, then 𝜶3 + 𝜷3 + 𝜸3
is equal to _____.
 Relation between Roots & Coefficients

For a Biquadratic equation, we have

 Note
Whenever we are finding or proving some
condition and during the procedure we get
value of some root, always make it satisfy
the equation.
Condition for x3 + 2px2 - qx + 3 r = 0 to have roots
𝜶, 𝜷, 𝜸 such that 𝜶𝜷 = -1 is __________.
 Nature of roots

For a quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c ∈ R

and a ≠ 0, the value of discriminant ’D’ determine the
nature of the roots of equation.

Discriminant, D = b2 - 4ac
 Nature of roots

D>0 D=0 D<0

Real & Distinct roots Real & Equal roots Non-Real roots
Note: If D is not a
perfect square and
a, b ∈ Q, then roots
are conjugate
irrationals
 Nature of roots

D>0 D=0 D<0

Real & Distinct roots Real & Equal roots Non-Real roots
Note: If D is not a Note: a > 0 & D = 0
perfect square and will imply that
a, b ∈ Q, then roots quadratic is a
are conjugate complete square
irrationals
 Nature of roots

D>0 D=0 D<0

Real & Distinct roots Real & Equal roots Non-Real roots
Note: If D is not a Note: a > 0 & D = 0 Note: If a, b ∈ R, then
perfect square and will imply that roots are conjugate
a, b ∈ Q, then roots quadratic is a complex numbers
are conjugate complete square
irrationals
 Transformation of Equations

If roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are α & β then equation having roots:

(a) 2⍺ and 2β is ➝

(b) is ➝

(c) ⍺ + 2 and β + 2 is ➝

Remark
This shortcut works for equation of any degree.
 Common Roots

Given two Quadratic Equations, there are two possibilities-

1. They have one root in common
2. Both the roots are common
 Common Roots

Condition for one root common in

a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0
& a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 is (c1a2 - c2a1)2 = (b1c2 - b2c1) (a1b2 - a2b1)
The value of k such that x2 - kx - 1 = 0 & x2 - 3x +2 = 0
have common root is _____.
If the equations x2 − ax + b = 0 and x2 + bx − a = 0
have a common root, then a - b is equal to ___
 Common Roots

Condition for both roots common in a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 & a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 is
Find the condition for which the roots of x3 + bx2 + cx + 1 = 0
are double the roots of px3 - qx2 + 2rx + s = 0 ?
The value of a + b such that the equations ax2 + bx + a = 0
and x3 - 2x2 + 2x - 1 = 0 have two roots common is ____.
 Analysis of Graphs

Parabola Opens Upwards Parabola Opens downwards

 Analysis of Graphs

Significance of D
For D > 0

D > 0 and a > 0 D > 0 and a < 0

X X
 Analysis of Graphs

Significance of D
For D = 0

D = 0 and a < 0

X X

D = 0 and a > 0
 Analysis of Graphs

Significance of D
For D < 0

D < 0 and a < 0

X
X

D < 0 and a > 0

 Analysis of Graphs

Observation

1. Range of y = ax2 + bx + c is →

2. (i) ax2 + bx + c > 0 ∀ x if →

(ii) ax2 + bx + c < 0 ∀ x if →

 Analysis of Graphs

Observation

1. Range of y = ax2 + bx + c is →

2. (i) ax2 + bx + c > 0 ∀ x if → a > 0 and D < 0

X

(ii) ax2 + bx + c < 0 ∀ x if → a < 0 and D < 0 X

If x2 + 2Kx + 10 - 3K > 0 ∀ x, then K lies in the interval:
Find range of:
(a) y = x2 + 2x + 4 ; 1 ≤ x ≤ 3
(b) y = x2 + 2x + 4 ; -3 ≤ x ≤ -2
(c) y = 2x2 + x + 1 ; -1 ≤ x ≤ 1
Find the range of y = 2 sin2θ + sinθ + 1 .
 Location of roots

Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of quadratic equation

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c ∈ R
Let us consider a real number ‘k’
 Location of roots

Result
Find the value of ‘ t ’ such that x2 + 3t x + t + 1 = 0
has roots such that 1 lies inside them.
Find the value of ‘t’ such that x2 + 2(t - 1)x + t + 5 = 0
has both roots greater than 5.
 Find the value of ‘t’ such that x2 + 2(t - 1)x + t + 5 = 0
has both roots greater than 5.

Ans: No value of t
 Location of roots

Result

Note
f(k1).f(k2) < 0 implies that one of the k1 and k2
lies inside and other lies outside of the roots.
 Iota & Powers of Iota

i1 = i i5 =
i2 = i6 =
i3 = i7 =
i4 = i8 =

Observation

Sum of four consecutive powers of iota is Zero.

 Describing Complex Numbers & Its algebra

z=x+iy; x, y R

Remark
If x = 0 then z is called purely imaginary.
Conjugate Modulus & Argument
 Conjugate of Complex Numbers

Let z = x + iy then its conjugate, denoted by is defined by x - iy.

So,

Eg:

(a)

(b)

(c)
Solve for z:
 Conjugate of Complex Numbers

Properties of Conjugate
If , then find Re(z).
Find the smallest positive integer n for which
(1 + i)2n = (1 - i)2n.
 Find the smallest positive integer n for which
(1 + i)2n = (1 - i)2n.

Ans: 2
 Modulus and Argument of Complex Numbers

Let z = x + iy Im(z)

Re(z)

Modulus: If P denotes z = x + iy in Argand plane then the length OP is called

modulus of complex number z. It is denoted by |z|.
 Modulus and Argument of Complex Numbers
Properties of Modulus
(1) | z | = 0 z=0

(2)

(3) | z1 z2| = | z1 | | z2 | | zn | = | z |n

(4)

(5)

(6) Triangle inequalities

(a) | z1 + z2| ≤ | z1 | + | z2 |
(b) | z1 - z2| ≥ || z1 | - | z2 ||
If z1 and z2 are complex numbers such that |z1| = 2
and |z2| = 3 and , then find ‘k’.
 If z1 and z2 are complex numbers such that |z1| = 2
and |z2| = 3 and , then find ‘k’.

Ans: ⅙
Find maximum and minimum value of |z - (3 + 4i)| if
(i) |z - 1| = 2
(ii) |z - 1| < 2
(iii) |z - 1| > 2
 Modulus and Argument of Complex Numbers

Argument: If P denotes z = x + iy in Argand plane then argument is defined

as the angle which OP makes with positive direction of Re(z) axis.
 Modulus and Argument of Complex Numbers

Note
● If θ is argument of z then 2nπ + θ is also an argument ; where n is integer.
● The value of argument which lies in (-π, π] is called principal value of
argument
● Argument of purely imaginary number is
● Argument of purely real number is 0 or π
 Modulus and Argument of Complex Numbers

Properties of Argument

Observation

(1)
(2)
(3)
z & ⍵ are complex numbers such that
& arg(z⍵) = π, then arg(z) =

D
z & ⍵ are complex numbers such that
& arg(z⍵) = π, then arg(z) =

D
Representation of Complex Numbers in various forms
 Representation of Complex Numbers in various forms

Z=x+iy

Polar form Euler form

Z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) Z = reiθ

Note
If we know |z| & arg(z) then we can write z
Euler’s form is very efficient in handling big
& bad powers of a complex number
If , then b is equal to ____.
 If , then b is equal to ____.

Ans: 0
De-Moivre’ Theorem
 JEE Main 5th Sept, 2020

If sin ⍺ + sin β + sin γ = 0 = cos ⍺ + cos β + cos γ, then

sin 3⍺ + sin 3β + sin 3γ is equal to
 JEE Main 5th Sept, 2020

If sin ⍺ + sin β + sin γ = 0 = cos ⍺ + cos β + cos γ, then

sin 3⍺ + sin 3β + sin 3γ is equal to

Ans: 3 sin(⍺ + β + γ)
Cube roots of Unity
 Cube roots of Unity

Consider, z3 = 1
Roots of this equation are called cube
roots of unity.
z3 = 1
(z - 1) (z2 + z + 1) = 0

Properties of
1. 𝜔3 = 1 Note

2. 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0 Roots of z2 + z + 1 = 0 are 𝜔 & 𝜔2

and roots of z2 - z + 1 = 0 are -𝜔 & -𝜔2
3. 𝜔3k + 𝜔3k+1 + 𝜔3k+2 = 0; k ∊ Z
 JEE Main 2021
The sum of 162th power of the roots of the equation
x3 - 2x2 + 2x - 1 = 0 is
 JEE Main 2021
The sum of 162th power of the roots of the equation
x3 - 2x2 + 2x - 1 = 0 is

Ans: 3
The value of (1 + 2ω + ω2)3n - (1 + ω + 2ω2)3n is:

A 0

B 1

D 2
The value of (1 + 2ω + ω2)3n - (1 + ω + 2ω2)3n is:

A 0

B 1

D 2
 Geometrical interpretation of Modulus

|z1| ⟶ distance of z1 from origin.

|z2 - z1|⟶ distance between z1 & z2

If z is a complex number, then locus of z satisfying
the condition |2z - 1| = |z - 1| is _____.
 Geometrical interpretation of Modulus

Let A(z1) & B(z2) be fixed points and P(z)

moves in plane such that

|z - z1| + |z - z2| = k

k > |z1 - z2| k = |z1 - z2| k < |z1 - z2|

Ellipse line AB No locus
If ‘z’ be any complex number such that |3z - 2| + |3z + 2| = 4,
then identify the locus of ‘z’.
 Geometrical interpretation of Modulus

Let A(z1) & B(z2) be fixed points and P(z)

moves in plane such that

|z - z2| - |z - z1| = k

k < |z1 - z2|

k > |z1 - z2|
Hyperbola
k = |z1 - z2| No locus
line Joining AB but
excluding segment AB
 Arithmetic, Geometric Progression

Sequence

AP GP

an = a + (n - 1) d an = arn - 1

OR
 JEE Main 2019

Let Sn denote the sum of the first n terms of an A.P.

If S4= 16 and S6= -48, then S10 is equal to ____.
 JEE Main 2019

Let Sn denote the sum of the first n terms of an A.P.

If S4= 16 and S6= -48, then S10 is equal to ____.

Ans: -320
If the sum of the first 10 terms of an A.P. is 4 times
the sum of its 5 terms, then the ratio of first term
and common difference is_____.
 If the sum of the first 10 terms of an A.P. is 4 times
the sum of its 5 terms, then the ratio of first term
and common difference is_____.

Ans: 1 : 2
 JEE Main 28th June, 2022
Let A1, A2, A3, ….. be an increasing geometric progression of
positive real numbers. If
then, the value of A6 + A8 + A10 is equal to

A 33

B 37

C 43

D 47
 JEE Main 28th June, 2022
Let A1, A2, A3, ….. be an increasing geometric progression of
positive real numbers. If
then, the value of A6 + A8 + A10 is equal to

A 33

B 37

C 43

D 47
Solution:
 Key Points of Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)

1. Common terms of two AP’s, form an AP.

2. If a1, a2, a3 ➝ AP, then
(i) ka1, ka2, ka3 ➝ AP &
(ii) a1 ± k, a2 ± k, a3 ± k ➝ AP
1. Sum of the terms equidistant from beginning and end is same
2. Assuming terms:
3 terms → a - d, a , a + d
4 terms → a - 3d, a - d, a + d, a + 3d
5 terms → a - 2d, a - d, a, a + d, a + 2d

1. nth odd number is 2n - 1

2. Sum of first n odd numbers is n2
 Key Points of Geometric Progression (G.P.)

1. If a1, a2, a3 ➝ GP, then for k ≠ 0

(i) ka1, ka2, ka3 ➝ GP
(ii) (a1)k, (a2)k, (a3)k ➝ GP
1. Product of terms equidistant from beginning and end is same
2. Assuming terms:
3 terms → a/r, a, ar
4 terms → a/3r , a/r , ar, ar3
5 terms → a/2r, a/r, a , ar, ar2
 Arithmetic Mean (A.M)

Arithmetic Mean

AM of Numbers AM’s between two numbers

1) ‘A1’ is called one AM between
a & b if a, A1, b → AP
2) A1 & A2 are called two AM’s
between a & b if a, A1, A2, b → AP
If ‘p’ A.M.’s are inserted between 5 and 41 such that

, then find p.
 If ‘p’ A.M.’s are inserted between 5 and 41 such that

, then find p.

Ans: 11
 Geometric Mean (G.M)

Geometric Mean

GM of Numbers (+ve numbers) GM’s between two numbers

1) G1 is called one GM between a & b
if a, G1, b → GP
2) G1, G2 are called two GM’s
between a & b if a, G1, G2, b → GP
 Result
● Sum of ‘n’ AM’s inserted between a & b is equal to n
times AM of a & b.
● Product of ‘n’ Gm’s between a & b is equal to nth power
of GM of a & b.
If A1, A2 are the two A.M.’s between two numbers a and
b and G1, G2 be two G.M.’s between same two numbers,

then
If A1, A2 are the two A.M.’s between two numbers a and
b and G1, G2 be two G.M.’s between same two numbers,

then

Ans:
 Arithmetico Geometric Progression

Sequence of the following form is called A.G.P.

a , (a + d) r , (a + 2d) r2 , . . . , (a+(n - 1)d) rn-1

Eg:
(a) 1 , 3x , 5x2 , 7x3 , . . .
(b) 1 , 40 , 700 , 10000 , . . .
 JEE Main 25th June, 2022

The sum 1 + 2 . 3 + 3 . 32 + . . . . + 10 . 39 is equal to __.

C 5 ⋅ 310 - 2

D
 JEE Main 25th June, 2022

The sum 1 + 2 . 3 + 3 . 32 + . . . . + 10 . 39 is equal to __.

C 5 ⋅ 310 - 2

D
 Relation between AM and GM

For any given +ve numbers:

AM = GM; if all the terms are equal.

AM ≥ GM
AM > GM; otherwise
 Relation between AM, GM & HM

Note

3 Hints to use AM ≥ GM
(1) If min value of some expression is asked
(2) Terms involved in expression are +ve.
(3) Product of terms involved in expression is good.
Find the minimum value of

x, y, z are all positive.

Find the minimum value of 4sec2 𝛳 + 9 cosec2 𝛳.
 Relation between AM, GM & HM

Weighted AM and GM
If a + b + c = 12, (a, b, c ∈ R+), then ab2c3 ≤ ____.
 Sigma Notation

Properties:
 Sigma Notation

Note
 Sigma Notation

Result
 JEE Main 10th April, 2019

The sum

upto 10th term, is:

 JEE Main 10th April, 2019

The sum

upto 10th term, is:

Ans: 660
 Method of Difference

It’s a method to find the Kth term when the difference of consecutive
terms is good.
Find the nth term of the following series
5 + 7 + 13 + 31 + 85 + ⋯
Vn Method
Find the sum of the following series upto n terms:
 JEE Main 1st Feb, 2023
The sum of 10 terms of the series

A 58/111

B 56/111

C 55/111

D 59/111
 JEE Main 1st Feb, 2023
The sum of 10 terms of the series

A 58/111

B 56/111

C 55/111

D 59/111
 Selection

Result
● Number of ways of arranging r-distinct objects
at r-places is r!
● Number of ways of selecting ‘r’ objects out of n
distinct objects is nCr
 Fundamental Principle of Multiplication

Say a “job” is done when subjob-1 & subjob-2 both are done in a
definite order. If number of ways of doing subjob-1 & subjob-2 are
m & n respectively then number of ways of doing the “job” is m × n.
How many words can be formed by rearranging letters
of ‘DETAIL’ such that vowels occupy odd places.
 How many words can be formed by rearranging letters
of ‘DETAIL’ such that vowels occupy odd places.

Ans: 36
 Fundamental Principle of Multiplication

Remark
If in the statement of question, you see “Either or” or “neither nor”
then always try using:
(a) n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A ∩ B)
(b) n(AC ∩ BC) = Total - n(A ∪ B)
It’s also called Inclusion-Exclusion principle
The number of four digit numbers which are neither
multiple of 7 nor multiple of 3 is ___.
 The number of four digit numbers which are neither
multiple of 7 nor multiple of 3 is ___.

Ans: 5143
Primarily this chapter is all about:
(1) Selection
(2) Selection and arrangement
(3) Distribution
An examination paper containing 12 questions consists of two
parts, A and B. Part A contains 7 questions and part B contains
5 questions. A candidate is required to attempt 8 questions,
selecting at least 3 from each part. In how many ways can the
candidate select the questions?
 An examination paper containing 12 questions consists of two
parts, A and B. Part A contains 7 questions and part B contains
5 questions. A candidate is required to attempt 8 questions,
selecting at least 3 from each part. In how many ways can the
candidate select the questions?

Ans: 420
In how many ways can a cricket team of 11 players be
selected out of 16 players
(i) if 2 particular players are always to be included?
(ii) if one particular player is to be excluded?
(iii) If two particular players don’t come together in a team
 Selection

Geometrical Counting

Result

The number of diagonals in n-sided polygon in nC2− n

There are 8 points in a plane, out of which 4 are
collinear. How many triangles can be formed by
joining them?
 There are 8 points in a plane, out of which 4 are
collinear. How many triangles can be formed by
joining them?

Ans: 52
Given 6 horizontal & 5 vertical lines, how many rectangles
& square will be made by their intersection
 Selection

Observation

Total number of selections out of ‘n’ distinct objects is 2n

Consider a set A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
(a) Find number of subsets
(b) In how many ordered pairs (P, Q) can be made where
P & Q are subsets of A & P ∩ Q = ϕ
(c) How many ordered pairs (P, Q) can be made where P & Q
are subsets of A & P ∩ Q contains exactly one element
 Selection

Observation
Try to observe:

(a) Number of ways of selecting two A’s out of

A, A, A, A is _____

(b) Number of ways of selecting two letters out

of A, A, A, B, B, C, C, C is ______
In how many ways we can select four letters
out of ‘ASSASSINATION’
 Selection & Arrangement

Let’s do examples using selection & arrangement both together

How many four letter words containing ‘G’ can be
formed using letters of DAUGHTER, when
(a) Repetition not allowed (b) Repetition allowed
 Selection & Arrangement

There are two very important standard

approaches. We generally refer them as
(a) Gap method
(b) Block method
10 men and 6 women are to be seated in a row so that
no two women sit together, the number of ways they
can be seated is ___.
 10 men and 6 women are to be seated in a row so that
no two women sit together, the number of ways they
can be seated is ___.

Ans:
10 men and 6 women are to be seated in a row so that
all women sit together, the number of ways they can
be seated is ______.
 Selection & Arrangement

Result
Number of ways of arranging p elements in a row if out of ‘p’ objects

‘m’ are alike & ‘n’ are alike & rest are distinct, is given by

Eg: (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
 JEE Main 26th Feb 2021, S1

The number of seven digit integers with sum of the digits

equal to 10 and formed by using the digits 1, 2 and 3 only is

A 77

B 42

C 35

D 82
 JEE Main 26th Feb 2021, S1

The number of seven digit integers with sum of the digits

equal to 10 and formed by using the digits 1, 2 and 3 only is

A 77

B 42

C 35

D 82
 Some Special Problems

● Derangement
● Dictionary Problem
● Sum of Divisors and Exponent of Prime p in n!
Derangement Problems
Find number of derangements of 4 letters. How many ways
are such that only one letter goes to its own address.
 Dictionary Problems

There is one very common category of questions in PnC,

in which we find rank of a word in dictionary.
 JEE Main 11th Apr, 2023

If the letters of the word MATHS are permuted and all possible
words so formed are arranged as in a dictionary with serial
numbers, then the serial number of the word THAMS is :
 JEE Main 11th Apr, 2023

If the letters of the word MATHS are permuted and all possible
words so formed are arranged as in a dictionary with serial
numbers, then the serial number of the word THAMS is :

Ans: 103
 Sum of Divisors & Exponent of Prime p in n!

Result
Sum of all the divisors of am × bn × cq is
The sum of the divisors of 25. 34 . 52 is ___.
 Sum of Divisors & Exponent of Prime p in n!

Result
Exponent of prime ‘p’ in n! is

Where [.] is GIF.

The exponent of 10 in 100! is _____.
 The exponent of 10 in 100! is _____.

Ans: 11
 Circular Arrangements

Result
Number of ways of arranging n distinct objects
in a circle is (n – 1)!

Result
If clockwise & anticlockwise arrangements are
considered (as in necklace and Garland etc)

then number of arrangements are

In how many ways 5 distinct objects can be arranged in a
(a) Circle (b) Necklace
 Distribution of Objects

Result

Distinct Objects Distinct Objects Alike Objects Alike Objects

Distinct Places Alike Places Distinct Places Alike Places

 Distribution of Objects

Result

Number of ways to distributing ‘n’ distinct

objects among ‘m’ persons is mn

Remark
While distributing the distinct objects,
always see the number of options that a
given object to be distributed has
In how many ways 6 distinct toys can be
distributed among 4 children.
 Distribution of Objects

Formation of Groups:
Number of ways of forming groups (or packets) is as following:
 Distribution of Objects

Formation of Groups:
In how many ways 8 passengers can be divided
in 3 carriages such that Each carriage contains
at least two passengers
In how many ways 6 distinct objects can be distributed at
3 indistinguishable place such that no place is empty.
 Distribution of Objects

Distribution of Alike Objects

Result
Number of ways of distributing ‘n’ identical Eg: 10 Identical one rupee coins can be
objects among ‘r’ persons, if each person may distributed among 3 beggars
receive any number of objects is n + r - 1Cr - 1 In ____ ways
 Distribution of Objects

Distribution of Alike Objects

Remark
The Previous result is majorly applied in finding
non-negative integral solutions of equations
Find the number of integral solutions of
(a) x + y + z = 10 ; x, y, z ≥ 0
(b) x + y + z = 10 ; x ≥ 0, y ≥ 2, z ≥ 0
(c) 2x + y + z = 10 ; x ≥ 2, y ≥ 0, z ≥ 0
In how many ways 6 alike objects can be distributed at 3
indistinguishable place such that no place is empty.
 Notation nCr

Result

(a) nCr + nCr + 1 = n + 1Cr + 1

(b)

(c) nCx = nCy ⇒ x = y or x + y = n

Binomial Theorem for Positive integral Index
 General term of Binomial Expansion

(x + y)n = nC0xn + nC1xn-1y +….+ nCn-1xyn-1 + nCnyn

General term, Tk+1 = nCk xn - k yk

What are the values of k if the term independent of x in
the expansion of is 405?
 What are the values of k if the term independent of x in
the expansion of is 405?

Ans: ±3
The sum of all those terms which are rational numbers
in the expansion of is:
 The sum of all those terms which are rational numbers
in the expansion of is:

Ans: 43
 Application of Binomial Expansion

There are two particular cases which are used very frequently.

(a) (1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1x + nC2x2 +....+ nCnxn

(b) (1 - x)n = nC0 - nC1x + nC2x2 - nC3x3 +....+ (-1)n nCnxn

Note
(1) (1 + x)n -1 is divisible by x
(2) (1 + x)n -1 - nx is divisible by x2

Result
(1)xn - yn is divisible by x - y for all Natural numbers.
(2)xn + yn is divisible by x + y for all odd Natural numbers.
Find remainder when 363 is divided by 26.
 Find remainder when 363 is divided by 26.

Ans: 4
Find the remainder when (24 times 5) is divided by 24.
 Find the remainder when (24 times 5) is divided by 24.

Ans: 5
Solution
The last digit of (2137)754 is

A 2

B 3

C 7

D 9
The last digit of (2137)754 is

A 2

B 3

C 7

D 9
 Greatest Term in the expansion of (a + bx)n

To find greatest term in the expansion of (a + bx)n,

use the following algorithm

Step 1: Solve

Step 2: If k comes out to be non integer then

Greatest term is T[k] + 1 where [.] is GIF,
while if k comes out to be an integer then Tk = Tk + 1
both are greatest terms
Find numerically greatest term in expansion

of (3 - 5x)15 at
 Find numerically greatest term in expansion

of (3 - 5x)15 at

Ans: 455 x 312

 R-f Factor Theorem

In this section we will deal with numbers of the form:

Primarily we will be required to comment upon [R] & {R}

 R-f Factor Theorem

In this section we will deal with numbers of the form:

Primarily we will be required to comment upon [R] & {R}

Approach in these problems will be algorithmic

Step 1: Define G be replacing ‘+’ by ‘–’ sign in the value of R, (0 < G < 1)
Step 2: Either add or subtract G from R so that the value (i.e. RHS is an integer)
Step 3: If G is added, you will always get f + G = 1 while if G is subtracted, you will
always get f = G
The integral part of is ___

A even B odd
 JEE Main 30th Jan, 2023

A [x] + [y] is even

B [x] is odd but [y] is even

C [x] is even but [y] is odd

D [x] and [y] both are odd

 JEE Main 30th Jan, 2023

A [x] + [y] is even

B [x] is odd but [y] is even

C [x] is even but [y] is odd

D [x] and [y] both are odd

Solution
 Binomial Theorem for any Index

Let ‘n’ be a rational number & ‘x’ be a real

number such that |x| < 1, then:
 Binomial Theorem for any Index

Some special Cases

(a) (1 + x)−1 = 1 − x + x2 − x3 +...+ (-1)r xr +...

(b) (1 − x)−1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 +...+ xr +...

(c) (1 + x)−2 = 1 − 2x + 3x2 − 4x3 +...

(d) (1 − x)−2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 +...

The coefficient of x2 in the expansion of

will be ___, given |3x| < 1.

The coefficient of x2 in the expansion of

will be ___, given |3x| < 1.

Ans: 7
 Multinomial Theorem

where r, s & t are non-negative integers

Note

Number of terms in expansion of (x + y + z)n is n + 2C2.

 JEE Main 10th April 2023

The Coefficient of x7 in (1 - x + 2x3)10 is ________.

 JEE Main 10th April 2023

The Coefficient of x7 in (1 - x + 2x3)10 is ________.

Ans: 960
Solution:
a b c

3 7 0

5 4 1

7 1 2
 Binomial Coefficient Problems

Result

(1) nC0 + nC1 + nC2 +...+ nCn = 2n

(2) nC0 + nC2 + nC4 +... = nC1 + nC3 + nC5 +...

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)
(i) 10C0 + 10C2 + . . .+ 10C10 =

(ii) 10C1+ 22.10C2 + 32.10C3 + . . .+ 102.10C10 =

(iii)

(iv) (8C0)2 + (8C1)2 + . . .+ (8C8)2 =

 Standard Functions

❖ Modulus function
❖ Greatest Integer functions
❖ Fractional Part functions
❖ Exponential Functions
❖ Logarithmic Function
❖ Signum Function
Modulus Function
 Modulus Function

For all a, b > 0, we have

1) | f(x) | = a ⇒ f(x) = ±a

2) | f(x) | ≤ a ⇒ −a ≤ f(x) ≤ a Ex 3

3) | f(x) | ≥ a ⇒ f(x) ≥ a or f(x) ≤ −a

4) a ≤ | f(x) | ≤ b ⇒ f(x) ∈ [−b, −a] ∪ [a, b]

Observation
Solve the following inequalities
(a)

(b)

(c)
What is the solution set of the inequality ?
Solution:
Solve: ||x - 1|- 5| ≥ 2.
Solution:

||x - 1| - 5| ≥ 2
⇒ |x - 1| - 5 ≤ - 2 or |x - 1| - 5 ≥ 2
⇒ |x - 1| ≤ 3 or |x - 1| ≥ 7
⇒ - 3 ≤ x - 1 ≤ 3 or x - 1 ≤ - 7 or x - 1 ≥ 7
⇒ -2 ≤ x ≤ 4 or x ≤ - 6 or x ≥ 8
⇒ x ∈ (- ∞, - 6] ⋃ [-2, 4] ⋃ [8, ∞).
 Modulus Function

Properties of Modulus

(1) | a | ≥ a
(2) | ab | = | a | × | b |

Triangle inequality:

(4) (i) |a + b| ≤ | a | + | b |
(ii) |a − b| ≥ || a | − | b ||
Solve the following:
Solve for x : | 2x − 3 | = | x − 1 | + | x − 2 |
Solve for x: | 2x + 1 | + | x − 3 | ≤ 5
Solution:

Case - 1: Case-2: Case-3: x ∈ [3, ∞)

In this case eqn becomes In this case eqn becomes In this case eqn becomes
−(2x + 1) − (x − 3) ≤ 5 (2x + 1) − (x − 3) ≤ 5 (2x + 1) + ( x − 3) ≤ 5

−3x + 2 ≤ 5 x+4≤5 3x − 2 ≤ 5

-3x ≤ 3 x≤1 3x ≤ 7

−x ≤ 1 or
x ≥ -1
or
Graph of y = |x - a| + |x - b| + |x - c|
 Greatest Integer Function

The representation of the Greatest Integer Function (GIF) is

f(x) = [x]
For any real number x :
[x] ➝ is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
 Greatest Integer Function

Result
Find domain:
 Greatest Integer Function

Result
● [x + k] = [x] + k for k ∈ integer

Note
[kx] ≠ k [x]
 JEE Main 4th Sept, 2020

Let [t] denote the greatest integer ≤ t. Then the

equation in x, [x]2 + 2 [x + 2] - 7 = 0 has:

A exactly four integral solutions

B infinitely many solutions

C no integral solution

D exactly two solution

 JEE Main 4th Sept, 2020

Let [t] denote the greatest integer ≤ t. Then the

equation in x, [x]2 + 2 [x + 2] - 7 = 0 has:

A exactly four integral solutions

B infinitely many solutions

C no integral solution

D exactly two solution

 Fractional Part Function

The Fractional Part Function is denoted as

f (x) = {x} = x - [x]

Note
Every real number can be expressed as
sum of two numbers, x = [x] + {x}

Remark
Solve for x : [x] = 2{x} + 1
 Exponential Function

y = ax, a > 0, a ≠ 1

Y
Y
0<a<1

a>1

X’ X X’ X
O O

Y’ Y’
 Exponential Function

Result
 Logarithmic Function

y = logax , a > 0, a ≠ 1, x > 0

Y Y
a>1 0<a<1

X X
O O
 Logarithmic Function

Result

(a) loga x2 = logax1 ⇒

(b) loga x2 > logax1

(c) loga x > p

While solving equations and inequations

involving log, be careful about domain.
Solve for x: log10(x2 - 5x) < log106
Find domain:
 Signum Function

For example
(1) sgn (x2 + 10) =
(2) sgn ({x} − 2) =
 Range of Functions

Collection of all the images is called range of function.

It’s primarily, values of y for which x is defined.
Find the range of the following:

(a)

(b) , {.} is fractional part function

(c) (d)

(e)
Graph Transformation
 Graph Transformation

(1) y = f(x) → y = f(x) ± a

Result

To draw y = f(x) ± a, shift the graph

of y = f(x) upward or downward
respectively by a units.
 Graph Transformation

(2) y = f(x) → y = f(x ± a)

Result
To draw y = f(x ± a), shift the graph
of y = f(x) to the left or right
respectively by a units.
 Graph Transformation

(3) y = f(x) → y = af(x)

Result
(1) To draw y = af (x), inflate or deflate
graph of y = f (x) by a units depending
upon whether a > 1 or 0 < a < 1.
(2) To draw y = -f (x), reflect the graph
of y = f (x) about X-axis
 Graph Transformation

(4) y = f(x) → y = f(ax)

Result
(1) To draw the graph of y = f(ax), stretch or
compress the graph of y = f (x) depending
upon 0 < a < 1 or a > 1 respectively.
(2) To draw y = f (-x), reflect the graph of
y = f (x), about Y-axis.
 Graph Transformation

(5) y = f(x) → y = | f(x) |

Result
To plot y = |f(x)| , keep the graph of y = f(x)
as such where f(x) ≥ 0 while reflecting it
about X-axis where f (x) < 0.
 Graph Transformation

(6) y = f(x) → y = f(|x|)

Result
To draw the graph of y = f(|x|), keep the
graph of y = f(x) as such on +ve x-axis and
also take a reflection copy of graph on +ve
x-axis about y-axis. If there is some part of
graph of y = f(x) on -ve x-axis, then erase it
first to draw y = f(|x|).
Even and Odd functions
 Even and Odd functions

Even Function
If f(-x) = f(x) ∀ x then f (x) is even function
Odd Function
If f(-x) = -f(x) ∀ x then f (x) is odd function

Note
(1) Graph of even function is symmetric
about Y-axis.
(2) Graph of an odd function is symmetric
about origin.
Periodic Functions
 Periodic Functions

Definition
A function f (x) is said to be periodic function if there exists a positive
real number T such that f (x + T) = f (x) ∀ x.

Least such value of T is called Fundamental Period of y = f (x).

Graph of a Periodic Function

Graph of periodic function repeats at fixed length of interval.
 Periodic Functions

Some Standard Functions and their Periods

Function Period

sinn x, cosn x, secn x, cosecn x π if n is even, 2π if n is odd

tann x, cotn x π

|sin x|, |co x|, .….,|cot x| π

{x} 1

Algebraic Functions non-periodic

Constant Function periodic, period undefined

 Periodic Functions

Note

(a) If period of f (x) is T, then period of y = kf (ax + b) + c is .

(b) If period of f (x) is T1 and period of g(x) is T2, then LCM (T1, T2)
is period of f (x) + g(x).
[It need not be fundamental period]
 Periodic Functions

Remark
Whenever we have complementary functions with
mod or same even powers then Fundamental
period is half of the period found by LCM.
Find periods of the following:

(a)

(b) y = cos x + {x} (c) y = e sinx

(d) y = |sin x| + |cos x|
 Centres of Triangles

Centroid
It is the point of concurrence of the medians of a triangle.

A (x1, y1)

F E
G

B (x2, y2) D C (x3, y3)

 Centres of Triangles

Incentre
It is the point of concurrence of the internal angle bisectors of a triangle.

A (x1, y1)

c b
I

B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)

a
 Centres of Triangles

Orthocentre

It is the point of concurrence of the altitudes of a triangle.

A (x1, y1)
E
F
H
B (x2, y2) D C (x3, y3)
 Centres of Triangles

Circumcentre
It is the point of concurrence of the perpendicular bisector of the sides of a triangle.

A(x1, y1)

F E

O(x, y)

B (x2, y2) D C (x3, y3)

 Centres of Triangles

Result

In any scalene triangle,

O
G
H

Note
In an equilateral triangle, G, I, O and H,
all coincide.
 Various forms of Equations of a Line

1. Slope Intercept form

2. Point Slope form

3. Two Point form

4. Intercept form

5. Normal form

6. Parametric form

7. General form
 Various forms of Equations of a Line

1. Slope Intercept form 3. Two point form

slope = m

2. Point slope form 4. Intercept form

slope = m
Find the equation of a straight line cutting off an intercept -1
from y-axis and being equally inclined to the axis.
 Various forms of Equations of a Line

5. Normal form
Y

p
X
O

x cos𝛼 + y sin𝛼 = p where, 0 ≤ 𝛼 < 360o

 Various forms of Equations of a Line

6. Parametric form

m = tan θ

r (x, y)

(x1, y1) θ
Find the distance of the point (1, 2) from the line x + y + 5 = 0
measured along the line parallel to 3x − y = 7.
 Find the distance of the point (1, 2) from the line x + y + 5 = 0
measured along the line parallel to 3x − y = 7.

Ans: √40
 Various forms of Equations of a Line

7. General form

Any linear equation in x and y represents a straight line,

that is, the equation ax + by + c = 0 is the general form
of the equation of a line.
 Relation b/w slopes and angle b/w the lines

where θ is the acute angle between the two lines

 JEE Main 2020

If a ΔABC has vertices A(-1, 7), B(-7, 1) and C(5, -5),

then its orthocentre has coordinates

A (-3, 3)

C (3, -3)

D
 JEE Main 2020

If a ΔABC has vertices A(-1, 7), B(-7, 1) and C(5, -5),

then its orthocentre has coordinates

A (-3, 3)

C (3, -3)

D
Slope of line(s) which makes 30o angle with
y = √3x - 1 is _____.
Some Formulae
 Some Formulae

Distance of a Point from a Line

(x1, y1)

Special case:
Distance of origin from ax + by + c = 0 is
Find the coordinates of a point on x + y + 3 = 0,
whose distance from x + 2y + 2 = 0 is √5.
 Find the coordinates of a point on x + y + 3 = 0,
whose distance from x + 2y + 2 = 0 is √5.

Ans: (1, -4) or (-9, 6)

 Some Formulae

Distance between two Parallel Lines

 Some Formulae

Foot of Perpendicular from a Point to a Line

(x1, y1)
Find foot of perpendicular of (2, 4) on x + y = 1.
 Some Formulae

Image of a Point in a Line

(x1, y1)
 Family of lines

Given any two lines L1 = 0 and L2 = 0, all the lines

passing through their point of intersection
constitutes family of lines of L1 = 0 and L2 = 0.

Note
Any line through intersection point of L1 = 0 and
L2 = 0 (that is a member of their family) has
equation of the form L1 + λL2 = 0
ax + by + c = 0 is a variable line such that a - 2b + c = 0, then
find the point through which these lines pass through.
The straight lines x(a + 2b) + y(a + 3b) = a + b, for different
values of a and b pass through a fixed point _____.
 The straight lines x(a + 2b) + y(a + 3b) = a + b, for different
values of a and b pass through a fixed point _____.

Ans: (2, -1)

 Standard Equations of a Circle

Equations of a Circle

x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
(x - x1)2 + (y - y1)2 = r2
Centre : (-g, -f)
Centre : (x1, y1)
Radius :
Radius : r

Note

Diametric form : (x - α1)(x - α2) + (y - β1)(y - β2) = 0

where (α1, β1) & (α2, β2) are endpoints of diameter
 Some Special Circles

1. Circle touching X - axis 2. Circle touching Y - axis

Y

(0, b)
X
(a, 0)
 Some Special Circles

3. Circle touching both axes

Y Y

O X

O X

Y Y
X
O

X
O
The circle passing through the point (-1, 0) and touching
the y-axis at (0, 2) also passes through the point
 The circle passing through the point (-1, 0) and touching
the y-axis at (0, 2) also passes through the point

Ans: (-4, 0)
ABCD is a square of unit area. A circle is touching two
sides of ABCD and passes through one of its vertices.
Find radius of the circle.
 Parametric form of a Circle

(a) x2 + y2 = r2

⇒ x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ

P(θ)
r
θ X
O

In particular, a general point on x2 + y2 = 1 is of

the form (cosθ, sinθ) for some θ.
 Parametric form of a Circle

(b) (x − x1)2 + (y − y1)2 = r2

⇒ x = x1 + r cosθ, y = y1 + r sin θ
If P is a variable point on the circle x2 + y2 − 2x + 2y + 1 = 0,
then find the locus of the midpoint of the line segment
joining P to the origin.
 Intercepts made by a Circle

Whenever a circle makes an intercept

on a line, always refer to this figure.

r
Find equation of circle having centre at (3, −1) and cutting
intercept of length 6 units on line 2x − 5y + 18 = 0.
 JEE Main 2019

A circle touching the X-axis at (3, 0) and making

an intercept of length 8 on the Y-axis passes
through the point

A (3, 10)

B (3, 5)

C (2, 3)

D (1, 5)
 JEE Main 2019

A circle touching the X-axis at (3, 0) and making

an intercept of length 8 on the Y-axis passes
through the point

A (3, 10)

B (3, 5)

C (2, 3)

D (1, 5)
 Intercepts made by a Circle

Intercepts made by a circle on the axes

(1) Intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the X - axis.

X
A B

(2) Intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the Y - axis.

Y
B

A
Some Standard Notations
 Some Standard Notations

(1) S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c

(2) For a point (x1, y1): Value of S at (x1, y1) is represented by S1, that is
S1 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c

(3) For a point (x1, y1): If we replace in S,

then we get T,

that is T
 Position of a Point w.r.t. a Circle

S1 < 0 ⇒ P lies inside the circle

S1 = 0 ⇒ P lies on the circle
S1 > 0 ⇒ P lies outside the circle
 Position of a Point w.r.t. a Circle

Result
Greatest and least distance of a point from a circle.

|OP - r| = least distance of point P from the circle

|OP + r| = greatest distance of point P from the circle
Relative Position of Circles

⇒
 JEE Main 2019

If the curves, x2 - 6x + y2 + 8 = 0 and x2 - 8y + y2 + 16 - k = 0,

(k > 0) touch each other at a point, then the largest value
of k is _____.
 JEE Main 2019

If the curves, x2 - 6x + y2 + 8 = 0 and x2 - 8y + y2 + 16 - k = 0,

(k > 0) touch each other at a point, then the largest value
of k is _____.

Ans : 36
A right angled triangle has 2 circles touching its sides as
shown in the given figure. If ∠PRQ = 60° and the radius of
the smaller circle is 1, then find radius of larger circle.

O
J
60°
Q S M R
Solution

O
T

Q S M 30° R
 Family of Circles

(1) S + L = 0
S=0 L=0

(2) S + λS’ = 0, λ ≠ -1
S=0
S’ = 0

Note
S - S’ = 0 is the equation of common chord
If y = 2x is a chord of the circle x2 + y2 = 10x, then the
equation of the circle whose diameter is this chord is
 JEE Main 2020

The circle passing through the intersection of the circles,

x2 + y2 - 6x = 0 and x2 + y2 - 4y = 0, having its centre on the
line, 2x - 3y + 12 = 0, also passes through the point

A (-3, 6)

B (-1, 3)

C (-3, 1)

D (1, -3)
 JEE Main 2020

The circle passing through the intersection of the circles,

x2 + y2 - 6x = 0 and x2 + y2 - 4y = 0, having its centre on the
line, 2x - 3y + 12 = 0, also passes through the point

A (-3, 6)

B (-1, 3)

C (-3, 1)

D (1, -3)
 Family of Circles

(3) Family of circles passing through 2 points A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2)
 Chords of a Circle

(1) Equation of CoC with respect to P(x1, y1)

Its equation is, T = 0

P (x1, y1)

S=0

(2) Equation of chord with given midpoint P(x1, y1)

P (x1, y1) Its equation given by T = S1

S=0
If the straight line x - 2y + 1 = 0 intersects the circle x2 + y2 = 25 in
points P and Q, then the coordinates of the point of intersection
of tangents drawn at P and Q to the given circle is _______.
 If the straight line x - 2y + 1 = 0 intersects the circle x2 + y2 = 25 in
points P and Q, then the coordinates of the point of intersection
of tangents drawn at P and Q to the given circle is _______.

Ans : (-25, 50)

Tangents are drawn to a unit circle with centre at origin
from every point on the line 2x + y = 4. Find the point
through which CoCs passes.
Tangents are drawn to a unit circle with centre at origin
from every point on the line 2x + y = 4. Find the point
through which CoCs passes.

Ans :
 Orthogonality of two Circles

Condition for Orthogonality

r1 r2
C1
C2
d

Two circles intersect each other orthogonally if

Or 2 g1 g2 + 2 f1 f2 = c1 + c2
 Standard Parabolas and their Equations

Standard Parabolas having vertex at origin.

 Standard Parabolas and their Equations

Standard Parabolas having vertex at origin.

 Standard Parabolas and their Equations

Standard Parabolas having vertex at any Point

Consider the following equations for a > 0 and remember their graphs.

(1) (y − k)2 = 4a(x − h) (2)(y − k)2 = −4a(x − h)

LR = 4a LR = 4a
A (h, k) A (h, k)
Z (h − a, k) S (h + a, k) S (h − a, k) Z (h + a, k)

x=h−a x=h+a
 Standard Parabolas and their Equations

Standard Parabolas having vertex at any Point

Consider the following equations for a > 0 and remember their graphs.

(3)(x − h)2 = 4a(y − k) (4)(x − h)2 = −4a(y − k)

S (h, k + a) Z ( h, k + a )
LR = 4a
A (h, k)

A (h, k)
Z ( h, k − a ) LR = 4a
S (h, k − a)
Draw the following parabola and mark their focus,
directrix and length of LR : (y − 1)2 = 4(x − 2)
Find equations of parabola whose focus and vertex
are the points (1, 3) and (1, 5) respectively.
 Standard Ellipse and their Equations
Standard Ellipse having centre at origin
 Standard Ellipse and their Equations
Standard Ellipse having centre at origin
 Standard Ellipse and their Equations

Remark

is the equation of an ellipse having centre at (h, k).

Draw the following ellipses and mention their foci,
LR, directrices and centre.

(a) (b) 9(x - 1)2 + 4(y - 2)2 = 36

 JEE Main 2019
In an ellipse, with centre at the origin, if the difference of the
lengths of major axis and minor axis is 10 and one of the foci
is at then the length of its latus rectum is:____.
 JEE Main 2019
In an ellipse, with centre at the origin, if the difference of the
lengths of major axis and minor axis is 10 and one of the foci
is at then the length of its latus rectum is:____.

Ans : 5
 JEE Main 7th Jan, 2020
If distance between the foci of an ellipse is 6 and
distance between its directrices is 12, then length of its
latus rectum is

A 4

B 3√2

C 9

D 2√2
 JEE Main 7th Jan, 2020
If distance between the foci of an ellipse is 6 and
distance between its directrices is 12, then length of its
latus rectum is

A 4

B 3√2

C 9

D 2√2
 Standard Hyperbolas and their Equations

Standard hyperbolas having centre at origin

 Y

S(0, be)

B(0, b)

Z
O X
A’(-a, 0) A(a, 0)
Z’
B’(0, -b)

S’(0, -be)
 Standard Hyperbolas and their Equations

Remark

and are

hyperbolas having centre at (h, k)

 JEE Main 31st Jan, 2023
If distance between the foci of an ellipse is 6 and
distance between its directrices is 12, then length of its
latus rectum is

A 5/2

B 3

C 2

D 3/2
 JEE Main 31st Jan, 2023
If distance between the foci of an ellipse is 6 and
distance between its directrices is 12, then length of its
latus rectum is

A 5/2

B 3

C 2

D 3/2
 Conjugate Hyperbola

Two hyperbolas, such that the transverse and

conjugate axes of one, are the conjugate and
transverse axes of the other, respectively, are called
conjugate hyperbolas.

Result
If e1 and e2 are the eccentricities of two conjugate
hyperbolas, then
 Rectangular Hyperbola

If a = b, i.e., lengths of transverse and conjugate

axes are equal, then the hyperbola is called
rectangular or equilateral.

Remark

1. Eccentricity of an equilateral hyperbola is

always .

2. ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents

a rectangular hyperbola if Δ ≠ 0 and a + b = 0.
 Parametric form of Conics

Parametric form of Parabola

(1) y2 = 4ax ⇒ P(at2, 2at)
y2 = -4ax ⇒ P(-at2, 2at)

(1) x2 = 4ay ⇒ P(2at, at2)

x2 = -4ay ⇒ P(2at, -at2)

(1) (y − k)2 = 4a(x − h) ⇒ P(h + at2, k + 2at)

(2) (x − h)2 = 4a(y − k) ⇒ P(h + 2at, k + at2)

Parametric point is generally denoted as P(t)

For the parabola y2 = 8x,
P(1) ≡
P(-2) ≡
 Parametric form of Conics

Parametric form of Ellipse & Hyperbola

 Position of a point w.r.t. a Conic

Result
For Parabola For Ellipse For Hyperbola
(1) S1 > 0 Point lies Outside Point lies Outside Point lies inside

(2) S1 = 0 Point lies on the conic Point lies on the conic Point lies on the conic

(3) S1 < 0 Point lies inside Point lies inside Point lies Outside
Focal Chords and Focal Distances
 Focal Chords and Focal Distances

Result

(1) For y2 = 4ax, if P(t1) and Q(t2) are the endpoints of a

focal chord then t1t2 = − 1.
(2) Length of a focal chord of y2 = 4ax, making an

angle α with the X-axis, is 4acosec2α.

(3) Length of focal chord whose one endpoint is

P(t) is a(t + 1/t)2
(4) If AB is a focal chord of y2 = 4ax, then
where S is the focus.
 JEE Main 2019

If one end of a focal chord of the parabola, y2 = 16x

is at (1, 4), then the length of this focal chord is :

A 24

B 20

C 22

D 25
 JEE Main 2019

If one end of a focal chord of the parabola, y2 = 16x

is at (1, 4), then the length of this focal chord is :

A 24

B 20

C 22

D 25
 Focal Chords and Focal Distances

Focal Distances in Parabola

It is the distance of any point on the parabola from its focus.

Y
In particular, for y2 = 4ax,
PS = PM
M P (x1, y1)

O X
S

x = −a
 Focal Chords and Focal Distances

Focal Distances in Ellipse

Y

P
M’ M

X
S’(−ae, 0) O S(ae, 0)
 Focal Chords and Focal Distances

Focal Distances in Hyperbola

Y

M P(x1, y1)

X
S’ O S
 Chords of a Conic

The formulae for the equation of the chord of

contact and a chord with given midpoint
remain the same for all conics, that is

Chord of Contact : T = 0
Chord with given midpoint : T = S1
3x + y = 6 intersects y2 = 4x at A and B. Find the
point of intersection of the tangents at A and B.
 3x + y = 6 intersects y2 = 4x at A and B. Find the
point of intersection of the tangents at A and B.

Ans :
Find the locus of the midpoints of the chords of
y2 = 4x that pass through the focus.
Find the locus of the midpoints of the chords of
y2 = 4x that pass through the focus.

Ans :
Allied Angles
 Allied Angles

Remark
1. Sine of supplementary angles are same.
2. Cosines of supplementary angles are negative of each other.
3. sin(-θ) = -sinθ and cos(-θ) = cosθ
 Compound Angle Formula

1. sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB

2. sin(A - B) = sinA cosB - cosA sinB

3. cos(A + B) = cosA cosB - sinA sinB

4. cos(A - B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB

If A = B + C, then tanA tanB tanC = ___.
Value of Trigonometric functions at some special angles
Multiple Angle Formula
 Multiple Angle Formula

Remark

1. sin 2θ and cos 2θ can be expressed in terms of tanθ as

&
 Multiple Angle Formula

Remark
1. sin 2θ and cos 2θ can be expressed in terms of tanθ as

&

2. sin(A + B) × sin(A - B) = sin2A - sin2B

cos(A + B) × cos(A - B) = cos2A - sin2B = cos2B - sin2A
 Multiple Angle Formula

List of most commonly used formulae and expressions

 Expressing in terms of sine only.

a sin θ + b cos θ

Expressing in terms of cosine only.

Find the no. of integral values of k for which the following
equation has solutions: 7 cosx + 5sinx = 2k + 1
 Transformation Formulae

Transformation of sum and difference into product

 Transformation Formulae

Transformation of product into sum and difference

2 sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A - B)
2 cos A sin B = sin(A + B) - sin(A - B)
2 cos A cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A - B)
2 sin A sin B = cos(A - B) - cos(A + B)

Recall

sin θ sin(60° - θ) sin(60° + θ)

 Two trigonometric Series

1.

2.
Result
 Conditional Identities

Result
If A + B + C = 𝜋, then :

(a) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC

(b) cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = -1 -4 cosA cosB cosC

(d) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC

 Trigonometric Equations

(a) sinθ = 0 ⇒ θ =

(b) cosθ = 0 ⇒ θ =

(c) cosθ = 1 ⇒ θ =

(d) cosθ = -1 ⇒ θ =
 Trigonometric Equations

Result

(a) (i) sinθ = sin⍺ ⇒ θ = n𝜋 + (-1)n ⍺

(ii) cosθ = cos⍺ ⇒ θ = 2n𝜋 ± ⍺

(iii) tanθ = tan⍺ ⇒ θ = n𝜋 + ⍺

(b) (i) sin2θ = sin2⍺

(ii) cos2θ = cos2⍺ ⇒ θ = n𝜋 ± ⍺

(iii) tan2θ = tan2⍺

Solve cos 4x = sin x.
The number of elements in the set
S = {θ ∈ [-4𝜋, 4𝜋] : 3cos22θ + 6cos2θ - 10cos2θ + 5 = 0}
is___.
 The number of elements in the set
S = {θ ∈ [-4𝜋, 4𝜋] : 3cos22θ + 6cos2θ - 10cos2θ + 5 = 0}
is___.

Ans: 32